Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2) The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface
molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called
A) antigenic variation.
B) lysogenic conversion.
C) virulence.
D) cytopathic effect.
E) cytocidal effect.
4) The ID50 is
A) a measure of pathogenicity.
B) the dose that will cause an infection in 50 percent of the test population.
C) the dose that will kill some of the test population.
D) the dose that will cause an infection in some of the test population.
E) the dose that will kill 50 percent of the test population.
8) Endotoxins are
A) associated with gram-positive bacteria.
B) molecules that bind nerve cells.
11) Which of the following does NOT contribute to the symptoms of a fungal disease?
A) capsules
B) toxins
C) allergic response of the host
D) cell walls
E) metabolic products
12) All of the following are methods of avoiding host antibodies EXCEPT
A) antigenic changes.
B) IgA proteases.
C) invasins.
D) membrane-disrupting toxins.
E) inducing endocytosis.
13) Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with the host's
A) antibodies.
B) red blood cells.
C) iron-transport proteins.
D) white blood cells.
E) receptors.
14) The fimbriae of Neisseria gonorrhea and enteropathogenic E. coli are examples of
A) adhesins.
B) ligands.
C) receptors.
15) All of the following are examples of entry via the parenteral route EXCEPT
A) injection.
B) bite.
C) surgery.
D) hair follicle.
E) skin cut.
E) A-B toxins.
E) tissue damage due to growth of the parasite on the tissues, waste products excreted by
the parasite, and products released from damaged tissues.
22) Which of the following statements about staphylococcal enterotoxin is FALSE?
A) It causes vomiting.
B) It causes diarrhea.
C) It is an exotoxin.
E) numbers of microorganisms that gain access to a host, evasion of host defenses, and
toxin production
24) Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages
A) give new gene sequences to the host bacteria.
B) produce toxins.
C) carry plasmids.
D) kill the bacteria, causing release of endotoxins.
E) kill human cells.
25) Twenty-five people developed symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea three to six hours
after attending a church picnic where they ate a ham and green bean casserole with cream sauce.
The most likely cause of this case of food intoxication is
A) botulinum toxin.
B) aflatoxin.
C) staphylococcal enterotoxin.
D) erythrogenic toxin.
E) cholera toxin
27) Symptoms of intense inflammation and shock occur in some gram-positive bacterial
infections due to
A) A-B toxins.
B) lipid A.
C) membrane-disrupting toxins.
D) superantigens.
E) erythrogenic toxin.
28) Which of the following is an example of direct damage due to bacterial infection?
A) the uncontrolled muscle contractions in Clostridium tetani infection
29) Polio is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing polio
virus. What portal of entry does polio virus use?
A) skin only
B) parenteral only
31) Cholera toxin polypeptide A binds to surface gangliosides on target cells. If the
gangliosides were removed,
A) polypeptide A would bind to target cells.
B) polypeptide A would enter the cells.
32) Bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella produce invasions that bind host cells, thus
causing the cells to
A) release TNF.
B) produce iron-binding proteins.
33) Which of the following mechanisms is used by gram-negative bacteria to cross the
blood-brain barrier?
A) producing fimbriae
B) inducing endocytosis
C) producing toxins
D) inducing TNF
E) antigenic variation
36) Gram-negative septic shock results from the following events. What is the second step?
A) Body temperature is reset in the hypothalamus.
B) Fever occurs.
C) IL-1 is released.
E) toxin production
39) Table 15.1 shows the ID50 for Staphylococcus aureus in wounds with and without the
administration of ampicillin before surgery. Based on the data, the administration of
ampicillin before surgery
A) decreases the risk of staphylococcal infection.
B) increases the risk of staphylococcal infection.
C) has no effect on risk of infection.
D) replaces tetracycline.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
B) Legionella pneumophila
C) Shigella
D) Treponema pallidum
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
41) Which organism in Table 15.2 causes the most severe disease?
A) E. coli O157:H7
B) Legionella pneumophila
C) Shigella
D) Treponema pallidum
42) Bacteria that cause periodontal disease have adhesins for receptors on streptococci that
colonize on teeth. This indicates that:
A) streptococci get bacterial infections.
43) Nonpathogenic Vibrio cholerae can acquire the cholera toxin gene by
A) phagocytosis.
B) transduction.
C) conjugation.
D) transformation.
E) infecting a pathogenic Vibrio cholerae.
44) In response to the presence of endotoxin, phagocytes secrete tumor necrosis factor. This
causes
A) the disease to subside.
45) Patients developed inflammation a few hours following eye surgery. Instruments and
solutions were sterile, and the Limulus assay was positive. The patients' inflammation was
due to
A) bacterial infection.
B) viral infection.
C) endotoxin.
D) exotoxin.
E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information provided.
1) In general, the LD50 for exotoxins is much greater than the LD50 for endotoxins.
False
True
4) In A-B exotoxins, the A component binds to the host cell receptor so that the B component can
enter the cell. False
5) The Limulus amoebocyte assay is used to detect minute amounts of endotoxin in drugs and
medical devices.
True
6) Cytopathic effects, such as inclusion bodies and syncytium formation, are the visible signs of
viral infections.
True
7) Ergot and aflatoxin are toxins sometimes found in grains contaminated with fungi.
8) Most symptoms of endotoxins can be treated with anti-endotoxin antibodies. False
9) Infections with some viruses may induce chromosomal changes that alter the growth
properties of host cells. True
10) Many pathogens use the same portal for entry and exit from the body True
True