Contents

For the former autonomous regions within Sudan, see The Nilotic people of South Sudanthe Acholi, Anyuak,
Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (197283) and Bari, Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, Kaligi (Arabic Feroghe), Zande
Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (200511).
and othersrst entered South Sudan sometime before the
10th century. During the period from the 15th to the 19th
centuries, tribal migrations, largely from the area of Bahr
Coordinates: 8N 30E / 8N 30E
el Ghazal, brought the Anyuak Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk to
South Sudan ( i /sa sudn, -dn/),[13][14] ocially their modern locations of both Bahr El Ghazal and Upper
the Republic of South Sudan,[15] is a landlocked country Nile Regions, while the Acholi and Bari settled in Equatoin East-Central Africa[16][17] that gained its independence ria. The Azande, Mundu, Avukaya and Baka, who entered
from Sudan in 2011. Its current capital is Juba, which is South Sudan in the 16th centuryestablished the regions
also its largest city. It is planned that the capital city will largest state of Equatoria Region.
be changed to the more centrally located Ramciel in the
future.[18] South Sudan is bordered by Sudan to the north, The Dinka are the largest, Nuer the second largest and
Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the Azande are the third-largest ethnic group in South Sudan
south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south- while the Bari are fourth-largest. They are found in the
west, and the Central African Republic to the west. It in- Maridi, Yambio, and Tombura districts in the tropical raincludes the vast swamp region of the Sudd, formed by the forest belt of Western Equatoria, the Adio of Azande client
in Yei, Central Equatoria and Western Bahr el Ghazal. In
White Nile and known locally as the Bahr al Jabal.
the 18th century, the Avungara sib rose to power over the
The territories of modern South Sudan and the Republic of rest of Azande society and this domination continued into
the Sudan were occupied by Egypt under the Muhammad the 20th century.[27] Geographical barriers, including the
Ali Dynasty, and later governed as an Anglo-Egyptian con- swamplands along the White Nile and the British preferdominium until Sudanese independence was achieved in ence for sending Christian missionaries to the southern re1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern gions, including its Closed District Ordinance of 1922 (see
Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), helped to prevent the
until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed spread of Islam to the southerners, thus enabling them to
and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of retain their social and cultural heritage, as well as their po2005. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored litical and religious institutions. The major reasons include
when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was the long history of British policy preference toward develformed.
oping the Arab north and its ignoring the Black south. AfSouth Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011, ter Sudans rst independent elections in 1958, the continfollowing a referendum that passed with 98.83% of the ued ignoring of the south by Khartoum (lack of schools,
vote.[19][20] It is a United Nations member state,[21][22] a roads, bridges) led to uprisings, revolt and the longest
[28][29]
As of 2012, peoples inmember state of the African Union,[23] of the East African civil war on the continent.
[24]
clude
Acholi,
Anyuak,
Azande,
Baka,
Balanda Bviri, Bari,
Community, and of the Intergovernmental Authority on
[25]
Boya,
Didinga,
Dinka,
Jiye,
Kaligi
(Arabic
Faroghe), Kuku,
Development.
In July 2012, South Sudan signed the
[26]
Lotuka,
Mundari,
Murie,
Nilotic,
Nuer,
Shilluk, Toposa
Geneva Conventions.
South Sudan has suered ethnic
[30]
violence and has been in a civil war since 2013; as of 2016 and Zande.
it has the second highest score on the Fragile States Index Slavery had been an institution of Sudanese life through(formerly the Failed States Index).
out history.[31] The slave trade in the south intensied in the
19th century and continued after the British had suppressed
slavery in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Annual Sudanese
slave raids into non-Muslim territories resulted in the cap1 History
ture of countless thousands of southern Sudanese, and the
destruction of the regions stability and economy.[32]
Main article: History of South Sudan
The Azande have had good relations with the neighbors,
1

HISTORY

cratic Republic of Congo were dashed by the Rajaf Conference to unify North and South Sudan.
South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million,[34]
but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiey on subsistence farming.[34]
Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have
seen extensive development.
The region has been negatively aected by two civil
wars since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972,
the Sudanese government fought the Anyanya rebel army
(Anya-Nya is a term in the Madi language which means
'snake venom')[35] during the First Sudanese Civil War, followed by the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement
(SPLA/M) in the Second Sudanese Civil War for over
twenty years. As a result, the country suered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructural development and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people
have been killed and millions more have become refugees
both within and outside the country.

1.1

John Garang de Mabior led the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army

until his death in 2005.

namely the Moru, Mundu, Pjulu, Avukaya, Baka and the

small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their king Gbudwe, in the 18th century. In the 19th
century, the Azande fought the French, the Belgians and the
Mahdists to maintain their independence. Egypt, under the
rule of Khedive Ismail Pasha, rst attempted to control the
region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria
in the southern portion. Egypts rst governor was Samuel
Baker, commissioned in 1869, followed by Charles George
Gordon in 1874 and by Emin Pasha in 1878.[33]
The Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s destabilized the nascent
province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included
Lado, Gondokoro, Dule and Wadelai. European colonial maneuverings in the region came to a head in 1898,
when the Fashoda Incident occurred at present-day Kodok;
Britain and France almost went to war over the region.[33]
In 1947, British hopes to join South Sudan with Uganda as
well as, leaving Western Equatoria as part of The Demo-

Independence (2011)

Between 9 and 15 January 2011, a referendum was held

to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate from Sudan. 98.83% of the
population voted for independence.[36] Those living in the
north and expatriates living overseas also voted.[37] South
Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July,
although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudans
oil reserves are in South Sudan.[38] The region of Abyei
still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be
held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South
Sudan.[39] The South Kordofan conict broke out in June
2011 between the Army of Sudan and the SPLA over the
Nuba Mountains.
On 9 July 2011 South Sudan became the 54th independent
country in Africa[40] and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan
is the 193rd member of the United Nations.[41] On 27 July
2011 South Sudan became 54th country to join the African
Union.[42]
South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in
9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced.[43] The
ghters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power
indenitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal
groups while neglecting development in rural areas.[43][44]
Joseph Kony's Lords Resistance Army (LRA) also operates
in a wide area that includes South Sudan.[45]
Inter-ethnic warfare that in some cases predates the war

Leer

Military situation in South Sudan as of 1 April 2016

Under control of the Government of South Sudan
Under control of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-inOpposition
Under control of the Government of Sudan

the rebels.[50] The United Nations has peacekeepers in the

country as part of the United Nations Mission in South
Sudan (UNMISS). Numerous ceaseres were mediated by
IGAD between the SPLM and SPLM in opposition and
were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed
in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for
A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities
both sides in August 2015.[51] Machar returned to Juba in
2016 and was appointed vice president.[52] Following a secviolence in Juba, Machar was replaced as
of independence is widespread. In December 2011, tribal ond breakout of
[53]
[54]
clashes in Jonglei intensied between the Nuer White Army vice-president and he ed the country as the conict
erupted
again.
of the Lou Nuer and the Murle.[46] The White Army warned
it would wipe out the Murle and would also ght South Su- Up to 300,000 people are estimated to have been killed
danese and UN forces sent to the area around Pibor.[47]
in the war, including notable atrocities such as the 2014
[55][56]
Although both men have supporters
In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the Heglig oil Bentiu massacre.
from
across
South
Sudans
ethnic divides, subsequent ghtelds in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in
ing
has
been
communal,
with
rebels targeting members of
the province of South Kordofan after conict with Sudanese
Kiirs
Dinka
ethnic
group
and
government soldiers attack[48]
forces in the South Sudanese state of Unity.
South Su[57]
ing
Nuers.
About
3
million
people have been displaced
dan withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered
in
a
country
of
12
million,
with
about 2 million internally
Heglig two days later.
displaced and about 1 million having ed to neighboring
countries, especially Kenya, Sudan, and Uganda.[58]

1.2

Civil war (2013present)

See also: South Sudanese Civil War

Further information: Ethnic violence in South Sudan
In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy Riek Machar, 2 Politics
as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a coup d'tat.[49] Fighting broke out, igniting the South
Sudanese Civil War. Ugandan troops were deployed to Main article: Politics of South Sudan
ght alongside South Sudanese government forces against

POLITICS

head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed

forces. It also establishes the National Legislature comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the National
Legislative Assembly, and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the Council of States.
John Garang, the founder of the SPLA/M, was the rst
president of the autonomous government until his death
on 30 July 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit,[15] his deputy, was
sworn in as First Vice President of Sudan and President of
the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005.
Riek Machar[15] replaced him as Vice-President of the Government. Legislative power is vested in the government and
the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also
provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court.
2.1.1

Developing state capacity

The post-conict environment is important to understanding the Government of South Sudans ability to function and
successfully implement its policies. The Government of
South Sudan has had signicant success in building its own
capacity by developing an integrated system for planning
and budget preparation.[62] This has been achieved through
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the rst President of South Sudan. His trade- the leadership of the Ministry of Finance, the strong technimark hat was a gift from United States President George W. Bush. cal leadership and support of that same ministry and making
these goals relevant to local capacity.[62] The results have
been that the government has been better able to manage
the nancial aspects of its functions and projects, and increases in the expertise of its sta in crucial skills, such as
basic IT.[62]
2.1.2

South Sudans presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011

2.1

Government

National capital project

The capital of South Sudan is located at Juba, which is also

the state capital of Central Equatoria and the county seat of
the eponymous Juba County, as well as being the countrys
largest city. However, due to Jubas poor infrastructure and
massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within
South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a
resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new
planned city to serve as the seat of government.[63][64] It is
planned that the capital city will be changed to the more
centrally located Ramciel in the future.[18] This proposal
is functionally similar to construction projects in Abuja,
Nigeria; Braslia, Brazil; and Canberra, Australia; among
other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear
how the government will fund the project.

The now-defunct Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly ratied a transitional constitution[59] shortly before independence on 9 July 2011.[60] The constitution was signed by the
President of South Sudan on Independence Day and thereby
came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, su- In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said
perseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.[61]
the countrys political leaders had accepted a proposal to
The constitution establishes a mixed presidential system of build a new capital at Ramciel,[65] a place in Lakes state near
government headed by a president who is head of state, the borders with Central Equatoria and Jonglei. Ramciel is

2.2

States

considered to be the geographical center of the country,[66]

7. Tonj
and the late pro-independence leader John Garang allegedly
8. Twic
had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in
2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state gov9. Wau
ernment and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.[67] The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take
10. Western Lakes
as many as ve years, government ministers said, and the
move of national institutions to the new capital will be imEquatoria
plemented in stages.[65]

2.2
2.2.1

States
2015present

1. Amadi
2. Gbudwe
3. Imatong

Main article: States of South Sudan

In October 2015, South Sudans President Salva Kiir issued

4. Jubek (containing the national capital city of Juba)

5. Maridi
6. Namorunyang
7. Terekeka
8. Yei River
Greater Upper Nile
1. Boma
2. Eastern Bieh
3. Eastern Nile

The 28 states of South Sudan as established in 2015

4. Jonglei
a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states.[68] The decree established the
new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality
of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament
for approval as a constitutional amendment.[69] In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President
Kiir to create new states.[70]

5. Latjoor
6. Northern Liech
7. Ruweng
8. Southern Liech
9. Western Bieh

Bar el Ghazal

10. Western Nile

1. Aweil
2. Aweil East
3. Eastern Lakes
4. Gogrial
5. Gok
6. Lol

The Abyei Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the

South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap,
and Unity, currently has a special administrative status in
Sudan and is governed by an Abyei Area Administration.
It was due to hold a referendum in 2011 on whether to join
South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in
May the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear
if the referendum will be held.

2.3

POLITICS

Military

Main article: Sudan Peoples Liberation Army

Upper Nile
Northern
Bahr
el Ghazal

Unity
Warrap

Western Bahr
el Ghazal
Lakes

Jonglei

Western Equatoria

Eastern Equatoria

A Defense paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for

SPLA Aairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.[71][72]
As of 2012, South Sudan has the highest military spending
as a percentage of GDP in the world. [73]

Central
Equatoria

2.4
The former ten states of South Sudan grouped in the three historical
provinces of the Sudan
Bahr el Ghazal
Equatoria
Greater Upper Nile

Media

Main article: Media of South Sudan

While former Information Minister Barnaba Marial Benjamin vowed that South Sudan will respect freedom of the
press and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of Juba newspaper The Citizen claimed
that in the absence of a formal media law in the edgling re2.2.2 20112015
public, he and his sta have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was
Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into 10 states,
attributed in an Al Jazeera report to the diculty SPLM
which also correspond to three historical regions: Bahr el
has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government afGhazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile:
ter years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. The Citizen is South Sudans largest newspaper, but
Bahr el Ghazal
poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its sta relatively
small and limited the eciency of both its reporting and its
circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus
Northern Bahr el Ghazal
in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days
Western Bahr el Ghazal
to reach states like Northern Bahr el Ghazal.[74]
Lakes
Warrap

2.4.1

Censorship

On 1 November 2011, South Sudans National Security

Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based
Equatoria
daily, Destiny, and suspended its activities indenitely. This
was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit
Western Equatoria
Ayok, entitled Let Me Say So, which criticized the pres Central Equatoria (containing the national capital city ident for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of staining his patriotism. An ofof Juba)
cial letter accused the newspaper of breaking the media
code of conduct and professional ethics, and of publishing
Eastern Equatoria
illicit news that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the
privacy of personalities. The Committee to Protect JourGreater Upper Nile
nalists had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South
Sudan in September.[75] The NSS released the journalists
Jonglei
without charge after having held them for 18 days.[76]
Unity
Upper Nile

In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported against the country.[77] Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the coun-

2.6

Human rights

try. Documentary lmmaker Ochan Hannington is one of

them.[78] In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was
killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist
killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a
24-hour news blackout.[79]

7
ity on Development, a regional grouping of East African
states.[99]

The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South

Sudans independence. The New York Times reported that
South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved
out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated
by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with
2.5 Foreign relations
billions of dollars in American aid.[100] The U.S. governments long-standing sanctions against the Sudan were ofMain article: Foreign relations of South Sudan
cially removed from applicability to newly independent
Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changSouth Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS ocials participated in a high-level international engagement
conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign
investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.[101] Given the interdependence between
some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a license, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S.
persons from dealing in property and interests that benet Sudan or the Government of Sudan.[102] A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, The Republic of South
Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africas Newest
Country, identies outstanding political and humanitarian
issues as the country forges its future.[103]
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry meets with President Salva Kiir,
May 26, 2013

ing. Sudans President Omar al-Bashir rst announced, in

January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the
South would be allowed,[80] but upon the independence of
South Sudan he retracted the oer. He has also suggested
an EU-style confederation.[81] Essam Sharaf, Prime Minister of Egypt after the 2011 Egyptian revolution, made
his rst foreign visit to Khartoum and Juba in the leadup to South Sudans secession.[82] Israel quickly recognized
South Sudan as an independent country,[83] and is host to
thousands of refugees from South Sudan,[84] who now face
deportation to their native country.[85][86] Egypt, Sudan,
Germany and Kenya were rst to recognise the countrys
independence on 8 July 2011.
South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,[87]
the African Union,[23][88] and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.[89] South Sudan plans to join the
Commonwealth of Nations,[90] the East African Community,[91][92][93] the International Monetary Fund,[94] and the
World Bank.[95]
Full membership in the Arab League has been assured,
should the countrys government choose to seek it,[96]
though it could also opt for observer status.[97] It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.[98] On 25 November 2011, it ocially joined the Intergovernmental Author-

2.6

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in South Sudan

Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.[104] In the SPLA/Ms attempt to disarm rebellions among the Shilluk and Murle, they burned
scores of villages, raped hundreds of women and girls and
killed an untold number of civilians.[105] Civilians alleging torture claim ngernails being torn out, burning plastic
bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over
weapons and villagers burned alive in their huts if rebels
were suspected of spending the night there.[105] In May
2011, the SPLA allegedly set re to over 7,000 homes in
Unity State.[106]
The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated
director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls
them human rights abuses o the Richter scale.[105] In
2010, the CIA issued a warning that over the next ve
years,...a new mass killing or genocide is most likely to
occur in southern Sudan.[105] The Nuer White Army has
stated it wished to "wipe out the entire Murle tribe on the
face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee longterm security of Nuers cattle[47] and activists, including
Minority Rights Group International, warned of genocide
in Jonglei.[107]

GEOGRAPHY

Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group United Democratic Forum, has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him
to the formation of a new rebel group ghting against the
government.[108][109]
The child marriage rate in South Sudan is 52%.[110]
Recruitment of child soldiers has also been cited as a serious
problem in the country.[111] In April 2014, Navi Pillay, then
the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, stated that
more than 9,000 child soldiers had been ghting in South
Sudans civil war.[112]
The United Nations rights oce has described the situation
in the country as one of the most horrendous human rights
situations in the world. It accused the army and allied militias as allowing ghters to rape women as form of payment,
as well as raid cattle in an agreement of do what you can,
take what you can.[113] Amnesty international claimed the
army suocated to death in a shipping container more than
60 people accused of supporting the opposition.[114]

A satellite image of South Sudan

tudes 24 and 36E. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps,

and grassland. The White Nile passes through the country,
passing by Juba.[80]

3.1

Biodiversity

Geography

South Sudans protected area of Bandingilo National Park

hosts the second-largest wildlife migration in the world.
Surveys have revealed that Boma National Park, west of the
Main article: Geography of South Sudan
South Sudan lies between latitudes 3 and 13N, and longi- Ethiopian border, as well as the Sudd wetland and Southern
National Park near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of hartebeest, kob, topi, bualo,
elephants, giraes, and lions.
South Sudans forest reserves also provided habitat for
bongo, giant forest hogs, red river hogs, forest elephants,
chimpanzees, and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in 2005
by WCS in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that signicant, though
diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the
southeast is substantially intact.

This CIA map uses the provincial borders that existed at the time
Sudan gained independence in 1956. In 1960, small sections
were transferred to northerly provinces. The Comprehensive Peace
Agreement of 2005 ending the second Sudanese civil war provided
that the border between southern and northern Sudan would be restored to its 1956 state.

Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude

plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas,
oodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and Nile Lechwe, as
well as elephants, giraes, common eland, giant eland, oryx,
lions, African wild dogs, cape bualo, and topi (locally
called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and
tiang, both types of antelope, whose magnicent migrations
were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei
Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad
pasturelands and oodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and
the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally ooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.
Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi
in Sudan was prepared by S.A.J. Tarr and published by the

9
then Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Kew, Surrey,
UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the
country. Many of those records relate to what is now South
Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with
diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in
South Sudan is probably much higher.

November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is inuenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical
Zone[15] and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds
leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and
more cloud coverage.[117]

In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government 4 Demographics

would do everything possible to protect and propagate
South Sudanese fauna and ora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildres, waste dumping, and water pollution. The Main article: Demographics of South Sudan
environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure.
South Sudan has a population of approximately 8 to 10 milSeveral ecoregions extend across South Sudan: the East lion (the exact gure is disputed) and a predominantly rural,
Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mo- subsistence economy. This region has been negatively afsaic, Saharan ooded grasslands (Sudd), Sahelian Acacia fected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting
savanna, East African montane forests, and the Northern in serious neglect, lack of infrastructure development, and
major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million
Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets.[115]
people have died, and more than 4 million are internally
displaced persons or became refugees as a result of the civil
war and its impact.
3.2 Climate
South Sudan map of Kppen climate classication

4.1

Urbanization

John Garang Square in Juba

South Sudan map of Kppen climate classication.

South Sudan has a climate similar to an Equatorial or tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season.
The temperature on average is always high with July being
the coolest month with an average temperatures falling between 20 and 30 C (68 and 86 F) and March being the
warmest month with average temperatures ranging from 23
to 37 C (73 to 98 F).[116]

4.2

Ethnic groups

The major ethnic groups present in South Sudan are the

Dinka at more than 1 million (approximately 15 percent
combined), the Nuer (approximately ten percent), the Bari,
and the Azande. The Shilluk constitute a historically inuential state along the White Nile, and their language is fairly
The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but closely related to Dinka and Nuer. The traditional territothe rainy season can commence in April and extend until ries of the Shilluk and the Northeastern Dinka are adjacent.

10

4.4

DEMOGRAPHICS

Languages

Main article: Languages of South Sudan

The ocial language of South Sudan is English.[1]
There are over 60 indigenous languages, most classied under the Nilo-Saharan Language family; collectively, they
represent two of the rst order divisions of Nile Sudanic
and Central Sudanic.

Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan

In the border region between Western Bahr Al Ghazal state

and Sudan are an indeterminate number of people from
West African countries who settled here on their way back
from Meccawho have assumed a traditionally nomadic
lifethat resides either seasonally or permanently. They
primarily speak Chadian languages and their traditional territories are in the southern portions of the Sudanese regions
of Northern Kordofan and Darfur.
In the capital, Juba, there are several thousand people who
use non-classical Arabic, usually a pidgin called Juba Arabic, but South Sudans ambassador to Kenya said on 2 August 2011 that Swahili will be introduced in South Sudan
with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a lingua franca, in
keeping with the countrys intention of orientation toward
the East African Community rather than Sudan and the
Arab League.[118]

Rural school children participating in the USAID-funded Southern

Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010

4.3

Education

Main article: Education in South Sudan

Unlike the previous educational system of the regional
Southern Sudanwhich was modelled after the system
used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows
the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya). Primary education
consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary
education, and then four years of university instruction.
The primary language at all levels is English, as compared
to the Republic of Sudan, where the language of instruction is Arabic. In 2007 South Sudan adopted English as
the ocial language of communication. There is a severe
shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers
in the scientic and technical elds.

4.5

Population

4.5.1

2008 census

The Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan, for

Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The
census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26
million;[7][119] However, Southern Sudanese ocials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because the
central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to share
the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation.[120]
In addition, President Kiir suspected gures were being
deated in some regions and inated in others, and that
made the nal tally 'unacceptable'.[121] He claimed that
the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted onethird of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be
only 22%.[119]
Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted due to bad weather, poor communication and
transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while
many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results, according
[to] southern Sudanese authorities.[121] The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said

4.6

Religion

11
tive was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share
of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries
where the diaspora share was low.[123]

4.6

Religion

Main article: Religion in South Sudan

Religions followed by the South Sudanese include tradi-

Sunday Mass in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rumbek

Woman in South Sudan

tional indigenous religions, Christianity and Islam.[124][125]

The last census to mention the religion of southerners dates
back to 1956 where a majority were classied as following traditional beliefs or were Christian while 18% were
Muslim.[126] Scholarly[127][128][129] and some U.S. Department of State sources[34] state that a majority of southern
Sudanese maintain traditional indigenous (sometimes referred to as animist) beliefs with those following Christianity in a minority (albeit an inuential one), which would
make South Sudan a country where most people follow traditional indigenous religion. However, according to the
U.S. State Departments International Religious Freedom
Report of 2012 the majority of the population adhere to
Christianity, while reliable statistics on animist and Muslim belief are not available.[130]

The Federal Research Division of the US Library of

Congress states that in the early 1990s possibly no
more than 10% of southern Sudans population was
A village in South Sudan
Christian.[131] In the early 1990s, ocial records of Sudan
claimed that the population of what was then included as
that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the South Sudan, 25% of people followed traditional religions
population.[122]
and 5% were Christians.[132] However, some news reports
claim a Christian majority,[133][134] and the US Episcopal
Church claims the existence of large numbers of Anglican
4.5.2 2009 census
adherents from the Episcopal Church of the Sudan: 2 million
members in 2005.[135]
In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead
of the 2011 independence referendum, which would also Likewise, according to the World Christian Encyclopedia,
include the South Sudanese diaspora; however, this initia- the Catholic Church is the largest single Christian body in

12

CULTURE

Sudan since 1995, with 2.7 million Catholics mainly concentrated in South Sudan.[136] A December 18, 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center
states that in 2010, 60.5% of South Sudans population was
Christian, 32.9% were followers of traditional African religion and 6.2% were Muslim.[137]
The Presbyterian Church in Sudan is the third largest denomination in Southern Sudan. It has about 1,000,000
members in 500 congregations.[138] Some publishers described the conicts prior to partition as a Muslim-Christian
war, but others reject this notion, claiming Muslim and
Christian sides sometimes overlapped.[139]
Speaking at Saint Theresa Cathedral in Juba, South Sudanese President Kiir, a Roman Catholic, said that South
Sudan would be a nation that respects freedom of religion.[140] Amongst Christians, most are Catholic and
Anglican, though other denominations are also active, and
animist beliefs are often blended with Christian beliefs.[141]

4.7

diaspora. Although the common languages spoken are Juba

Arabic and English, Swahili is being introduced to the
population to improve the countrys relations with its East
African neighbors.

Diaspora

Main article: South Sudanese diaspora

The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South
Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning
of the struggle for independence from the North Sudan. Almost over half a million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese
diaspora population.
The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe, and
Oceania are in United States, Canada, United Kingdom,
Australia, and small communities exist in France, Italy,
Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.

Scaried tribeswoman, South Sudan, 2011

Culture

5.1

Music

Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili,

Arabi Juba, their dialect or a mix of all. Popular artists like
Yaba Angelosi sings Afro-beat, R&B, and Zouk; Dynamq
is popular for his reggae releases; and Emmanuel Kembe
who sings folk, reggae and Afro-beat. Emmanuel Jal is
one South Sudanese music artist who has broken through
on an international level[142] with his unique form of Hip
Hop and a positive message in his lyrics.[143] Jal, a former
child soldier turned musician received good airplay and album reviews in the UK[144] and has also been sought out for
the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like
TED.[145]

5.2

Games and sports

Main article: Sport in South Sudan

Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles.
The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest
seasons to celebrate the harvests and nish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared themselves with
ochre perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their
favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.[146]

Main articles: Culture of South Sudan and Tourism in

South Sudan
Due to the many years of the civil war, South Sudans culture is heavily inuenced by its neighbors. Many South Sudanese ed to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and
culture. For most of those who remained in the country,
or went north to Sudan and Egypt, they greatly assimilated
Arab culture.
Association football is also becoming popular in South SuMost South Sudanese value knowing ones tribal origin, dan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of
its traditional culture and dialect even while in exile and South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and

13
peted under the banner of Independent Olympic Athletes.
On August 2, 2015 at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan
was granted full recognition of its National Olympic Committee. South Sudan will be able to compete as an independent nation, marching in the Opening Ceremony behind its
national ag, and having its national anthem played if one
of its athletes wins a gold medal.[150]

Economy

Main article: Economy of South Sudan

See also: List of companies based in South Sudan
The economy of South Sudan is one of the worlds most un-

South Sudan-born basketball player Luol Deng

improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South

Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki
areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these eorts with youth football, the country recently hosted the CECAFA youth football competitions.
Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East
African Schools Sports tournaments.
The South Sudan national association football team joined
the Confederation of African Football in February 2012
and became a full FIFA member in May 2012.[147] The
team played its rst match against Tusker FC of the Kenyan
Premier League on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,[148] scoring early but losing 13 to
the more experienced team.[149] Famous South Sudanese
footballers are James Moga, Richard Justin, Athir Thomas,
Goma Genaro Awad, Khamis Leyano, Khamis Martin and
Roy Gulwak.

Loka Teaks is the largest teak plantation in Africa.

derdeveloped with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world as of 2011.[151] South Sudan exports
timber to the international market. The region also contains
many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper,
chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, diamonds,
hardwoods, limestone and hydropower.[152] The countrys
In the modern era, South Sudanese have excelled in interna- economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily
tional sports. Luol Deng is a National Basketball Associa- dependent on agriculture.
tion star in the United States, where he plays for the Los An- Other than natural resources-based companies, other such
geles Lakers; at the international level, he represents Great organisations include Southern Sudan Beverages Limited, a
Britain. Other leading international basketball players from subsidiary of SABMiller.
South Sudan include Manute Bol, Kueth Duany, Deng Gai,
Ater Majok, and Thon Maker. The South Sudan national
basketball team played its rst match against the Uganda 6.1 Oil
national basketball team on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[148]
One athlete from South Sudan, Guor Marial, competed in
the 2012 Summer Olympics. Due to South Sudan not as
yet possessing an ocial Olympics organization, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with
three athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles, com-

The oilelds in the south have been signicant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. South Sudan
has the third-largest oil reserves in Sub-Saharan Africa.[153]
However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were

14

ECONOMY

not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split ing US$34 per barrel to transport oil through the pipeline to
the revenue from these southern oilelds.[154]
the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around
30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil
production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and
food costs to rise by 120%.[157]
China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudans oil sector.[153] South Sudans
economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil
reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new nds are made,
according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[158]

6.2

Debt

In terms of South Sudans external debt, Sudan and South

Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately 38 billion
dollars, all of which has accumulated throughout the past
ve decades.[159] Though a small portion of this debt is
owed to such international institutions as the World Bank
and the International Monetary Fund (approximately 5.3
billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of
Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with nancial loans, including the Paris Club (over 11 billion dollars)
and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over 13 billion
dollars).[160]

Oil and gas concessions in Sudan 2004

It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the

oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), were split equally
for the duration of the agreement period.[155] Since South
Sudan relies on pipelines, reneries, and Port Sudan's facilities in Red Sea state in Sudan, the agreement stated
that the government of Sudan in Khartoum would receive
a 50% share of all oil revenues.[155][156] This arrangement
was maintained during the second period of autonomy from
2005 to 2011.
In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 5050 split of
oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out
for more favorable terms.[156] Oil revenues constitute more
than 98% of the government of South Sudans budget according to the southern governments Ministry of Finance
and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more
than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace
agreement.[155]

The Paris Club refers to an informal group of nancial ofcials from 19 of the worlds most inuential economies,
including such member nations as the United States, the
United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while
non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that
does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club
member.[161] Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the
majority of the remainder (approximately 6 billion of the
total debt).[162]
While it is possible to arrive at a relatively accurate determination of the regions total debt accumulation, it is not yet
possible to determine precisely how much debt the newly
formed nation of South Sudan independently carries, as an
agreement has not yet been reached between Sudan and
South Sudan regarding this highly contentious issue.

6.3

East African Community

The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the

Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South
Sudan in 2011,[91][163] and South Sudan was reportedly
an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.[91][164] Analysts
After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charg- suggested that South Sudans early eorts to integrate

15
infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines,[165] 7 Transport
with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on
the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan Main article: Transport in South Sudan
and toward the EAC. Reuters considers South Sudan
the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short
term,[166] and an article in Tanzanian daily The Citizen
that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker
Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was free to join
the EAC asserted that analysts believe the country will
soon become a full member of the regional body.[167]
On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a South
Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager
to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over
concerns that its economy was not suciently developed
to compete with EAC member states and could become
a dumping ground for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan
exports.[168] This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir,
who announced South Sudan had ocially embarked on
the application process one month later.[169] The application A train travelling towards Wau
was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,[170]
however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in
South Sudan have created political tension and may delay
the process.[171]
In December 2012, Tanzania ocially agreed to South
Sudans bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the
worlds newest state to become the regional blocs sixth
member.[172] In May 2013 The EAC set aside $82,000 for
the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013,
was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state
approved the verication report that was presented by the
Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation
Two Mil Mi-17 helicopters at Juba Airport
process with South Sudan.[173]
A team was formed to assess South Sudans bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to South Sudanese Civil
7.1
War.[174][175]
South Sudans Minister of Foreign Aairs, Barnaba Marial
Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the
committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed
to join the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been ocially released to the public. It was reported that South Sudan could be admitted as
early as November 2015 when the heads of East African
States had their summit meeting.[176]

Railway

Main article: Rail transport in South Sudan

South Sudan has 248 km (154 mi) of single-track 3 ft 6 in
(1,067 mm) gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to
Wau terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to
Juba. There are also plans to link Juba with the Kenyan and
Ugandan railway networks.

7.2

Air

South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in

East African Community on March 2016,[177] and formally Main article: List of airports in South Sudan
acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.[178]

16

The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is

Juba Airport, which has regular international connections
to Asmara, Entebbe, Nairobi, Cairo, Addis Ababa, and
Khartoum. Juba Airport was also the home base of Feeder
Airlines Company and Southern Star Airlines.[179]

HUMANITARIAN SITUATION

organisations.[190]
Famine reportedly led to deaths in Northern Bahr el Ghazal
and Warrap states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to
cause fatalities.[191]

Other international airports include Malakal, with international ights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; Wau, with
weekly service to Khartoum; and Rumbek, also with weekly
ights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves
Nimule and Akobo, which have unpaved runways. Several
smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority
consisting of little more than dirt runways.

In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, cattle raids led to border
clashes that eventually resulted in widespread ethnic violence, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of
South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of Mdecins
Sans Frontires sta went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local
On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South authorities.[192] South Sudan has a very high rate of child
Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at marriage.[193] Violence against women is common in the
rst but eventually expanding to international service.[180]
country, and South Sudans laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in oering protection.[194][195]

Humanitarian situation

See also: Health in South Sudan

South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst
health indicators in the world.[181][182][183] The under-ve
infant mortality rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst maternal
mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000
live births.[183] In 2004, there were only three surgeons
serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and
in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000
people.[181]
The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South Sudan is
poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around
3.1%.[184] According to a 2013 study, South Sudan
probably has the highest malaria burden in sub-Saharan
Africa.[185] South Sudan is one of the few countries where
dracunculiasis still occurs.[186][187][188]
At the time of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of
2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive.
However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership
of the UN Oce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sucient funding to bring
relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the
2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More
than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than
$1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).[189]
In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of liane Duthoit) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished,
slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery
and development activities of NGOs and community-based

8.1

Water crisis

Further information: Water supply in South Sudan

See also: Sudanese nomadic conicts
The water supply in South Sudan is faced with numerous
challenges. It is estimated that between 50% and 60% of
the population of South Sudan has access to an improved
water source, such as a hand pump, a protected well or
for a small minority piped water supply. Although the
White Nile runs through the country, water is scarce during
the dry season in areas that are not located on the river.
About half the population does not have access to an
improved water source, dened as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within 1 km. The few existing piped
water supply systems are often not well maintained and the
water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced
people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure,
and the government institutions in charge of the sector are
weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply.
Numerous non-governmental organizations support water
supply in Southern Sudan, such as Water is Basic, the
Obakki Foundation[196] and Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary
Club[197] from North America.

8.2

Refugees

As of February 2014, South Sudan is host to over 230,000

refugees, with the vast majority, or over 209,000, having
arrived recently from Sudan, because of the War in Darfur.
Other African countries that contribute the most refugees

17

dan are national languages and shall be respected, developed

and promoted.[4]

11

References

[1] The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011. Government of South Sudan. Retrieved 12 July
2011. Part One, 6(2). English shall be the ocial working
language in the Republic of South Sudan.
[2] At a Glance. Ocial portal. Government of Southern Sudan. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.

Jamam refugee camp

to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia,

and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[198] There are
also 740,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in South
Sudan since December 2013, almost 75,000 of whom reside in UN bases. UNHCR has reported a drop in the number of IDPs seeking protection, despite a growth in the overall IDP population in South Sudan. Consequently, UNHCR
is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian
Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base
in Malakal, South Sudan, which is expected to reach 10,000
people.[198]

See also
Cabinet of South Sudan
International recognition of South Sudan
Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan,
the autonomous government that existed between 2005 and 2011.

[3] Ethnologue: Ethnologue Languages of the World South Sudan - Status, Retrieved 3 December 2016
[4] The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 (PDF). Government of South Sudan. Retrieved
18 November 2016.
[5] AfricaNews (23 July 2016). South Sudanese minister replaces 'missing' Riek Machar as vice president Africanews. africanews.com. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
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[14] Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dic Lost Boys of Sudan
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10

Notes

[1] The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): All indigenous languages of South Su-

tionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

ISBN 9780521152532
[15] South Sudan. The World Factbook. CIA. 11 July 2011.
Retrieved 14 July 2011.
[16] South Sudan Location: East-Central Africa; south of Sudan,
north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia
[17] UN classication of world regions Eastern Africa: South
Sudan. UN. Retrieved 25 September 2011.

18

[18] South Sudan prole. BBC. 5 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July

2011.
[19] Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)".
Youtube.com. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
[20] Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)".
Youtube.com. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
[21] Worsnip, Patrick (14 July 2011). South Sudan admitted to
U.N. as 193rd member. Reuters. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
[22] UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State.
United Nations News Service. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 14
July 2011.
[23] South Sudan Becomes African Unions 54th Member.
Voice of America News. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July
2011.
[24] South Sudan admitted into EAC, Daily Nation, 2 March
2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016
[25] Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD
Says. Bloomberg Businessweek. 25 November 2011.
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[26] Freedom House Congratulates South Sudan for Signing the
Geneva Conventions. Freedom House. 20 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
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[29] Richard Cockett Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African
state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire.
ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8
[30] Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from
revolution to independence. 2012. Ethnic Groups and
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ISBN 978-0-231-70414-4
[31] Sudanese Trade in Black Ivory: Opening Old Wounds (PDF)
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[32] Sudan The Turkiyah (1821 85), Library of Congress
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[33] Levering Lewis, David (1995). The Race to Fashoda. New
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[34] Sudan. State.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-21.
[35] Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from
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23

12

Further reading

This article incorporates public domain material from

the Library of Congress Country Studies website http:
//lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. Sudan
Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the
Responsibility to Prevent, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier
University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), ISBN
978-1-77112-117-0
Mohamed Omer Beshir: The Southern Sudan. Background to Conict. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968.
Biel, Melha Rout (2007). South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Jena: Netzbandt Verlag.
ISBN 978-3-937884-01-1.
Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols) (2nd ed.). London/New York: IB
Tauris. ISBN 1-86064-987-4.
Prole: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir. BBC Online. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in
Southern Sudan (PDF). New York: Human Rights
Watch. June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF)
on 1 October 2011.

13

External links

Government of South Sudan

Government of South Sudan USA and UN Mission
Government of South Sudan UK Mission
South Sudan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
South Sudan at DMOZ
South Sudan prole from the BBC News.
Photographers Account of South Sudan The Cost
of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition
Sudans Shaky Peace, National Geographic, November 2010.
Photo gallery by George Steinmetz.
Peace Agreements signed by South Sudan, UN Peacemaker
UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack

24

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14
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Fadywalker~enwiki, Piano non troppo, Knowledgekid87, Ulric1313, Mahmudmasri, Materialscientist, Dengdengdeng, Citation bot, Brightgalrs, ArthurBot, Obersachsebot, Xqbot, Adbatista, Antime, Gigemag76, Khajidha, Ryomaandres, A455bcd9, Nasnema, Clowdi, GrouchoBot,
EatsShootsAndLeaves, Frosted14, LocodeMaster, AntonSamuel, ArkinAardvark, Mark Schierbecker, Mathonius, Amaury, Spesh531, Ejrubio,
Cyfraw, B.Lameira, Wdenhelm, Chongkian, Sweetcorn, Cekli829, FrescoBot, Photo4peace, , Pixi Uno, LucienBOT, Ron 1987,
Tobby72, AlexanderKaras, Lothar von Richthofen, Thayts, Adam9389, Maarcis, Zombieisland09, Alboran, HJ Mitchell, Ravendrop, Jerashray,
AndresHerutJaim, Archie89, Purpleturple, Ladril, A little insignicant, Citation bot 1, Intelligentsium, Redrose64, Pink Bull, HRoestBot,
Degen Earthfast, Zhakir, Gimelthedog, Jaguar, SpaceFlight89, ErMiEvJa, TedderBot, Full-date unlinking bot, Pristino, JosiahHenderson, Fidelove, Kgrad, 12jn, FoxBot, LeinsterLion, Yunshui, Arivu jevi, Pantjz, Kante4, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Banhtrung1, Lotje, K-Majok, PPerviz,
Rennell435, Bermudanights, Jakegc, Dewar210, Diannaa, Underlying lk, Brian the Editor, Innotata, Tbhotch, Bayah, TheMesquito, Fry1989,
Stevendj, Mikroblgeovn, Stadscykel, Viennaiswaiting, RjwilmsiBot, Chipmunkdavis, TjBot, Wiki id2, ThisguyYEAH, MAXXX-309, Reubenzadeh, Rctycoplay, Bajow24, Towongo, Letdemsay, EmausBot, Orphan Wiki, WikitanvirBot, WineHouse, Nels1234, Look2See1, JarredTheYoutuber2, Fbutili, GoingBatty, RA0808, Sentinel R, Marnan, Harsh g2003, Winner 42, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, K6ka, Theseus1776, Zhaneboy,
HiW-Bot, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Sundostund, Rafandalucia, Iaki Salazar, Alcea setosa, Mar4d, Captain Screebo, VLADIMIR Skokan,
Hritam24, Seniortrend, Zuhairali, Fandeborges, AndresJensen, Thine Antique Pen, Demiurge1000, Labnoor, David attwood, Xerti, Brandmeister, Rigley, Mayur, Donner60, LoveWae, , Lerikson, Zakeria9494, ChuispastonBot, AndyTheGrump, Pote2639, Awet d batista, Har-

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gir, Sin un nomine, Eccekevin, RowanQuigley, Simon.rashleigh, BabbaQ, FeatherPluma, Kinkreet, BaDyer, Whoop whoop pull up, Joberg77,
Mjbmrbot, Pbl1998, Tpaine99, Proud coptic, Freknsay, ClueBot NG, Mansmokingacigar, Yjfstorehouse, Gareth Grith-Jones, Jack Greenmaven, Halma10, JetBlast, Martin Dluhos, Ecad93, Fauzan, Cuneytewrares, Movses-bot, JPosten, Doh5678, AircraftZurf, Tideat, Tabletrack,
Everest700, Frietjes, Delusion23, Jkan997, 08OceanBeach SD, Hazhk, Djodjo666, O.Koslowski, Wikipedian explorer, MrMonday1, El Libro,
Tot Samyj Niekto, Kennytanms, Bobbyb373, , Widr, Santacloud, WikiPuppies, Fluclo, Delivernews, Michael5046, Imnelson13, North
Atlanticist Usonian, IgnorantArmies, Ilovesudan, Jrobin08, Mightymights, Helpful Pixie Bot, Kyactivist, Andrew Gwilliam, Mlp098, Westnes,
Trotskyist, Henn Finn, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, TOCS2011, Mackoy20, Trip Tucker, VampireKilla, Mohamed CJ, Gomada, SuperZebra,
Northamerica1000, Banana Van Mod, Magook, Ne12308, HIDECCHI001, Captain armenia, ElphiBot, Jeerson76, Middgeaugh-Botteaugh,
Elmeligy, BluePlateSpecial2007, Tachn, Arumuortat, Linux731, NelsonSudan, Spla83, Thiago.kiwi, Mabil, MrPenguin20, Wkwk12, Bahreljebel, MargaretWeigel, Rollolainen, Jruss89, ASaxman, Mike22r, WikiLover12345, Xooon, Mourt1234567890, BlakeAllred, DPL bot, Asdfgh323, Hybrid2712, Jawadreventon, Aaron-Tripel, Klilidiplomus, Wannabemodel, Als11282001, Paul314159, EricEnfermero, BattyBot,
Ace1press, MazabukaBloke, Lommerusket, Vogonslayer, HueSatLum, DiligenceDude, ChloeCBlaskiewicz, Bemastuck, IkbenFrank, Cyberbot
II, ChrisGualtieri, Powwerpu, Sharmander, Khazar2, Jason.m.hayward, IceBrotherhood, TheMrCommunistTW, JYBot, Mfuener, Ripkin69,
Lazlomude, AutomaticStrikeout, Dexbot, Natuur12, LightandDark2000, JJhashisreasons, Charles Essie, Mogism, Janweh64, MMalczyk, SiBr4,
Ssbbplayer, Zaldax, Hair, Jamesx12345, Abc347834, CrimsonViking, Johnkhiami42, SouthSudaneseEAC, Faizan, Antananarivo Madagascar,
FrankeeMcGee, Kirkmiller, Howicus, Ilolelele19, PhantomTech, Cryx88, Askar Nazyrov, Julius Bintu, Gadharam, DavidLeighEllis, MountRainier, AcidSnow, Davidt N2, Martxel Alexander, Bever, Timothy.bulkoch, TeraCard, Quenhitran, Soranoch, W. P. Uzer, Ben Tuckett, 4207JJ,
AddWittyNameHere, Blondeguynative, Sebwolfgermany, Olsonspterom, K9re11, Harrell.steven, Ali Zifan, ThecentreCZ, Baboo.abdalla, Winnetou14, Mevagiss, FrantzFanon2000, Cancina5645, TragicSaint, ColRad85, Andajara120000, Wwikix, Madijbp, Ts00987123, Ts000987123,
Zoompte, TDurr1, Dong Malwal, Yank891, S2062659, Jetfang04, Acc0langtp, Peter238, Allisonbobrow, Ebonelm, Stellerspeller, Lishanadeni,
Dwyanedeng, SheriIsInTown, E.M.Gregory, Themainman23, Mkhoojinrong, PhotoMojo, Rubbish computer, Yellow Dingo, CentreLeftRight, Von Callay, Human3015, Baseballsimmons, Eimukas22, Jinkj0711, LL221W, Addfvasdlhfvdaslifva, Lokkipokki, Djamsjj3819393, MidasHotel20, Jfrazier153, Wishva de Silva, Rude-boy-wayne, KasparBot, MB298, Frootliam, Dominator1453, Badrrrgrg, JJMC89, Equinox,
Borntalented 50 D, Colin99, Fcgnation, Khunkat, CAPTAIN RAJU, StjJackson, Orelbon, Consciousbot, Vansockslayer, Cesers, Mohammedsomalia, CollegeKnowledge15, , Baking Soda, EDMultra7, Kaizx92, Valentina Cardoso, Derpface2002, Marianna251, GreenC
bot, Cordyceps-Zombie, PeterLee0923, Majaga Magond, Jackattack181, Routs verdi, DinoBambinoNFS, Stalin1999 and Anonymous: 725

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Images

File:28_States_of_South_Sudan.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/28_States_of_South_Sudan.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aotearoa, based on the Establishment Order Number 36/2015 for the Creation of
28 States in the Decantralized Governance System in the Republic of South Sudan and map of South Sudan Countries published by the United
Nations Oce for the Coordination of Humanitarian Aairs of 16/07/2012
File:A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_(5926735716).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
9/98/A_South_Sudanese_girl_at_independence_festivities_%285926735716%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: A South Sudanese
girl at independence festivities Original artist: USAID Africa Bureau
File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_
projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin23230
File:Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/21/Africa_satellite_orthographic.jpg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Children_in_Yambio,_Western_Equatoria,_South_Sudan_(28_05_2009).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/1/1b/Children_in_Yambio%2C_Western_Equatoria%2C_South_Sudan_%2828_05_2009%29.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Masiya
File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Sudan.svg
Source:
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South_Sudan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.
svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.fotw.us/flags/ss.html / Flag of the World Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:John_Garang.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/John_Garang.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: reference page, image source Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
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data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:John_Garang_Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/John_Garang_
Mausoleum_Square_in_Juba.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jens Klinzing
File:Juba_Sudan_aerial_view.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Juba_Sudan_aerial_view.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: USAID Original artist: Aguek

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14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Lock-green.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg License: CC0 Contributors: en:File:

Free-to-read_lock_75.svg Original artist: User:Trappist the monk
File:Loka_west_teak.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Loka_west_teak.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: I (Pojulu (talk)) created this work entirely by myself.
Original artist: Pojulu (talk)Pojulumyth
File:Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Luol_Deng_Wizards.jpg License: CC BY-SA
2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as 00055269 Original artist: Keith Allison
File:Malakal-zentrum.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Malakal-zentrum.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Office-book.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Office-book.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This and myself. Original artist: Chris Down/Tango project
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:Romic.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Romic.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Ernst Ulz
File:SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/
SPAF_Mi17_helicopters_at_Juba_Airport_January_2011.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Photodiarist
File:Salva_Kiir_Mayardit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: jenny.rockett@journalist.com Original artist: Photo Credit: Jenny Rockett
File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_(3).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/
0a/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_South_Sudan_President_Kiir_%283%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/
photos/statephotos/8840753750/sizes/o/in/photostream/ Original artist: U.S. Department of State
File:SouthSudanStates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/SouthSudanStates.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SudSudan.svg Original artist: Danielemezzalira
File:South_Sudan-CIA_WFB_Map.png Source:
png License: Public domain Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/South_Sudan-CIA_WFB_Map.

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html Original artist: Directorate of Intelligence, United States Central Intelligence Agency
File:South_Sudan_(orthographic_projection).svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/South_Sudan_
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:Sudan_(orthographic_projection)_highlighted.svg Original
artist: Spesh531
File:South_Sudan_012.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/South_Sudan_012.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: South Sudan 012 Original artist: Steve Evans
File:South_Sudan_034.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/South_Sudan_034.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: South Sudan 034 Original artist: Steve Evans
File:South_Sudan_Independence.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/South_Sudan_Independence.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr: South Sudan: Independence Original artist: Steve Evans
File:South_Sudan_Oyee!.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/South_Sudan_Oyee%21.ogg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.navyband.navy.mil/anthems/ANTHEMS/South%20Sudan%20edited.mp3 Original artist: Students and teachers of Juba University, 2011
File:South_Sudan_map_of_Kppen_climate_classification.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/South_
Sudan_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors:
Derived from World Koppen Classication.svg. Original artist: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ali_Zifan' title='User:Ali Zifan'>Ali Zifan</a> (Enhanced, modied, and vectorized).
File:South_Sudan_sat.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/South_Sudan_sat.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Map Library Original artist: The Map Library
File:Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Southern_Sudan_Civil_War.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work using: South Sudan location map.svg by NordNordWest Original artist: Ali Zifan
File:Speakerlink-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Steady2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Steady2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
Original artist: Tomchen1989
File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Terrestrial_globe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Terrestrial_globe.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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File:The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_(6972523516).jpg Source:
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wikipedia/commons/0/00/The_scale_of_the_problem_Jamam_refugee_camp_from_the_air_%286972523516%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA
2.0 Contributors: The scale of the problem: Jamam refugee camp from the air Original artist: DFID - UK Department for International
Development
File:Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Train_Sudan_towards_Wau.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bertramz
File:USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg Source:
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commons/1/18/USAID-funded_Southern_Sudan_Interactive_Radio_Instruction_project.jpg License:
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File:Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Village_in_South_Sudan.jpg License: CC
BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/babasteve/5804070454/in/photostream Original artist: Steve Evans
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