Two Port Networks - GATE Study Material

in PDF
In the previous articles we have seen articles on Network Theory related to Sinusoidal
Steady State Analysis and Electric Resonance. Now we move on to Two Port Networks,
where we discuss concepts such as Symmetric Network, Reciprocal Network, Z Parameters, Y - Parameters, T - Parameters, T - Parameters, h parameters and g
parameters.
These GATE Study Notes are useful for GATE EE, GATE EC, DRDO, IES, BARC, BSNL and
other exams. You should also have these GATE Notes downloaded in PDF to have your
preparation made easy and ace your GATE Exam.
Before you go ahead though, make sure your basic concepts are clear. Read up on the
previous articles in this free GATE Study Material Series.

Recommended Reading
Parameters of Periodic Wave Forms
Sinusoidal Response of Parallel Circuits
Sinusoidal Response of Series Circuits
Power Relations in AC Circuits
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance

What is a Two Port Network?

i. A two port network with standard reference Directions for the voltage and currents is
given below.

ii. Current entering at one port is equal to the current living at the same port.
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iii. Generally sources are connected at port 1 and loads are connected at port 2.

Symmetric Network
i. A symmetrical network is a network which is divided into two equal halves with each
half is a mirror image of other.
ii. If the network looks same form both the ports then it is said to be symmetrical
otherwise it is said to be asymmetrical.

Reciprocal Network

Symmetric and Reciprocal

Asymmetric and Reciprocal

i. If the network obeys reciprocity theorem then it is said to be reciprocal otherwise it is

said to be Asymmetrical.
ii. All the passive networks are always reciprocal and all the active networks are always
non reciprocal.
iii. Out of four variables (V1, V2, I1, and I2) we can select two independent variables in 4C2
= 6 different ways. So six set of two port parameter are possible for a network.
They are Z, Y, T, T', g and h parameters.

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ZParameter
i. Also known as Open Circuit Impedance Parameters.
V
Z
Z12 I1
. They are given as [ 1 ] = [ 11
][ ]
V2
Z21 Z22 I2
V1

. Z11 =

I1 I =0
2

Z12 =

V1

I2 I =0
1

Z21 =

V2

I1 I =0
2

, Z22 =

V2

I2 I =0
1

iv. Condition for reciprocity: Z12 = Z21

v. Condition for Symmetry: Z11 = Z22

YParameter
i. Also known as short circuit Admittance Parameters.
I
Y
Y12 V1
. [ 1 ] = [ 11
][ ]
I2
Y21 Y22 V2
I

1
. Y11 = V1 |

V2 =0

, Y12 = V1 |
2

V1 =0

, Y21 = V2 |
1

V2 =0

Y22 = V2 |
2

V1 =0

iv. Condition for reciprocity Y12 = Y21

v. Condition for Symmetry Y11 = Y22

T-Parameters
i. Also known as Transmission Parameters (or) ABCD Parameters.
V
A B V2
. [ 1 ] = [
][
]
I1
C D I2
V

. A = V1 |
2

,B =

I2 =0

V1
I2

|
V2 =0

, C = V1 |
2

, D=

V2 =0

I1

I2 V =0
2

iv. Condition for reciprocity AD BC = 1

v. Condition for Symmetry A = D

Inverse transmission (or) T' parameters

i. Also known as ABCD Parameters.
V
V2
A B V1
A B V1
. [I2 ] = [
]
[
]
(or)
[
]
=
[
][
]
I2
2
C D I1
C D I1
I2
I
V2
V

, D = I 2 |
, B = 2|
, C =V |
. A = |
V1 I =0
1

I1

V1 =0

I1 =0

iv. Condition for reciprocally AD BC = 1

v. Condition for symmetry A = D

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V1 =0

h Parameter
i. Also known as Hybrid Parameters.
V
h
h12 I1
. [ 1 ] = [ 11
][ ]
I2
h21 h22 V2
. h11 =

V1

I1 V =0
2

h12 = V1 |
2

I1 =0

, h21 = I2 |
1

h22 = V2 |

V2 =0

I1 =0

iv. Condition for reciprocity: h12 = h21.

v. Condition for symmetry: h = h11h22 h12h21 = 1

g Parameter
i. Also known as Inverse Hybrid Parameter.
g11 g12 V1
I
. [ 1 ] = [g
][ ]
V2
21 g 22 I2
I

1
. g11 = V1 |

I2 =0

, g12 = I1 |
2

V1 =0

g 21 = V2 |
1

I2 =0

g 22 =

iv. Condition for reciprocity: g12 = g21

v. Condition for symmetry: g = g11 g22 g12 g21 = 1

Example 1:
Find the z parameters of the circuit given below:

Solution:
Convert the network into Laplace domain we get

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V2
I2

|
V1 =0

V1 (s) = 4I2 (s) + [I1 (s) + I2 (s)]

V1 (s) = I1 (s).

10
s

+ (4 +

10

. I1 (s) + (3 +

10

V (s)
s
[ 1 ] = [10
V2 (s)
s

Z(s) =

10
s

) I2 (s)_________(1)

V2 (s) = 3I2 (s) + [I1 (s) + I2 (s)]

V2 (s) =

10

10
s

10
s

) I2 (s)_________(2)

4s+10

I1 (s)
s
3s+10] [I (s)]
2
s

10

4s+10

s
[10

s
3s+10]

Example 2:
Consider the following network

For the load current of 2 A determine the value of source V1 connected at port 1.

Solution:
From the given figure we have
I2 = 2A and V2 = 2 4 = 8V
V
3
[ 1] = [
V2
6
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6 I1
][ ]
3 I2

V1 = 3I1 + 6I2
V2 = 6I1 + 3I2
8 = 6I1 + 3(2) I1 =

14
6

14

V1 = 3 ( 6 ) + 6(2)
=

4272
6

30
6

= 5V

V1 = 5V
In the next article we will discuss about two port parameters for standard networks.
Did you like this article on Two Port Networks? Let us know in the comments. You may
also enjoy reading
Two Port Parameters for Standard Networks
Conversion between Two Port Parameters

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