COMPANION

ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
EDITED BY

TIM

INGOLD

R
London and New York

CONTENTS

Preface
General introduction
Tim
T h e contributors

ix
Ingold

P A R T I: H U M A N I T Y
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.

xiii
xxiii
1

Introduction to humanity
Tim Ingold
H u m a n i t y and animality

Tim Ingold
T h e evolution o f early h o m i n i d s
Phillip V. Tobias
H u m a n evolution: the last one million years
Clive Gamble
T h e origins and evolution o f language
Philip Lieberman
T o o l s and tool behaviour
Thomas Wynn
N i c h e construction, evolution and culture
F. J. Odling-Smee
M o d e s of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture
and pastoralism
Roy Ellen
T h e diet and nutrition o f h u m a n populations
Igor de Garine
D e m o g r a p h i c expansion: causes and c o n s e q u e n c e s
Mark N. Cohen
D i s e a s e and the destruction o f indigenous populations
Stephen J. Kunitz

P A R T II: C U L T U R E
12. Introduction to culture
Tim Ingold

14
33
79
108
133
162

197
226
265
297
327
329

COMPANION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTHROPOLOGY

14.

W h y animals have neither culture nor history

David Premack and Ann James Premack
S y m b o l i s m : the foundation o f culture

366

15.

Mary LeCron Foster

Artefacts and the m e a n i n g o f things
Daniel
Miller
Technology
Franois
Sigaut
Spatial organization and the built e n v i r o n m e n t
Amos
Rapoport
Perceptions o f t i m e
Barbara
Adam
A s p e c t s o f literacy
Brian V. Street and Niko Besnier

396

13.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

M a g i c , religion and the rationality o f belief

Gilbert
Lewis
M y t h and m e t a p h o r
James F. Weiner
Ritual and performance
Richard
Schechner
T h e anthropology o f art

31.
32.

420
460
503
527
563
591
613

Howard
Morphy
M u s i c and dance
Anthony
Seeger
T h e politics o f culture: ethnicity and nationalism

648

Anthony

706

D.

Smith

P A R T III: S O C I A L L I F E
Introduction to social life
26.
Tim Ingold
Sociality a m o n g h u m a n s and n o n - h u m a n animals
27.
R. I. M.
Dunbar
Rules and prohibitions: the form and c o n t e n t o f h u m a n
28.
kinship
Alan
Barnard
2 9 . U n d e r s t a n d i n g sex and g e n d e r
30.

350

686

735
737
756

783

Henrietta L. Moore
Socialization, enculturation and the d e v e l o p m e n t o f personal
identity
Fitz John Porter Poole
Social aspects o f language u s e
Jean
DeBernardi
Work, the division o f labour and co-operation

813

Sutti

891

Ortiz
vi

831
861

CONTENTS

33.

Exchange and reciprocity

C. A. Gregory

34.

Political domination and social evolution

Timothy Earle
L a w and dispute processes
Simon Roberts
Collective violence and c o m m o n security

35.
36.
37.
38.

911
940
962

Robert A. Rubinstein
Inequality and equality
Andr Bteille
T h e nation state, colonial expansion and the contemporary
world order

1010

Peter

1040

Worsley

Index

983

1067

vu