Summing Amplifier.

Aim:

To

illustrate

the

operation

and

characteristics

of

the

Summing

Amplifier.

Components required:
Function generator, CRO, Regulated Power supply, resistor, capacitor, 741 IC, connecting wires.
lab Specifications Taken:
Inverting Amplifier circuit design has been implemented on the virtual breadboard using following
specifications:

Power Supply: +10v and -10v

Function generator: Selected wave with following specifications:

Frequency = 50Hz Amplitude: 750mV, 850mV, 900mV, 950mV, 1V, 2V. Duty cycle = 50%

Resistor R2: 10.38K

Resistor R1: 1.369K

Theory:

There are a number of applications where it is useful to produce the sum, or more generally the weighted
sum, of two or more signals. One example is the mixer system in a recording or broadcast studio where
various sources (microphones, CD players, etc.) are combined to produce the final mix for the track or
program. The inverting amplifier configuration we used makes this very easy to do, just add another
resistor to the inverting (-) input of the op amp:

A quick analysis shows thatb

, i.e. the output is a weighted
sum of the inputs. The key is to notice that the current flowing in Rf must be (by
KCL) equal to the sum of the currents in R1and R2. For this reason, the node of an
op amp circuit which is connected to the inverting input is sometimes referred to as
the summing junction. This summation can be extended to any number of inputs.

Procedure:
1.
2.
3.

Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

Give the input signal as specified.
Switch on the power supply.

4.
5.

Note down the outputs from the CRO

Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.

Precautions:
1.
2.
3.

Connections should be verified before clicking run button.

The resistance to be chosen should be in K ohm range.
Best performance is being obtained within 50Hz to 1 MHz

Difference Amplifier:
Aim:

To illustrate

the operation and characteristics of the Difference Amplifier.

Components required:
Function generator, CRO, Regulated Power supply, resistor, capacitor, 741 IC, connecting wires.
lab Specifications Taken:
Inverting Amplifier circuit design has been implemented on the virtual breadboard using following
specifications:

Power Supply: +10v and -10v

Function generator: Selected wave with following specifications:

Frequency = 50Hz Amplitude: 750mV, 850mV, 900mV, 950mV, 1V, 2V. Duty cycle = 50%

Resistor R2: 10.38K

Resistor R1: 1.369K

Theory:

A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that amplifies the difference

between two input voltages but suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. It is
an analog circuit with two inputs and one output in which the output is ideally
proportional to the difference between the two voltages where the gain of the amplifier
is.

An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is a differential amplifier with very high differential-mode gain,
very high input impedance, and low output impedance. By applying negative feedback, an op-amp
differential amplifier with predictable and stable gain can be built. Some kinds of differential amplifier
usually include several simpler differential amplifiers. For example, a fully differential amplifier,
an instrumentation amplifier, or an isolation amplifier are often built from several op-amps
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

Give the input signal as specified.
Switch on the power supply.
Note down the outputs from the CRO
Draw the necessary waveforms on the graph sheet.

Precautions:
1.
2.
3.

Connections should be verified before clicking run button.

The resistance to be chosen should be in K ohm range.
Best performance is being obtained within 50Hz to 1 MHz