ENGENEERING A SUBLUMINAL WARP SPACE DRIVE

A Proposal for NASAs space program

Proposed By: Transtator Industries and ESAA and Delta Group Engineering

ABSTRACT
Quantum theory predicts, and experiments verify, that empty space (the vacuum)
contains an enormous residual background energy known as zero-point energy or zero
point field.
Commonly most warp drive proposals have never answered the primary question of how
to actually generate the field. It is our attempt in this proposal to actually supply a
workable idea on how to do just that.

INTRODUCTION
The concept "engineering the vacuum" was first introduced by Nobel Laureate T.
D. Lee in his book Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory. As stated
there: "The experimental method to alter the properties of the vacuum may be
called vacuum engineering.... If indeed we are able to alter the vacuum, then we may
encounter some new phenomena, totally unexpected." Recent experiments have
indeed shown this to be the case.
With regard to space propulsion, the question of engineering the vacuum can be put
succinctly: "Can empty space itself provide the solution?"
Surprisingly enough, there are hints that potential help may in fact emerge quite literally
out of the vacuum of so-called "empty space." Quantum theory tells us that empty space
is not truly empty, but rather is the seat of myriad energetic quantum processes that could
have profound implications for future space travel. To understand these implications it
will serve us to review briefly the historical development of the scientific view of what
constitutes empty space.
The Greek philosophers, Democritus argued that empty space was truly a void,
otherwise there would not be room for the motion of atoms.
Aristotle, on the other hand, argued equally forcefully that what appeared to be
empty space was in fact a plenum (a background filled with substance), for did not
heat and light travel from place to place as if carried by some kind of medium?

The argument went back and forth through the centuries until finally codified by
Maxwell's theory of the luminiferous ether, a plenum that carried electromagnetic
waves, including light, much as water carries waves across its surface. Attempts to
measure the properties of this ether, or to measure the Earth's velocity through the
ether (as in the Michelson- Morley experiment), however, met with failure.
With the rise of special relativity which did not require reference to such an
underlying substrate, Einstein in 1905 effectively banished the ether in favor of the
concept that empty space constitutes a true void. Ten years later, however,
Einstein's own development of the general theory of relativity with its concept of
curved space and distorted geometry forced him to reverse his stand and opt for a
richly-endowed plenum, under the new label space-time metric.
It was the advent of modern quantum theory, however, that established the quantum
vacuum, so-called empty space, as a very active place, with particles arising and
disappearing, a virtual plasma, with fields continuously fluctuating about their zero
baseline values(as compared to an actual zero energy state). The energy associated with
such processes is called zero-point energy (ZPE), reflecting the fact that such activity
remains even at absolute zero while the vacuum state from quantum theory is referred to
as the zero point field or ZPF.
THE VACUUMS ENERGY POTENTIAL
At its most fundamental level, we now recognize that the quantum vacuum is an
enormous reservoir of untapped energy, with energy densities conservatively estimated
by Feynman and others to be on the order of nuclear energy densities or greater.
Therefore, the question is, can the ZPE be "mined" for practical use?
physicist Robert Forward at Hughes Research Laboratories demonstrated proof-ofprinciple in a paper published in 1984, "Extracting Electrical Energy from the
Vacuum by Cohesion of Charged Foliated Conductors."
Forward's approach exploited a phenomenon called the Casimir Effect, an
attractive quantum force between closely-spaced metal plates, named for its
discoverer, H. G. B. Casimir of Philips Laboratories in the Netherlands.
The Casimir force, recently measured with high accuracy by S. K. Lamoreaux at the
University of Washington, derives from partial shielding of the interior region of the
plates from the background zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum electromagnetic
field.
As shown by Los Alamos theorist Milonni and his colleagues, this shielding results in the
plates being pushed together by the unbalanced ZPE radiation pressures. The result is a
corollary conversion of vacuum energy to some other form such as heat.

Proof that such a process violates neither energy nor thermodynamic constraints can be
found in a paper by D. Cole and H. E. Puthoff published in 1993 under the title
"Extracting Energy and Heat from the Vacuum."
This fact was picked up by the Air Force in FY-1986 when they submitted request for
proposals under Defense SBIR Program. Under entry AF86-77, Air Force Rocket
Propulsion Laboratory (AFRPL) Topic: Non-Conventional Propulsion Concepts we find
the statement: "Bold, new non-conventional propulsion concepts are solicited.... The
specific areas in which AFRPL is interested include.... (6) Esoteric energy sources for
propulsion including the zero point quantum dynamic energy of vacuum space."
One interesting method proposed was based on the idea of a Casimir pinch effect in nonneutral plasmas, basically a plasma equivalent of Forward's electromechanical chargedplate collapse (see Puthoff, 1990). The underlying physics is described in a paper
submitted for publication by Puthoff and M. Piestrup, and it is illustrative that the first of
several patents issued to a consultant to our laboratory, K.R. Shoulders, contains the
descriptive phrase "... energy is provided... and the ultimate source of this energy appears
to be the zero-point radiation of the vacuum continuum."
So the general concept behind the ideas we are about to propose are not unknown in the
scientific community in general.
THE PROPOSAL
The general idea behind our proposal was first put forth in a patent issued to Mead and
Nachamkin. The approach proposes the use of resonant dielectric spheres, slightly
detuned from each other, to provide a beat-frequency downshift of the more energetic
high-frequency components of the ZPE to a more easily captured form. The question that
must be answered before this method can be utilized is if shifting the ZPF via this
downshifting will allow us to either add to its energy or subtract from its baseline energy
enough to create a viable sub-light version of a warp field. I believe we can generally
answer this question now at this time.
This current theme has become evident in topics such as EM induced Transparency,
Squeezed States, and quantum-state engineering. The central idea is to alter the ZPF to a
controlled beat frequency which we can then increase or cancel out locally, thus raising
or lowering the energy of the local ZPF around the craft. The simplest mean to achieve
this is to make the ZPF beat primarily at a frequency of our choice.
The normal waves of the ZPF exist at all wavelengths less than the Plank Cutoff(see
Authors note). Thus the ZPF provides a natural top line cutoff. However, the key issue
is they normally exist at all possible frequencies and phases within this range so that even
though we can, doing calculations, determine that the total energy should be at those
proposed, the actual total energy of the ZPF is measurable as some 120 powers smaller,
but still not zero. This is part of the reason why the vacuum, at macroscopic scales
appears flat and featureless.

Now as pointed out in the above article even if we attempt to alter this combined
frequency spectrum, based upon normal calculations we provide little effect upon it.
However, based upon its actual expressed energy level we can show that we do induce a
lot of local change within the ZPF. Our suggestion is as follows:
1.) We do more than just try to match a certain spectrum of the ZPF. We alter it
through the combination of certain beat frequencies mixed together so that locally it beats
at one primary frequency.
2.) Once the ZPF is beating primarily at one single local frequency then we can simply
apply local noise canceling methods of combining signals to either increase the local
frequencies amplitude or decrease it. The frequency involved here can be one of our
choice, and can be altered on the fly this way so that we internally control the field and
no external field could then be applied to alter our own field. This makes each
engineered warp field unique and strictly under the control of the craft itself.
HOW TO ACHIEVE RESONANCE MODE
Part of the solution to the generation of a Coherent Mode to the ZPF was derived from
the experiments and theory on light propagation through over dense plasmas(1). The
primary idea there was to induce a high density plasma to become coherent to the
propagation of a laser via an induced Electromagnetic field. If the EM field is replaced
with one that forces a resonant condition to the ZPF state then a similar effect could be
harnessed to generate the required shifts in the vacuums normal energy density to
achieve a bipolar gravitational effect along Polarized Vacuum models.
Current experiments following the light propagation model referenced above have shown
that magnetic fields of the order of 10^9 G are required when the plasma state involved is
high density. However, when the local density of the vacuum is assumed to be far below
the threshold density of Nc=wp2 m/4Pie2 then a vastly lower field density should be able to
achieve similar effects. This is based upon the fact that as velocity increases the local
density of the vacuum in front of a craft should increase. This would translate to luminal
or near luminal vacuum states approaching those of a high density plasma, while far subluminal conditions would approach those of the normal vacuum density. At the present
time the authors of this proposal will not venture to conjecture superluminal vacuum
conditions since little at present has been studied in that area.
For the purposes of our proposed experiment we will assume throughout the rest of this
proposal a far below luminal condition approaching a normal vacuum state.
A mechanism for generating the needed resonance field has been identified and proposed
by Wilks, Dawson, and Mori(2) involving ultra short duration lasers in conjunction with
an intense static magnetic field. The result is an ionization via a magnetic field
contained waveguide out of the plasma/vacuum state involved by the lasers. Induction of

resonance into an ionized plasma state then becomes possible. The order of magnitude
for the static magnetic field is
Bs=wp2Eo/(wp2+w2), which can approach the amplitude of the oscillating em field for
wp>w according to analytical calculations and computer models(3). Provided the em
field is established inside the field in question an intense static magnetic field results
containing the oscillating magnetic portion of the em field which we then use to bring the
local ZPF to resonance. From there other induced em fields can be used to either
increase or decrease the local ZPFs energy level.
To understand just what the significance of zero-point energy is and what altering it can
do for us, let us begin with a simple harmonic oscillator. According to classical theory,
such a harmonic oscillator, once excited but with excitation removed, will come to rest
(because of friction losses). In quantum theory, however, this is not the case. Instead,
such an oscillator will always retain a finite amount of 'jiggle'. The average energy
(kinetic plus potential) associated with this residuum of motion, the so-called zero-point
energy, is given by: = hw/2, where 'h' is Planck's constant (h= 1.054e-34 joule/sec) and
'w' [really 'omega'] is the frequency of oscillation. The meaning of the adjective 'zeropoint' is that such motion exists even at a temperature of absolute zero where no thermal
agitation effects remain. The same is true of the vacuum. This fundamental energy is
present throughout space-time. It forms part of what under General Relativity is known
as the Stress Energy Tensor of space-time. Lowering or raising this will lower or raise
gravity. The background for understanding this energy and its modes is stochastic
electrodynamics(SED)(4)
In the above construction of a warp conduit, by forming an artificial waveguide we have
already altered the wavelengths that can be present via the waveguide itself. We can now
consider the conduit as constituting a continuum of possible modes (frequencies,
directions) of propagation of electromagnetic waves. Altering the dimensions of this
warp conduit, especially in a multilayered format will further allow us to eliminate
certain parts of this energy spectrum. Forcing the remaining spectrum to resonate at a
certain determined frequency will allow us to subtract or add to the remaining energy
within the local ZPF.
We start by treating the warp conduit as a circular waveguide. The cutoff wavelength of
a circular guide is 1.71 times the diameter of the waveguide. So all frequency modes
above this range can be eliminated simply because of the warp conduits natural
waveguide effect. With a few assumptions it is easy to calculate the resonances of a
cylindrical cavity . The solutions here are from Jackson(5)
An inherent characteristic of a waveguide that influences its stability, in this case its
ability to maintain a near stable center or resonant frequency is the quality factor, Q. Q is
determined by resonance frequency divided by its resonance width. Obviously a high
resonance frequency and a narrow resonance width are both advantages when trying to
engineer a controllable warp conduit. To a certain extent, Casimir effects are based upon
this aspect. If one limits the volume of space-time involved then only certain
wavelengths can exist within that volume. So the first step in our quest to engineer a

warp conduit that we can control was established by construction of the artificial
waveguide itself.
Maxwells equations with boundary conditions at the interfaces
For ideal waveguides, inside the conduit, E=0, and from Faraday law, B=0 as well. Thus the boundary
condition at the surface is Et=0 and Bn=0.
We will always assume that the waves are propagating in the +z direction.
1.

Two parallel plane mirrors (at y=0, y=a)---one dimensional problem

boundary condition is ky= n / a
different ways of deriving the conditions.
dispersion relation
group velocity and phase velocity vpvg=c2.
Number of allowed modes;
Electric and Magnetic fields
2. General Properties of Cylindrical or rectangular 2D waveguides
General form of the solution inside the waveguide

r
r
r
r
E ( x, y , z , t ) = E ( x, y )e iz it , B ( x, y , z , t ) = B ( x, y )e iz it

Assume inside the waveguide is vacuum, the wave eq. can be manipulated to obtain Ex,Ey, Bx, By in
terms of Bz and Ez, see eqs. (8.26a, b) in Jackson.
Thus
Knowing Ez and Bz will allow the determination of the rest of the other components. --- the
equations
TEM waves Ez=0 and Bz=0 --transverse EM waves
TE waves

Ez=0 but Bz

0 -- boundary condition: normal derivative of Bz on the surface

vanishes
TM waves Bz=0 but Ez 0---- boundary condition Ez=0 on the surface.
For a real cavity, due to the energy loss the resonance will acquire a width. Let U be the energy
stored in a cavity, and P is the rate at which energy is lost. The quality factor Q is defined by

Q
energy stored
U
=
=
2 energy loss per cycle P(2 / 0 )
From P =

0 t
dU 0
Q
=
U , solve for U (t ) = U 0 e
, and the typical electric field
dt
Q

would have the form of E(t)=E0 e

curve for the cavity

| E ( ) | 2 =

0 t

2Q

( 0 ) + ( 0 ) 2
2Q
2

e it . The Fourier transform then gives the resonance

from which the full width at half-maximum =

We can treat our engineered warp conduit as a real cavity which would follow the above
equations for the determining of Q. This Q value will help determine just how much the
warp conduit itself has limited the frequency modes of the ZPF and what its current
resonant frequency will be. Other EM waves can then be introduced into the conduit and
used in either a construction or destructive mode.

Superposition of sinusoidal traveling waves which have the same wavelength and
amplitude, and which head in opposite directions, will at certain locations result in
complete cancellation of the waves: the "crest" of one wave fills in the "trough" of the
other, so there is no net disturbance. This is described as destructive interference, and it
is observed not only for waves on a string and for sound waves, but also for
electromagnetic waves.
The way to further limit our engineered warp conduit is to take advantage of this effect
and the opposite effect, whereby the amplitudes of the ZPF waves are increased or
decreased. In the frontal region we employ constructive interference along with
destructive interference. With the first we increase the energy of the local resonant
frequency. With the second we bring the warp conduit to a near exact resonant condition
at some frequency of our choice. In the rear region of the warp conduit we use
destructive modes to lower the energy of the vacuum. Both effects together help us
construct our bipolar warp field with the overlapping region of the front and rear fields
establishing the space normal vacuum around the craft forming a standing wave trapped
between the front and rear region of the warp field.
Equations used for calculations:
The SED version of the Plank and Bohr updated correct form for the
average energy of the zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations to 1/2 hv
instead of the hv value assumed by Einstein/stern results in the
equation,
p(v,T)dv = 8pie v^2/c^3 (hv/e^hv/kT-1 + hv/2)dv
Pzp(v) = Integral [0 to v sub c] 4 pie hv^3/c^3 dv. where v sub c is a
presumed higher frequency cutoff, or Planks frequency v sub p = (c^5,
Gh)^1/2 = 1.9 x 10^43 Hz.
The frequencies, and other properties of ZPF may be calculated
from the above equations as shown below:
10^9 Hz frequency, 10^10 cm wavelength, 10^5 eV
Classical Radiation Field
The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
(CMBR) = 53 GHz-frequency middle band of the
COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer
CMBR=53,000,000,000Hz
Zero Point Radiation Field
The ZPF has a ratio of pzpf/pcmbr=0.77. So that ZPF
radiation = 40,810,000,000Hz = 53,000,000,000Hz x
0.77.
pzp = 2 pie^2c^7/G^2h in the order of 10^116 ergs
cm^-3 x^-1..
ZPF cut off point:
Planks frequency which the highest possible
frequency in nature:
v = (c^5/Gh)^1/2 ~ 1.9x 10^43Hz.
ZPF resonant frequency:

Compton frequency: v= m sub e c^2/h =1.236

x 10^20 Hz.
Visible Light 10^15 Hz frequency, 10^-5 cm wavelength, 10^1
eV.
Zitterbewegung 10^24 Hz frequency, ~10^-10 cm wavelength,
10^-15eV
Frequency of electron = 6.25x10^24
Planks frequency v = (c^5/Gh)^1/2 ~ 1.9x 10^43Hz, ~10^-35
cm wavelength , 10^-30ev.
Atomic Inteferometers may measure down to 10^-41m in
wavelength.
Starting with this as a baseline and taking into account that the
actual measured energy of the ZPF in a normal free space vacuum state
has been set as some 120 powers smaller than that calculated at
present, we can begin to determine the effect both our warp conduit and
destructive interference canceling could have upon the local energy of
space-time within the confines of our conduit.

The Longest wavelength that can propagate in the TE1,0 mode in the warp conduit is
given by
Wavelength of cutoff=2/sqrt[(m/a)2+(n/b)2]
However, the wavelength that will propagate in the warp conduit is given by
g=0/sqrt[1-(0/c)]
Where g is the wavelength that will propagate in the warp conduit and 0 is the free
space wavelength of the conduit. It must be remember that when the waveguide
frequency approaches that of cutoff no energy will propagate in the warp conduit.
To begin to further limit our established warp conduit to one specific wavelength we
must address the remaining background ZPF field as a noise field and treat our desired
signal wavelength as the wave packet and the rest as our noise field.
THE FALSE VACUUM arises naturally in any theory that contains scalar fields, that is,
fields that resemble electric or magnetic fields except that they have no direction. The
Higgs fields of the Standard Model of particle physics or the more speculative grand
unified theories are examples of scalar fields. It is typical of Higgs fields that the energy
density is minimal not when the field vanishes, but instead at some nonzero value of the
field. For example, the energy density diagram might look like

The energy density is zero if = t, so this condition corresponds to the ordinary vacuum
of empty space. In this context it is usually called the "true" vacuum. The state in which
the scalar field is near = 0, at the top of the plateau, is called the "false" vacuum.
What has occurred to me is that the simplest way to establish our Warp field within our
warp conduit isnt by the usage of Casimir Effects at all. But by the altering of the
Scalar field itself. My reason is simple. Consider the vacuum itself. If you decrease its
volume its energy lowers as proven by Casimir effects in general. But Casimir effect
applied in reverse can only raise the energy to that of our normal vacuum state. Yet, the
negative energy within a Casimir region does not actually create an internal negative
pressure. What makes it appear negative is the fact that its energy is lower while the
outside remained the same. Overall, its only the artificial boundary that has altered the
energy inside. The potential energy inside is still the same. Only certain modes have
been altered. For the warp conduit we want a general limit on the modes. But altering
the modes only aids our case of lowering energy.
Referring back to the diagram above it becomes apparent the proper way to raise or lower
the actual energy. You have to alter the background scalar field. The peculiar properties
of the false vacuum stem from its pressure, which is large and negative. Its that
negative pressure in the rear combined with a high positive pressure in the frontal region
that actually brings about the flow of space-time. Without the pressure change you have
no warp effect. If you where to attach a balloon pressurized with air suddenly to a lower
pressure region like when one blows up a balloon and then opens the end what happens?
The Balloon moves because the air inside of the balloon is being displaced outward to the
lower pressure region. Mechanically such a negative pressure corresponds to a suction.
We simply have to achieve that suction in the rear region. By the book, if we create the
suction even the normal pressure of a normal vacuum in the front would create a flow.
The mechanical effects of pressure, however, depend on pressure differences, so they are
unimportant if the pressure is reasonably uniform. According to general relativity,
however, there is a gravitational effect that is very important under these circumstances.
Pressures, like energy densities, create gravitational fields, and in particular a positive
pressure creates an attractive gravitational field. The negative pressure of the false
vacuum, therefore, creates a repulsive gravitational field.

What we are after is a phase transition from one state to another. Phase transitions can be
either dramatic - first order - or smooth - second order:
First-order phase transitions (illustrated below) occur through the formation of bubbles
of the new phase in the middle of the old phase; these bubbles then expand and collide
until the old phase disappears completely and the phase transition is complete.

First order phase transitions proceed by bubble nucleation. A bubble of the new phase
(the true vacuum) forms and then expands until the old phase (the false vacuum)
disappears. A useful analogue is boiling water in which bubbles of steam form and
expand as they rise to the surface.
Second-order phase transitions, on the other hand, proceed smoothly. The old phase
transforms itself into the new phase in a continuous manner.

During a first-order phase transition, the matter fields get trapped in a `false vacuum'
state from which they can only escape by nucleating bubbles of the new phase, that is,
the `true vacuum' state.

The type we really need for a warp field is one that builds up slowly. Here we are after a
second order phase transition.
Gauge theories of elementary particles involve an order parameter which is the
expectation value of a scalar field. The Lagrangian of the system and its effective energy
and pressure are:

Following a simplified original model used by Alan Guth, the universe undergoes a (1st
order) phase transition. For T>>Tc, the potential has an absolute minimum at
(the
false vacuum). As T approaches Tc, the potential develops another 2 minima, at

which for
have a value of order V(0,Tc). For T<<Tc, these minima become
absolute and represent the true vacuum. While the system evolves from the false to the
true vacuum, it undergoes supercooling. Eventually it decays to the true vacuum (through
thermal fluctuations or quantum tunneling.) The inflationary potential is fairly flat
between the false and true vacua. In this phase,
constant (the slow rolling phase) and

remains approximately

The Friedmann equation becomes,

and so,

Since

and

whose solution is

, with

which is of order 10-34s. But what has altered during this is the scalar. It has gone from
zero to some non-zero value. Going back to our warp model. If we reverse this process
in a localized region of space-time contained within a warp conduit then we will be
decreasing the pressure and creating a negative energy region.

To show how the Higgs field results from the Standard Model calculations of the
vacuum state we begin with the Lagrangian density

from which we can define the conjugate momentum

The Hamiltonian density is then found from

The field theory is quantized by constructing the equal time canonical commutation
relations

where

So in quantum field theory, the fields become operators, obeying the Heisenberg
equations, which we generally follow,

is the quantum Hamiltonian, constructed by replacing the classical fields by

where
operators in the original:

It is straightforward to show for a free field that

Hence the field operator obeys the same equation of motion as the classical field. It is
convenient to expand the field operator in terms of eigenfunctions of the operator
,
Writing

with

, we see that fk(x) obeys the field equation

if

The normalization factor

is essentially arbitrary, although almost everyone uses one

of two conventions outlined below. The properties of the operators

be deduced from the commutation relations of
for

and

in terms of

and

and

and

can

. We therefore need expressions

, where

Firstly, we take the Fourier transform of the field operator and its conjugate momentum:

and use the relation

to obtain

Hence

By complex conjugation one obtains

One can then derive the commutation relation

What we have now appears like that of a simple harmonic oscillator.

Recall that the harmonic oscillator of unit mass is described by the Hamiltonian

where

is the angular frequency of oscillation. Upon quantization, the operators

and

satisfy the commutation

relations
This correspondence suggests that one choice for the normalization factor:

in which case we find for the complete set of commutation relations

[a(k),a*(k')] =
= 0,
= 0.

The right hand side of the first equation, with its -function, is the closest we can get to
unity when we are dealing with functions of a continuous variable like a(k). However, we
shall adopt a convention which keeps the Fourier expansions of the field operators
Lorentz invariant, in keeping with SR,

which means that the first commutation relation becomes

It is also quite common to work in a finite volume V, which means that instead of
integrals over k we have sums over allowed wavevectors
which go over to integrals in the infinite volume limit:

All wave functions are multiplied by a factor

of the field operator is written

: hence the plane wave expansion

The non-trivial equal time canonical commutation relation then becomes

where

What we have then shown is the Scalar Field could be decomposed into a sum over
operators obeying oscillator-like commutation relations, one pair for each wave vector k.
The ground state is defined as the state annihilated by all the annihilation operators:
We can use the creation operators a*(k) to construct excited states: for example, the first
excited state in mode k may be written
The normalization of these states follows from deciding that the vacuum state has unit
norm, that is

. Thus

The first term on the right hand side vanishes, and so we have that the first excited states
satisfy the normalization condition
The corresponding completeness relation is

The states

are interpreted in quantum field theory as single-particle states. We could

continue applying creation operators a*(k1),

to make states

The general state could have multiple applications of creation operators with the same
momenta, in which case it is conventional to divide by a symmetry factor, to obtain

where nk is the number of times the creation operator with label k is applied. The Hilbert
is called Fock space. The basis states are
space spanned by the set of all states
interpreted as multiparticle states, which demonstrates one of the special features of field
theory: it is a quantum mechanical theory of many particles. Ordinary non-relativistic
quantum mechanics describes only one particle at a time.

There is an operator which allows us to count the number of particles in a given state. Let
us first introduce the set of operators

by

It is straightforward to see that they return zero when acting on the ground state,
from the definition of the vacuum state. When acting on 1-particle states, we find
=
=
where we have used the commutation relations to change the order of a(k) and a*(k').
Thus,

The operators

are used to construct the number operator

which tells us the total number of particles in a particular state. Thus, as expected,
, meaning that there are no particles in the ground state. In the 1-particle state
, we find

The state
is indeed an eigenstate of the number operator, with eigenvalue 1 - there is
1 particle in state. When applied to the general state it can be shown that

The energy of the states can be computed from the quantum energy operator

which is immediately seen to be identical to the Hamiltonian. Since the simple states we
have seen so far have been constructed from creation operators a*(k) acting on the
vacuum, it is more convenient to re-express the Hamiltonian operator H in terms of
creation and annihilation operators. Recalling the expansions of
and a*(k), we find that

and

in terms of a(k)

If we try to change the order of the operators, we run into a problem, for

The second term in the brackets has the formally infinite term
. The source
of this infinity is the fact that we are working in infinite spatial volume. Let us revert to a
finite cubic region with sides of length L, in which case we can write

where V is a formal volume factor, and the limit of infinite volume should strictly be
taken at the end of the calculation of any physical quantity. Thus we can interpret the
quantity multiplied by V as an energy density. However, even this energy density is
infinite, in general. Suppose we try to find the energy density of the ground state
which

, for

Hence,

This integral is divergent. If we integrate the momenta over the range

with the upper cut-off in the integration range
behavior in the integral is

, we find that the dominant

that As we take to infinity, the ground state energy diverges as the fourth power of the
cut-off in the momentum - we say that the integral is quartically divergent. Thus the
ground state energy density of a field theory appears to be infinite. This is the first of
many infinities in quantum field theory, and the way of dealing with this, and all others,
is to renormalize, that is, to subtract off unobservable quantities. We say that the absolute
value of the energy of the ground state is unobservable: all we see is differences between
that state and others. Thus we measure all energies relative to the ground state by
subtracting the term which gives the infinite value for the ground state energy,
, and we define a new, renormalized Hamiltonian

This has the sensible property that

might like to check that the energy of the state
is to note that

- the ground state energy is zero. You

is indeed

: a simple way to start

However, we know that our standard model fails here too. The ZPF ground state is
neither infinite, nor is it zero exactly. We just for theory wise consider its baseline state
as a zero. Measurably, via observation and experiment it is far from zero and very far
from the infinite predictions of theory.
Let us first compute the energy of a one-particle state, to show the justification for
interpreting the states of the field as multiparticle states:

Hence the energy of the state we have decided is a one-particle state is

, which we

, the energy of a relativistic particle of mass m and

recall is equal to
momentum k. Thus in order to strengthen our case we should check that the momentum
of the state
is indeed k.
The momentum operator in field theory is

There is in fact no need to normal order the momentum operator, as the momentum of the
vacuum is zero as a result of its translational invariance. Thus we may evaluate the
momentum of the state

through

Thus the state

is an eigenstate of the momentum operator, with eigenvalue k,
properties we expect from a one-particle state.
The state is also rotationally invariant (a property following from the rotational
invariance of the scalar field), and hence describes a spinless particle. Lastly,

multiparticle states automatically have the correct Bose symmetry. Consider a state of
two particles with momenta k1 and k2. Then
which shows that the quantum state is symmetric under the exchange of particles. This
property stems from the canonical commutation relations of the field operators. This
spinless particle is our sought after Higgs Field particle.
What we want is control over the small Higg's boson amplitude oscillations in the |psi(x)|
part of the Goldstone Bose-Einstein condensate of virtual particles of the Zero Point
Field. The clue is that classical electromagnetic near induction fields are quantum
coherent states of virtual off mass shell massless spin 1 photons of all polarizations. In a
similar way what we want to manipulate electromagnetically are quantum coherent states
of virtual off mass shell Higgs bosons that will give small coherent amplitude oscillations
in the |psi(x)| field in limited x- regions of space-time. In theory if we match the
frequency, but do so in a reversed phase manor, we should be able to lower the Higgs
fields energy.
Before we can further limit the ZPF we need to further limit its modes/wavelengths along
similar lines to how a bandpass filter operates. To begin this task we must return to the
establishment of the original conduit above. In normal waveguides we employ in optics
the refractive index of an optical structure constituting a component may be controlled in
the direction perpendicular to its surface by using interferential optical filters made with
optical thin - film stacks. Lots of techniques exist for tuning the optical properties in the
two other dimensions of the space.
We are mainly concerned with processes inherited from the microelectronics industry and
more particularly with etching or ion implantation for local refractive index modifications
of materials. The properties of these components strongly depend on the scale at which
the refractive index is modulated:
Scale greater than the wavelength: thermal properties of thin - films, optical
sensors for chemical or biological detection, optical waveguides and passive or
active components for telecommunications
Scale on the order of the wavelength: gratings for filtering or information routing
in optical telecommunications, diffractive optical elements for furtivity
Scale lower than the wavelength: artificial refractive index anisotropy for
components managing the polarization of light
Thus, by mastering the refractive index in the three directions of the space, optical wave
behaviors can be totally controlled, and particularly the propagation directions of light.
We cannot etch surfaces into space-time in this classical manor. However, we can use
the same methods described at the first and in the experiment articles cited to EM
engineer the equal to these etched surfaces.
Again, employing aspects of optical transmission lines, Narrow bandpass filters with
broad rejection band for singlemode fibers : These filters are particularly designed for
telecommunication. They exhibit passbands ranging from several picometers to one

nanometer, and a typically 500 nm broad rejection band. They are composed with
multiple Fabry-Perot cavities(6) which have mirrors with a narrow reflecting band mirror
(causing the narrow passband) and a broad band reflecting one (causing the broad
rejection band). Here again, we use a multilayered warp conduit to engineer a similar
region into our warp conduit.
The dynamic resonance depends on the light transit time in the cavity and the Doppler
effect due to the mirror motions. The response of the cavity to length variations is very
different from its response to laser frequency variations. If the frequency of these
variations is equal to multiples of the cavity free spectral range, the response to length is
maximized while the response to the laser frequency is zero. The object is to get the
ZPF at one narrow bandpass range. Weve already, in our prior discussion, shown that
we can artificially create a Casimir region using this type of conduit. This established an
original part of our bandpass arrangement by forcing only those wavelengths that can fit
within the conduit to exist therein. Going the extra step of multilayering our conduit
into a direct bandpass operation is by implication possible. This multilayering then
becomes our substitute for etching from the optical conduit field. Altering the shape of
these EM etchings into the equal of Fabry-Perot cavities is also possible.
The cutoff frequency of the ZPF is called the Planck frequency which is around 1043
Hertz. This is given no natural or artificially created superluminal states. In the case of
our engineered vacuum state we will encounter a varying C condition across the three
primary regions of the contained warp field. So this natural upper cutoff frequency is
going to vary. But if we engineer the warp conduit right this upper limit can for the most
part be ignored due to bandpass effects.
In the quantum mechanical description of the ZPF, the absolute ground state of the
vacuum the normal modes of the classical electro-magnetic field are quantized. Each
energy state acts as a corresponding oscillator. It follows that there are quantum
mechanical fluctuations in the electric field, because the optical field amplitude E(w) is
analogous to the coordinate x, of the harmonic oscillator. The well know uncertainty
relation for x and p in a harmonic oscillator maps into an uncertainty relation for the two
phase quadratures (Ex, and Ey) of the optical field. (Ex and Ey are the sine and cosine
components of the optical field, and specify the phase and amplitude of the oscillation.)
The vacuum state at zero temperature, corresponds to the ground state for the ensemble
of harmonic oscillators. In this case Ex and Ey have mean values of zero, but each have a
Gaussian distribution function whose width is determined by the uncertainty relation (V).
For the ground state, the zero point noise is equally distributed in Ex and Ey.
By first engineering our warp conduit to work as a bandpass filter we have eliminated
certain modes or harmonic oscillators. Again borrowing from optical theory and
application it is possible, using nonlinear optical techniques, to "squeeze" some of the
noise out of one quadrature and into the other. In this case, the noise level of Ey is below
the usual quantum mechanical limit, it will exist, but its energy will be vastly lowered to
begin with. So if we take whatever bandpass range we have left to the ZPF, by the

application of the methods employed to engineer squeezed states of light we can even
further shift the whole ZPF into one primary harmonic oscillator state with a basically set
phase.
Now, this leads to the question, "how can you make a squeezed state of light?" An
"amplifier" is needed which will amplify one phase quadrature, and de-amplify the other
so that the product of the variance of the two phase quadratures remains unchanged, and
continues to obey the uncertainty relation. This can be done as follows in a parametric
amplifier.
Imagine a pendulum composed of a rock at the end of a string. If you vary the length of
the string at twice the oscillation frequency of the pendulum, you can amplify or
deamplify the swinging of the pendulum, depending on the relative phase of the swinging
of pendulum and the "pumping" of the pendulum. (See Landau & Lifshitz, Mechanics for
a discussion of parametric resonance) If you pull up on the string as the rock swings at
maximum velocity, and let out the string at the extrema, when the rock comes to a stop
and changes direction, you will amplify the oscillation of the pendulum. If, instead, you
let the string out as the pendulum swings, and pull up at the extrema, you will deamplify
the oscillation of the pendulum. The amplification of deamplification works for coherent
oscillation of the pendulum as well as for noise on the pendulum. This is just what is
needed for squeezing, since one quadrature is amplified and the other is deamplified.
In optics we can accomplish the same thing by putting a crystal which has a variable
index of refraction in the resonator. In our case we have to engineer our bandpass to
work like those crystals to vary the index of refraction within our warp conduit. The first
squeezed states were created more or less as described above, by using sodium vapor or
nonlinear crystals to parametrically amplify light in a high Q resonator. Pulsed squeezers
are far more easier to implement(7). But this is of an advantage here because a pulsed
field is what we are after in the first place.
To further limit our ZPF we need to engineer through EM means the equal to a polarized
filter. Once the polarization is set to the resultant ZPF then we can employ destructive
and constructive methods to either increase the local energy(Forward field wise) or
decrease the local energy(Rear Field wise). Since the area we maintain control on is the
rear region it will be the focus of this Proposal.
The reason we desire to polarize the ZPF is because normally the waves vibrate in all
directions. We generalize this to visualize them as vibrating in either the horizontal or
vertical plane. A wave which is vibrating in more than one plane is referred to as
unpolarized. If we polarize the medium then we will be forcing it to vibrate in only
one plane which makes our job referenced above vastly easier and even further puts
a limit on the ZPF energy present.
The most common method of polarization involves the use of a Polaroid filter. Polaroid
filters are made of a special material which is capable of blocking one of the two planes
of vibration of an electromagnetic wave.

What we desire to simulate is illustrated by the following:

Polarization can also occur by the refraction of light. Refraction occurs when a beam of
light passes from one material into another material.

As mentioned before, if this warp conduit is engineered right one can alter the dielectric
properties of the contained vacuum region at will. This will give us the ability to utilize

the above method of polarization. We then have two general alignments to the ZPF field
to work with and with further modifications to our warp conduit we can then select one
mode over the other further halving the energy within the ZPF.
At this point alone we have lowered the ZPF energy via four stages. Each of these
stages has a maximum amount it can lower. This is where the final fifth stage of using
destructive/constructive enforcement comes into play.
Two waves (with the same amplitude, frequency, and wavelength) are traveling in the
same direction on a string. Using the principle of superposition, the resulting string
displacement may be written as:

which is a traveling wave whose amplitude depends on the phase (phi). When the two
waves are in-phase (phi=0), they interfere constructively and the result has twice the
amplitude of the individual waves. When the two waves have opposite-phase (phi=180),
they interfere destructively and cancel each other out. The same applies for any type of
wave. By using either in phase(to a specific polarity) or out of phase generated signals
we can either add to the energy present within the ZPF or subtract from it.
MATCHING TO THE VACUUM STATE
The STANDING-WAVE RATIO, abbreviated swr, is a way to measure the degree of
mismatch between the transmission line and its load. The swr can be expressed as a ratio
of the maximum and minimum values of the current or voltage in the standing waves that
are set up on the lines as follows:

Basically, our EM transmission sources must be matched to the impedance of the vacuum
state itself to keep this SWR factor low to avoid unwanted standing waves. The simplest
way to achieve this is utilizing and engineered version of an automatic antenna matcher
designed to work with the vacuum impediance values that we would encounter. More
can be discussed on this later.

REFERENCES
1.) A. Akheizer & R. Polovin, ZH. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 3, 915(1956) Sov. Phys. JETP 3,
696(1956).
2.) G. Guethlien, M. E. Foord, and D. Price, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1055 (1996).
3.) S. P. Kuo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 1000 (1990)
4.) L. de la Pena and M. Cetto The Quantum Dice Kluwer, 1996 and H. E. Puthoff
Phys. Rev. D35:3266(1987) & Phys. Rev. A39:2333(1989).
5.) J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd ed. (Wiley, NewYork, 1975).
6.) J. Bittebierre, B.Lazarids, "Bicorn filters with strong and broad rejection band for
singlemode waveguides", Applied Optics , vol 40, N28, p 5028-5033, October 2001 and
J. Bittebierre, B.Lazarids, "Narrow hybrid bandpass filters with broad rejection band for
singlemode waveguides", Applied Optics , vol 40, N 1, January 2001
7.) R.E. Slusher, P. Grangier, A. La Porta, Pulsed Squeezed Light Physical Review
Letters, 59 (1987) 2566
Authors Note:
I wish to make a special note on why I personally do not believe the energy spectrum of
the ZPF can become infinite, extended yes. But not infinite. The speed of the light is
constant for any observer regardless of their relative speed in a given quantum state
labeled by a quantum number in the transformation law.
This postulate leads to the following set of transformations :

which leads to the following invariance :

in accordance with the Special Relativity postulate.
Note that for n=1 the usual Lorentz transformations are recovered with the usual speed
light limit defining therefore the light cone as it has been known.
Therefore for quantum states in which n > 1 processes at the speed of light or higher are
allowed and the Lorentz limit for the speed in the relative state is:

The terms appearing in the transformation law:

can be interpreted as a quantum contraction factor for time and space respectively.
If quantums of space and time are assumed:

They should stand for quantum contraction limits :

therefore forbidding infinite densities to occur. So this to me places an upper limit on

both warp velocity and upon how much energy the ZPF can actually have as well as how
high the wavelength can go. The cutoff I gave in my article was based upon a normal C
condition. It does not apply to a warp field condition, nor do I believe it always applies
under all vacuum conditions. I just hold to it being globally as such.
Given the Lorentz element labeled by quantum number n :
the space time metric can be defined as :
therefore Einstein equations become :
for n=1 the Quantum Lorentz invariance of Einstein equations hold. The Einstein
equations for the vacuum now read:
therefore for different values of n they point at different vacuum structure, allowing a
.
multiplicity of the classical vacuum described by
The usual cosmological term corresponds to the first term of a source series defining the
true global vacuum:

Therefore the quantum number n reflects the structure of the global vacuum as a
superposition of multiple vacua described by the series , setting the equations covariance
level according to Lorentz covariance transformations . Each vacuum state is defined by :
is in principle an arbitrary constant and n is a winding number labeling each
where
vacuum state defined by

with
hence such number acts as the quantum number labeling the light cone defined by
Lorentz transformations .
Given a multiple vacuum structure the global vacuum becomes:
represents a cosmological value.
where each
Lets define the transition operator :

which shifts by one the vacuum state and spans the vacua set defining the transluminic
spectrum for
n > 1 values.
General and Special relativity and physics derived from the standard model remain
unchanged for n=1. In this case black holes form , no superluminal processes are allowed
and quantum paradoxes stand such as the EPR paradox. In any case speed of light
induced singularities associated to Lorentz invariance are removed for any
quantum state n by shifting over the vacuum structure.
So far high energy experiments confirm n=1 Lorentz invariance however, higher n
Lorentz invariance phenomena should be confirmed by experimental physics according
to the transformation laws given above. However, the point is that even in a sifted
condition Lorentz invariance and the before mentioned limits from quantum mechanics
would still hold.