2010 4

0.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

23

29

4.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

4.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

4.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

4.4

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

4.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

4.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

4.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

4.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36

39

5.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

5.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

5.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

5.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

5.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

5.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

5.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

5.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44

45

6.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

6.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

6.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

6.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

6.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53

6.6
6.7
7

7.1

()

55

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

7.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

7.3

(Magnet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

7.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

59

8.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

8.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

8.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

8.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

8.5
9

69

9.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

9.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

9.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

9.4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

10

(Displacement current)

73

11

(Electromagnetic Induction)

75

11.1

1831 8 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

11.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

11.3

Motional Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75

11.4

Transformer Induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

11.5

Motional induction Transformer induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

11.6

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

11.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

12

81

87

A.1

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

A.2

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

90

A.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

0.1

1 2


20% 220% 30% 30% 60%

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

10

25

11

26

12

27

13

28

14

15

III
III 7

0.2

, ,

/. , 1969

(:3).

420||F-5.

()
D. , R.

:
. , 2004.
427||W-8.

, J. /.

, 2002 (:3).

427||H-18.

.
, 2008 (:
; 3). 427||M-16.

21 [/]
, 2005,
427||T-11.

. , 1999
( - ).
427||H-14.

. , 1997

(
)

, 2004
( :2).

420.7||E-3||2.
.
, 1998 ( One Point:2).
427.1||O-2.

/
. , 2002 (
). 427||K-41.

. ,
2005 (:B-1483).
408||B-2||1483.

(). 427||K-33.

. , 1988.

427||S-25.
. , 1987
(:4).
420.8||B-12||4.

.
, 1987 (:3).
427||K-27.

, Edward M.Purcell []/

. , 1970-1971 (

( 2)
. , 1976.

427||H-2.

( 3).
, 1980. 427||T-1||y.

427||T-7||b.

:2).

420||B-9||2-1.

: , 1, 2
V. D. , M. G. /

0.2

, . , 1991-

1992. 427||B-9||1.

, 1, 2.
, 2007.
427||O-15||1.

3 .
, 1999. 427||S-

11||3.

()
, J.D. /
. , 1994 (. 67.).
427.7||J-3||

,
. , 1970.
427||G-3.

.
, 2002 (
:3). 427.7||A-4.

: ,
. , 1980.
427||S-1.

. ,
1987 (:5).
420.8||B-12||5.

/
, . , 1981 (
:21). 420.8||K-

4||21-c.

7 *1
600 *2

1 p.17

360 *3

1600 *4
elektron electricity

1773 *5
1785 *6
1891 *7
1897 *8
1912 *9 1.592 1019

*1
*2
*3
*4
*5
*6
*7
*8
*9

624- 546
427 347
1544-1603

1731-1810
1736-1806
1826 1911
1856-1940J.J. 1906
1868-1953

10

10
1879 100

http://www.uibk.ac.at/exphys/museum/html/details/electr/cavendish.html.en

11

r[m] q[C]Q[C] k
(

qQ
[N]
r2

k = 8.9876 109 Nm2 C2

1

40
1
0 = 4 107 N/A2 c =

0 0
c = 299792458m/s
0 k =

0 =

1
= 8.854 1012 C2 /N m2
c2 0

109 m (1 )

12

~10-10m

~10-2m

-6

~10 m
-

-9

~10 m

+
+

+
+

+
-

10
A

(= )

= , , , ,

+
e = 1.602 1019 C

me

1840me

+e

1840me

13

1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.2
1.
2.
3. 50mA 1.5V 1

4.
5.
6.
1.3 1 . 1cm

()

()

() () ()

1.4 1 ( 104 m3 ) , ( 1024 )

. , .

1018 m3 .

() 10

http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/

15

()*1

(1) ()
(2) ()
(3) ()

(4) ()

,
r
(x, y, z)

r = (x, y, z)

r t r(t)
t ,
.

*1

material, object

16

(scalar)
, , , ,

,
, , ,

2 (x y )a = (ax , ay ) = ax + ay
= (1, 0), = (0, 1)

2 ( r )a = (r cos , r sin ) = r cos + r sin

= r
r

r = (cos , sin ), = ( sin , cos )

ay

ax

(source) (eld)
(particle)

Q

r q

qQ

F = k 3 r = q E
r

= k Q r
E
r3

q E

r E

(probe)q

17

*2

1 Q1 R
2 Q2
R

r

1 = k
E

1 |3
|r R

1 ),
(r R

2 = k
E

2 |3
|r R

2 ),
(r R

Q2

Q1

R2

R1

*2

1791-1867

18

1 (r)q E
2 (r)
q r q E

1 + q
F = q E
E2

= E
1 +
E
E2

19
4

(Kane and Sternheim,

)

20

2.1 2

r) = (x, y)
A(

2.2 2

r) = r
A(
r

2.3 2

r) = (y, x)
A(

r = (x, y)r =

x2 + y 2

2.4

http://www.edu.gunma-u.ac.jp/ hayakawa/project/kazan3D/kashmir/contour/fuzi2.gif

2.5 xy (0, a) +q (0, a) q

r = (x, y)
(1) y
Ex = 0,

Ey 2k

P
y3

P = qd

(2) x
Ex = 0,

Ey k

P
x3

Mathematica

21
2.1
2

2.2
2

r) = (x, y)
A(

r) = r
A(
r

22

2.3
2

r) = (y, x)
A(

23

(global)

(local)

t t + dt v x(t + dt) x(t) = vdt

v =

dx
.
dt

() 1
S () S dS

24

dS r
d dS

dS cos = r2 d
S n
n
r
d dS
4

ZZ
S

d = 4

4 S S

dS cos

ZZ

ZZ
=

v cos dS =

vr2 d

q
=
E

1 q
r
40 r3

25

ZZ

E cos dS

dS

E cos dS = E

=n
dS
dS

dS cos = r2 d

ZZ
q 1
=
r2 d
40 r2
S

1
r 2
r2

q
40

ZZ
S

d =

q
q
4 =
40
0

ZZ

dS
= q
E
0
S

S q S

q1 , q2 , , qN
q S

PN

j=1 qj

ZZ

N
1X

qj
E dS =
0 j=1
S

26

N
X

qj

j=1

( dV ) dV S
ZZZ
V

ZZ

dV

E dS =
0
S

ZZZ

dV

27

3.1 a
3.2
3.3 a Q
3.4 , 5
,

(3 106 N/C) ,
= 1.0 103 C/m , ,
) 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 /Nm2

3.5 a ,
qQ
(1) F = k 2
r
F =k

qQ
r2.1

(2)

3.6 1904 J.J. () a

( Q) e

(1)
(2) a = 0.53 1010 m, e = 1.6 1019 C, m = 9.1 1031 kg

http://www.welsch.com/

28

21 [/] , p.38

21 [/] ,

29

4.1
Q x m q

dv
qQ
=k 2
dt
x

v = dx/dt

mv

dv
qQ dx
=k 2
dt
x
dt

d 1
qQ
d
2
=
k
mv =
dt 2
dt
x

d 1
qQ
=
mv 2 + k
=0
dt 2
x
1
qQ
= mv 2 + k
= E ()
2
x

E E

U (x) = k

qQ
x

()

F (x) x
U (x)

F (x) =

dU (x)
dx

mv

dv
dx
= F (x)
dt
dt

d 1
d
2
mv =
(U (x))
=
dt 2
dt

d 1
2
=
mv + U (x) = 0
dt 2
1
= mv 2 + U (x) = E (
2

U (x)

F U

Z
U (x) =

x
x0

F (x )dx

x0

30

4
4.1

(1) (2)

4.2
F (x) x1 x2 . ,

Z
F Wx1 x2 =
. F F (x) =

Z
Wx1 x2 =

x2

x1

F (x )dx

dU (x)

dx

x2
x1

dU (x )
dx = U (x1 ) U (x2 )
dx

4.3
Q x

E(x) = k

Q
x2

Z
U (x) = q

x
x0

E(x )dx

Z
U (x)/q = V (x) =

x
x0

E(x )dx

E(x) =

dV (x)
dx

V (x) x0 x
x0

Z
V (x) =

x
Q
Q
Q
=k
dx
=
k
x2
x
x

U (x) = qV (x)

[V]
4.2 +Q A +Q
B B v0

4.4 3

31

4.4 3
V (
r)

V (r) V (r) V (r)

,
,
x
y
z

(r) grad V (r) (r)

V
=
V

V V V
,
,
x y z

V =
r =

x2 + y 2 + z 2

1
r

= r
V
r3

Q
r

= k Q r
E
r3

r
Q

= r3
V
r
V =k

Q
r

= V

E
3
q

m
v =

mv

dv

= q V
dt

dr

dt
dv
dr
= q V
dt
dt

d 1
dy V
dz V
dx V

mv 2 = q
q
q
dt 2
dt x
dt y
dt z

d 1
dV

mv 2 = q
dt 2
dt

d 1

mv 2 + qV = 0
dt 2
1
= mv 2 + qV = E (
2

32

4
qV
V =??

Z
V (r) =

r0

r ) dr
E(

r0 r

4.3 r
4.4
r0 Q r V (r)

V (r) =

Q
1
40 |r r0 |

r)
E(
4.5
r1 , r2 , rN , Q1 , Q2 , QN , r V (r)

V (r) =

N
1 X Qj
40 j=1 |r rj |

r)
E(
4.6 p

V (r) =

1 p r
40 r3

4.7

(1)
(2) EQ
(3) EP

4.5

33

4.5

r0 r

w=

N
1
X

f(rj ) (rj+1 rj )

j=0

r0 r N

Z
w=

r0

f(r) dr

r
C
r

C C

f(r ) dr

r0

r0 = (0, 0), r = (1, 1) 1: y = x 2: y = x2 3: y = x

4.8 3 f = (x, y)

(1,1)

x
(0,0)
1 f = (x, y) = (x, x) d
r = (dx, dy) = (dx, dx)

f dr = 2xdx

1
0

2xdx = 1

34

4
2 f

= (x, y) = (x, x2 ) dr = (dx, dy) = (dx, 2xdx)

f dr = xdx + 2x3 dx
Z

1
0

3 f

= (x, y) = (x,

(x + 2x3 )dx = 1

x) dr = (dx, dy) = (dx, 12 x1/2 dx)

1
f dr = xdx + dx = (x + 1/2)dx
2
Z

1
0

(x + 1/2)dx = 1

1
V (r) = (x2 + y 2 )
2

fx =

V
V
, fy =
,
x
y

f =

V V
,
x y

r0 = (0, 0), r = (1, 1)

f dr =

Z
dV = V (r) + V (r0 ) = 1

x y dV (x, y)

dV =

V
V
dx +
dy
x
y

V f = V

4.9 V (
r) = mgz m, g V

4.6

35

4.6

(x )
x v(x)

y
z

v(x)
x


v(xx/2)


v(x+x/2)

yzn

yzn

3 x, y, z (
) (x, 0, 0) 1 2 (xx/2, 0, 0), (x+

x/2, 0, 0) 1 2 yz
1 2

v(x + x/2)yz v(x x/2)yz

|
{z
} |
{z
}
2

v(x)
xyz
x

1 2
n, +
n

1 = yz
S
n,

2 = +yz
S
n,

, 1 2 v1 , v2
,

1 + v2 S
2 = vx (x) xyz
v1 S
x

3 ,
r = (x, y, z) v (r)
6

1 + v2 S
2 + v3 S
3 + v4 S
4 + v5 S
5 + v6 S
6
v1 S

vx (x) vy (x) vz (x)

=
xyz
+
+
x
y
z
v (r)xyz
=

36

4
16

ZZ
S

=
v (r) dS

ZZZ
V

v (r)dV

, ()
, .
4.10

v (r) = (y 2 , 2xy + z 2 , 2yz)

1 1 6

4.7
, S V Q , [C/m3 ]

ZZZ

Q=
,

ZZ

(r)dV

r) dS
= 1
E(
0
S

ZZ
S

r ) dS
=
E(

ZZZ

ZZZ
V

ZZZ
V

E(
r)dV = 1

0
V

(r)dV

E(
r)dV

ZZZ
V

(r)dV

E(
r) = 1 (r)

0
,

4.8
,

[V
(r)] = 1 (r)

0
2

2
2
1
=
+
+
V (r) = (r)
2
2
2
x
y
z
0
2 V (r) = 1 (r)
=
0

4.8

37

2

(
r)

V =

4.11 , x V = V0 (x/d)4/3
. .

39

5.1

-e

+
Cu

+
Cu
-e

-e

Cu

-e

+
Cu

-e

+
Cu

B At

40

n[1028 /m3 ]

Na

2.65

Cu

8.47

Ag

5.86

Au

5.90

Fe

17.0

Mn

16.5

5.2

EH,DB (One Point 10)

1981

/0

5.1 (1) /0

(2) 2 /20
electric tensionelectric stress

5.3

41

5.3

(condenser) (capacitor)

http://www.digitivity.com/articles/capacitor-breakdown-thumb-404x615.jpg

5.4

21 [/] ,

42

5.5
Q Q
V

Q = CV
C (capacitance) F()
1F
1F= 106 F1pF= 1012 F

5.6

1. Q
qA

qAqBqCqD

qA

qAqB Q

S

qB

qB

qC

qC


qD

qAqBqCqD
 S

qD

qAqBqCqD


Q
Q


qA
qB
qC
qD

E 

S

S

S

V Ed 
S

C d

Q

2.
(a) Q

Q
b




Q
a


Q
r(a<r<b)

Q
E4

Q


4
a  b


a
ab
C 4
ba

V  Edr

r



5.2
5.3 a :C = 40 a
5.4 a , ( 2a, 3a)
, ,

S1 , S2 0
[A] S1 (), Q
[A-1]
[A-2]
[B] S1 S2 (),
Q

[B-1]

5.7

43

[B-2]
[B-3]
3a
2a

S2

S1

5.7
S d Q

d U
F
E =

E = E + E =

E =
20
20

= Q/S
F

F = QE =

2 S
1
= QE
20
2

U = Fd =

1
1
1
Q2
2 S
d = QEd = QV = CV 2 =
20
2
2
2
2C

U=

2 S
d
20

44

5
Sd

u=

U
2
1
=
= 0 E 2
Sd
20
2

1
0 E 2
2

5.5 V

(1) Q r

(2) Q
(3) Q V
(4) C
(5)

ZZZ
1
2
U=
0 E d
2
V
d dV V

(6) U =

1
CV 2
2

b
a

5.8

W =

1X
qi V (ri )
2 i=1

W =

0
2

ZZZ
V

E 2 d

5.6

45

6.1
v
(steady current)
j
A/m2 n

j = en v

6.1 j = en v

6.2 n 1029 /m3 . A = 2mm2 1A

, [v 3 105 m/s 1/300cm]

21 [/
] ,

46

6.2

J. J. Thomson
Drude Drude

ma = eE

a = eE/m

v =

eE

j = en v = ne E
m

j = E

ne2
m

(electrical conductivity)

=1/
(electrical resistivity)

6.2

47

21 [/] ,

108 m =
104 107 m =
107 1017 m =

(thermal conductivity)

nCV v 2
=
3

CV = 32 kB

2
nCV v 2 m

kB m v 2
kB 3
3 kB
=
= 2
= 2 kB T =

3
ne2
e
2
e 2
2
e

m v2
3
= kB T
2
2

3
=

L=

3
2

kB
e

2
=

3
2

kB
e

2
T

1.38 1023 [J/K]

1.6 1019 [C]

1.1 108 [V2 /K ]

48

=L
T
(Wiedemann-Franz)

6.3
S L

R=

L
S

(resistance)

G=

1
R

(conductance)

E = 1 j
L

LE = L 1 j = V =

L
Sj = V = RI
S |{z}
|{z}
=R

=I

6.3 C

R=

,
6.4 a ( l) , b ,
. V ,
.

6.4

49

6.5 (
)

V
V

I
4

6.4

QJ = I 2 R
1840 J.P.Joule Joule

6.6 m F

50

6.7 t = 0

V
R
(1) Q(t)
R

dQ(t) Q(t)
+
=V
dt
C

(2) Q(t)
(3) I(t)
(4)
(5)

(6)

(7) (6)
6.8
() 70mV 6.0 nm

Benjamin Crowell, Electricity and Magnetism

6.5

51

6.5

1845

0
2
0

6.9
6.10 (Wheatstone bridge)

R3

Rx

V
R1

R2

6.11

R=

h
ab

52

6.6

V S

dS

j.

dS

dV
t

ZZ

ZZZ

+
j dS
dV = 0
S
V t
| {z } |
{z
}

ZZ
S

=
j dS

ZZZ
V

jdV

ZZZ
ZZZ

j+ dV = 0
jdV +

dV = 0 =

t
V
V
V t

ZZZ

j+ = 0

t
(continuity equation)

ZZ

ZZZ

=I
j dS

d
dV =
dt
V t

ZZZ
V

dV

dQ
dt

6.7 ()

53

I+

dQ

dt

dQ
=0
dt

6.12 ( 1/e ) .
t = 0 0 , t .

(1)
j+ = 0

t
E
=

j = E

=
t

(2) .
(3) () , = 6.0 107 1 m1 . = 1.2 1011 C2 /Nm2 .
(4)

6.7

()

()

() () (
) (
)

en(x)
dE(x)
=
dx

dV (x)
E(x) =
dx
dv
m
= eE(x)
dt
1
mv 2 = eV (x)
2
j = env

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

x
l

54

n(x) ()j x

d2 V (x)
en(x)
j
j

=
=
=
dx2

m
2eV (x)

dV

dx

1/2

(
2 )
m dV
1 dV
d
j m 1/2 d 1/2
2V
=
=
2eV (x) dx
dx 2 dx
2e
dx
r 1/2
r 1/2
dV
4j m
dV
4j m
1/4
=
V
= 1/4 =
dx
=
dx
2e
2e
V
r 1/2
r 1/2
dV
4j m
4 3/4
4j m
= 1/4 =
=
dx = V
x
2e
3
2e
V
r 23
4
9j m
x3
= V =
4 2e

dV d2 V (x)
j
=
2
dx dx

x = l

V =

9j
4

4
j= 2
9l

m
2e

23

l3

2e 3/2
V
m

55

7.1
2 a b
() a b ,
|a||b| sin , a b

ax
ayazax

bx
bx
by

bz

axbyaybx

aybzazby

ab x

ab z

azbxaxbz

ab y

a b

a b

|a||b|sin

7.2

B
v
TT=N/Am q B

FL = qv B

v0 q
7.1 B

56

v0 q
7.2 B
7.3
7.4

Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th ed. (College Text), Serway and Jewett

1777-18511820

1775-1836

7.3 (Magnet)

57

Introduction to Electrodynamics: David J. Griths

19

7.3 (Magnet)

1
N S

58

7.4
N S N S
N S

ZZ
S

dS
=0
B

B
=0

59

8.1
v
K q E
K , K

Greiner, Classical Electrodynamics

v c v cK
= 1 v E

B
c2
.*1

c=

1
0 0

*1

11-3

60

8.1 (1) . , [C/m]

. r E .

(2) v . r P
B . , P .

8.2
=
E

q r
(q = e) v
40 r3
= 1 v E
= 0 q v r
B
2
c
4 r3

8.3

I d
r dB
q = enSd v

=
dB

0 (enSd) v r
0 (env S) d
r
=
3
3
4
r
4
r

v d

(env S) d = (envS) d = Id

=
dB

0 I d r
4 r3

1820

8.3

61

dB

d`

d r dB
dB =

0 I sin d
4 r2

*2

*2

11-3

62

8.2 (1) z (0, 0, z) B z

z

dBz =

0 I
a
d
4 (a2 + z 2 )3/2

dB
z

a
Id`
I

(2) a

Benjamin Crowell, Electricity and Magnetism

8.3

63

8.3 ( a n ) I B
z z z + dz ndz
z

dB =

0 I
2 n

a2
a2

+ (z

2
z)

o3/2 ndz

8.4 (1) AB I . P
.

(2)

r
A

8.5 1 2a I .

(1) O .
(2) d P .

d
2a
O

2a

64

8.6 a

8.7 a b

8.4

8.4

65

= 0 I S

r m q

I=

q
qv
=
T
2r

(T = 2r/v)
= 0
M

qv
r2 z
2r

= mrv
z

= 0
M

qv
1 0 q
= g
=
r2
2r
mrv
2m

g=

0 q
2m

66

8.5

= 1B

H
0

0 = 4 107 N/A2

Z
C

dr = I
H

. , C .
.

H
dr

, , j(
r) . , C
S , I

ZZ

I=

j dS

jr

dS

Z
C

dr =
H

ZZ
S

j dS

8.8
8.9 I1 , I2 ( r)

F =

0 I1 I2
2r

8.5

67

8.10
r =1m I1 = I2 = I
1m 2 107 N/m I 0

8.11 , .

(1) (a) R i .
1 (x) .
xy . . , x Q(x, 0) B
0 < x < R R < x .
(2) (b) r i .
xy . (a, 0) . , a r < x < a + r ,

2 (x) .
Q(x, 0) B
(3) (c) , R , a b
. i . a r < x < a + r ,

Q(x, 0) B(x)
.
(a)

(b)

(c)

RR

R
O

R
P
Q

P
Q

69

9.1
f = (fx , fy , fz )

f =

fz
fy fx
fz fy
fx

y
z z
x x
y

f , rotf

f =

x
fx

y
fy

z
fz

i = (1, 0, 0), j = (0, 1, 0),

k = (0, 0, 1)

f
9.1
(1) f = (x, y, 0)
(2) f = (y, x, 0)
9.2 (A)(F)
y
y

y
y

70

9.2
f = (fx , fy , fz ) xy A B

C D A 1 f(x, y, z) WABCDA .

y+y

B
x+x

WABCDA = WAB + WBC + WCD + WDA

WAB = fx (x, y, z)x,

fy (x, y, z)
WBC = fx (x + x, y, z)y fy (x, y, z) +
x y,
x

fx (x, y, z)
WCD = WDC = fx (x, y + y, z)x fx (x, y, z) +
y x,
y
WDA = WAD = fy (x, y, z)y.
,

fy (x, y, z)
WABCDA = fx (x, y, z)x + fy (x, y, z) +
x y
x

fx (x, y, z)
fx (x, y, z) +
y x fy (x, y, z)y
y

fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)

=
xy
x
y
.

WABCDA =

Z
ABCD

f dr

fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)

f dr =
xy

x
y
ABCD

ABCD yz zx

fz (x, y, z) fy (x, y, z)
yz,

y
z

fx (x, y, z) fz (x, y, z)

zx
z
x
.
xy ABCDEF 1
2

9.2

71

D
E

B
C

A
D

F
A

EG
GE

[ABCDEFA ]
[AGEFA ]
+ [GBCDG ]

G E

E G A B C D E F

A A G E F A G B C D G

xy

C
S

, xy C C

Z
C

f dr =

ZZ
S

ZZ
ZZ
fy (x, y, z) fx (x, y, z)
f) dS

f]x dxdy =
(

[
dxdy =
x
y
S
S

xy
dS
C xy

C C S
Z
C

f dr =

ZZ
S

f) dS

72

9.3 f = (0, 2xz + 3y 2 , 4yz 2 ) 1 1 [ (0, 0, 0)

(0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1)]

9.3

Z
C

dr =
H

ZZ
S

j dS

ZZ
S

H)
dS
=
(

ZZ
S

j dS

H
= j

9.4

E
=

E
=0

= V

=0

B
=0

B = 0j

73

10

(Displacement current)
I(t) . ,

Q(t) . ,
E(t) =

Q(t)
0 S

I(t) =

dQ(t)
dt

. ,

, . , I(t) (
) . , . ,
, I(t) , I(t)
, , ID (t)
.

It

It

+ Qt

Et

IDt

Qt

It

It

, ID = I

ID (t) = 0 S

dE(t)
dt

d
ID (t) = 0
dt

ZZ
S

dS

. ,
, . ,
, . , ,
.

74

10 (Displacement current)
,

Z
C

dr =
H

ZZ

+ 0 d
j dS
dt
S

ZZ
S

dS

. ,

!
ZZ

dr =
j + 0
dS
H
t
C
S

. ,

E
J = j + 0
t
.

75

11

(Electromagnetic Induction)
11.1 1831 8 29
17911867

11.2

IH

11.3 Motional Induction

v .
B

= vB sin
Vm = v B
, motional induction (
) . () C

Z
Vm =

dr
v B

76

11 (Electromagnetic Induction)

10.1 Motional induction ,

= B
v = B
dS(t)
Vm = v B
dt
,
. , S
() .

11.4 Transformer Induction

2 C( S) , B(t)
.

(t) = B(t)
S

Vt =

d(t)
dt

, transformer induction .

An

.
, E
.

dr = d(t)
E
dt
C

r, t)
. (
r B(
) ,

ZZ
B(r, t)

dS
Vt = E dr =
t
C
S

11.4 Transformer Induction

77

10.2 z

B(t)
= (0, 0, B0 sin(t))
. xy r E(r)
.
. (z )
. .
10.3 I . 1 a ABCD , AB

CD . AB x .
(1) x B(x) . 0 .
(2) ABCD (x) .
(3) x I , ABCD
. dI/dt .

(4) , I ABCD v . AB
x ABCD . v = dx/dt .

(5) I ABCD v . AB
x ABCD .

I
A

a
B
O

78

11 (Electromagnetic Induction)
10.4 IH N

(1)

B(t) = B0 cos(t)

AC [V =

1
B(t)
2

2N
0

1
B0 h2 N 3 sin (t)]
3
2

{r()} d

r() = h/2 .

(2) S
QJ

(3) S = 0.1cm2 , = 108 mh = 0.1cmN = 100 QJ

11.5 Motional induction Transformer induction

79

11.5 Motional induction Transformer induction

10.5()

Bt

( =90)
B(t) = B0 cos(t) v
. , x
.

motional induction transformer induction

Vemf = Vm + Vt =

(S(t) B(t))
dt

(t) = B(t)
S(t)
. ,

Vemf =

d(t)
dt

. . motional induction
transformer induction .
.

11.6
C . , C
. C S . C , S
() . , C .

r) , S ,
, C B(
ZZ
(t) =

dS

.
, C

V =

d(t)
dt

. , C
r) .
() E(
I
dr
Vemf = E
C

80

11 (Electromagnetic Induction)

B(r)
S

dS = ndS

Ein(r)

dr = d
E
dt
C

ZZ
S

dS

. .

10.6()

B(r) =

B0 sin (t)
B1 sin (t)

(0 < r a)
(a < r)

t = 0 r = 2a m e

r = 2a
(1) B0 B1

B0 = 5B1

(2) a = 6cmB0 = 0.02T = 100s1

28%

11.7

ZZ
S

dr =
E

ZZ

E)
dS

E)
dS
=
(

d
dt

ZZ
S

E
= B

t
.

dS

81

12

1.
(r) =
E

1 Q
r
40 r3

2.

1. (r) Q

ZZZ
Q=

2.

ZZ

dV

dS
= 1
E
0
S

ZZZ
V

dV

82

12 1

3.

ZZ
S

4.

dS
=
E

ZZZ
V

EdV

E
= 1

1.

ZZ
S

2.

dS
=0
B

B
=0

1.

= 0 H

2.
=
dH

3.

I d r
4 r3

83

1. j (r) I

ZZ
I=

2.

Z
C

3.

Z
C

4.

dr =
H

dr =
H

j dS
ZZ

ZZ
S

j dS

H
dS

H
= j

84

12 1
4

1. I
2.
ID

d
= 0
dt

ZZ
S

dS

ZZ
= 0

dS
S t

3.
Z
dr = I + ID
H
C

Z
C

dr =
H

!
ZZ

j + 0 E dS
t
S

4.

H
= j + 0 E

t
5

1. Motional Induction
2. Transformer Induction
3.

ZZ
=

4.

d(t)
dt

V =
5.

6.

dr = d
E
dt
C
Z
C

7.

dr =
E

dS

ZZ

ZZ
S

dS

E
dS

E
= B

E
= 0

85

1.
ZZ
ZZZ
dS
= 1

E
dV
0 V
S
ZZ
dS
=0

B
S

!
ZZ

dr =
j + 0
dS
H
t
C
S
ZZ

Z
dr = d
dS

E
B
dt
C
S
Z

2.

E
= 1

0
B
=0

H
= j + 0 E

t

E
= B

t

87

A.1 1
1

(1)
e = 1.60 10n C n
(2) 2

10

(3) 3 Q r E

(4) r

xy (a, 0) q (a, 0) +q r = (x, y)

r)
E(

r) rd k
(1) = 2d E(
(2) (a, a) x y
(3) y (0, y)
1
3
y
3
(1)(5) (A)(F)

r) = (x, x)
(1) A(
r) = (x, 1)
(2) A(

88

r) = (x, y)
(3) A(
r) = (y, x)
(4) A(
r) = (y, x)
(5) A(

y
y

y
y

4
a Q r
E(r)

(1) r > a E(r)

(2) 0 < r < a E(r)
(3) r
(4) 1904 J.J. () a
( e) e m
T a0 em
5

A.1 1
a

7

d

89

90

A.2 2
A1 A3 B1 B3

1
A1 [9 ]
r)
(1) (r) E(
r) V (r) E(
r) =
E(

V (
r) (r)

(2)

(3)
e n v j =

n = 8.47 1028 /m3 A = 2mm2 1A ,

v = 3.69 10n m/s n n =

(4)
Q Q I =
C R =

A2 [3 ]
(1) p r = (x, y, z)
(

p r) =

r =
1

1
r3

x2 + y 2 + z 2

r
r
n

2 (r ) n r
r

(2) p
V (r) =

1 p r
40 r3

r) =
E(

1
40

(f g) = f g
+ g f

f (
r) g (r)

A3 [4 ]

v = (x + y, x y, z)
1 1

ZZZ

v dV =

ZZ

v dS

A.2 2

91

4
16

ZZZ

v dV =

ZZ

v dS

1
2
0

1
2

B1 [4 ]
[1] a b
V

b
a

V
(1) C
(2)

ZZZ
1
2
U=
0 E d
2
V
U =

1
CV 2 d dV
2

92

V
r r + dr

[2]

b
a

V
(3) r I(r) a < r < b

r r

(4) (3)
A1

B2 [4 ] R V
t = 0

V
R

(1) t Q(t) Q(t)

(2)

(3)

(4) (3)
B3 [4 ] R Q
(1) O x x
(2) x
(3) Q M x

A.2 2

93

94

A.3
1 [8 ]

ZZ

dS
= 1
E
0
S

ZZZ
V

dV

(A.1)

(a) r 0 < r < a a < r

(b) r V 0 < r < a a < r

E
V
(c) (b) V V
= V

(A.2)

E
=

(A.3)

(d)

2 [4 ] B
B
=0

(A.4)

B
B
= 0

(A.5)

(a) (A.4)
(b) (A.4) (A.5)

3 [8 ] I

=
dH

I d r
4 r3

(A.6)

(a) (A.6) d, r, dH

(b)
(b-1) a z
H(z)

(b-2) ( a n ) I H
z z z + dz ndz
z

dH =

I a2
ndz
2

A.3

95

(b-3) (b-2) H = nI
z

4 [8 ]z a
j z r 0 < r < a

= 1 j r
H
2

r = (x, y, 0), r =

x2 + y 2 j = (0, 0, j)

xy a/2 C S

Hx Hy Hz j, x, y
(a) H
H
z
(b) Z
Z
H
dS

(c)

ZS
dr C
(d) H
C

r =

a
2

cos ,

a
sin , 0
2

0 2 (c) (d)

ZZ
S

H
dS
=

Z
C

dr
H

5 [6 ] a d

V = V0 sin (t)

96

(a) t I
(b)
(c)
r 0 < r < a
6 [16 ] 1831

(a) Motional Induction Transformer Induction

(b) Motional Induction Transformer Induction

(c) V
V =

d
dt

(A.7)

B

E

E
= B

(A.8)

(d)
B = B0 sin (t)
(B0 )
R t = 0
x a

(d-1) t
(d-2) v x t

(d-3) (d-2)