Flowmaster v7.0 Easy Guide

Easy Guide
Where to Set Elevation
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Easy Guide - Where to Set Elevation
Introduction
Flowmaster can take account of elevation by inputting level data at nodes. The level is from a fixed datum
point as shown below.

Example
Create a new network as below by using pipes, bends and pumps, using the values shown on the diagram.
Whilst inputting the data, select the analysis type to be Incompressible Steady State to show the data fields
which have to be completed. Note the negative figure on the flow source to highlight it is a demand.
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Easy Guide - Where to Set Elevation

Once modelled, run the model as steady state. Look at the results for
the node nearest the flow demand. This should show a pressure at
node level result of 2.27 bar.
Clear the current collection, and then collect the two nodes between
the bend and the flow demand components. Click on the level
property in the data fields, and then select the toggle icon (see right)
and set the level of both nodes to 10m.
Re-run the simulation. The pressure at node level should now be 1.29
bar. You can see from the results that Flowmaster also produces a
result which is termed node pressure. The difference between these
two results being of course that node pressure is the result from a
network which is assumed level i.e. no elevation.
This is defined as:
Pressure
Absolute Total Pressure =
Whereas Ptotal =
And Absolute Static Pressure =
total + ATM Pressure
static +
static + ATM Pressure
[note. Pstatic is the gauge static pressure]
Pressure at Node level

Pat_node_level =
Or Pat_node_level =
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static + Pdynamic
total -
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Easy Guide
Defining a Pressure
Loss Component
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Easy Guide - Defining a Pressure Loss Component
Introduction
Flowmaster has a discrete loss component which allows engineers to model networks without a high
level of detail. This may be used to represent a series of pipes where it is not necessary to understand
the behaviours within the series, or where there are many branches of a pipe system and the user is only
concerned with what happens at one particular branch.

Application Example
Consider the example below as modelled in Flowmaster.
In this case, the engineer is trying to calculate the flow rate necessary to conform to the two known
pressure levels. Knowing the pipe diameter (and bend) remains constant at 1.6m, and it is not necessary to
understand other detail, this network can be defined as shown over.
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Easy Guide - Defining a Pressure Loss Component

The discrete loss component is defined by cross sectional area and a Forward and Reverse Loss Coefficient.
Cross sectional area in this case is defined by r2 where r=0.8m. The Forward Loss Coefficient (k) is
calculated by
k=
2 x Pressure drop (Pa)

Liquid Density (kg/m3) x Velocity (m/s) 2
and in the example opposite is
k=
k=
2 x (200,000-150,000)
998 x 19.12
0.27
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Easy Guide
Pumps and Pump Controllers
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Easy Guide - Pumps and Pump Controllers
Application Example
Consider the network below
Liquid is being pumped from a reservoir through a pump and valve into a pipe. The pressure condition is
set at atmospheric (or 1 bar in this example). We would like to design the network and then control the
pump speed in order to understand the flow rate at the end of the pipe as the pump changes speed.
Analysis Type
In order for Flowmaster to analyse this example, you
must first change the analysis type. Flowmaster makes
it simple by only showing the data fields required for
the selected analysis.
For this example we are looking for pump performance
over time therefore a transient study. As this example
is looking at water, we need to input data for an
incompressible transient study. Choose the correct
study type from the drop down box halfway down the
data tab (see above right).
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Pumps
Next lets look at what data is required for the pump to be defined.
As with all Flowmaster components the pink fields are mandatory. Hopefully you will have a full set of
manufacturers data in order to define the pump when you come to run your own analysis. However,
some of the fields can be calculated.
Pump and Motor Inertia can be calculated from the following equations, ref Thorley (Fluid Transients in Pipeline Systems, 1991, ISBN 0-9517830-0-9):
Pump Inertia =
Motor Inertia =
Where W = Pump Power (kW), N = Pump Speed (r.p.m x 10-3), I = Inertia (kg/m2)
Pump Power (W) =
where = fluid density, = overall efficiency, g = gravity, H = Duty Head
Q = Duty flow rate
Frictional Torque
Note: This can be used in the absence of manufacture data.

Speed Ratio =
Rated Flow, Head and Speed are based on Best Efficiency point from
manufactures data.
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Model the network above, using the numbers shown. In order to

control the pump speed you need to turn the initial logic state of
the of the radial pump to setting 1 Motor On Controlled Torque/
Speed. You will also need to add the pump speed controller to define
how the pump speed changes. Add in a gauge to the end of the pipe
so you can measure the mass flow rate.
Once the model is complete, select the simulation tab, and set the
time step and the start and end times as shown in red on the right.
Then click run. Once completed, select the results tab and double
click the result file you have just created.
Double click on the pump, and ensuring the results radio button is highlighted, plot the rotational
speed of the pump by selecting the graph icon in the inspect window, as shown in red in the image on
the right.
The plot will appear on a separate tab to your network named plot 1. In
the upper left hand corner of the graph there are some graph customise
icons. Pick on the overlay option, and go back to your network by
choosing the correct tab.
Now double click

on the gauge, and
again select the
graph icon in the
inspect window.
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Click back on the

plot 1 tab and you
should be able to
see a plot similar
to the one shown
below.
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Easy Guide
Pressure Loss Validation
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Easy Guide - Pressure Loss Validation

Validation of pressure loss using a basic Flowmaster model and Hand Calculations.
P1 is the pressure into the system (= 437000 Pa)
Q is the volumetric flow rate (=65 l/min or 0.0010833 m3/s), set as -0.0010833 m3/s
D is the pipe diameter (= 0.015m2)
L is the pipe length (= 0.6m)
k is the Absolute Roughness (= 0.000025m), used to calculate friction loss
Flowmaster Model
A simple network in Flowmaster as shown below:
This gives a value of P2 = 418558 Pa (result at node 2 Downstream Node)
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The results for the pipe are shown below:
These results can be compared to those obtained from hand calculations. These hand calculations are
shown below:
Velocity
Q = Av
Where Q = 0.0010833 m3/s
A = D24
(D = 0.015 m)
This gives v = 6.14 m/s
Flowmaster gives v = 6.13 m/s
This corresponds to a 0.13% difference.
Reynolds Number
Re = vD
Where = 1000 kg/m3
v = 6.14 m/s
= 0.001002
This gives Re = 91916.2
Flowmaster gives Re = 91605.6
This corresponds to a 0.3% difference.
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Loss Coefficient
The loss coefficient can be worked out by first evaluating the friction factor. The relevant equations are
shown below:
Where k is the Absolute Roughness (= 0.000025m)

D is the diameter (=0.015m)
Re is the Reynolds number (=91605.6)
This gives a value of f = 0.0246
This value of f can now be used to work out K, the loss coefficient as shown over:
This gives K = 0.983 (0% discrepancy with Flowmaster value)
Pressure Drop
These values can now be substituted into the following equation to work out the pressure difference:
This can be simplified to:
P2 P1=K v22
This gives a pressure difference of 0.185 bar.

Flowmaster gives a value of 0.184 bar. This corresponds to a 0.5% difference.
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Easy Guide
Net Positive Suction Head
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Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

The existing rotodynamic pumps do not currently consider NPSH. However this is recognised as a
limitation and development is planned to address this in a future version. In the interim a methodology
has been devised, using existing capability, to identify when NPSH available (NPSHA) is less than NPSH
required (NPSHR). This methodology does not modify the pump performance.
The schematic below shows a pump in a test system consisting of a tank and suction line and discharge
flow demand. The yellow, round components are gauges to measure; suction pressure, fluid temperature,
and delivery flow rate
Flowmaster NPSH Model
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Setting up the Model

In the Data Tab, select the Incompressible Transient filter as shown below
Reservoir: Constant Head
Pipe: Cylindrical Rigid
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Pump: Radial Flow
Suter Curves left as default Flowmaster curves

Gauge Template
Pressure Gauge
Gauge Template
Flow Rate Gauge
Gauge Template
Temperature Gauge
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Gauge 4 (Flow rate) is connected to input signal 3 on the Controller component and Arm 2 of the Pump
component.
Gauge 3 (Pressure) is connected to input signal 1 on the Controller component and Node 1 (just upstream
of the pump)
Gauge 7 (Temperature) is connected to input signal 2 on the Controller component and Node 1 (just
upstream of the pump)
The NPSH Monitor component is a Controller Template. The yellow, square component calculates NPSH
Available (NPSHA) and compares this to a NPSH Required (NPSHR) value defined as a curve of NPSHR Vs
Flow Rate.

Controller Template
Script/Equation Identifier: NPSH_Vdotnet, this script is written in VB.Net
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Data Curve 1 is the Vapour Pressure v Temperature Curve for Glycol/Water (50/50) and is available in the
Performance Data > Materials> Incompressible library
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Data Curve 2 is the Density v Temperature Water, and is available in the Performance Data > Materials>
Incompressible library
Data Curve 3 is the NPSHR Vs Flow Rate curve and is defined below
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To define a curve, Right click on a folder within
Performance Data, i.e. User defined and select New
> Curve and enter the data as shown right.
Run the Incompressible Transient with the

Simulation Data inputs shown right.
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Results
If the NPSHA is less then NPSHR then the controller outputs a result of 1 to record that the pump could
cavitate. If NPSHA is greater than NPSHR then the controller outputs a result of 0 to record that the pump
is not cavitating. The following graph shows a sample set of results for pump flow increasing (Blue Line),
suction pressure dropping (Red Line), and pump cavitation occurring at about 1.7secs (Green Line).
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Easy Guide
Convergence and Tolerance
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Easy Guide - Convergence and Tolerance

Flowmaster Convergence and Tolerance Criteria allow the adjustment of the Flowmaster solver control
parameters.
Flowmaster Solver Control Parameters

The solver control parameters are set on the Flowmaster Simulation Data tab, under Convergence &
Tolerance Criteria. These settings affect the rate at which Flowmaster converges to a solution.
In general, we recommend that the default values are used as they are considered well suited for general
Flowmaster analyses. Our general advice if you do experience convergence problems, check and recheck
the input data.
If, after making these checks, you believe that solver control parameters require adjustment, then the
following information will be of use.
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Flowmaster Tolerances
Flowmaster checks total pressure and temperature tolerances at every node. Mass flow rate tolerances are
checked at every branch and mass flow continuity is checked at every node to a tolerance of 1/10th of the
branch mass flow tolerance. These sequences of checks are shown diagrammatically in the figure at the
end of this paper.
The default percentage pressure tolerance is set at 0.05% and has proven satisfactory for a wide range of
applications when used in conjunction with the standard weighting factor (see below). In some situations
(high absolute pressure values and small pressure differentials) a tighter tolerance may be appropriate.
But in compressible flows, with coupling of pressure with the mass flow solution through the density
term, these tighter tolerances may be too severe.
The absolute pressure tolerance should be well below the minimum pressure of interest. The default of
1 Nm-2 (1 Pa) is usually appropriate. Its main purpose is to prevent the percentage tolerance test from
becoming too severe when pressures are very close to zero.
The default percentage mass flow rate tolerance is set to 0.05% and has proven satisfactory for a wide
range of applications, when used in conjunction with the standard weighting factor.
The absolute mass flow tolerance should be well below the minimum mass flow rate of interest. It is
intended to prevent the percentage test from being too severe when flows are very close to zero e.g. in a
branch with a closed end or shut valve. The default value of 0.5gms-1 can be too high if low flow rates are
being used (e.g. grams per second).
The default weighting factor (or relaxation) is set to 0.5 and should be used in preference to a lower value
unless convergence problems are encountered. The default value should be appropriate for most stable
networks. If it proves necessary to reduce the weighting factor, then tighter pressure and mass flow
rate tolerances are required to achieve a similar level of accuracy. As a rule of thumb the pressure and
mass flow rate tolerances should be halved for each 0.1 reduction in weighting factor. (For example, use
tolerances of about 0.0125 % for a weighting factor of 0.3).
In transient analyses, increasing weighting factor, to say 0.7, can help with rapid events. However, do not
increase tolerances in transient analysis to improve convergence; it usually does the reverse.
Nodal temperature tolerance checks work in the same way as for pressure. But unless the network
comprises of closed loop systems (where an equilibrium temperature must be found) the calculated
temperatures will follow directly from the mass flow and pressure solutions. If improved temperature
accuracy is required it will often be better to tighten the mass flow tolerance - there is usually a better
feel for reasonable values for this quantity.
The minimum heat flow tolerance is only used by solid components (bars, bridges, temperature, heat
sources etc.).
The following flowchart shows how Flowmaster checks for convergence.
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Easy Guide
Valve Data Conversion & Validation
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Easy Guide - Valve Data Conversion & Validation

When using valves with compressible flow, it may be necessary to convert manufacturer data for gas flow
constants. This example demonstrates the relationship stated in DS Miller Internal Flow Systems (p168)
and validates it on a simple network
Example
A simple network has been constructed to validate the following relationship
Av = 28 x 10-06 Kv, where Av=Flow Coefficient (m2) and Kv=European Flow Coefficient (m3/h)
Manufactures Supplied data: Kv vs. Valve Opening
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Using conversion Flow Coeff vs Valve Opening

From experimental results we know that at a Valve opening ratio of 60% open -> Kv = 0.002526, the
change in pressure across the valve is about 5 bar.
Results from compressible steady state run:
Total pressure result in Flowmaster <bars>

Density <kg/m3> results:

Velocity <m/s> results:
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Inputting these values in to the equation
gives
which is approximately the value predicted by experiment.
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Easy Guide
Calculating Transient Time-Step
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Easy Guide - Calculating Transient Time-Step

Flowmaster uses the method of Characteristics to solve for flows in elastic pipes. The method is applied to a
spatially fixed grid where the number of grid elements, S, is given by
S=
L
at
where L - Pipe Length, a = wave speed, t = time step
In order to work effectively, S must be 0.2 of an integer greater than 3.
Example
This example demonstrates how a simple network can be modified in order to optimise computational
effort while still meeting the S criteria
The above pipes are 1000m and 675m long, applying the equation for S to this network gives
Schedule of Pipes
t1 =
0.1s
t2 =
0.02s
L (m)
a (m/s)
L/a (s)
S1
S2
Pipe 1
1000
1000
10
50
Pipe 2
675
1250
0.54
5.4
27
t = 0.02 s satisfies the criterion for S. This solution gives a large number of internal reach lengths and
combined with the 3000 time-steps required to run the simulation for 60 seconds requires considerable
computational effort.
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Easy Guide - Calculating Transient Time-Step
Length adjustment
Pipe 2 is split into a 650 m elastic pipe and a 25 m rigid pipe.
t1 =
0.1s
Schedule of Pipes
L (m)
a (m/s)
L/a (s)
S1
Pipe 1
1000
1000
10
Pipe 2a
650
1250
0.52
5.2
Pipe 2b
25
RIGID

t = 0.1 s satisfies the criterion for S. The loss in accuracy of considering pipe 2 in two sections, one rigid
and one elastic is within the overall accuracy of the method. Computational effort is reduced with fewer
internal reach Iengths and 600 time-steps being required.
Wave speed adjustment

The wave speed in pipe 2 is increased to 1300 mIs.
t1 =
0.1s
Schedule of Pipes
L (m)
a (m/s)
L/a (s)
S1
Pipe 1
1000
1000
10
Pipe 2
675
1300
0.519
5.19
t = 0.1 s satisfies the criterion for S. The loss in accuracy of considering the wave speed in pipe 2 to be
4% greater than that estimated is within the accuracy of wave speed prediction and the overall accuracy
of the method. Computational effort is about equal to the length adjustment method.
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Easy Guide
Pump Sizing / Modelling

a System Curve
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Easy Guide - Pump Sizing / Modelling a System Curve

This example demonstrates how Flowmaster can be used to model the head loss created in a system and so be
used to size a pump. The example below uses a very simple system based around a ball valve controlling flow
to a downstream reservoir, but the method is applicable to all systems which require a centrifugal pump.
Example
In order to size a centrifugal pump for a given network, it is necessary to simulate it over a range of flow
rates. To do this, create a curve which encompasses the range of interest in this case we know that the
system in question will never have to deal with flows greater than 6 cubic metres a second
Connect this curve to an upstream flow source
Run the network for 60 seconds to cover the range of possible flow rates for the system. To create a
system curve, select the flow rate results for the valve and click X axis for plotting
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Repeat the process for the pressure results from the node.
The resulting curve illustrates the variation in system back
pressure vs flow rate; i.e. it tells us the pressure that is
required to overcome the frictional, head and terminal losses
of the system for a given flow rate. By superimposing pump
curves on the same axis (see below) it is possible to size the
pump required by a particular system and choose its optimal
running point, given by the intersection of the system and
pump curves.
In the example below, two pumps are plotted along with the system curve (the purple line). The
intersection of the system curve with each pump curve represents the point at which the energy
provided by the pump matches that required by the system.
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Pump curves can be created in a manner similar to that described above: create a network with a nominal
pump in the place of the variable flow source
In this case, the valve will be slowly opened over 60 seconds simulating a range of system head losses.
By selecting the valve arm 2 flow rate result (select x axis for plotting as before) and the upstream node
pressure, a pump curve showing the drop in back pressure with increasing flow rate can be achieved.
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Easy Guide
Flow Balancing
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Easy Guide - Flow Balancing

Flow Balancing is an analysis option within Flowmaster V7 that performs incompressible pressure loss
calculations for individual components but allows flow rates for components to be specified as an input
parameter. The analysis calculates the pressure conditions at those components, referred to as balancing
components, and reports results which allows the user to optimise components or set component data to
achieve the desired flows.
Application Example
In the Fire Protection System above, water is pumped from a constant head reservoir by the fire water pump
through a control valve and into a branched network of sprinkler nozzles. The required analysis is to calculate
the orifice plate diameters that will achieve a specified flow rate through each sprinkler nozzle.
Example Data
The example network data are shown in the tables below. In this example, the sprinkler nozzles are
represented by a Discrete Loss and Constant Head Reservoir. The required flow rate through the nozzles is 7
litres per second (0.007m3/s).
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Discrete Loss/Reservoir (Sprinkler

Nozzles)
Forward Loss Coefficient
Reverse Loss Coefficient
Cross-sectional Area
0.03m
Pipe Diameter
0.025m
Liquid level above base
0m
Base level above reference
0m
Pipe components
All pipes
Diameter: 0.2m
Radial Pump
Rated Flow
0.25m3/s
Rated Head
80m
Rated Speed
1450rpm
Rated Power
200kW
Initial Speed
1450rpm
Constant Head Reservoir

Pipe Diameter
0.2m
5m
-20m
Absolute Roughness: 0.05mm
Pipe 1, 11
Length: 20m
Pipe 2-3
Length: 10m
Pipes 4-10
Length: 2m
Ball Valves
0.2m
Valve
opening
0 ratio (closed)
Orifice Plates
Valve opening
1 ratio (open)
Cross Sectional Area
0.03m2
Pressure Source
Pipe Diameter
0.2m
Orifice Diameter
Not Set
Volumetric Flow Rate
0.007m3/s
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0.2m
Discrete Loss
Non Return Valve

Diameter
Diameter
Total pressure
1 bar
Orifice Plate Data

Next lets look at what data is required for the orifice plate to be defined.
As with all Flowmaster components the pink fields are mandatory. To size the orifice plate using Flow Balancing
we need to enter the pipe diameter and the required Volumetric Flow Rate, in this case 0.2m and 0.007m3/s
respectively. The value for the Orifice Diameter is left as Not Set as it will be calculated in the analysis.
Analysis Type
Once the model is complete, select the simulation tab
and change the analysis type to Incompressible Flow
Balancing by selecting from the drop down menu.
Then click run. Once completed, select the results tab
and double click the result file you have just created.
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Results
Double click on one of the Orifice Plates to view the calculation data.
In the Results view, the Flow Rate is shown as the required input value of
0.007m3/s, giving a calculated orifice diameter of 0.0169476m.
The calculated operational values for the balancing components can now
be updated in the Data tab view.
Volumetric flow rate can be specified in most components, but it is most
appropriate to components that can be set up to give the desired flow rate
at the pressure conditions prevailing in the network. The components
most suited to the use of balancing flows are control valves, orifices, pipes,
pumps, reservoirs and accumulators.
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Easy Guide
Incompressible Priming
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Easy Guide - Incompressible Priming

Priming is an analysis option within Flowmaster V7 that can be used to simulate the process by which
residual air has first to be exhausted from the pipes.
Application Example
In the Fire Protection System above, water is pumped from a constant head reservoir by the fire water
pump through a control valve and into a hose (Priming Pipe). The required analysis is to calculate how
long it will take the water to exit the hose end, i.e. how long it takes the water to fill the priming pipe.
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Example Data
The example network data are shown below.
Pipe components
All pipes Diameter
Absolute Roughness
Wave Speed
Pipes 8 & 10 Length
Pipe 7 Length
Pipes 5 Length
0.2m
0.05mm
1000m/s
2m
20m
100m
Radial Pump
Rated Flow
Rated Head
Rated Speed
Rated Power
Pump Inertia
Motor Inertia
Speed Ratio
Friction Torque
Initial Speed
0.25m3/s
80m
1450rpm
200kW
50kgm2
25kgm2
1
500Nm
1450rpm
Non Return Valve

Diameter 0.2m
Characteristic Operating Time
0.5 s
Minimum Velocity
2m/s
Constant Head Reservoir
Pipe Diameter
0.2m
5m
-20m
Ball Valves
All Valves Diameter
Valve 9 Valve Opening
Valve 6 Valve Opening
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0.2m
1 ratio (open)
0 ratio (closed)

Pressure Source
Total pressure
1 bar
Discrete Loss
Cross Sectional Area
5
5
0.001m2
Valve Opening Tabular Controller

1st Time
Valve Position at 1st Time
2nd Time
Valve Position at 2nd Time
3rd Time
Valve Position at 3rd Time
0s
0 ratio (closed)
2s
1 ratio (open)
1000 s
1 ratio (open)
Note: Nodes (8, 9 and 10) downstream of the opening valve should be set to compressible, i.e. all nodes in
the priming section of the network. Changes to the type of node can be done in the node data form.
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Analysis Type
Once the model is complete, select the
simulation tab and change the analysis type
to 7. Incompressible Priming by selecting
from the drop down menu.
Enter the following values for simulation time
and time step
Time step
0.0005 s
Simulation Start Time 0 s
Simulation End Time 10 s
Then click run. Once completed, select the
results tab and double click the result file you
have just created.
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Results
In Results mode double click on component 8 Pipe: Cylindrical Elastic
to view Results form.
In the Results view, highlight Liquid Length, click Inspect... and select
plot.
The resulting plot will show you how the priming pipe filled and how
long it took to achieve this.
The components that can be primed include Discrete Losses, Orifices, Pipes, Pressure Sources and Control
Valves.
Those that can not include Accumulators, Heat Exchangers, Bends, Diaphragms, Junctions, Transitions,
Pumps, Reservoirs, Flow Sources, Flow v Pressure Sources, Check Valves and Weirs
Many of the components that cannot be primed can still be used in the liquid section of the system.
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Easy Guide
Defining a Fluid
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Easy Guide - Defining a Fluid
Fluid Properties
- Fluid Density (kg/m3)
Cp - Constant pressure specific heat (J/(kg K)
Cv - Constant volume specific heat (J/(kg K)
- Ratio of specific heat (Cp/Cv)
Z - Fluid compressibility factor
- Dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)
k - Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
R - Gas constant (J/kg K)
Deduced properties
c

- Sonic speed (m/s);

Gradient (Compressibility factor variation with temperature);
Gradient (Compressibility factor variation with pressure);
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There are three methods to defining a fluid within Flowmaster, they are as follows;
1. For an Isothermal analysis, the fluid can be defined at a single temperature.
Data for the following properties is required

Reference temperature
Vapour Pressure
Reference Dynamic Viscosity
Reference Density
Bulk Modulus
2. For a temperature varying analysis, the fluid can be defined using fluid
property versus temperature curves or equations.
Data for the following properties is required

Bulk modulus (can also be defined as a Bulk Modulus v Temp & Pressure surface)
Vapour pressure v Temperature curve
Viscosity v Temperature curve
Density v Temperature curve
As an alternative to the curves the viscosity, density and specific heat capacity can be calculated by the
following means:

The viscosity can be calculated using the Walther Equation coefficients to effectively
calculate a temperature v viscosity curve. (see Reference help > fluid properties)
The variation of density with respect to temperature can be calculated using
the thermal expansion coefficient and the reference and actual temperatures.
The variation of specific heat capacity with respect to temperature can be
calculated using the coefficients A to F in place of a curve.
3. Eagle Database
Set the composition of the fluid using the eagle reference (maximum 5 different pure components), and also
set the following;

Equation of state
Vapour Pressure
Bulk Modulus
Mole Fractions of fluid components.
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Standard Flowmaster Fluids
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Easy Guide
Common Data Entry
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Easy Guide - Common Data Entry
Application Example
Consider the example above where all pipe diameters and valve diameters are to be the same. Rather than
enter each data value individually you can enter the diameter into one component and then copy this
value to all other selected components. First we must collect the components for which we want to enter a
common diameter.
Collecting components
When first building a network and a component is placed onto the schematic or a node is created, it is
automatically listed in the Data pane in the component collection.
When re-opening a network you can collect components and nodes in several ways;
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By right clicking on a component or node and
selecting Collect
Or by rubber banding a selection of components
and/ or nodes and then right clicking and
selecting Collect
By using the Add drop down menu and

selecting all or specific components and nodes
Or by double clicking on a component or node.
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Data entry
To enter a common diameter for all components in the collection, first select one of the components and in
the lower pane click the Diameter entry field.
A drop down menu will automatically appear next to this cell allowing you to choose a unit for that value.
The default unit is the one that is selected as such for that unit set.
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Copying Data
To copy a value from one component to another, the first step is to tick the box next to the desired value in
the Copy column and then select the Copy icon in the top right of the lower pane.
This will open the Copy Features window where you can specify the copy function of your choice:
For example, if you want to copy the diameter from one pipe to the other, you can choose the Strict
matching (matches component type and data field name), but if you want to copy it over to both the pipe
and the valves, select Relaxed matching (only matches data field name).
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Easy Guide
Composite Components
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Easy Guide - Application Example
Composite Components
Using Flowmaster V7, a design engineer can combine several standard Flowmaster components to model
complex geometries of individual components.
Application Example
The following example is taken from the automotive industry and represents a silencer model for an
automotive exhaust system.
Figure 1 Silencer model

The model uses a combination of standard Flowmaster components including the Fixed Volume, Sharp
Edge Orifice and Gas Accumulator components. Each is discussed briefly below.
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Fixed Volume Component

The fixed volume component is basically a 2 arm-compressible
accumulator that allows the user to model mass accumulation within
a cavity that has both inflow and outflow through separate paths in
the cavity. It also allows the user to set separate loss coefficients for
the inlet and outlet of the volume. For this application we will be
using several of these components to model the large volumes in the
individual chambers of the silencer. We will set the diameters large and
the loss coefficients small since we are using orifices and transitions to
model the effects of the flow moving from one chamber to the next.
Sharp Edged Orifice

The sharp edged orifice is a commonly used component in Flowmaster
that models the pressure losses as the exhaust passes through small
holes in the system. For the muffler in this model it will be used to
model the openings between chambers where there is no piping
involved. It is also used to model the exit losses of the muffler. The
pipe diameter inputs for the orifice are set large to simulate the small
hole in a relatively large plate.
Accumulator Gas
This is the standard compressible accumulator component in
Flowmaster. For this application we will be using these components to
model the large volumes in the individual chambers of the silencer that
have perforations to account for the volume and mass accumulation.
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Example Data
The example network data are shown below.
Components 1 and 2: Pipe: Cylindrical Gas
Pipe Diameter
0.025 m
Pipe Length 1
0.1 m
Pipe Length 2
0.15 m
Friction Data Sub-form

Friction Option
1 Colebrook White Approximation
Absolute Roughness
0.025 mm
Heat Transfer Sub-form

No. of Internal Nodes
Components 3, 4 and 5: Fixed Volume

Pipe Diameter 1
0.05 m
Pipe Diameter 2
0.05 m
Total Volume
0.001 m3
Inflow Loss Coefficient 1
Outflow Loss Coefficient 1
Polytropic Index 1
1.4
Polytropic Index 2
1.4
Component 6: Orifice: Sharp Edge
Pipe Diameter
0.03 m
Pipe Diameter
0.05 m
Orifice Diameter
0.02 m
Orifice Diameter
0.02 m
Components 8, 9, 10: Transition: Abrupt

Major Diameter
0.05 m
Minor Diameter
0.025 m
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Components 11 and 12: Accumulator Gas
Inlet Pipe Diameter 11
0.015 m
Inlet Pipe Diameter 12
0.02 m
Accumulator Volume
0.003 m3
Initial Temperature
80C
Initial Mass Flow Rate
Polytropic Charge
1.4
Polytropic Discharge
1.4
Pressure at Node level

Pat_node_level =
Pstatic + Pdynamic
Or Pat_node_level =
Ptotal -
To validate the model, a pressure source is added at inlet and outlet and a Compressible Steady State
simulation performed.
Components 13 and 14: Pressure Source
Total Pressure 13
4 bar
Total Pressure 14
1 bar
Once our model is confirmed we are then ready to create our data form for the composite component.
There are several steps to doing this. These are listed below and we will discuss each step in detail.

Creating new composite framework

Building the underlying model
Setting configured values
Assigning a symbol
Deducing the connections
Create signal mappings
Creating data form
Defining fall through values
Hiding unwanted fields
Defining call up values
Testing completed composite component
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Creating new composite framework

The first step is to define a new composite framework. This is done from the Catalogue tab in the Project
View as shown Figure 2. Expand the component family and right click on the User Defined folder. Then
select New > Composite Component.
This will create an empty composite component under the User Defined folder and automatically open a
composite schematic window as shown below.
Figure 2 Creating new composite

This window will look very similar to the standard schematic window with one exception. The tabs in the
Network View are different. They include Data, Connections and Data Model. These tabs will be where the
customization of the component occurs.
The first step is to rename the component. This is done by changing the name in the Property window in
the lower left hand side of the screen. For our example change the name to Main Silencer.
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Building the Underlying model

The next step is to create the model that will be underneath the composite component. This is the same
model that we created above (without the pressure sources). We can either recreate the model from the
beginning or we can simply copy and paste the components from our validation model. Once all the
components have been added the schematic should look similar to Figure 3.
Figure 3 Underlying Model

Note: If you are creating a composite component where the flow direction through the component is
important, place the component that is intended to be the inlet of the composite into the schematic first.
For this example it is component 1, the cylindrical pipe. This will be used later in the process for defining the
component arms.
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Assigning a Symbol
After you have created your network the next step is to assign a symbol to the composite. This is done from
the Connections tab in the Network View selecting the Symbol button.
Figure 4 Connections tab

This will open the symbol selection dialogue box. Within this window use the file browser to go to the User
Defined Symbol Catalogue. This will list all of the symbols in this folder. By selecting any of the symbol
names an image of the symbol will be displayed in the lower centre of the selection box. Once you have
identified the appropriate symbol, choose the Select button to attach it to your composite component.
Once you have done this the symbol will appear in the Connections tab just to the right of the Symbol
button.
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Figure 5 Selecting a Symbol
Deducing the connections

Similar to standard Flowmaster components composite components have arms associated with the
connection points of the components. These are the unconnected ends of the components in the network.
Unlike standard components there is no limit to the number of arms that a composite component can have.
To deduce the connections for your composite component select the Connections tab from your Network
Views window.
From this window select the Deduce button as is shown in Figure 6.
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Figure 6 Deducing connections

Flowmaster will evaluate the network and produce a connections map similar to the one below.
This mapping shows that Arm 1 of the composite component is mapped to Arm 1 of component 1 (Pipe)
and Arm 2 of the composite component is mapped to Arm 2 of component 7 (orifice).
Figure 7 Arm mappings

Note: If components are added or removed from the schematic after the Arms are deduced this step must
be repeated.
Along with setting the arm mappings it also assigns a default placement for each of the arms of the
composite component. This is the physical connection point with respect to the symbol. These are initially
set to 16 for both arms and these must be changed to suit how the component is going to be used. This
number can be set to any value between 0 and 59. These numbers are associated with a position on the
symbol as is shown in the diagram below. Position 0 is the mid position on the left side of the symbol and
they increase in a anti-clockwise manner around the symbol.
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Figure 8 Mapping Positions

For our example, use placement value of 45 for Arm 1 and 15 for Arm 2. This will produce a symbol similar to
that shown if Figure 9.
Figure 9 Main Silencer Connections
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Create Signal Mappings

Many of the components have signal connections associated with them that the user may want to utilize as
part of the composite component. To take advantage of these signal connections they must be mapped to
the composite component. This is again done from the Network View window under the Signal Mappings
header.
Figure 10 Signal Mapping

For our example we want to be able to get the pressure inside accumulator component 12 as a
measurement output. Therefore we must map the measurement output of the accumulator to the Main
Silencer composite.
This is done by selecting the Add button just above the Signal Mappings header. This will open a new
window that lists all the components in the schematic that have signal connections. By selecting the + next
to the component, the window will expand to show all available connections for that particular component.
These will either be designated with the letters (MO) for Measurement Output or (SI) for signal input.
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Figure 11 Signal Mapping Section

For this example we expand component 12 Accumulator: Gas and it shows that it only has a Measurement
Output. To proceed, check the box next to the Measurement Output. This will open an additional window
which lists all of the variables that could be measured. Select Pressure and select the OK button. This will
update the signal mapping window to show that pressure has been selected as the Measurement Output
for that component.
Now select OK in the Signal Mapping window and the Network View window will update to show that the
measurement output mapping has been added to the composite component.
Similar to the fluid connections, the placement of the signal connections on the symbol can be changed for
this example change the placement to 50.
If there are more signal connections desired for a composite component this process can be repeated.
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Figure 12 Signal Mapping and Placement
Setting Configured Values

One of the major benefits of composite components is that they allow the user to predefine inputs for the
underlying components that never change. This then eliminates the need for these values to be set every
time the composite component is used. To do this it is important to understand how you will be using the
component in the future and which inputs that you want predefined. You will only want to set configured
values for items that will never change.
For this example, we will pre-set the friction data in the pipes and the loss coefficients in the fixed volume
components and polytropic index in fixed volume and accumulator components. This is done by simply
setting the values in the individual components. Below are the values we will be using for each component.
Components 1 and 2: Pipe: Cylindrical Gas
Friction Data Sub-form

Friction Option
1 Colebrook White Approximation
Absolute Roughness
0.025 mm
Heat Transfer Sub-form

No. of Internal Nodes
Logic: The pipe material will always be the same
Components 11 and 12: Accumulator Gas

Initial Mass Flow Rate
Polytropic Charge
1.4
Polytropic Discharge
1.4
Logic: Pressure and Temperature changes will not be significant enough to affect the Polytropic Index.
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Components 3, 4 and 5: Fixed Volume
Pipe Diameter 1
0.05 m
Pipe Diameter 2
0.05 m
Logic: Using orifices and transitions to model the flow losses and velocity changes from 1 chamber to the next.
Polytropic Index 1
1.4
Polytropic Index 2
1.4
Logic: Pressure and Temperature changes will not be significant enough to affect the Polytropic Index.

Pipe Diameter
0.05 m
Logic: Set large to simulate significant difference in the flow area to properly model the velocity changes.
Components 8, 9, 10: Transition: Abrupt
Major Diameter
0.05 m
Logic: Set large to simulate significant difference in the flow area to properly model the velocity changes
Once these individual data items are set we are then ready to create our data form for the composite
component.
Creating the Data Form

Before creating the data form it is advantageous to look at all the data items that will need to be completed
for all of the components and determine if any of them can be combined into a single item. Below is a list
of components and the data items that need to be completed for each one of them. From this you can see
that there are several fields that can be combined to reduce the total number of input fields from 20 to 14.
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Component
Data item
Same As
Component No.
Custom Field
Name
1 Pipe: Cylindrical Gas
Length
Unique
Inlet Pipe Length
Diameter
2, 8,9,10 (minor dia.)
Pipe Diameter
Length
Unique
Internal Pipe
Length
Diameter
1, 8,9,10 (minor dia.)
Pipe Diameter
3 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Unique
Chamber 2 Volume
4 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Unique
Chamber 3 Volume
5 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Unique
Chamber 5 Volume
6 Orifice: Sharp Edge
Orifice Diameter
Unique
Internal Orifice Dia.
Orifice Diameter
Unique
Exit Diameter
8 Transition: Abrupt
Minor Diameter
1, 2, 9, 10
Pipe Diameter
Minor Diameter
1, 2, 8, 10
Pipe Diameter
Minor Diameter
1, 2, 8, 9
Pipe Diameter
11 Accumulator: Gas
Pipe Diameter
Unique
Equiv. Flow Dia.

Chamber 1
11 Accumulator: Gas
Total Volume
Unique
Chamber 1 Volume
11 Accumulator: Gas
Initial Temperature
12
Initial Temperature
12 Accumulator: Gas
Pipe Diameter
Unique
Equiv. Flow Dia.

Chamber 4
12 Accumulator: Gas
Total Volume
Unique
Chamber 4 Volume
12 Accumulator: Gas
Initial Temperature
11
Initial Temperature
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Pipe Diameter
Diameter of all Pipes within the

composite
Inlet Pipe Length
Length of pipe on the Inlet side of the

silencer
Internal Pipe Length
Length of the pipe that is internal to the

silencer
Chamber 1 Volume
Total volume in Chamber 1
Chamber 2 Volume
Chamber 3 Volume
Chamber 4 Volume
Chamber 5 Volume
Equivalent Flow Diameter

Chamber 1
Equivalent diameter of all holes in the

pipe through chamber 1 (inlet pipe)
Equivalent Flow Diameter

Chamber 4
Equivalent diameter of all holes in the

pipe through chamber 4 (internal pipe)
Internal Orifice Diameter
Diameter of orifice between chamber 2

and chamber 3
Exit Diameter
Diameter at the exit of the main silencer
Initial Temperature
Temperature inside the silencer at the

start of the analysis
Now that we have determined all of the inputs that will be required for our silencer we are ready to build the
data form.
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To create the data form we must switch to the Data Model tab in the Network Views window and select the
Create/ Edit button as is shown below.
Figure 13 Creating Data Form

This will then open the Analytical Model Editor. It is in this editor that we define each of the input fields and
assign their context dependency. Using our list from the previous page we can begin to add the data items
in the correct order. This is done by selecting the Add Existing button in the Analytical Model Editor which
will open the Feature Selection window as is shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15 respectively.
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Figure 14 Analytical Model Editor
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Figure 15. Feature Selection Window

Scroll down the list and find Pipe Diameter. You will see that there are multiple entries for many of the fields.
This will allow you to use more than one instance of the input. You do need to be careful to ensure that they
are input fields and not output fields though. This is shown in the lower left hand side of the window.
Place a check mark next to the Pipe Diameter field and select OK. You will then see that this item has been
added to the Analytical Model Editor. You will also see that the Necessity table on the right side of the editor
now has several Simulation types visible.
This portion of the editor is used to tell Flowmaster which fields are mandatory, optional or context
dependent for each of the available analysis types. For the Main Silencer this will only be used in
Compressible Steady State, Compressible Transient and Compressible Flow Balancing applications. For each
of these simulation types set the requirement to Mandatory. This is done by selecting the drop down menu
next to the analysis type.
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Figure 16. Simulation Type Necessity

We now need to add the other required fields for our component. Repeat the process above and select the
following fields and select the same necessity type for each:
Inlet Pipe Length:
Internal Pipe Length:
Inlet Pipe Length

Length
Note: there is not a default field type for Internal Pipe Length so we chose an Equivalent field simply named
Length.
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Figure 17. Necessity Types

The next 5 fields are very similar in that they represent volumes in the different chambers in the Silencer.
Flowmaster does not have 5 independent volume features in the standard database, but the Analytical
Model Editor provides the capability to create new features in the database. This is done by selecting the
Add New button in the Features table. This will then open a series of windows that will step you through
creating the new feature. The first of these is the Feature Type.
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Figure 18. Feature Type

This window is used to select the type of feature we would like to add. For the Volume fields we want to use
a Real data type, so this is selected and then press OK. This will then open the Feature Edit window. This
window is used to create the following items for our example:

Feature Name : Volume 1
Designate if it is an Input field or Output field
:
Input
Add any field specific help if required
:
NA
Specify the Units for the field
:
volume(m3)
Once these items are entered select OK and set the Necessity values as we did before.
Repeat this step for each of the volume fields for Volume 1 to Volume 5.
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Figure 19. Volume Fields

We need to now add the 5 remaining fields. There are existing fields in the editor to accommodate these
remaining fields. Use the Add Existing button to include these remaining fields as per the list below.
Equivalent Flow Diameter Chamber 1:
Arm 1 Diameter
Arm 2 Diameter
Internal Orifice Diameter:
Orifice Diameter
Exit Diameter: Diameter
Initial Temperature: Initial Temperature
Once these are all added select OK and return to the Data Model tab. You will be able to see all the data
items that have been added to the composite.
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Figure 20 Data Model View of Input Fields
Customising Fields and Defining Fall Thru Values

The next step is to create the custom names for each of the fields and defining how they are linked to the
components within the composite components. First we will create the custom names where required. On
page 25 of the application guide is list of all the input fields with a description of each field. Comparing that
list to our input field names we can see that there are 10 of the 13 fields that we will want to create custom
names for. Below is a summary of the fields and the custom names we have chosen.
Internal Pipe Length: Length
Chamber 1 Volume: Volume 1
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Arm 1 Diameter
Arm 2 Diameter
Internal Orifice Diameter:
Orifice Diameter
Exit Diameter: Diameter
To create the custom name select the Length input field in the Data Model tab. This will then display the
properties of the field. These properties include Default Value, Minimum and Maximum Value and many
others. The first property in the list is Custom Name. For the Length field add Internal Pipe Length as the
value.
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Figure 21 Custom Names

You will see the field name in the Data Model update. Repeat this for all the fields in the list. When you are
finished the Input field list should be similar to the figure below.
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Figure 22 Custom names list

Now that we have all of our custom names created we are ready to associate them to the components
underneath the composite components. To do this we again look at the Data Model tab and expand the
Parts list at the bottom of the window. This shows a list of all the components and nodes that are included
in the composite component. Furthermore, if we expand any one of the components we can see all input
and output fields that are associated with that particular component. It is here where we can now link the
custom fields to the component fields.
This is done by highlighting the custom field name and checking the appropriate field name under the
individual components that you want to associate the custom field with. It is important to make sure that
the Check for Fall Thru radio button is selected. It should also be noted that that multiple component fields
can be associated with a single custom field.
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Figure 23 Field Mapping
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Previously we defined field mappings which we can now use as a guide for mapping all of the fields. This
table can be rearranged to clarify the mapping
Custom Field Name
Component
Data item
Pipe Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Minor Diameter
Minor Diameter
Minor Diameter
Inlet Pipe Length
Length
Length
Chamber 1 Volume
11 Accumulator: Gas
Total Volume
Chamber 2 Volume
3 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Chamber 3 Volume
4 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Chamber 4 Volume
12 Accumulator: Gas
Total Volume
Chamber 5 Volume
5 Fixed Volume
Total Volume
Equivalent Flow Diameter Chamber 1
11 Accumulator: Gas
Pipe Diameter
Equivalent Flow Diameter Chamber 4
12 Accumulator: Gas
Pipe Diameter
Orifice Diameter
Exit Diameter
Orifice Diameter
Initial Temperature
11 Accumulator: Gas
Initial Temperature
12 Accumulator: Gas
Initial Temperature
The Figure below shows the proper mapping for the Inlet Pipe Length. We can see from the Table above
that the Length of component no. 1 is the proper field to map. So first, highlight Inlet Pipe Length in the
custom fields and then expand component 1 to show all the input fields.
Flowmaster applies a sorting logic and inactivates any field that could not match the data type that you
have chosen so it is easy to see that length is the only option for this component.
Check the box next to Length.
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Figure 24 Inlet Pipe Mapping

Repeat this for each of the items in the table and take care to include all the fields when one custom field
has multiple entries.
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Defining Custom Result Fields

and Mapping Pass Up Values
Now that we have all of the input fields defined and mapped we want to determine what results from the
individual components we want reported as a result for the composite component. By default Flowmaster
will provide standard results for flow rate, pressures, and temperatures for the composite as whole so we
need not be concerned about these.
Note: If we are interested in a particular result internal to the composite such as a node pressure we must
attach a gauge to the node and map the custom result to the result of the gauge.
For our example we are only going to be concerned with the Gas Mass and Pressure in the chambers 1 and
4. Therefore we will have 4 custom result fields to create.
To create these we again go to the Analytical Model Editor and add additional fields this time making sure
all the fields are Output fields. Similar to the Inputs we will map these to existing fields in the database.
Below are the fields that we will use.
Gas Mass:
Chamber Pressure:
Cavity Gas Mass:
Pressure:
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Chamber 1 Gas Mass

Chamber 1 Pressure
Chamber 2 Gas Mass
Chamber 2 Pressure
Figure 25 Custom output fields

Now that the custom result fields have been added we need to customize the names in the same manner as
we did the input fields. Use the list above to create the custom names.
Figure 26 Custom names list

The final step is to map the Pass Up values for the results. This is done in exactly the same manner as the
inputs except select the Check for Pass Up radio button.
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Select the custom result and the appropriate result for the underlying component. Below is a table that
shows the correct mapping for our component.
Custom Field Name
Component
Data item
Chamber 1 Gas Mass
11 Accumulator: Gas
Gas Mass
Chamber 1 Pressure
11 Accumulator: Gas
Pressure
Chamber 2 Gas Mass
12 Accumulator: Gas
Gas Mass
Chamber 2 Pressure
12 Accumulator: Gas
Pressure
Figure 27 Mapping Pass-Up Values
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Testing Completed Composite Component

Now that we have completed the Silencer composite component we want to verify that it is providing the
same results as the network it is based on. We can do this by building a simple model and compare the
results to those of the network in Appendix A.
Create a network like the one below with the following inputs.
Figure 28 Test network

Component 1: Main Silencer
Pipe Diameter:
0.0250 m
Inlet Pipe Length:
0.1000 m
0.1500 m
Chamber 1 Volume
0.0010 m3
Chamber 2 Volume
0.0010 m3
Chamber 3 Volume
0.0010 m3
Chamber 4 Volume
0.0030 m3
Chamber 5 Volume
0.0010 m3
Equivalent Flow Dia Chamber 1
0.0150 m
Equivalent Flow Dia Chamber 4
0.0200 m
0.0200 m
Exit Diameter 0.0250 m
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Initial Temperature 80.0 C
Component 2: Pressure Source
Total Pressure:
1 Bar
Component 3: Pressure Source

Total Pressure:
4 Bar
Now run a compressible steady state analysis and compare the results for the Chamber 1 gas mass and
pressure with those same items for component 5 Accumulator: Gas and the results for Chamber 2 gas mass
and pressure with component 6 Accumulator: Gas.
If the composite is created correctly these results should match.
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Easy Guide

Where to Set Elevation

Easy Guide - Where to Set Elevation

Easy Guide - Where to Set Elevation

And Absolute Static Pressure =

total + ATM Pressure

[note. Pstatic is the gauge static pressure]

Pressure at Node level

Easy Guide - Defining a Pressure Loss Component

Easy Guide - Defining a Pressure Loss Component

2 x Pressure drop (Pa)

and in the example opposite is

Pumps and Pump Controllers

Easy Guide - Pumps and Pump Controllers

Easy Guide - Pumps and Pump Controllers

Note: This can be used in the absence of manufacture data.

Easy Guide - Pumps and Pump Controllers

Easy Guide - Pumps and Pump Controllers

Model the network above, using the numbers shown. In order to

Now double click

Click back on the

Pressure Loss Validation

Easy Guide - Pressure Loss Validation

This gives a value of P2 = 418558 Pa (result at node 2 Downstream Node)

Easy Guide - Pressure Loss Validation

Easy Guide - Pressure Loss Validation

Where k is the Absolute Roughness (= 0.000025m)

This gives K = 0.983 (0% discrepancy with Flowmaster value)

This can be simplified to:

This gives a pressure difference of 0.185 bar.

Net Positive Suction Head

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Flowmaster NPSH Model

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Setting up the Model

Reservoir: Constant Head

Pipe: Cylindrical Rigid

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Suter Curves left as default Flowmaster curves

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Script/Equation Identifier: NPSH_Vdotnet, this script is written in VB.Net

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Run the Incompressible Transient with the

Easy Guide - Net Positive Suction Head

Convergence and Tolerance

Easy Guide - Convergence and Tolerance

Flowmaster Solver Control Parameters

Easy Guide - Convergence and Tolerance

Easy Guide - Convergence and Tolerance

Valve Data Conversion & Validation

Easy Guide - Valve Data Conversion & Validation

Manufactures Supplied data: Kv vs. Valve Opening

Using conversion Flow Coeff vs Valve Opening

Easy Guide - Valve Data Conversion & Validation

Velocity <m/s> results:

Easy Guide - Valve Data Conversion & Validation

which is approximately the value predicted by experiment.

Calculating Transient Time-Step

Easy Guide - Calculating Transient Time-Step

where L - Pipe Length, a = wave speed, t = time step

In order to work effectively, S must be 0.2 of an integer greater than 3.

Easy Guide - Calculating Transient Time-Step