Applying 19XRV Chillers

in Variable Primary
Systems
Ron Beliveau
Carrier
Commercial
Sales
Middletown,
CT

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Outline
WARNING:
55 slides in 45
minutes
We will be moving
very quickly!

19XRV chillers in VPF

systems.
1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of Max Cap in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.
.

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Why VPF?

Why all the interest in VPF?

1. Unlike many items this isnt a sell up concept
it is actually a lower installed cost.
- VPF Reduces pumping and piping
complexities and lowers installation costs.

- Less real estate in mechanical and electrical

rooms.
2. Unlike many cost reductions, VPF can offer
lower operational costs.

- VPF reduces low T, increasing eff.

- Fewer, but larger pumps have better efficiency.
.

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
Primary Secondary
Systems use
constant speed
pumps to supply
water to the
chillers.

OFF = 0 gpm

ON = 1200 gpm

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
The chiller controls
to a leaving chilled
water set point.

44 F

OFF = 0 gpm

Chiller cools 1200 gpm

of water to 44F.
How much work is the
chiller doing?

ON = 1200 gpm

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
The amount of work
the chiller does is
related to the return
water temperature.

GPM is fixed.
LCHWT is fixed.

44 F

??

OFF = 0 gpm

Tons = GPM x T
24
500 = 1200 x (54-44) / 24

Only variable is
return temp.

400 = 1200 x (52-44) / 24

ON = 1200 gpm

300 = 1200 x (50-44) / 24

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
Chiller (primary)
pumps are constant
speed (flow).
Secondary pumps are
variable speed.
Secondary pump
speed (gpm)
controlled by DP
switch at most
hydraulically remote
coil.

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.

1200 gpm

If primary gpm equals

secondary gpm, there
is no flow through the
hydraulic decoupler
line.

1200 gpm

1200 gpm

3600 gpm
0 gpm

3600 gpm

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
If primary gpm is
greater than
secondary gpm,
chilled water flows
through the decoupler
line, bypassing the
coils.

This cold water

3600 gpm
mixes with the return
water, lowering the
return temperature to
the chillers.

1200 gpm

1200 gpm

1200 gpm

3000 gpm

600 gpm

Phone Topics

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
If primary gpm is less
than secondary gpm,
return water flows
through decoupler
line.
This warm water
mixes with the chilled
water, raising the
entering chilled
2400 gpm
water temperature to
the coils.
If return temp is too
high, another chiller /
pump set is started.

1200 gpm

1200 gpm

0 gpm

3000 gpm

600 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 100 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.

100 tons

1200 gpm
0 tons

Start up.
0 gpm

Coils call for load.

0 tons

46 F

One chiller / pump

started and a
secondary pump
started.

44 F

0 gpm

1200 gpm

Secondary pump
only needs 240 240 gpm
gpm to satisfy coil
load.

240 gpm

960 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 500 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
At 500 tons of
building load the
secondary pumps
require 1200 gpm.

500 tons

1200 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm
0 tons

54 F

44 F

0 gpm

Primary gpm
equals secondary 1200 gpm
gpm and there is
no flow through
1200 gpm
decoupler line.

1200 gpm

0 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 550 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
At 550 tons of
building load the
secondary pumps
require 1320 gpm.
For a brief time,
primary gpm is
less than
secondary gpm
warm water flows
back through
decoupler line.

500 tons

1200 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm
0 tons

54 F

44 F

0 gpm

1200 gpm
120 gpm

1320 gpm

1320 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 550 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
To meet coil load,
temp sensor turns
on chiller and
pump set.

275 tons

1200 gpm
275 tons

1200 gpm
0 tons

49. 5 F

Now primary gpm

> secondary gpm
and chilled water 2400 gpm
flows through
decoupler line
1320 gpm
bypassing the
load.

44 F

0 gpm

1080 gpm

Phone Topics

1320 gpm

EX: 1000 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.

500 tons

1200 gpm
500 tons

When the building

reaches 1000
54 F
tons, in theory,
the chillers are
fully utilized and
there is no flow
through the
decoupler line. 2400 gpm

1200 gpm
0 tons

44 F

0 gpm

2400 gpm

0 gpm

2400 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 1500 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.

500 tons

1200 gpm
500 tons

When building is
at full load, there
is 1500 tons
required by coils
and 1500 tons
provided by
chillers.

1200 gpm
500 tons

54 F

44 F

1200 gpm

3600 gpm

System is
balanced and
3600 gpm
there is no flow
through decoupler

3600 gpm

0 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 1000 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.

500 tons

1200 gpm
500 tons

As we unload, the
system can shut
off the 3rd chiller
only if the delta T
is at design.

1200 gpm
0 tons

54 F

44 F

0 gpm

2400 gpm
2400 gpm

0 gpm

2400 gpm

Phone Topics

EX: 1000 ton building load

Primary
Secondary
Systems.
If not controlled
properly, 1000 ton
load could look
like this.

333 tons

1200 gpm

333 tons

1200 gpm

50.7 F

334 tons

44 F

1200 gpm

3 chillers running
at 67% load!
3600 gpm
1200 gpm
2400 gpm

Phone Topics

2400 gpm

Tons
= GPM x T
Primary
Secondary24

EX: 750 ton building load

with Low Delta T syndrome

250 tons

TONS = GPM x DT / 24
TONS = 1200 X 5
7 / 24

1200 gpm

Systems.

TONS = 250
350 ???
250 tons

GPM = Tons x 24
T(2)
In perfect world
chillers operate @
375 tons each.

1200 gpm
250 tons

49 F

44 F

2@ .479 IKW/Ton
With low delta T (3)
chillers operate @
250 tons each.

1200 gpm

3 @ .518 IKW/Ton

3600 gpm

Extra pump power is

also consumed.

2571 gpm

2571 gpm

1029 gpm

51 F

T across dirty coil = 7

44 F

Load is 750 Tons, GPM=?

750 x 24 /7 = 2571 gpm

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Outline

19XRV chillers in VPF

systems.
1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of Max Cap in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.
.

Phone Topics

Variable
Primary
Systems
Variable Primary
Systems use
variable speed
pumps to supply
water to the
chillers.

OFF = 0 gpm

ON = ??? gpm
(within min / max flow)

Phone Topics

Variable
Primary
Systems
The chiller controls
to a leaving chilled
water set point.

44 F

54

OFF = 0 gpm

ON = ??? gpm

Chiller cools 54F water

to 44F.
How much work is the
chiller doing?

Phone Topics

Variable
Primary
Systems
The amount of work
the chiller does is
related to the flow
through the cooler.

ECHWT is fixed.
LCHWT is fixed.

44 F

54

OFF = 0 gpm

Tons = GPM x T
24
500 = 1200 x (54-44) / 24

Only variable is
cooler gpm.

400 = 960 x (54-44) / 24

ON = 1200 gpm

300 = 720 x (54-44) / 24

Phone Topics

Variable
Primary
Systems
Tons = GPM x T
24

Primary Secondary
GPM = Constant, T changes as load changes

Variable Primary
T constant, GPM changes as load changes.
Pump only the chilled water necessary to serve the
load.

Phone Topics

Variable
Primary
Systems
Only one set of
pumps.
No decoupler line
All pumps are
Variable speed.
Flow (gpm) is
regulated to
maintain T.

Tons = GPM x T
24

Phone Topics

EX: 100 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 tons

0 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm

Start up.
0 gpm

Coils call for load.

One chiller / pump
started.
Min. flow rate of
chiller is 500 gpm.
Therefore, 260
gpm must bypass
around coils

500 gpm

100 tons

500 gpm
500 gpm

44 F

48.8 F

260 gpm bypass

240 gpm
500 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 208 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm

At 208 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved.
Flow is no longer
required to
bypass coils.

0 tons

0 gpm
500 gpm

208 tons

500 gpm
500 gpm
54 F

44 F

0 gpm

208 = 500 x 10
24

500 gpm
500 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 500 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm

At 500 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
1200 gpm of flow.
(1) chiller is now
fully loaded.

0 tons

0 gpm
1200 gpm

500 tons

1200 gpm

1200 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

500 = 1200 x 10
24

1200 gpm
1200 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 550 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 gpm
275 tons

0 gpm

At 550 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
1320 gpm of flow.
(2) Chillers are
now part loaded.

0 tons

660 gpm
1320 gpm

275 tons

1320 gpm

660 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

Flow split equally.

1320 gpm

550 = 1320 x 10
24

1320 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 750 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 gpm

The
pump is
turned on.

375 tons

900 gpm

At 750 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
1800 gpm of flow.
2nd

0 tons

900 gpm
900 gpm

375 tons

1800 gpm

900 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

Flow split equally.

1800 gpm

750 = 1800 x 10
24

1800 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 1000 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 gpm
500 tons

1200 gpm

At 1000 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
2400 gpm of flow.

1200 gpm
1200 gpm

500 tons

2400 gpm

(2) Chillers are

now fully loaded.

0 tons

1200 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

Flow split equally.

2400 gpm

1000 = 2400 x 10
24

2400 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 1100 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

366 tons

880 gpm
367 tons

1320 gpm

At 1100 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
2640 gpm of flow.

880 gpm
1320 gpm

367 tons

2640 gpm

(3) Chillers are

now part loaded.

880 gpm
54 F

44 F

0 gpm

Flow split equally.

2640 gpm

1100 = 2640 x 10
24

2640 gpm

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 1500 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

500 tons

1200 gpm
500 tons

1800 gpm

At 1500 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
3600 gpm of flow.

1200 gpm
500 tons

1800 gpm

3600 gpm

(3) Chillers are

now fully loaded.

1200 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

Flow split equally.

3600 gpm

1500 = 3600 x 10
24

3600 gpm
54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

Primary Secondary Pumping System

Variable
Primary
Systems
When comparing
the two systems
we find that
chiller efficiency
is basically equal

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
1200
1200
1200
2400
2400
2400
3600
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
2
75%
65
2
100.0% 71.8
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.479
0.485
0.527
0.59

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.551
0.36
0.384
0.332
0.33
0.436
0.444
0.589

Variable Primary Pumping System

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
500
500
1200
1320
1800
2400
2640
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
2
75%
65
2
100%
71.8
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.479
0.485
0.527
0.59

Phone Topics

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.548
0.358
0.384
0.332
0.328
0.436
0.442
0.589

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems

Why is chiller performance

identical for both systems?
Mass Flow X Lift

KW = Tons x Lift

Compressor HP ~

Load

Compressor/Cycle
Efficiency

Chiller

Cooling
Tower

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems

Lift is equivalent in both Primary

/ Secondary and VPF systems.
Lift is SCT SST.

All of this is
exactly the
same
regardless of
chilled water
system type!

SST based on LCHWT

SCT based on Tower Performance

Tons Building load identical in VPF and P/S
systems just adjust flow and T .

The Efficiency Advantage of VFD Chillers is just as powerful on VPF systems!

Phone Topics

Primary Secondary Pumping System

Variable
Primary
Systems
When comparing
the two systems
we find that
chiller efficiency
is basically equal

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
1200
1200
1200
2400
3600
3600
3600
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
3
50%
65
2
75%
3
66.7%
2
100.0%
71.8
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.562
0.479
0.533
0.485
0.527
0.59

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.551
0.36
0.384
0.332
0.339
0.33
0.414
0.436
0.444
0.589

Variable Primary Pumping System

Except when the

VPF chiller is
able to operate
fewer chillers
than the Primary /
Secondary
system.

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
500
500
1200
1320
1800
2400
2640
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
2
75%
65
75%
2
100%
71.8
100%
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.479
0.485
0.527
0.59

Phone Topics

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.548
0.358
0.384
0.332
0.328
0.436
0.442
0.589

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Outline

19XRV chillers in VPF

systems.
1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of Max Cap in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.
5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF
applications.
.

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Positive
Pressure chillers
typically can
produce above
rated tons as
entering
condenser water
drops.

The Max Cap Advantage

Applied in VPF Systems?
643
630
630
600

Carrier

Tons
570
550

Others

85oF

80oF

75oF

70oF

Phone Topics

<65oF

EX: 550 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 tons

0 gpm
0 tons

0 gpm

With MAX CAP

feature,
At 550 tons, the
design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
1320 gpm of flow.

0 gpm
550 tons

1320 gpm

1320 gpm

1320 gpm
44 F

54 F
0 gpm

(1) Chiller is fully

loaded.

1320 gpm
1320 gpm

550 = 1320 x 10
24

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 1100 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 tons

0 gpm
550 tons

1320 gpm

With MAX CAP

feature.

1320 gpm
1320 gpm

At 1100 tons, the

design T (of 10F)
is achieved with
2640 gpm of flow.

550 tons

1320 gpm

2640 gpm

44 F
54 F
0 gpm

(2) Chillers are

now fully loaded.

2640 gpm
2640 gpm

1100 = 2640 x 10
24

54 F

44 F

Phone Topics

EX: 1100 ton building load

Variable
Primary
Systems

0 tons

0 gpm
550 tons

1200 gpm

With MAX CAP

feature.

1200 gpm

At 1100 tons, the

T can be increased
from 10F to 11F by
lowering the LCHWT.

550 tons

1200 gpm

2400 gpm

1200 gpm
43 F

54 F

(2) Chillers are

fully loaded.

0 gpm
2400 gpm

2400 gpm

1100 = 2400 x 11
24

54 F

43 F

Phone Topics

Primary Secondary Pumping System

Variable
Primary
Systems
Max Cap
advantage
increasing
evaporator flow.

Building
Qty of
Chiller
Load
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
100
1200
65
208
1200
77
500
1200
65
550
2400
2
55%
65
750
3600
65
900
3600
69
1000
3600
71.8
1100
3600
3
73.4%
74.2
1500
3600
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

0.537

0.332

0.527

0.444

MAX CAP ADVANTAGE - MORE EVAPORATOR FLOW.

Variable Primary Pumping System

Good idea on
constant speed,
not the way to
control VFD
chillers.

Building
Qty of
Chiller
Load
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
100
500
65
208
500
77
500
1200
65
550
1320
1
110%
65
750
1800
65
900
2160
69
1000
2400
71.8
1100
2640
2
110.0%
74.2
1500
3600
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

0.453

0.433

0.507

0.497

Phone Topics

Primary Secondary Pumping System

Variable
Primary
Systems
Max Cap
advantage
holding
evaporator flow
constant and
lowering
LCHWT.
Increased lift on
chiller less
efficient than
increasing flow.

Building
Qty of
Chiller
Load
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
100
1200
65
208
1200
77
500
1200
65
550
2400
2
55%
65
750
3600
65
900
3600
69
1000
3600
71.8
1100
3600
3
73.4%
74.2
1500
3600
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

0.537

0.332

0.527

0.444

MAX CAP ADVANTAGE - CONSTANT EVAP FLOW, LOWER LCHWT.

Variable Primary Pumping System

Building
Qty of
Chiller
Load
GPM Chillers % Load ECWT
100
500
65
208
500
77
500
1200
65
550
1320
1
110%
65
750
1800
65
900
2160
69
1000
2400
71.8
1100
2640
2
110.0%
74.2
1500
3600
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton

0.458

0.443

0.517

0.509

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Outline

19XRV chillers in VPF

systems.
1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of Max Cap in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.

5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF

applications.
.

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Same reasons
you would
supply 19XRV
on Primary
Secondary
Systems.

Why Provide Variable

Speed Chillers in VPF?
VFD driven chillers take advantage of reduced lift
and/or reduced load hours offering annual power
costs unmatched by any constant speed chiller.
.

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems

How 19XRV Chillers save

kW in P/S & VPF Systems

Affinity laws
for centrifugal Flow ~ V, A
To increase flow, increase flow
fans, pumps
area or rotor speed
and
2
Lift
~
V
compressors.
To increase lift, increase diameter

Flow
Area

Diameter

or rotor speed

Power ~ Flow x Lift ~ V

With constant flow and reduced lift,

reduce speed to reduce power

Ideal Fan Laws Dictate the relationship between speed,

flow and lift

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Methods to
Improve
Efficiency

How 19XRV Chillers save

kW in P/S & VPF Systems
ECWT

Mass Flow X Lift

Compressor HP ~

Compressor/Cycle
Efficiency

- Lift Reduction

- Aerodynamics
- Motor efficiency

- Metering devices
- Refrigerant

Load

- Transmission efficiency

Chiller

Cooling
Tower

- Cycle enhancements

Phone Topics

Efficiency improves dramatically

as ECWT drops.

All points shown are

100% load (500 tons)

Reduced Lift at 100% tons

(500 Tons)

19XRV unlifts much

better then constant
speed machine.

IKW / Ton

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems

0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3

19XRV
19XR

85

80

75

70

65

Entering Condenser Water Temperature

Phone Topics

60

Primary Secondary Pumping System

Variable
Primary
Systems
VFD column
better than
constant speed
column at every
point!

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
1200
1200
1200
2400
2400
2400
3600
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
2
75%
65
2
100.0% 71.8
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.479
0.485
0.527
0.59

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.551
0.36
0.384
0.332
0.33
0.436
0.444
0.589

Variable Primary Pumping System

* VFD was
selected for
same FL
IKW/Ton
therefore a bit
larger and $$$.

Building
Load
100
208
500
550
750
1000
1100
1500

GPM
500
500
1200
1320
1800
2400
2640
3600

Qty of Chiller
Chillers % Load ECWT
1
20%
65
1
42%
65
1
100%
65
2
55%
65
2
75%
65
2
100%
71.8
3
73.4%
74.2
3
100%
85

Constant
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.954
0.619
0.446
0.537
0.479
0.485
0.527
0.59

Phone Topics

Variable
Speed
Chiller
IKW/Ton
0.548
0.358
0.384
0.332
0.328
0.436
0.442
0.589

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems
Outline

19XRV chillers in VPF

systems.
1. Review conventional Primary Secondary
System.
2. Review Variable Primary Flow System.

3. Review the Benefits of Max Cap in both P/S

and VPF systems.
4. Review the Benefits of VFD driven chillers in
both P/S and VPF systems.

5. Review chiller selection guidelines for VPF

applications.
.

Phone Topics

19XRV Chillers
in Variable
Primary Systems

VFD chiller selection guidelines

for VPF applications.

VPF systems save

pump energy
dont forget to save
on chiller energy
too.

Minimum flow rate is 1.5 feet / second (intermittent) and

3.0 feet / second (extended)

Remember you
can have both!

Evaporator should be selected such that design flow rate

is at least double the minimum flow rate (if equally sized
chillers).

Maximum flow rate is 12 feet / second.

Rate of change of flow can be up to 30% per minute.

Evaporator flow rate and pressure drops must be carefully

coordinated if unequally sized chillers.

Phone Topics