© u GAS Power c¥cles 1) werking flaid :- GAs 22 No ehase chanyze Z> Engines operating on qos erc)ea ether crelic or pen-cyedye Ccleses 7 ( open} L Hot air engines Ec eraine Le CARNOT CYcle:- C1224) Qy= Qrare RT 46%) Wpreat RT; Ln(YAy) pomaeee We32 —C (tT 3-% po aC. Tete) ‘WH Qe Vege R72 sn( v5) Way = RTL bn Y4 ys) Qa = 0 Wey eC Qre ata an (vei2 ) 7-0 a : oe f A\so, V2 -(2 aby My re yD V3 Vy e (3 LQye -O2 =n) We VE pg MEL 3 on 03 V4 = WwW VW Woet_ EO. eee Leyes 706) Q, ce GazLarge werk We js a drawback of Carmok gas cycle.FIGURE 10-1 TA Ts diagram of two Carnot vapor cycles. ‘The Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle operating between ‘two specified temperature limits but it is not a suitable model for power cycles. In the cycle (a) because: Process 1-2 Limiting maximum temperaturein the cycle also limits the thermal efficiency. Process 2-3 The turbine cannot handle steam with a high ‘moisturecontent because of the impingement of liquid droplets on the turbine blades causing erosion and wear. Process 4-1 Its not practical to design a compressor that handles two phases. ‘The cycle in (b) is not suitable since it requires isentropic compression to extremely high pressures. ae 1.-2isothermal heat additionin a boiler 2:3 isentropic expansionin a turbine ‘3-4 isothermal heat rejection in a condenser 4-1 isentropic compression in a compressor® ae STIRLING Cycle £1927} peti Q= Qer.= Roto ye Qo-3 = —Gy(4-7)) Qae Whe - RT bn VE Qa = Ridn(Mhs) 4 pi Qpt= Oy(T-T) WG-1 = o 2Q -40 Q- alse, TF a ‘regenerative emcaagment, rs used and if Qo = Vy-r then eat ll Wret=Q-G] — Q=% _ pan()-eafancys) L Q Roane as) And we. argo ulcer aT |@ ERICSSON rete L22ase7 @ Ee feetece ois Qe Qeee eran fe wre Pao @ fond) Wass PCsg-U2) a3 = Cp (14-7 = ACh =) Qr= 5-4 = oars 0th anun eee 42 93-4 Cay Oy-1 = Cpl 7-74) Get = (viva) r =RCT~ta) Ne “a AA TH Cue ais asin) S28- £9) 4 Gata Goro a5 dag Qa ; RT Ln] f) gs "ama. er/-tn()Inlet valve (IV) Spark plug Exhaust valve (EV) Inlet manifold Cross-section of a Spark-Ignition Engine(a) Intake Working Principle of a Four-Stroke ST EngineOTTO CycLe C18¥6) Qi Page mes (13-7) Qre Haye MO CYyCTy-T) i eg eeareue Ls om = hy Gy CT 12) Ta-Ty a ee ca] Now, process 1-2, Be ue) - of erusing @ ant G} Nolume begining of Corpression Nwolure af the end of Coropression, ia a Connpretsion ah'o Pao From @) it is clear that, otto cycle effirieny independent of teroferahtre at whroh cyele cperaker Wee is However, Compression ratio Cannot be increased beyond & Certain \eenit , because a noisy and. destructive Combstion, lenown os detonation. 34 alto depends urn ksfe of fuels Ongine design, and Opevaking Condiciens -@ Q-. A engine working on tHe otto Cycle is suepl’ed with air at ot MPa, ss%. The Compression zatio fS Q. Heot Suppled ss 2100 KT/Kg- Caleulace Yhe poaxirum pressure and temperature of the cycle, efficiency of cycle, and wean effective Pressure. Chor ait Cpa toos Ka feg-te Gus o7t A, = Re O28? KE Saloon Be) 7 >. Ta Phas So S08 Piz O-dMPas 100 Ky? Q= 2100 MAT eg Yes 8 Peis —> Lerele = - = 56.5 7 —yAns A —— UIE = AY 0-287 ¥308 2 a ee ee = 0°BE4 Wey _ O88 _ Vas SRF eon ves Be OX Tt =i Ay OnQe Cy (Tse) = 2100 FI/eq- Ta- 708-4 = BIS = 2 825% r: * : Te (BY) = (a) "= 18-37 Po = A873 Ola Pyein, wets ne Naw) @ BB we 7 v Hive [P= hom = ae Ans Woes % % Cycle = 1637 %, a = & Mees Key fro (Vi=We.) = Sm C0884 0-11) Pees Gare® Diesel_Cycle (1892) _ Limitation on Compression vatio in the S-z- emsine can be overcome by compretsing air alone, instead of ame fuel-air rnixtere, and tren injecting the fuel inte tne cylinder in sprq form when combustion fs dexter desrred. the temptrature of air after Compressron Must be high enough so that fudl sprayed inte the ‘not air burns spontaneously, An engine operaking io Wis way is called AS A CormPression fgnition engine. CCE engi fs 3 a S [1-2] 1-6] 1 26 c AM process ttre reversible . 2 1-2: Aiy Intake, P=C 2-3: Air Compression , 4dvabakically 3-4: Feel injection and combustion, P= 4-5. Expansion, gdrabakically 5-6: Blow dewn,Vec, eybaust Valve open adi Exhaust, Piste moves towards cylinder cover e diving away Combusttan Products fom § cylinderNow, Walenacam Now, Te Ye-%e = Vt Ve Heat suepled:- Q, = @z-g2 tcp (T3-T2) Heat Rejecteds- P= Qy-re MmCy (14-1) Ga wy (14-1) CPC Ty- Te) hee oe + ¥ CTa-Te CTs. 2 fi ; Compression ratio, Yy ae Va i to, Vee Eyfansion tatto, Ve 3 @ Cut-off ratte, t= V2 —+@ zs ve VeProcess 3-4 Te oe ! 3 ON Process 1-2, gfiOORS Sa Se 4-1 ait, = (anes Ae ee i ee — 6 a) * Using Es ©, @,© ars @. ve pee, | c Noe i ¥ a ea Sk is observea teat for came Compression ratio, E efficiency of diesel cycle is les Han Otto cycle.Me: A diesel engine has Yes 14, and cut off takes place at 67 of stipice. Fina the air standard efficiency. _—> P 2 edge BL Use = 0-06 (Us -V2) fe = 0°06(44U2-Wn) Z $$» \o - Vg 2 FE V2, 1-78 = Cut eff ratio. ! it wes 7 aT Y ees aye eb Crag = ee 178-4 Si ORME it aa p= cos /In an afr standard presel cycle, Verte, at begining of fSentropre Compression, temperature is 15 °c and pressure is O-2 MPa- Heat "s added anti the temperature at the end of Constant Pressure Process y's 1480°C- Caleulate Ca) cut off vatto Cb) Heak Supplied per ky ay Ce) Cacle efficiency Cd) weep me f. -? patar- Yee % vices a Ts 2zatas= 288k Pp = 0-1 MPq = 200 KN? Ty = 140+ 2ta= 1753 k 1 a Ge non cae loam = 3-03 D8ex gioa= 873k ‘Va 7 a tee ee! PM Smet)” Ye v2 ° Th = ae eee Qe CplTx-Te) = 1-008 1753-873) Q= 884-4 KI) Ky Cb) ANS© Cpa Silo & oz Qi= SOAS Gr Vey Ge woo Bey) = (Mt ue YO! V2 "Us ame | 2-el = 2-29 2. Tas 17S3: | Fic eee Using, @'and @ in@! Pree asian cc leer MLE S544 Nee z cee herd te i er = Grey Yo Rea ve C8) Wet = Qe Neyele = SE4-% KO-612 ar, ate $41.3 KS /ky . 1. 0-287 ant U= Sp ae 5 O82 Weg -€2 Niet FO-0S2 Wig. ees. . = ine S413 Lag aan cel Wie Wa 6-927)= (0-082) ae@ DUAL CYCLE (muneD cycle) CLEMETeD PREssuRE cycle) Hest supplied Qe mly Cia-Te) + race T%-Ta) Heat rejected Qy = rnly (Ts-T) Qe Ts-T Liao; Cta-t) +2 (T4-Ts) y 6 Compression watio, xy = Ve Expansion yatio, -y). NE. Ney Cub-off ratio, oy, 2 Ne 3 Constant Volume pressure ratio, eras@ tereewce (%) (a 2-1 ae Tg Ty al ciel "ttl - (4s Thee ete 2. Tee %) Process 3-4 Va TG ae % ’ Tae at as ete 2% “i Process te2-3 Poa - PsVg Fagher Ho Qi, bngher will be efficrency. In Ts Drayum, area under 2-6 reriesents _ Q) for otto crele, 2-7 for piesely 2-3-4 for dual eyele- ott? Pruar? Vniesel Netto? Rove? trieset A ‘Loiesel> Roual pte, cs 4 a ¢ ss aa 1-64-59) co Fas Die) 2-3-1 tee s(Dya. a &) pual cycle hes Fs lo" mint” pressure and Teme ave J bay ond 2 #% year. tax Preisum, Teme are Yo bar 15 ale Detererme Ci) Temp. of end of constant Vole heat additren cy) Cut off yalro Git) wore done fer ty of ar Cw) tfcle epfierency, | oy Yrr4 3? Process 1-2 ii a Pa Tn eso now pa wh! = asta 2 C10)! | 2 2 ask Pas 25-22 x10 Nw>) _ Trees 3-4” To eat Ge ere ee tater The \6F2 27536 = 1260k Lex Answer ee ee aml ee ee EB Paice acay eau Ly Answer % work done/iey = We (iyeat summa) (teak paok sueplied = Gy (T3-Te) 4¢pCT%-1a) OFF (R60-2536) + 1004 xy C1733~ 1260) Frees 4 © Henk vyejected = Cry CIs -T1) * =-0-71F (Tg - 300) ies CBP -(SY* 4 a Ts = gyay 5 B08-2 & teas reject (ex""®) gres= 305-L4 ame /¥9 psig 9” OOO Trager ze BIS BES 2 SA9KT/ icy Kx Aare+ Carnot cycle (Two T=C, Two S=C processes) is ideal cycle has compressor in its cycle. (For exam 12, and Compre, derivation to obtain efficiency for Carnot, Stirling and Ericsson cycle is not considered) = Always try to improve the efficiency of Rankine cycle so that try to achieve the efficiency of Stirling cycle (ideal regenerative cycle, it has twoT = C, Two V = C processes) * Always try to improve the efficiency of Brayton cycle so that try to achieve the efficiency of Ericsson cycle (T = C, Two P = C processes). Ideal Otto and Diesel Cycle are having Air as working media. Heating and cooling of air will be done by external source. Mass of the air remains constant in the cycle. In Ideal Otto and Diesel cycle, there will be NOT real combustion of Petrol and Diesel respectively. Ideal Otto and Diesel cycle are closed cycles but Actual Otto and Diesel cycles are Open Cycles which will be discussed in detail in IC Engines Course. Generally Otto and Diesel cycles are NOT used to generate the electricity but used to drive the vehicles, while Rankine and Brayton Cycles are used to generate the electricity./ For exam point of view (T2 and Compre), information given on this and previous slide (page) + efficiency derivation for Ideal Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycle + Numerical Problems on Ideal Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle will be there. Actual Otto cycle (slide / page 6, 7 in PDF file uploaded on moodle) and Actual Diesel cycle (slide / page 12 in PDF file uploaded on moodle) is NOT considered for exam. Also in the PDF file, Lines written about actual Otto or Diesel cycle is not considered for exam of App. Thermo. Course. But it will be considered under IC Engine course... Y IC Engine course will cover Ideal + Actual Cycles + Research in Engines + Recent Technologies used in Cars and other Vehicles. Detailed fundamental theory and numerical problems on it will be solved. Total classes will be around 32. Portion other than engine of this course will be covered under PMFM Lab. / Brayton cycle is used to generate the electricity and has to combine with Rankine Cycle to improve the efficiency of the plant. Except Rankine cycle, all other cycles discussed in this and previous slide (page) are Gas power cycles. We will study in this chapter (i.e Gas Power Cycle) Ideal Brayton Cycle then Actual Brayton cycle with Added Concepts of Reheating, Regeneration, Intercooling to Brayton Cycle.Assignment 1 * Solved 9-2 (a), (b), (c), and (d) only; from TB 8t Ed, * Solved 9-3 from TB 8" Ed.Brayton Cycle Major two applications of Gas Turbine Engines is Aircraft Propulsion and electric power generation. Open type Gas turbine engine is used in connection with Rankine cycle to. develop combined power plant. Closed type Brayton cycle is used in Nuclear power plant. Nuclear reactor provides the heat to Helium gas is used as working fluid in Bryaton cycle. Nuclear reactor outlet temperature is around 900 deg Cel. Brayton cycle is also combined with diesel cycle to generate the power in the modern marine propulsion systems, buses and trucks. For same size and weight, Brayton cycles are generating more power than Rankine Cycles. Also Brayton cycles are quick to start say within 4 minutes but at the same time Rankine cycle takes 4 hours to start producing electricity. Turbine life in Brayton cycle is greater than steam turbines used in Rankine Cycle. However Rankine Cycles are preferred over Bryaton Cycle to generate the electricity (we discuss more in detail on page 34 and 35). Note that generally one-half of the turbine work output is used to drive the compressor. Gas turbines used presently can withstand at high temperature ranging from 1300 to 1425 deg. Cel. Other fuels used in the combustion chamber of Brayton Cycle are Gasoline, Diesel, Coal.ea BRAYTON CYCLE _C Refer foge as, act 29) | '> Simple gas turbine Power Plant Fuel C= Compressor Cee Combustion Chamber | Te Turbine jo Products of Combustion — open cycle ga turbrme power plant is used in aireyaft aod in industyes. 2 = Rdvabaty te Goes br ae 2B Tsobaric © neat adlitin, B4= Adiebutc Expansion 4.© 27 Brayton ele shir standard cacle used in closed Cacle Gas turbine power Plank!"Closed cycle gas turbine plantQ,= Heat supplied = MCp(13-T) Qo= Heat rejected = mpC%-T,) Buk seis avd ee hence a2. ( ra ie ( BeBe BD TT mw. oe ; get - Tn = T4-T ‘3-72 Using equation @) ana @), yey!ComPression ratio, Fe =u where Te= Bye hesswe ration For the same Compression ratio, efficiency Of Brayton cycle is equal to Otto cycle. % A closed cycle gas turbine Power plant is used in gas cooléd wucltar reactor power plant, where the Source is a igh kemperature gas cooled renetor CHrGr) Sueelying heat from nuclear fission diveetly te the worleing fluid Cqas)._ Both Rankine and Brayton cycle have two isobars and 40, adabahic proters Yeversiblé “reversible — pontine cycle, fluid undergoes Phase charge Brayton cycle, flud abays remains ih gaseous phase: = Both pumP, steam turbine im Rankine cycle and Compressor, gas tuvbrne in Brayton cycle operates Hough Same pressure defferency | Pita ~ work benster is -{ibae. in GT plant ov heed cscle @ averag2 Specific volume of oir handled by Compressor is less tran the Same of gas In gas turbrne, hence wort done ingas turbine is “roore tran work input to Compressor, s> Whet is available to deliver. In Rankine cycle WpypWep as Srecrfie veluene of Waker in pumP is much eas them Hreck OF the Cheam expanding fo Steam turbine. Henco steam power Plant ave Wove Seats porulay then Gus turbine plants fur electricity Generation: XK Comparision between Brayton and Otte Se excl 1-2-6-6} Srattn T-23HF Dito, “scle 3) _Effect 0 irre ver Sibiliiés ig Turbine and CompPrescov pe ee "Es _ we Wate = We-We =Cha-hy) — Cha-hi) ~ HOutpuk*is vedyced Amen in ideal cycle by He amount Chy-has) + Cho-has) anf Jneut supelied is reduced by the Amount Che-has): Hence effreiency of actuat cycle 1s less than jdeot cycle frente!” wachinest Grose te” be hsql etgicrert to obtain yemsonable cycle OSficiency,-Assignment 2 * Solved 9-5 * Solved 9-6 (Conclusion from the solution of this example 9-6 is: thermal efficiency reduces by 16% due to irreversibilities associated with Compressor and turbine. Hence design of these turbomachine’s components need improvement which is possible with the help of CFD simulations).Note « We have discussed why Rankine cycles are preferred over Brayton cycles for power generation in larger capacity. Important cause is energy available at the inlet of steam turbine is larger than (20 to 30 times) energy available at the inlet of gas turbine. * Also more than 50% power generated by Brayton cycle is consumed to drive the compressor but in comparison, very less is consumed to drive the pumps say 2 to 5% (refer solved 10-2 problem). This is because, in Rankine cycle, in the same range of pressure difference, pumps handle small volume of liquid (water) while steam turbine handles large volume of superheated steam in the range of say 10 to 30 times greater than volume of water handled by pump. (REFER FORMULA of WORK TRANSFER AT page 34). While in Bryaton cycle, in the same range of pressure difference, compressors handle certain volume of gas and again same gas has been used to drive the gas turbines where volume of gas at inlet of gas turbine is ONLY 3 to 4 times greater than average volume of gas compressed by compressor.But now the question is how will you make Brayton Cycle equally capable in ‘terms of generating larger power with higher efficiencies like how Rankine Cycles do generate ? Refer points below. A per slide 37 and conclusion, to reduce irreversil associated with Compressors and Turbines. Hence do use tools like CFD to get proper design of ‘these components. Do design and use the compressor which can compress the air at higher Pressure. Increase temperature of gas at turbine inlet beyond 650 deg Cel (this is the limit beyond which steam turbine cannot operate). Hence materials will be required costlier for gas turbine blades and we also required to take care of proper cooling of gas turbine blades. Do keep low the exhaust temperature of gas around atmospheric temperature at the outlet of gas turbine. Do study on pressure ratio, regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. Also study ‘on fuel cost, capital cost, and maintenance cost etc. Now decide, for your requirement of power (electricity) whether you wil recommend Rankine Cycle or Bryaton Cycle or Combination of both. Other than power generation, Rankine cycles are NOT recommended for Aircraft applications, to drive ships, trucks, buses etc. But Bryaton cycles are Recommended because Brayton cycles are quickly started within 4 mins than Rankine cycles which takes 4 hours to start electricity generation, also for same size and weight, power generated by Brayton cycle is greater than Rankine cycle. However Otto and Diesel cycles are mostly recommended over Bryaton cycles in Automobiles. Sometime combination of Brayton and Diesel cycle is used in (Marine Propulsion.@) EFFECT OF Pressure RATIO on ey a ) =e I- = . (te 2) ) (Gar “As at, n> 8 a - As pt, reteset mean Teroferative of heak additren aso increues (), but avernge temftrature of heat ‘rejectron decreases (\)). with furthér fmtrease in Vp, meen tem per- ature of feat Siditin Say at Trmnex, appranch€s Trnax and mean temperature Ff heat rejection aprroachet to Trnin.Zi y a we - ere Therefore we muy reach to CARNOT ‘Epp, Fon 2 3 cr ied Treas Carpe Werner = [Few a ( (rows Refer P-:@D), Trin) Nee et fA %)] he a> Nene ® Revne, Compas: Wi consumes, tore work Csee fixe +6) we) Inenle work Cafacrtyn decreeney te Zero (see ee B i . a= lke ie if ‘ped, where beth ‘Ly and Work Capacity deevense, vRINCES to O(zerv)- ea Hence deve should be OPootrmum Vohue Fives Work CAPacity marimum. Woet romd ver Yecopt)Nene nee = cfr Ty) = (74 “ ie ie Bion, Ref. fis. Page @), Ta = Trot, and Tre Tin | please (tua Ta nea . es The Fe | =O ys +s [tasty not] es Ripe Ty oan 32 = Ty creer 1 £9r@ above Levemy _ he. 1 . Wer = pf B- Ta “() * x = alate, +7] ‘To fied Cee , do d™net _ . “dtp” fey > then (Te 5. eB 204 et fanny? Pen = a eD “Ode: ie J in, “pak Gedopts ex” @ aes , [Seems «4 CTiac~ Sin)&) ese corey = | SE Advantages 5 of Gr Plan} — A) vets Floor space 2> row Cartial Cost BD Quick start GS use of perter wnatenel, Jor Turbine hay orecake af tr00c, gm end Yves overall efficiency high around BS-37 (same ee cream power plant enc used Siles Luvbt nes men in Qircmfe , buses, pucks 6) Arsh disposak problem of clean plant 1s peor oct fin GT plant DBD disdveryt of 1 a plant > WRK igen & 27 Ake and ges Gites Ff heyh qadiy rrepuired ofnerwise dust Fey) | Concvode burbitSt hemelex Ie comple, ‘ ope es PBypPiiwe optimum Breyton cacle Cada ov teal) ——— Se a Atal = j— [tm © Yn = '- Gage > Pe Toy any TRE RAT OP HRT ‘P Fovenulee fOY y Normal” Brayton cych ry a cheat gee ge es a a - U-O Orgei- & Ihe Ge on =e izaah wre = Grr @ p= oe, Seid) cae 4 ele aaa CR x where Pa, aipx pressure vako = AR vw y= Compression ratio = FT Gr yt) s © In Ane Page, we will See effect of regenerator. our teaget is to use heat ef exhaust gas from turbine and t aferabe plant at Naw, What rowee Fownulae for Regenerative Novmal(o ter te y = Beayton C¥)@ Cactuah/ cdeal) mean Teme of Heat Rejechon tenn Tem? of Hel Aldi ® see Dex ivabyon’ tet = (re) ¥ eckcie By For theal Rexenerabive rovreal Corner Han OPH mum) rejten esc, Ta=Ts and 221% _ Tata Bcc 21 for deal fer Re ee cscle Cooler & Tmn(¥). 808 Twas) © weet Se RMS Hal hence arg, ft) bak Wrewe vemains Gaye ae Sinfle —Normah, Brugia caclé oe deol. -- No e peint=@)> Bak stareroent (S) is tue if Fa vagltse tha ioerimuin AE TWoprimyyn, (born cacles effictencies become Extot Ce We Jno Be = MeRecry pu after Tum, "La.cs) 7 Ms,eecz) For example at Tenin= 300K and Theiy=!300K and sin Lersy= oe ve and “gecsy= 1 Ik oh wece= \— Te (xp =I ne Toke F246 FOV belive "4 “ > wil ve P06 eo 56 ye) ee - + CNot to sea) a sae et fe BRoCx) ry f ace) 4 ee ice ae Fp Note for ven Problem folowing conclusion is mae for all Prdbleer coitn different values of Yep Hem Trnin 40d Tevet Dhunet yenains same fer Mssmele Normal Beagton cacle Cncrash or Ebeel) and for Regentcaurve Nowrnal Recarpbor Cac (actual ox Fie): By Meree Reesr teres a be coset iad SAF ak Tort.Page: no: . sremeind same bub less than Wnet mney. 2) Woet Kastnenner® for bein tre cacles if Fe increases beyond Vy POMS. ee eattas choo een eee Begee Begond Tort, Vlas increases towards Carnot Cacle efficiency; while efRciency of Le, RG decveases towscds ZEW. Ry En BYRG Cale, Vp, inoreases because fm pressure at inlet of Cowrressor decrensts due +0 friction in Tegenerahey eS Son opsideraktiny SF wane He alge oer peso Trop for se Plant And run the Plank assy Masri ae genet i sempebet (having Fegentvator) BE Worrienem “here we will get Same pet workoutput Wet as ike Simple normal Brayton cle ber ee wilt ee OS Wet Cran); ot YL = Leptinnuna®pS Rene Te-1: ©@ Nsrecey= '- te ay es [ Crain) Tit ee (75 frq) aL “BE = (mJ) 1 Yeager) = I- al For Achal cscles, @ Ts 7 (T6yTQD? TH sine ep C1e-Te = motel tate) Let us texe, figure on Pare QD), T= 2000k, “y=ueok , Tas 600k Cts te)= C12) \b00 —Te= G00- 400 Te} =G00k 77S is Proved Te = 00k 77S is Ye) SF Tex Book ttn B00-T5= 600-Lto To = 600k=T3 is palCF Note and Assignments peace Spon )) Fowmula for Cannot, ERxcsson, Stirling cycles axe important 2) we will Prove or Proved that above wnentioned SCs are ideal when we discuss Frese on Ranking and Brayton cxcle 3) In solve Problem 9-S,9-69-F 77 98 mn agent om = 43) Not necessary to see Beh Macey = 43% C “Sites eacauae rete presets used calcateke- Hence do ye achce on problems veh in PPT and Unsched probleme BF assignments) ee saved problem 3-6, Ngcqy= 26% Sen selves problem 47, Lg eecay= 269% Tf we Compare 3:6 and 47, You will obsevve oat Wret is same in both cases but Gaklheat inpul) is less with regenerator. TE is also clear that (altmough met mentioned in book), Yat both tne plants in 26 and a7 are Tuning below Voptimum, hence ‘erreca) ? Nacay prem Ckample $8, You will get an dee thal, wit adding intercooler and Teheaker, YL decreases tan ‘Lace) gher obtained in Ss example but Woop 2 7:06 net incveaes. Buk we Want tr also sreaker tan es Vecs)-8am Hence ad Texpnerator with iNtercocler Tame aook) — anl ‘veheaker--tn This Case efficiency and Tree taee| ome puerad beth Icreater hag had Oe Se iain. i, example 4S: Buk £0 Get ma Wet: BO Cte ren eihciene also impwues-EFFECT OF ZNTERCOOLTNG AND REHEATNTAG. TOF __ENTERCOOLENG AND REHEATNZING ON BRAYTON Cycig. ee'-$-6 +» There is roore » SiMce area ie included. basic cycle I~ work cxpaci: 27 There is roore heat surly also- aaa Mean Lemitrakure of heat rejecon'(¢-1)an (2-3), ammmbes, increases than basic cycle ‘Cumere mean temptrakire of heat addition ys wrt (6-1)). D AS compare to Beare cycle 1-2-2-5-6, raenn Lempecature of neat additron devreug. in 1-2-3-4-2ls 6-1 cycle: yee WWE Hence Y) by with inkercooling . So 1) the cacle 2-3-4-2! is added to the | 32 BY adding regenerator decree in 1) with — inter cooling vray be increased.27 Reheating a @ Te) ®. a — T, we © Qa © 7 > work Capsciig incvewes with reherting a> “Efpict decreaze with increase heat supely {-e ‘venerking, also because of incvewe in fen temperature of heat rejection 32> put Te> Te’, So if vegentrator uased, YD wony be ireproved > 4 Adding Several stages of intercpoling and reheat 5 Creche approachss Rowierne/orkes, Eviceson cycle.Evicsson cycle if reheatér and inkty cooler with several stage | | t antec cool Ss. If in Brayton cycle, Train 2 Sooke T Troax = 1073 ke FinaTtwore done per ey oF AIHA Haw does nis efficiency commraré with Carnet cycle efficiency operating between sarne two ternperaherr ? > Cree Iman? oP ( fTromn — fm)* Bey e 2 00s (Jsgs - Jace) = 23938 st a a.© rasa oe eal Regenerative cycle eith inter cooling and Reheat Sl ol ie “Assume if Ties, a Ta=T2* Tio, Tg=Tz= Ta, T= Tg SAcsuniel inmtercoolio Reheating takes place at Toot mean Symere of the faigh and Jow Pressure in tne caele- ws Pac h= (Pity = [iytg = ee = Ps erence, P Qrr@y= CplTe-Ts)+ PCTs -T#) = 2CP (Te-Te) 2. Qs © amd Baz QarQe= CF (Tw -T) + CAC Ta-Ta)© 2CpC Ta Th) and>G3) . & Po Seep ie Qo, Wret = 2cel(T. -Tz) -(Te-T, )) “hed Now, WwW - net eek Q, im 2Cp[ (%e-T)=(to-T4) tGeatz) aa get) co = j= Uh [Cam)=1 = Yee a eee pa) = [TZ canine ee, 6 N= Cry ep fires 3 Efe cee ‘Te % [I= (17/6)A ee era Oe Jecnetensinige af Gee in idea cycleIn a gas turbine plant, air enters the L:. Compressor having fressure ratto 3.5 and Me OBS at ber, s00k. st. then enters . the interesoler where it is copled downtSso ke. The cooled air further compressed in the HP. _fornpressor having pressure ratYo 3-5 and h = oss: “LE then enters veqenerater having effretiveners . OB: Air Corning ouk of the combustion chamba eters HP Turbine having y=0'88 at HOOK. feta ctarhine Asives: commretsbisand there is ¢ reheater, between tne too turbines. The gum aiy enter LP. turbine at dosok and leaves He LP Lurbine of = 0°88, then enters veqenerater. Determine C1) power oukpud Citd overall effrerency of the Plant CHD Cpgay 2 1005 KS/eg-K, eA. 4S-6 (aseberic) §S-4 (sseharc) 9-4 ( soobavic) Solution -. T NOTE. ‘ohen Problem is having. tere “Le or Yr, refer TS diagram, Shown “here with T3 Yh increase due to regenerationFandamnentals of Thermvdymarnics by Richard Sonnt 4 - 7hedition Chapter-3 7V ADVSTATE SNGLERLOWPROCESS w SIL liguid), When the flow reduces its kinetic energy (windmill) or potential erengy (dar ‘and a turbine), we can extract the difference as work. control volume does not have a shaft (w = 0). then the right-hand side term: ‘must balance out 0 zero. Any change in one of the terms must be accompanied by ‘et change of opposite sign inthe other terms, and notice thatthe lat term can on subsract Asan example, let us briefly look at a pipe low with no changes in kinetic 0 potential energy If the fow is considered reversible. then the last term is zero and th first term must be zero. tht is, he pressure must be constant. Realizing the flow a: some friction and is therefore irreversible, the ist term must be positive (pressure i ecreasing) to balance out the last term. As mentioned in the comment above, Eq. 9.H is useful to illustrate the work involved in: large class of flow processes such as turbines, compressors, and pumps in which changes i the kinetic and potential energies ofthe working fuid are small. The model process for thes machines is then 2 reversible, steady-state process with no changes in kinetic or potenti energy. The process is often also adiabatic. bu thisis not required for this expression. whic reduces to =-[ ver on —_ From this result, we conclude that the shaft work associated with this type of proce is given by the area shown in Fig. 9.7. It is important to note that this result applies t very specific situation of a flow device and is very different from the bean tps w {F P-dw ina piston cylinder arrangement, It was also mentioned inthe commenss a ‘Shaft work involved in this type of process is closely related to the specific volume of Baia ote smalife this point further. consider the simple steam povUsing differgo’ metnod ~ Bo use thishin” exam as wellas tp solve, solved Prob! terion 6) 3-7 and Also unsolved mo like g.117 of Text Rook @.9-8 (seu Q- An jdeal gas-turbine 2 C3 with two Stages Sonn 20, |stagescpmeypaiony has Pressure ratio 8. Air enters each stage OF the Compressor and turbine at 300k ari 2200 K- Determine back work Yabio and Foerrnal efficheres woith reentrator having e= s = Since €=2, we wey take Tio 1s, Ty=TasTio, 8, Te=T a5 Shown in Ts diaqrem = Me=Mr+ 202%, hence we way consider Pa=Pa= fPity =P2=P5 = JReh Wentstal “Wr otal yg a Cp eD Is men) 5 26P aT). ao Bae ~Cecte-t9) +Cp (Te) Dep (E13) ToT te = RACK work Yatio =Since T= Book, ©. T2= Ta (aye TF ont “T2= 300 (Bp 90, fy ?6 Terug ee Py= BP Pas Srry= [ert = 2-837) Oy g nente, Tz> 300 (2-83) = LoB eek cine Ter 2300% re = 79 (4) * we emg eh) nwi?es Se = “te Peo 2-83 °F mente, e277 (asa) a3s3Tz 1200/j.as9 = 960-66 K He Hentes ay Neste =! cd ea : 2 aa oe + Now Refer Pay SAB andsiy ja Text BOOK: Also do solve Solved. Problems 5°61 S:7,Sf we compre Selveh problera , Qe 3.8 sod 9:8 of Lext mk tren Feu will notice © wer exits are idl @ wo _frblen a6, Senie TPAAL eneTeN cree is Se mopar eemtincs yr. wri = @ sw problem 96, P EBERT’ aRayTON cycLe with REGENERATOR + REEATER + INTERCOOLER TS USED nat rotat Wa: = ep (ised —auaiea =I Sneeras: ore? Wee 67068-23097 OL — Nove =. ep vanes Wek = Ci aataes eg feo wit ternpen: nate tuk we onsen) T constant a ¥s leg an eo eSlky Cpak 260-66 = ae far moe = 1006 FSlkry, Cpe teks VOLNTTTAS Chap noes 48 link sp we tke cowect CP values then vuagne xoassfensont ese 3358 [aee-30 ey Ss whee = 7e¢-28 — 23933 S574 By XT 1e5 Bur let us take CP=) 005 Sige at wl dengecannes hence Wnet= 46s To ley . G) we mag observe nak YP awecaes from 4-67. Gay, and Wee also intense from 362-4 tO 466-7018. if we teenie odd “RETR TC” to cimagle Bragton Facies worm outpuk invews Gane of “RYATC? eat SEN ey sneeases Sue, to yebNed beak, input DESeus oF eRe" aD Ve aes tcamnd 68and “net 7 465-70 ey