THE DETERMINATION OF MINERAL CONTENT AND PH IN

THREE INFUSED DETOX WATER

MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN AHMAD ZABIDI (2014481208)

MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD FUAD (20144690724)
NUR FARWIZAH BINTI ROSLI (2014876058)
ERNIE NAJWA NAJIHAH BINTI FAIDI (2014476336)
UMMI SHAHIRAH BINTI RAHAMAT (2014226188)

DIPLOMA IN SCIENCE
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

SEPTEMBER 2016

THE DETERMINATION OF MINERAL CONTENT AND PH IN THREE

INFUSED DETOX WATER

MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN AHMAD ZABIDI (2014481208)

MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD FUAD (20144690724)
NUR FARWIZAH BINTI ROSLI (2014876058)
ERNIE NAJWA NAJIHAH BINTI FAIDI (2014476336)
UMMI SHAHIRAH BINTI RAHAMAT (2014226188)

Mini Project Report Submitted in

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Diploma in Science
in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA

SEPTEMBER 2016

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the thesis is based on our original work except for quotations
and citations which have been duly acknowledged. We also declare that it has not
been previously or concurrently submitted for any other report at Universiti Teknologi
MARA or other institutions.

___________________
Muhammad Izzuddin Bin Ahmad Zabidi

___________________
Muhammad Harith Bin Mohd Fuad

___________________
Nur Farwizah Binti Rosli

___________________
Ernie Najwa Najihah Binti Faidi

___________________
Ummi Shahirah Binti Rahamat

This Final Year Project Report entitled The Determination Of Mineral Content and
pH In Three Infused Detox Water was submitted by Muhammad Izzuddin Bin
Ahmad Zabidi (2014481208), Muhammad Harith Bin Mohd Fuad (20144690724),
Nur Farwizah Binti Rosli (2014876058), Ernie Najwa Najihah Binti Faidi
(2014476336), Ummi Shahirah Binti Rahamat (2014226188), in partial fulfillment for
the Diploma in Science, in the Faculty of Applied Science, and was approved by

_________________________
Emi Norzehan Binti Mohamad Mahbob
Supervisor
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak,
Kampus Tapah

_________________________
Dr Hasnun Nita Ismail
Ketua Fakulti Sains Gunaan
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Cawangan Perak, Kampus Tapah
Date: __________________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Upon completion of this project, we would like to express our gratitude to many
parties. First of all, thanks to Allah for blessing and this research was carried out
successfully. Our sincerely thanks to our supervisor lecturer, Madam Emi Norzehan
Binti Mohamad Mahbob which has show some advices and tutoring us and Dr Low
Kim Fatt, who has taught us for subject biology and provide opportunities for students
preparing thesis consummately. Our thanks also to our Laboratory Assistants for
allowing us to use the laboratory apparatus and guiding us to run the experiment using
specific apparatus and scientific machine while this research was carried out. Last but
not least thank you for those who are involved directly or indirectly.

MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN AHMAD ZABIDI (2014481208)

MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD FUAD (20144690724)
NUR FARWIZAH BINTI ROSLI (2014876058)
ERNIE NAJWA NAJIHAH BINTI FAIDI (2014476336)
UMMI SHAHIRAH BINTI RAHAMAT (2014226188)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DECLARATION
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK

iii
iv
v
Vi
Vii
viii
Ix
X
Xi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Significance of study
1.3 Objective of study

1
2
3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Detox Water

2.2

Lemon in Detox Water

2.3 An Apple a Day

2.4

pH determination

2.5 Analysis Mineral Content

11

2.6

15

Energy Content

2.7 What is AAS?

16

2.8 What is Calometry

18

2.9 Water Analysis

21

CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Mineral Content in Three Infused Detox Water Using Technique
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

23

3.2

26

pH in the Three Infused Detox Water

3.3 Mineral Content in Three Infused Detox Water Using Technique

26

Colorimeter

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

29

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

35

REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

LIST OF TABLES
Table
4.1

Caption
Mineral Content and pH in Three Infused Detox Water

Page
29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
4.1

Caption
Structure of antioxidants in apple
Simplified pH meter diagram
Pathways of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Electrodeless discharge lamp
Simple calorimeter
Insulated calorimeter
Mineral content of chlorine in three infused detox water

Page
7
11
16
18
19
20
30

4.2

Mineral content of iron in three infused detox water

30

4.3

Mineral content of copper in three infused detox water

31

4.4

Mineral content of zinc in three infused detox water

31

4.5

Mineral content of calcium in three infused detox water

32

4.6

Mineral content of cadmium in three infused detox water

32

4.7

pH reading of three infused detox water

33

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ca

Calcium

Cd

Cadmium

Mg

Magnesium

HCl

Hydrochloric acid

Zn

Zinc

Fe

Iron

HNO3
AAS

Nitric acid

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

10

ABSTRACT
Detox water is one that is set up to get the body to flush out toxins and accumulated
waste so that it functions more properly, and sets the foundation for a healthier
lifestyle. Detox water could generally be any combination of fruits, vegetables, and
herbs immersed. In this study, three kinds of detox water which are lemon, apple and
mixture of both lemon and apple were used in determine the mineral content of these
various ingredients. Furthermore, pH of the tested samples was also been investigated.
We found out that the mineral content in mixture of lemon and apple detox water is
higher than the other two detox water. Next, lemon water is more acidic with 2.71 pH
value compare to apple water, 6.15, and the mixed detox water which is 3.54. As a
conclusion, the mineral content in detox water, mixture of apple and lemon is higher
than other two detox water and the lemon detox water has highest acidity compare to
the other two.
ABSTRAK
Minuman detoks merupakan salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk menyingkirkan
toksin dan kotoran yang terkumpul dalam badan bertujuan untuk melancarkan sistem
badan supaya berfungsi dengan optimum dan sebagai asas untuk kehidupan yang
lebih sihat. Secara umumnya, minuman detoks boleh dijadikan dengan
menggabungkan buah buahan, sayuran dan herba yang dicampurkan dengan air.
Dalam kajian ini, tiga jenis minuman detoks telah digunakan menggunakan lemon,
epal dan gabungan lemon dan epal sebagai bahannya untuk mencari kandungan
mineral dalam setiap jenis bahan. Selain itu, kajian ini juga dijalankan untuk
menentukan nilai pH sampel sampel tersebut. Melalui kajian ini, kami mendapati
bahawa kandungan mineral di dalam campuran lemon dan epal lebih tinggi jika
dibandingkan dengan dua sampel detoks yang lain. Seterusnya, air lemon lebih
berasid dengan nilai pH 2.71 berbanding epal dengan 6.15 dan campuran lemon dan
epal, 3.54. Kesimpulannya, kandungan mineral dalam air detoks yang menggunakan
campuran lemon dan epal lebih tinggi daripada air lemon dan epal dan air detoks
lemon mengandungi nilai asid yang paling tinggi berbanding epal dan campuran
lemon dan epal.

11

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background

Detox is a side ways to get a healthy life. Detoxifying the body has become an apparent key
to prevent measure to all kinds of health problems. It is the process of purifying the body of
compounds that have a detrimental effect on cell functions and structures. When one starts
the process of detoxification, the body begins to discharge excesses that have been carried. As
we know, we eat a lot of food for daily life so chemicals building up in our bodies day by day.
Since the chemicals are not harmful in few amounts, so we do not notice any side effects of it
to our body system until we are much older. A proper detoxification is necessary to relieve
our bodies of harmful toxins and chemicals and to maintain a healthy, and long lived life.

According to Lee, he said that A systematic cleansing and detoxification definitely the way
to go after each holiday. It is the key to fighting high blood pressure, heart disease, cancer,
and other health related. So based on the saying, we can conclude that the detoxification is
one of the best way to prevent chronic diseases since most of us nowadays are easily interrupt
by this diseases. Along with this detoxification should then flush the existing toxins out of the
body. A detoxification essentially gives the liver and other organs a chance to catch up and
remove all the toxins. This is release through our sweat, feces, and urine.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1

This project is important as many people nowadays consume detox water without knowing
the mineral content of each of the ingredient use and the effects to their body system. Detox
water are well known for its diet purpose but most people does not realizes of its benefits in
many other aspects. This study is generally conducted to learn the benefits of the mineral
content in the detox water. The main purpose of doing the detoxification using detox water is
because it helps the function of our digestive system. For example, lemon detox water
containing acid that is very similar to the neutral juice produced by stomach. Ingesting fresh
lemon detox water will therefore help in keeping the digestive system on tract, which allows
the digestion system to occur smoothly in its optimum condition. After that, lemon detox is to
strengthened immune system. It keeps the immune system alert and strong against malaldies
such as common colds and flu. According to nutrition expert Michele Chevalley Hedge,
lemon detox water also allows the body to absorb more iron, which necessary nutrient for
keeping the immune system working on its best.

Lemon detox water promotes skin repair. It is because lemon possesses anti aging
properties. The acid from the lemon contains concentrated levels of antioxidants, which helps
to flush out toxins and free radicals from the body. The process of detoxification allows
proper cell regeneration, which the manifests by way of glowing and younger looking skin.
Since lemon detox water is a natural diuretic, making a daily habit to drink it will ensures us
to have a cleaner urinary tract. In the long run, this would have cumulative detoxification
effects since body disposes waste materials through urine.

Next, some medical practitioners believe that the apple detox revitalizes the body by helping
to flush out toxins and giving the digestive system rest. According to the United States
Nutrient Data Lab, an apple contains only 81 calories but is packed with goodness. Apple is
rich in calcium, iron, phosphorus and potassium as well as B complex folates and vitamins
A and C.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

Different fruits have a different vitamin and mineral content. Thus, the objectives for this
study are first, to determine the mineral content in the lemon, apple and mixture lemon and
apple detox water. Next, to compare the mineral content of selected lemon, apple and mixture
apple and lemon infused detox water. Lastly, to determine the pH in the lemon, apple and
mixture lemon and apple detox water.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Detox Water
Detox water is commonly used among the dieters to remove toxins from their bodies in
order to lose their weight. From the articles The Dubious Practice Of Detox by Harvard
Publications, it stated that the word detox is referred to a medical procedure that is
remove dangerous substances like poison from the bodies. This procedure is called
detoxification which involves the use of drugs and other therapies in a combination that
depends on the type and severity of the toxicity.

Detox water mostly uses fruits for one of the ingredients. Dieters take a quart of warm
salt water in the morning; consume about 1.7kg concoction of water mixed with lemon
and other fruits that are suitable in the mixture throughout the day; and finish with a cup
of laxative tea in the evening (The Dubious Practice of Detox, 2008). The purpose of
detox water is to restore energy, losing weight and remove symptoms of chronic
conditions but it is commonly used for losing weight.

Since there is no data on this particular diet in the medical literature, detox water is said to
be fast and extremely low calories diet invariably lower the basal metabolism as it
struggle to conserve energy (The Dubious Practice of Detox, 2008). Loss of weight can
be easily achieved as a result from fluid loss which related to low carbohydrate intake or

diarrhea is produced from salt water and laxative tea. Dieters may rapidly gain weight if
they continue normal eating.

While it gives a good benefits by losing weight to dieters. It might have a chance for risks
since this diet is lack of protein, fatty acids, and other essential nutrients. Since it only
supply carbohydrate, a person who does this diet frequently may develop acidosis which
is a disruption of the bodys acid-base balance and probably may result in excessive
acidity in blood and cause a person to become coma and probably lead to death (The
Dubious Practice of Detox, 2008).

2.2. Lemon in Detox Water

Lemon is the common fruit that is used in detox water. The most known benefits of it are
their ability to help in losing weight. Not only that, there are other benefits of drinking
lemon water which is help in digestion, boosting immune system, boosting energy and
gives beauty to skin. Most of the benefits are due to rich of vitamin C content in the fruit.

Lemon help in digestion by eliminating toxins from the digestive tract and it also help in
reducing symptoms of indigestive or heartburn (Pal, 2014). While in an immune system,
lemon water benefits the enzyme functions in the body by stimulating the liver and
flushing out toxins (Axe, 2009). Thus, it is very helpful for someone who had encounters
a stressful day to be calm by drinking a glass of lemon water. Beside, lemon also helps in
boosting energy by giving negative charged ions entering our body through digestive
tract and into the bloodstream. It is recommended to drinks lemon in the morning rather
than coffee to boost energy without the caffeine crash. Next, the antioxidants found in the

vitamin C help to fight the damages caused by free radicals by keeping body skin looking
fresh (Axe, 2009). Thus, having enough vitamin C also keeps our body producing
collagen that helps in smoothing out lines in the face. Furthermore, it led to younger
looking skin by reducing wrinkles. Finally, the main point for the benefits of lemon is
helping in losing weight. A fiber known as pectin help to feel full in the stomach which
mean it can reduces hunger (Axe, 2009). Plus, it also helps someone to feel mildly
dehydrated and more prone to things like headache, fatigue or even bad mood.

Since there are a lot of benefits that can be gain from lemon, there are a few ways to
enjoy drinking lemon water. It is not necessary to add sugar in lemon drinks as it is
already sweet but it would taste better if some sugar were added. Some people add raw
honey to makes the lemon taste good. But, adding too much sweet is not good as it can
increase high amount of calories. It is estimated that a half of lemons gives out about 10
calories and a tablespoon of honey contain about 64 calories, thus this increase the calorie
intake of the drink by over 600 percent (Nio, 2015).

The substance that mostly contributes the benefits of lemon is vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
It provides about 88% of daily recommended intake (Rudrappa, 2009). This is due to the
characteristic of ascorbic acid as a natural antioxidant which it is water soluble. This
vitamin is also useful for preventing scurvy. Plus, the consumption of foods that rich in
vitamin C helps the body to develop resistance against infectious agents.

2.3. An Apple A Day

The phrase an apple a day keeps the doctor away is famous phrase that promotes a healthy
eating lifestyle. This phrase was first recorded use is in the 1860s and the phrase was
originally Eat an apple ongoing bed and youll keep the doctor from earning his bread.
(Ely, 2013). From this phrase, it shows that an apple have long been associated with a healthy
diet as it is low in calories and sodium also rich in fibre and vitamin C.
It is said that apple can help in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
diseases and cancer. The phytochemicals in apple consists of phelonics, flavonoids and
carotenoids (Boyer & Liu, 2004). In the laboratory, apples have been found to have very
strong antioxidant activity that inhibits cancer cell proliferation, decrease lipid oxidation, and
lower cholesterol.

Figure 2.1 shows the structure of antioxidants in apple

The presence of these antioxidants in apple gives a lot of health benefit. It can reduce the risk
of cancer, cardiovascular disease and also it can help in losing weight. As a result, an apple
would give a lot of advantages if it is able to be mixed with lemon to make detox water as it
is also help losing weight.

Cancer is a disease with a low chance of curing. Thus, an apple is one of the solution in
reducing the risk of cancer. Several studies have specifically linked apple consumption to the
reducing of risk for cancer, especially lung cancer (Boyer & Liu, 2004). One of the reasons is
the presence of antioxidants in the apple peel which is vitamin C. It is a powerful antioxidants
but research has found that nearly all of antioxidants activities came from variety of
compounds and vitamin C only contribute 0.4% of total antioxidants activities.

Flavonoids, one of substances that contain in apples, help in reducing the risk of
cardiovascular diseases. For a healthy diet, eating fruit salad is recommended because it
provides enough energy for daily activity. Therefore, by consuming apples would help to
provide a good health. Flavonoids in an apple can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases
by 35% as long as eating apple is followed by a regular exercise so that body will stays fresh.

As it help reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, in the meantime, it also help to lose
weight. As lemon contains ascorbic acid, apple also contains acid known as malic acid. It will
clears clogged arteries, lymph nodes and other organ tissues. It will help reducing weight by
controlling an individual from hunger which means it will make stomach feel full longer.

2.4. pH Determination

pH is an abbreviation of pondushydrogenii and was proposed by the Danish scientist S.P.L

Sorensen in1909 in order to express the very small concentrations of hydrogen ions
(Radiometer Analytical S.A. ,2001). pH Theory And Practice.[1] pH was defined as the
negative base logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in 1909. However, it was quickly
changed as most chemical and biological reactions are governed by the hydrogen ions
activity. Many of natures processes are highly dependent on pH and also main case for the
chemical reactions take place in industry or in laboratory. In other word, pH is a measure of
acidity or alkalinity of a substance by determining the relative number of hydrogen (H+) ions
or hydroxyl (OH-) ions present.

Solutions with higher relative number of hydrogen ions are assumed to be acidic while the
one with higher relative number of hydroxyl is alkaline or better known as basic solution.
Acids are substances which either dissociate to release hydrogen ions or react with water to
form hydrogen ions. Meanwhile, bases dissociate to release hydroxyl ions or react with water
to form hydroxyl ions.

At 25C, a neutral solution has a pH of 7.0 , while solutions with pH < 7 are acidic solutions
with pH > 7 are alkaline. The normal overall pH range is between 0
to 14 pH, however, the solutions containing non water solvents can have pH values outside
this range.

2.4.1

The Measurement Of pH

pH can be determined using several methods. The simplest way is to use the litmus paper and
indicate the colour change of the litmus paper and comparing it with the range colour of pH

chart. But a pH meter somehow has to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions and it
cannot be determine just by using the litmus paper only. In this case, a pH meter with the
presence of pH sensitive electrode, usually glass, a reference electrode and a temperature
element to provide temperature signal is used. A voltmeter like pH meter measures the
voltage (electrical potential) produced by the solution of investigating acidity, compares it
with the voltage of a known solution, and uses the potential difference between them to
deduce the pH difference.

A typical pH meter has two basic components which is the meter itself and either one or two
probes that needed to be inserted into the tested solution to determining their pH. The meter
of the pH meter can be either a moving coil meter with a pointer that moves against a scale
or a digital meter with the numeric display which is more convenience to avoid parallax error.
Electrode must be used to create a complete electrical circuit and enable electricity to flow.
The reference electrode is designed to maintain a constant potential at any given temperature,
and serves to complete the pH measuring circuit within the solution. A known reference
potential for the pH electrode is provided and the difference in the potentials of the pH and
reference electrodes provides a millivolt signal proportion to pH.

In order to obtain a correct measurement, certain requirements must be achieve by the input
amplifier and the converting circuit. Diagram below shows the principal construction of a pH
meter

10

Figure 2.2: simplified pH meter diagram

The result is normally displayed in numerical form although a few pH meters with pointers
are still available. Figure below shows an example of pH meter that is used during this
experiment.

Figure 2.3: The pH meter

2.5

Analysis of Mineral Content

Generally, mineral is defined as any of a class of naturally occurring solid inorganic

substances with a characteristics crystalline form and a homogeneous chemical composition.
It can be either a substance, such as quartz, coal and petroleum, that is naturally formed under
the ground or a chemical substance that occurs naturally in certain foods and that is important
for a good health such as zinc and iron. The overall definition of a mineral are naturally
11

occurring, stable at room temperature, represented by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic

and have ordered atomic arrangement.

Nowadays, researchers have become convinces that nutrients found in fruits and vegetables
do more than just preventing deficiency diseases such as beriberi or rickets. Many research
carried out by scientist have found that certain vitamin or vitamins precursors are powerful
anti oxidants which are helpful in the prevention of muscular damage caused by oxidation
process of some food substance that leads to muscle degeneration or even cardiovascular
disease (Yonkers 1988 and Islam et,al 2002).

Iwona Domagala (2012) in her recent study, The Comparative Study of Mineral Content of
Organic and Conventional Carrot, Celery and Red Beet Juices, has confirmed the superiority
of organic juices in terms of higher calcium content and lower cadmium and nitrates (carrot)
level. However, a lot of research is needed in improving organic agriculture, and thus, more
study is required to clarify the exact relationship between cultivation method and nutritional
quality of plants.

2.5.1

Zinc (Zn)

Zinc is an essential mineral that is naturally present in foods, added to others and available as
a dietary supplement. Cold lozenges and some drugs sold as cold remedies also contain zinc.
Involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism, zinc is required for the catalytic activity
and plays an important role in immune function, wound healing, DNA synthesis, protein
synthesis and also in cell division. Zinc also acts as a support material for normal growth and
development during pregnancy, childhood, adolescence and for proper sense of taste and

12

smell. A daily intake of zinc is a must to maintain a steady state because the body has no
specialized zinc storage system.

2.5.2

Magnesium (Mg)

Naturally present in many foods, added to other food products and available as a dietary
supplement and medicine, such as antacids and laxatives, magnesium is an abundant mineral
in our body. Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzyme systems that regulate diverse
biochemical reactions in the body. This includes protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function,
blood glucose control and also blood pressure regulation. Plus, magnesium is required for
energy production, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. It contributes to the to the
structural development of bone and is required for the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and the
antioxidant glutathione. In an adult body, magnesium content is approximately 25g, with 50%
to 60% present in the bones and most of the rest in soft tissues.

2.5.3

Iron (Fe)

Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, an erythrocyte protein that transfers oxygen

from the lungs to the tissue, and also as a component of myoglobin, a protein that oxygen to
muscle, iron supports metabolism. Furthermore, iron is needed in growth development,
normal cellular functioning and synthesis of some hormones and connective tissue. Typically,
human loses only small amounts of iron in urine, feces, the gastrointestinal tract and skin.
Loses are greater in menstruating women because of blood loss.

13

2.5.4

Cadmium (Cd)

Cadmium is a lustrous, silver white, ductile and very malleable metal with bluish tinge
surfaces and is soft enough to be cut with a knife, but tarnishes in air. Cadmium has
properties which it is soluble in acids but not in alkaline substances and similar in zinc in
many aspects, but in more complex compounds. Foodstuffs that are rich in cadmium can
greatly increase its concentration in human bodies. Human uptakes of cadmium are mainly
takes place through food for instance liver, mushroom, shellfish, mussels and cocoa powder.
High significant cadmium levels expose when people smoke as tobacco smoke transports
cadmium into the lungs which will further transported by the blood through the rest of the
body where it can increase effects by potentiating cadmium that is already present from
cadmium rich blood. Lung damage may also occur when people breathe in cadmium, which
may also lead to death.

2.5.5

Calcium (Ca)

The most abundant mineral in the body, calcium is required for vascular contraction and
vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal
secretion. Less than 1% of total body calcium is needed to support the critical metabolism
function while the remaining 99% of its supply is stored in the bones and teeth where it
supports their structure and function.

2.5.6

Sodium (Na)

14

Sodium is used in human body to control blood pressure and blood volume and also for the
muscles and nerves to function properly. It is naturally occurs in most food, and commonly in
form of sodium chloride, the table salt. In food manufacturing industry, sodium is used to
many food product especially to form monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium
saccharin, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and sodium benzoate. Fast foods are generally
very high in sodium. However, too much sodium intake may lead to high blood pressure and
a serious build up of fluid in people with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver or
kidney diseases. There are no specific recommended amounts of sodium but healthy adults
should limit sodium intake to 2,300 mg per day.

2.6

Energy Content

The quantity of energy stored in food is a great interest in human as it supplies energy that is
the main component for human daily life. Whether in running, talking and even thinking, we
used many amount of energy that comes from the food that we ate. Different types of food
has different amount of energy. An average person should consume a minimum of 2,000
kilocalories per day that is equivalent to 8,360 kilojoules.

The determination of energy content in food can be carried out by burning a little portion of
the food sample and capturing the heat released to a known amount of water. The energy
content of the food is the amount of heat produced by the combustion of 1 gram of the food,
and is measured in kilojoules per gram (kJ/g). This method is commonly known as
calorimetry.

15

Calorimetry is the quantitative measurement of heat. The applications of calorimetry include

the measurements of the specific heats of elements and compound, phase change enthalpies
and also the rate of heat generation from radionuclides. Calorimetry is used as a nondestructive assay (NDA) technique for determining the power output of heat producing
nuclear materials. For measuring thermal powers from 0.5 mV to 1,000 W for items ranging
in size from less than 2.54 cm to 60 cm in diameter and up to 100 cm in length.

2.7 What is AAS?

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a commonly used technique for the determination of

single elements in compounds. As the name suggests, the particles must be atomized in order
to perform analysis. After the compound has been atomized (usually by a flame), a radiation
source produces waves that pass through the substance and are received by a detector. The
most common light sources are hollow cathode lamps, and the most common detectors are
photomultiplier tubes. Both of these elements of the instrument are further explained under
sources and detectors. This type of spectroscopy has been around for over fifty years, and it
remains one of the most common instrumental analysis techniques for single elements.

Figure 2.3 : The pathway of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy System

16

2.7.1 Radiation Sources

When it comes to Atomic Absorption, there are a couple important factors to note. Absorption
lines are extremely narrow, usually only ranging between 0.002 and 0.005 nm. Also, each
element has its own unique electronic transition. Picking a source is application driven, the
correct source for your specific use must be chosen. These factors must be taken into account
when deciding a lamp for analysis.

There are two categories of sources, line and continuum. Line sources emit a narrow band of
radiation, which is important because they are highly selective, provide high sensitivity
(beam power is in a narrow wavelength band) and reduce spectral interference of other
elements, molecules, atoms, or ions that have similar spectral lines. Continuum sources are
typically used for background correction, to eliminate the matrix so only the signal of the
analyte is observed.

2.7.2 Hollow Cathode Lamps

Perkin Elmer HCL

The most common line source used for atomic absorption spectroscopy is the HCL.
Structurally, this is an air-tight lamp filled with argon or neon and kept at around 1 to 5 torr.
The inert gas is ionized as a high voltage potential difference is created between the tungsten
anode and use-specific cylindrical cathode. Cations of the ionized argon or neon gas dislodge
metal ions from the cathode. These produce an atomic cloud; where some of the atoms in the
cloud are in an excited state and emit an element specific radiation upon returning to ground

17

state. There are many commercially available models of HCL, some can possess multiple
metal cathodes for analysis of several metals.

2.7.3 Electrodeless Discharge Lamps (EDLs)

Figure 2.4: Electrodeless discharge lamp

EDLs are line sources that provide radiant energy that has a greater intensity than HCL.
These are sealed quartz tubes filled with inert gas at low pressure, much like HCL. The bulb
contains a small quantity of the element of interest. An intense field of radiation provides
ionization and excitation of the metal to produce a spectrum. The line width is typically
narrower, but may require more time to analyze because it is powered by a radio-frequency
(RF) source and needs time to stabilize the RF coil. EDLs are generally less reliable than
HCLs with the exception of Se, As, Cd, and Sb in which, better detection limits are produced.
(Maryville Education, 2016)

2.8 What is Calorimetry?

Measuring the change in energy of a chemical reaction is called calorimetry. A simple method
for measuring the amount of energy given out by a fuel is shown below.

18

2.8.1 What is a Calorimeter?

The apparatus used to measure the change in energy is called a calorimeter. A known amount
of water is placed in a glass or copper container. Burning a fuel is an exothermic reaction.
The

amount

of energy released can

be

calculated from the increase in temperature of

the water as the fuel burns.

Figure 2.5 : The simple calorimeter shown above has some advantages and
some disadvantages.

However, calorimeter also has its own flaws whereas the calorimeter does not collect all of
the heat released from burning the fuel because some heat is lost to the surroundings. The
19

amount of heat lost can be minimized by using a lid on top of the calorimeter and by putting a
draught excluder all around it but some heat is always lost and so this is not a good method to
find the maximum amount of heat available from a fuel.

The advantages of using these kind of calorimeter is that it is easy to use. The calorimeter
is

made

from copper which

is

an excellent

conductor

of heat.

The copper allows

the heat released from burning the fuel to be conducted efficiently to the water. If the
experiment is repeated using different fuels, the amount of heat lost by the calorimeter is
similar in each case and so this is a good method for comparing the amount
of heat released from different fuels. To make the comparison fair, the variables to be kept
constant are the amount of water in the calorimeter, the starting temperature of the water,
the increase in temperature of the water, the distance between the burner and the calorimeter.

The picture below shows a different type of calorimeter that can be used for a chemical
reaction in a solution.

20

Figure 2.6 : An insulated container with a thermometer inside is used to measure

the temperature change during the reaction. This type of calorimeter can be used
for neutralization reactions (GCSEscience, 2015)

2.9 Water analysis

Definition

Water testing is the continuous sampling of various liquid streams and the analysis of their
quality. These liquid streams include watercourses such as rivers and lakes, groundwater,
recirculated cooling streams, boiler feed water or condensate, and process effluents.

2.9.1 Why We Need To Test The Water?

There is no such thing in nature as "pure" water. Nearly all water contains contaminants, even
in the absence of nearby pollution-causing activities. Many dissolved minerals, organic
carbon compounds, and microbes find their way into your drinking water as water comes into
contact with air and soil. When pollutant and contaminant levels in drinking water are
excessively high, they may affect certain household routines and/or be detrimental to human
health (Cole-Parmer, 2016).

2.9.2 What are analytical methods?

21

Analytical methods are procedures used to measure the amount of particular contaminants in
water samples. Analytical methods generally describes on how to collect, preserve and store
the sample. Next, it also involves in gathering, separating, identifying and measuring
contaminants in the sample plus to meet the quality control criteria. It is also playing roll in
reporting the results of the analysis.

In general, an analytical method applies to routine analyses of samples and measures the
drinking water contaminant(s) within a specific upper and lower limit. It provides data
that are required to demonstrate compliance, or meet the monitoring objectives in a wide
variety of drinking water conditions. The incorporates appropriate quality control criteria so
that acceptable method performance is demonstrated during sample analysis. (US
Environmental Protection Agency, 2015)

22

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Mineral Content in Three Infused Detox Water Using Technique Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy
3.1.1 Apparatus
In this research, the study used the 100 ml of volumetric flask to dilute the standard solution
(Ca, Zn, Cd, and Fe). The study also used 1L volumetric flask to dilute 60% nitric acid,
HNO3. Pipet also was used to transfer the standard solution into the volumetric flask. To filter
the sample (lemon, apple and mixture lemon and apple detox water), the study used the
syringe and membranous filter to remove the small particles from the sample. The beaker also
used to store the sample for overnight. The researcher also apply electronic balance to weigh
the apple and lemon.

3.1.2 Chemicals

There were three type of infused detox water that the study use which were lemon, apple and
mixture of lemon and apple. The study used 30g of apple and 30g of lemon that cut in sliced
to make the detox water for each beaker. 500 ml of mineral water was poured into the each
beaker. In this research, four type of 1000 ppm standard solution which were zinc, iron,
cadmium and calcium had being used. The study also get the 15.4ml of 60% of nitric acid and
diluted it with distilled water to get the 1% nitric acid. This nitric acid was used for diluted
the standard solution.

23

In this study, the independent variable was the three infused detox water. The mineral content
in the sample was the dependent variable. The amount of the fruit and the volume mineral
water was the constant variable. In this experiment, the study do the three times repeated
experiment to get the triplicate data (L1, L2, L3, A1, A2, A3, M1, M2 and M3).

3.1.3 Sample Preparation

Lemon and apple that want to be used in three infused detox water were obtained from the
chiller. Then, the lemon and apple were cut into slice and then weighed it on the electronic
balance to get the accurate mass, 30g respectively. The lemon and beaker were put into the
beaker based on the type of fruit in the beaker need (L1, L2, L3, A1, A2, A3, M1, M2 and
M3). 500 ml of mineral water was poured into the each beaker (L1, L2, L3, A1, A2, A3, M1,
M2 and M3). Lastly, the sample were left for overnight to make sure that the sample were
ready for the observation. After left for the overnight, each sample were filtered with syringe
and membranous filter to left out the small particle from the sample.
The diluted sample also had been prepared, in case if the sample give the high reading of
mineral content. The diluted sample were prepared by diluted the 10ml of the filtered sample
with 100ml of mineral water to get the 10 times dilution.

3.1.4 Standard Solution Preparation

The 1% of nitric acid was prepared to dilute the standard solution. The 1% HNO 3 was
prepared by diluted the 15.4 ml of 60% HNO3 with distilled water until calibration mark of
1000 ml volumetric flask. The standard solution consists of 1000 ppm of Ca, Fe, Zn and Cd.
The standard solution of 10 ml 1000 ppm of Ca was pipet. Using pipet, the Ca was
transferred into the 100 ml volumetric flask and then diluted with 1% HNO 3 until calibration
mark. Then, the solution was labelled as 100 ppm. A series of standard solutions were
24

prepared using 100 ppm solution and a 100 ml volumetric flask. The series of standard
solutions having the following concentration:
1 ppm, 2 ppm, 3 ppm, 4 ppm, 5 ppm
The formula was apply to get the volume of 100 ppm standard solution needed to prepare the
1 ppm until 5 ppm standard solution. The given formula as follows:
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = molarity of the solution
V1 = volume of the solution
M2 = molarity of the added solution
V2 = volume of the added solution
The steps for the stock solution of 1000 ppm of Ca were repeated for Cd, Zn and Fe based on
concentration needed. The concentration of standard solution were prepared based on the
maximum concentration volume of AAS for each element. The maximum concentration
volume of AAS for each element as follows:
Iron (Fe) 3 ppm
Zinc (Zn) 0.75 ppm
Cadmium (Cd) 1 ppm
Calcium (Ca) 5 ppm

3.1.5 Sample Analysis by Running the AAS

The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) were open and set up according to the mineral
content that the study want to determined (Fe, Zn, Cd and Ca). The standard solutions were
run first with insert the nebulizer into the standard solution. The graph were appear in the

25

computer. After run the standard solutions, the samples were obtained and then insert the
nebulizer into the samples. The result from the computer were print.

3.2 pH in the Three Infused Detox Water

3.2.1 Apparatus
In this experiment, the beakers were used to put the sample and distilled water to clean up
the sensor (bulb). The tissue also used to wipe the sensor (bulb).

3.2.2

Chemicals

The distilled water was get to clean up the sensor (bulb) of pH meter. The sample was used
to get the pH value.

The independent variable for this experiment was the three type of detox water. Then, the
dependent variable was the pH of the three infused detox water. Lastly, the constant variable
was the pH meter.

3.2.3 Sample Analysis

The pH meter was get from the shelf and then prepared the distilled water by poured the
distilled water into the beaker until the pH sensor (bulb) can immerse totally into the distilled
water. Then, the pH sensor was dried with wipe it with tissue paper and then open the pH
meter by press the open button. The pH meter was dipped into the sample (detox water) until
the pH meter give the constant reading. The pH reading was recorded.

3.3 Mineral Content in Three Infused Detox Water Using Technique Colorimeter

26

In this research, the independent variable was the three type of infused detox water and the
dependent variable for this analysis was the mineral content in the three infused detox water.
The constant variable for this experiment was the colorimeter. In this research, the study want
to determine the mineral content of chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu).
3.3.1 Apparatus and Chemicals
In this experiment, the study used the tube for insert the sample and detect the mineral
content in the sample by using colorimeter. 0.5 ml pipette was used to add one measure of
iron reagent#1. Then, 0.1g spoon was used to add 0.1g of iron reagent#2 powder. Lastly, one
tablet of chlorine DPD was used.

3.3.2 Sample Analysis

In this research, the study had find three element using Smart 3 colorimeter which were
chlorine, copper and iron. For the iron, the colorimeter was turned on. The clean tube was
rinse with sample water (L1). The tube was filled with 10 ml of the sample. The tube was
insert into the chamber and then the lid was closed and the scan blank was selected. The tube
was removed from the colorimeter. The 0.5 ml pipet was used to add one measure of iron
reagent#1. The tube was cap and mixed. The 0.1g spoon was used to add 0.1g of iron
reagent#2 powder. The tube was cap and shake vigorously for 30 seconds. The tube was
waited another three minutes for maximum colour development. At the end of 3 minute
waiting period, the tube was insert into the chamber, the lid was closed and the scan sample
was selected. The results was recorded. This step were repeated for the L2, L3, A1, A2, A3,
M1, M2 and M3. The colorimeter was shut down after finish the analysis.
Next, for the copper element, the power on off button was press and hold until the
colorimeter was on. The clean tube was rinsed with sample water. The 10 ml of water sample
(L1) was filled into the tube. The tube was insert into the chamber and the lid was closed then
27

the scan blank was selected. The tube was removed from the colorimeter and 5 drops of
copper 1 was added then the tube was cap and mix. The solution will turned to yellow if the
copper was present. The tube was insert into the chamber and the lid was closed then the scan
sample was selected. The result was recorded. This step was repeated for another sample
which were L2, L3, A1, A2, A3, M1, M2 and M3. The colorimeter was shut down after finish
the analysis.
Lastly, for the chlorine element in the sample, the colorimeter was turned on. The clean tube
was rinse with sample water (L1). The tube was filled with 10 ml of the sample. The tube was
insert into the chamber and then the lid was closed and the scan blank was selected. The tube
was removed from the colorimeter. One tablet of chlorine DPD was insert into the tube. The
tube was cap and shake for 10 seconds. The tube was slowly invert for 5 times. The solution
will turn to pink if the chlorine were present. The tube was immediately insert into the
chamber then the scan sample was selected. The result was recorded. This step was repeated
for another sample which were L2, L3, A1, A2, A3, M1, M2 and M3. The colorimeter was
shut down after finish the analysis.

28

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This research was about determination of mineral content and pH in three infused detox
water. The detox water that has being research were lemon, apple and mixture of lemon and
apple. Based on these results, the study had determined that the lemon detox water was more
acidic which was 2.710.21 rather than mixture of lemon and apple detox water which was
3.540.13. The apple detox water was slightly acidic was 6.150.16. Next, the mixture of
lemon and apple detox water had the highest mineral content rather than the apple and lemon
detox water. The second highest contained of mineral was apple detox water. After that, the
apple detox water was rich with calcium (Ca) which was 166.670.794. Maybe the apple was
the citrus fruit so it high with calcium.

Table 4.1 : Mineral Content and pH in Three Infused Detox Water

VARIABLES

Chlorine (Cl), ppm

Iron (Fe), ppm
Copper (Cu), ppm
Zinc (Zn), ppm
Cadmium (Cd), ppm
Calcium (Ca), ppm
pH reading

LEMON

TYPES OF DETOX WATER

APPLE

MIXED

0.060.01
1.010.93
0.150.08
0.42 0.15
0.04 0.004
117.7 0.229
2.710.21

0.060.02
0.440.15
0.050.04
0.09 0.02
0.08 0.002
166.67 0.794
6.150.16

(LEMON+APPLE)
0.140.05
0.790.37
0.280.12
0.31 0.07
0.13 0.004
152.67 0.685
3.540.13

29

CHLORINE (Cl)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

0.14

APPLE

0.06

LEMON

0.06

0.05

0.1

0.15

Figure 4.1 : Mineral Content of Chlorine (Cl) in Three Infused Detox Water

IRON (Fe)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

0.79

APPLE

0.44

LEMON

1.01

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.2

Figure 4.2 : Mineral Content of Iron (Fe) in Three Infused Detox Water

30

COPPER (Cu)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

0.28

APPLE

0.05

LEMON

0.15

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Figure 4.3 : Mineral Content of Copper (Cu) in Three Infused Detox Water

ZINC (Zn)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

0.31

APPLE

0.09

LEMON

0.42

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Figure 4.4 : Mineral Content of Zinc (Zn) in Three Infused Detox Water

31

CALCIUM (Ca)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

152.67

APPLE

116.67

LEMON

117.7

50

100

150

200

Figure 4.5 : Mineral Content of Calcium (Ca) in Three Infused Detox Water

CADMIUM (Cd)
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

0.13

APPLE

0.08

LEMON

0.04

0.05

0.1

0.15

Figure 4.6 : Mineral Content of Cadmium (Cd) in Three Infused Detox Water

32

pH READING
MIXED (LEMON+APPLE)

3.54

APPLE

6.15

LEMON

2.71

Figure 4.7 : pH Reading in Three Infused Detox Water

From the research that has been carried out, we can say that the pH of the food that we
consume in our everyday lifestyle affects the body system as well. Human body should have
balance pH to endure the effective body system. In this case, fruits and vegetables can reduce
blood acidity which can make our body are in optimum pH. Acid boosting diet can indeed
cause bones to release calcium while alkaline forming foods helps to prevent this loss.
People who eat lots of fruits and vegetables tend to gave stronger bones. Lemon detox water
as expected has higher acidity compare to apple water which has more stable pH than the
lemon. However, the mixture of these two kind of fruits results in increasing pH number
which shows that the acidity of the solution is decrease. With that, it is more recommended to
have your detox water with various kind of ingredients so that it can helps our body system to
have a stable and balance pH value.
In this research also the study had determined the mineral that contain in this three detox
water which were calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chlorine (Cl) and copper
(Cu). The mixture of lemon and apple had gave the highest mineral content rather than the
33

apple and lemon. Maybe, the lemon and apple had gave the good combination to our body
and both were the citrus fruit. The apple had the high contain of calcium which is
166.670.794. The calcium was good for our body especially for our bone and teeth. The
most abundant mineral in the body, calcium is required for vascular contraction and
vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission, intracellular signaling and hormonal
secretion. Less than 1% of total body calcium is needed to support the critical metabolism
function while the remaining 99% of its supply is stored in the bones and teeth where it
supports their structure and function. So, from this result, the study can get that the mixture of
lemon and apple detox was the best detox water because it high with the mineral content
which good for our body that can help for boost the metabolism and purify the toxin in our
body. The study also can know that if the study put the another fruit such as mango,
strawberry and other fruit, it can increase the mineral content in that detox water and also can
increase the pH value which is basic (>7).

34

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

As a conclusions, based on the results that we obtained from this study, we found out the
mineral content in the lemon and apple detox water were determined. In addition, mineral
content of lemon and apple infused detox water was compared. The mineral includes chlorine
(Cl), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and calcium (Ca). Plus, this mineral
content were recorded in unit ppm. For lemon detox water, we found out that it
contain0.60.01 (Cl), 1.010.93 (Fe), 0.150.08 (Cu), 0.420.15 (Zn), 0.040.004 (Cd) and
117.70.229 (Ca). Then, we found out the mineral content in apple detox water which contain
0.060.02 (Cl), 0.440.15 (Fe), 0.050.04 (Cu), 0.090.02 (Zn), 0.080.002 (Cd) and
166.670.794 (Ca). After that, for mixed detox water which consist of lemon and apple, the
content of minerals that we found are 0.140.05 (Cl), 0.790.37 (Fe), 0.280.12 (Cu),
0.310.07 (Zn), 0.130.004 (Cd) and 152.670.685 (Ca). Furthermore, the study had found
that the mixture of lemon and apple detox water has the highest mineral content than the
apple and lemon detox water. Finally, the pH value for the lemon was 2.710.21 which is
acidic and followed by mixture of lemon and apple detox water which is 3.540.13. The
study also found that the apple detox water had the slightly acid which is 6.150.16. Thus,
the objectives of this study has achieved.

35

REFERENCES

Axe, D. J. (2009). The Benefits of Lemon Water. draxe.com.

Boyer, J., & Liu, H. R. (2004). Apple Phytochemicals and Their Health Benefits. Nutrition
Journal.
Cole-Parmer. (2016). Water Testing From Cole-Parmer. Retrieved from
http://www.coleparmer.com: http://www.coleparmer.com/TechLibraryArticle/818
Ely, M. (2013). History Behind 'An Apple A Day'. The Washington Post.
GCSEscience. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.gcsescience.com/:
http://www.gcsescience.com/rc-calorimetry.htm
Maryville Education. (2016). Retrieved from http://blogs.maryville.edu/:
http://blogs.maryville.edu/aas/what-is-aas/
Nio, Y. (2015). 4 Things You Should Know About Your Morning Lemon Water. Elephant
Journal.
Pal, P. (2014). 4 Reasons We Should Drinking Lemon Water. Elephant Journal.
Rudrappa, U. (2009). Lemon Nutrition Fact. Nutrition-and-you.com.
The Dubious Practice of Detox. (2008). Harvard Women's Health Watch.
US Environmental Protection Agency. (2015, october 2). Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/: https://www.epa.gov/dwanalyticalmethods/learn-about-drinking-wateranalytical-methods

36

APPENDICES

Information about the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was used to determine the mineral contents in
the sample. The model for this instrument was Perkin Elmer/AAnalyst 400 (Figure 3.1.3).
The AAS was the technique used to determine the concentration of several metal in a sample.
It usually involves the use of a flame to atomize the sample, but other methods such as a
graphite furnace were also used. The AAS can detected several metal element in the sample
such as aluminium(Al), iron(Fe), calcium(Ca), cadmium(Cd), magnesium(Mg) and other
element. The AAS were commonly used in the food analysis, water analysis, chemical
analysis and soil analysis.

Figure 1 : Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

37

Information about pH Meter

In this research, the study used the pH meter to get the pH reading of the detox water
(sample). The pH meter consists of sensor (bulb) that responsible to detect the pH of the
sample and give reading to the user. The acidic value for the sample was below 7 and alkaline
was above 7. Neutral value was 7. The sensor (bulb) was very sensitive so it must handle
with carefully.

Figure 2 : pH meter (www.tdsmeter.com)

38

Information about Colorimeter

The study used the colorimeter to get the mineral content in this detox waters. The brand for
this instrument was the Smart 3 colorimeter. A colorimeter was a light-sensitive device used
for measuring the transmittance and absorbance of light passing through a liquid sample. The
device measures the intensity or concentration of the colours that develops upon introducing
a specific reagent into a solution.

Figure 3 : Smart 3 colorimeter (www.forestry-suppliers.com)

39

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal

FULL NAME

: MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN AHMAD ZABIDI

STUDENT NO.

: 2014481208

BIRTH DATE

: 28/10/1996

CITIZENSHIP

: MALAYSIA

PLACE OF BIRTH

: HOSPITAL SERI MANJUNG, MANJUNG, PERAK

GENDRE

: MALE

ADDRESS

: NO. 8, JALAN U3, TAMAN UNIVERSITI, 35900 TG.

MALIM, PERAK

TELEPHONE NO.

: 017-4772976

E-MAIL ADDRESS :dinx12@gmail.com

40

A. personal

NAME

: MUHAMMAD HARITH BIN MOHD FUAD

STUDENT NO.

: 2014690724

DATE OF BIRTH

: 6 APRIL 1996

GENDER

: MALE

TELEPHONE NO.

: 017-5673294

CITIZENSHIP

: MALAYSIA

PLACE OF BIRTH

: HOSPITAL MACHANG, KELANTAN

ADDRESS

: NO.2, PERSIARAN PENGKALA RIA 6, MEDAN

PENGKALAN BIDARI, 31650, IPOH, PERAK

41

A. Personal

FULL NAME

: NUR FARWIZAH BINTI ROSLI

STUDENT NO

: 2014876058

BIRTH DATE

: 29TH JULY 1996

CITIZENSHIP

: MALAYSIA

PLACE OF BIRTH

: HOSPITAL AMPUAN TUANKU RAHIMAH, KLANG,

SELANGOR

GENDER

: FEMALE

ADDRESS

: NO. 8G, PERSADA DAMAI, ALAM MILENIA 1, 71760,

BANDAR ENSTEK, NEGERI SEMBILAN

TELEPHONE NO

: 019-6621822

E-MAIL ADDRESS

: nurfarwizahrs@gmail.com

42

A. Personal

FULL NAME

: ERNIE NAJWA NAJIHAH BINTI FAIDI

STUDENT NO.

: 2014476336

BIRTH DATE

: 05TH DECEMBER 1996

CITIZENSHIP

: MALAYSIA

PLACE OF BIRTH

HOSPITAL SULTANAH

NUR ZAHIRAH,

KUALA

TERENGGANU
GENDER

: FEMALE

ADDRESS

: NO. 49, TAMAN PERUMAHAN BUKIT SAWA, 21400,

MARANG TERENGGANU

TELEPHONE NO.

: 011 - 17949195

E-MAIL ADDRESS

: enieynajwa@gmail.com

43

A. Personal

FULL NAME

: UMMI SHAHIRAH BINTI RAHAMAT

STUDENT NO.

: 2014226188

BIRTH DATE

: 24 JULY 1996

CITIZENSHIP

: MALAYSIA

PLACE OF BIRTH

: HOSPITAL TUNGKU AMPUAN JEMAAH SABAK

BERNAM SELANGOR

GENDER

: FEMALE

ADDRESS

: NO 60,LORONG KENANGAN 3, TAMAN KENANGAN,

45200 SABAK BERNAM SELANGOR

TELEPHONE NO.

: 0166871742

E-MAIL ADDRESS

: ummi_rahamat7@yahoo.com

44