CHEMICAL KINETICS : RATE REACTION

1. Objective
Study the effect of surface area of solid reactants, concentration, temperature and catalyst toward
the rate reaction
2. Theory
Consider the hypothetical reaction represented by

A B

In which A molecules are converted to B molecules.

The decrease in the number of A molecules and the increase in the number of B molecules. It is
generally convenient to express the rate in terms of the change in concentration with time. Thus,
for the reaction

rate=

A B , we can express the rate as

[ A ]
[B]
rate=
t
t where [A] and [B] are the changes in concentration (molarity)

over a time period t.the rate expression containing [A]has a minus sign because the
concentration of A decreases during the time interval that is, [A]is a negative quantity. The rate
expression containing [B]does not have a minus sign because the contration of B increases during
the time interval. Rate is always a positive quantity, so when it is expressed in terms of the change
in a reactant concentration, a minus sign is needed in the rate expression to make the rate positive.
When the rate is expressed in terms of the change in a product concentration, no negative sign is
needed to make the rate positive because the product concentration increases with time. Rate
calculated in this way are average rates ove the time period t.
To understand rates of chemical reactions and how they are determined, it is useful to consider
some specific reactions. First, we consider the aqueous reaction of molecular bromine (Br 2) with
formic acid (HCOOH)
+

2 H ( aq) +CO 2(g)

2 Br
( aq ) +
Br 2 (aq )+ HCOOH (aq)
Molecular bromine is reddish-brown, whereas all the other species in the reaction are colorless. As
the reaction proceeds, the concentration of bromine decreases and its color fades. The decrease in
intensity of the color ( and, therefore in the concentration of bromine) can be monitored with a
spectrometer, which registers the amount of visible light absorbed by bromine.
Measuring the bromine concentration at some initial time and then at some final time enables us to
determine the average rate of the reaction during that time interval :

average rate=

[ Br2 ]
t

[Br 2 ]final[Br 2 ]initial

t finalt initial

(burdge, Julia.2009)

In the previous exercise the concentration-time plots showed that each species in the
reaction has its own rate of change in concentration. The reactants have a negative slope,
because they are being consumed in the reaction. Products have a positive slope, because
they are being formed in the reaction. For the hypothetical example reaction
A+2B 3C
The stoichiometric coefficient for species B is twice that of species A; thus the
concentration of B will decline twice as fast as that of species A. Similarly, the
concentration of species C increases three times as fast as the concentration of A
decreases. Conceptually there should be a single, unambiguous rate for a reaction. How
might such a rate be defined given the highly varied rates of change for the various species
in the reaction?
The rate of reaction, r, is defined to be the slope of the concentration-time plot for a
species divided by the stoichiometric coefficient of that species. Additionally, if the
species is a reactant, the negative value of the slope is used, because the slope is negative
and a positive rate is desired. For the example shown above
Notice that this definition produces the same rate of reaction irrespective of which
species in the reaction is used to perform the calculation.
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/Kinetics/RateOfReaction.html

Concentration Effects
Two substances cannot possibly react with each other unless their constituent particles
(molecules, atoms, or ions) come into contact. If there is no contact, the reaction rate will
be zero. Conversely, the more reactant particles that collide per unit time, the more often a
reaction between them can occur. Consequently, the reaction rate usually increases as the
concentration of the reactants increases.

Temperature Effects
Increasing the temperature of a system increases the average kinetic energy of its
constituent particles. As the average kinetic energy increases, the particles move faster
and collide more frequently per unit time and possess greater energy when they collide.
Both of these factors increase the reaction rate. Hence the reaction rate of virtually all
reactions increases with increasing temperature. Conversely, the reaction rate of virtually
all reactions decreases with decreasing temperature. For example, refrigeration retards the
rate of growth of bacteria in foods by decreasing the reaction rates of biochemical
reactions that enable bacteria to reproduce.
In systems where more than one reaction is possible, the same reactants can produce
different products under different reaction conditions. For example, in the presence of
dilute sulfuric acid and at temperatures around 100C, ethanol is converted to diethyl
ether:
2CH3CH2OH H2SO4CH3CH2OCH2CH3+H2O (14.1)
At 180C, however, a completely different reaction occurs, which produces ethylene as
the major product:
CH3CH2OH H2SO4C2H4+H2O (14.2)
Phase and Surface Area Effects
When two reactants are in the same fluid phase, their particles collide more frequently
than when one or both reactants are solids (or when they are in different fluids that do not
mix). If the reactants are uniformly dispersed in a single homogeneous solution, then the
number of collisions per unit time depends on concentration and temperature, as we have
just seen. If the reaction is heterogeneous, however, the reactants are in two different
phases, and collisions between the reactants can occur only at interfaces between phases.
The number of collisions between reactants per unit time is substantially reduced relative
to the homogeneous case, and, hence, so is the reaction rate. The reaction rate of a
heterogeneous reaction depends on the surface area of the more condensed phase.

Automobile engines use surface area effects to increase reaction rates. Gasoline is
injected into each cylinder, where it combusts on ignition by a spark from the spark plug.
The gasoline is injected in the form of microscopic droplets because in that form it has a
much larger surface area and can burn much more rapidly than if it were fed into the
cylinder as a stream. Similarly, a pile of finely divided flour burns slowly (or not at all),
but spraying finely divided flour into a flame produces a vigorous reaction.
Catalyst Effects
A catalyst is a substance that participates in a chemical reaction and increases the
reaction rate without undergoing a net chemical change itself. Consider, for example, the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence and absence of different catalysts.
Because most catalysts are highly selective, they often determine the product of a reaction
by accelerating only one of several possible reactions that could occur.
Most of the bulk chemicals produced in industry are formed with catalyzed reactions.
Recent estimates indicate that about 30% of the gross national product of the United States
and other industrialized nations relies either directly or indirectly on the use of catalysts.
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rate
s
3. Apparatus and Reagent

1. Apparatus :
a. Analytical balance
b. Burner methylated
c. Test tube
d. Test tube clamp
2. Reagent :
a. HCl 1,5 M solution
b. Marble
c. Na2S2O3 0,15 M solution
d. H2SO40,5M solution
e. H2O2 3%

4.

e.
f.
g.
h.

Graduated cylinder
Baeker glass
Erlenmeyer flask
Stopwatch

f.
g.
h.
i.
j.

H2C2O40,05M solution
MnSO4 0,18M solution
KMnO40,01 M solution
FeCl3 0,5M solution
MnO2 powder

Procedure
a. The surface area of reactants

Put 2 mL of 1,5 M
HCl into the
breaker

Add 0,1 grams of

pieces marble

Record the time

Note : Repeat the steps with 2 mL of

1,5 HCl and o,1 grams of finely
b. Concentration ofgrounded
reactants marble
Make a cross sign
(X) with black ink
on a white paper

Put 5 mL of 1,5 M
HCl into a beaker
glass

Note :
1. Repeat the steps using 3 mL and 1 mL
of HCl and 25 mL of Na2S2O3
2. Repeat the steps using 5 mL of HCl
and 20, 15, 10, and 5 mL of 1,5 M
Na2S2O3
c. The temperature of reaction
Dilute 50 drops of
0,05 M oxalic acid
solution with water
until 25 mL
(solution A)

Dilute 50 drops of
0,01 of potassium
permanganate
solution with water
(solution B)

Add 1 drop of
solution B until the
d. Catalyst
color disappeared

Heat a small test

tube containing 2
drops of solution A
and 2 drops of 0,5
M H2SO4
Add 1 mL of 0,5 M
FeCl3 and observe
the solution

Put 5 mL of 3%
H2O2 solution into
beaker glass

Place the beaker

glass on the top of
cross sign

Add 25 mL of 0,15
Na2S2O3 and
record the time

Put 2 drops of
solution A and 2
drops of 0,5 H2SO4
solution into small
test tube
Add 1 drop of
solution B and
record the time
until the color
disappeared

Note : repeat the steps with 5 mL of

3% H2O2 and MnO3 into beaker
glass
e. Autocatalyst
Dilute 50 drops of
0,05 M of oxalic
acid with water until
25 mL (solution A)

Dilute 50 drops of
0,01 M potassium
permanganate with
water until 25 mL
(solution B)

And add 1 drop of

solution B. Record
the time until the
color disappeared

On the other test

tub, put 4 drops of
solution A, 2 drops
of H2SO4, and 1
drop of MnSO4

Put 4 drops of
solution A and 2
drops of 0,5 H2SO4.
Add 1 drop of
solution B
P
Record the time.
And repeat the step
until addition of 12
drops of solution B

5. Observation Sheet
a. The surface area of reactants
The occured reaction
: CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Marble

Reaction time (s)

Pieces
Powder

240
90

b. Concentration of reactants
[HCl] varied + [Na2S2O3] constant(

Na2S2O3
0,15 M (mL)
25
25
25

Volume (mL)
HCl 1,5
water
M
5
0
3
2
1
4

Concentratio
n
of HCl (M)
1,5
0,9
0,3

The calculation of HCl concentration

V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VHCl . NHCl
=
V(HCl+water) . N2
5 ml . 1,5 M
=
5 ml . N2
N2
=
1,5
`
M2
=
N . valensi
=
1,5 . 1 = 1,5 M
V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VHCl . NHCl
=
V(HCl+water) . N2
3 ml . 1,5 M
=
5 ml . N2
N2
=
0,9
`
M2
=
N x valensi
=
0,9 . 1 = 0,9 M
V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VHCl . NHCl
=
V(HCl+water) . N2
1 ml . 1,5 M
=
5 ml . N2
N2
=
0,3
`
M2
=
N x valensi
=
0,3 . 1 = 0,3 M

t (s)

1/t (s-1)

17,57
22,04
30,46

0,0565
0,0454
0,0328

0.06
0.05
0.04
1/t 0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

concentration HCl (M)

[HCl] constant + [Na2S2O3] variated

2HCl (aq) + Na2S2O3

(aq)

2NaCl (aq) + H2O (aq) + SO2 (aq) + S (s)

Volume (mL)
HCl
1,5 M (mL)
5
5
5
5
5

Na2S2O3
0,15 M
25
20
15
10
5

water

Concentratio
n
of Na2S2O3

t (s)

1/t (s-1)

(M)
0
5
10
15
20

1,5
1,2
0,9
0,6
0,3

The calculation of Na2S2CO3 concentration

V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VNaS2CO3 . NNaS2CO3
=
V(NaS2CO3+water) . N2
25 ml . 1,5 M
=
25 ml . N2
N2
=
1,5
M2
=
1,5 M
V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VNaS2CO3 . NNaS2CO3
=
V(NaS2CO3+water) . N2
20 ml . 1,5 M
=
25 ml . N2
N2
=
1,2
M2
=
1,2 M
V1 . N1
=
V2 . N2
VNaS2CO3 . NNaS2CO3
=
V(NaS2CO3+water) . N2
15 ml . 1,5 M
=
25 ml . N2
N2
=
0,9
M2
=
0,9 M

10
24
35
46
115

0,1
0,0417
0,0286
0,0217
0,0087

V1 . N1
VNaS2CO3 . NNaS2CO3
10 ml . 1,5 M
N2
M2
V1 . N1
VNaS2CO3 . NNaS2CO3
5 ml . 1,5 M
N2
M2

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

V2 . N2
V(NaS2CO3+water) . N2
25 ml . N2
0,6
0,6 M
V2 . N2
V(NaS2CO3+water) . N2
25 ml . N2
0,3
0,3 M

0.06
0.05
0.04
1/t 0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

concentration Na2S2O 3

c. The temperature of reactants

The occured rection :

5H2C2O4 (aq) + 3H2SO4

(aq)

+ 2KMnO4

(aq)

2MnSO4

(aq)

+ 10CO2

(aq)

+ K2SO4(aq) +

8H2O (aq)
Solution A + H2SO4 + Solution B
Without heating
After heating

Time until the solution clear (s)

16
5

1. Catalyst

H2O2 solution
Without addition of any substances
After addition of FeCl3
After addition of MnO2
2. Autocatalyst

Observation
Cold, colorless
Fast reaction, yellow
Fast reaction, grey precipitation

The occuredreaction :
5H2C2O4

(aq)

+ 3H2SO4

(aq)

+ 2KMnO4

(aq)

2MnSO4

(aq)

+ 10CO2

(aq)

+ K2SO4(aq) +

8H2O (aq)
Test
tube
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2

H2C2O4

H2SO4 0.5 M MnSO4

(drop)
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

(drop)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0.5 KMnSO4

M (drop)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1

(drop)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1

12

t (s)
120
42
48
10
38
31
28
13
32
22
21
17
20

140
120
100
80
t (s)

60
40
20
0

10

14

droplets

6. Discussion

1. The surface area of reactant

In this experiment, we reacted marble and chloride acid. This experiment
showed how the affect of surface area of reactant toward the rate reaction. The marble
which used in this experiment divided in two kinds of shape, there are pieces and

powder. The result shows that time until reaction finished with marble in pieces shape
is 240 seconds and reaction with marble in powder is 90 seconds.
This experiment showed that the surface area of reactant with different shape
affect the rate reaction. With the same weight, the time until reaction finished are
different. Marble in powder shape react faster than in pieces shape. It is because the
surface area in powder is wider than the surface area pieces shape.
Because if the suface area is wider, the rate reaction is faster because the
collision between reactant molecules are greater and it makes more efective collision.
2. Concentration of reactant
Knowing the affect of concentration of reactant in rate reaction, we did two
variated reactions between sodium thiosulphate and chloride acid. First, concentration
of

HCl is variated. In the other hand, concentration of sodium thiosulphate is

constant. Second, concentration of sodium thiosulphate is variated. In the other hand,

concentration of HCl is constant.
The first experiment showed that if the concentration of HCl is higher, the rate
reaction is faster. In the second experiment showed if the concentration of Na 2S2O3 is
higher, the rate reaction is faster too.
Both of experiment showed that if the concentration of the solution is greater,
then the rate reaction is faster. It is because the greater of the concentration of
substances, so there is more the amount of the molecule, and the capability to do
collision will occured higher than the substances with liquid concentration. The amout
of collision occured will caused efective collisionis higher too. The efective collision
with higher intention will makes the greater rate reaction.
3. Temperature of reaction
prove the affect of temperature of reaction in reaction. The time until reaction
finish between H2C2O4 0,05M and KMnO4 0,01 M in acid condition (there is H 2SO4)
and room temperature is 16 seconds. After the solution is heated, the time until
reaction finish is 5 seconds.
Both of the experiment showed that the time which needed to react will faster
after the solution is heated. It is because the kinetic energy of molecules will greater
when the temperature of reactant is higher. Because the higher temperature, so there is
driving force or it can be refered with adding force so it can make the reaction faster.
And then the collision between molecules will occured is more often. It will occured
more efective and the rate reaction will faster.
4. Catalyst

A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction at a

certain temperature, without any changes or unused by the reaction itself. In this
experiment, a catalytic role in the reaction but not as a reactant or a product. Catalysts
provide a choice of path ways with lower activation energy. The catalyst reduces the
energy required for the course of the reaction. Catalysts are sometimes involved in the
reaction but did not undergo a permanent chemical change, in other words at the end
of the reaction the catalyst will be found again in the same form and amount as before
the reaction by decreasing the activation energy at the same temperature the reaction
can take place more quickly. This experiment showed that H2O2 solution without
addition any substance there was not any changes, but when the solution added with
FeCl3 and MnO2 there were the changes of the solution in color, the temperature, and
the presipite.
5. Autocatalyst
The occured reaction is 3H2SO4 + 2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4

K2SO4

2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O. Autocatalyst is a catalyst that it is product of reaction can

be as catalyst. In this reaction, the autocatalyst is MnSO 4. More MnSO4 that
producted, the rate reaction is faster. But our data this experiment are different from
the theory. It caused by some mistake like :
Practican is not carefully in count the time
Practician is not carefully when added the solution by dropping the other solution
This experiment showed that with additional an autocatalyst can make fast
the rate reaction because autocatalyst can decreasing the activation energy (Ea).
7. Conclusion
1 The more wider the surface area of solid, the rate reaction will be faster.
2 The more greater the concentration, the rate reaction will be faster.
3 The more higher the temperature, the rate reaction will be faster.
4 Catalyst can make fast the rate reaction by decreasing the actaivation energy.
5 Autocatalyst is a matter from the result of reaction and it can be catalyst to.
6 Autocatalyst can make fast the rate reaction and combine with other catalyst.

8. Suggestion
1. Practican should know the procedures before do the experiment and do the experiment
carefully.
2. All of member in group must working together so that the experiment will done well.
9. References

(burdge, Julia.2009.Chemistry Second Edition.United States;McGraw-Hill)

http://www.chm.davidson.edu/vce/Kinetics/RateOfReaction.html
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Factors_That_Affect_Reaction_Rates

Question
1. The surface area of reactant
a. Which is wider surface area (with the same weight), marble in pieces or powder?
b. What are the effect of surface area of marble toward the rate reaction?
2. Concentration of reactant
a. What are the effect of the concentration of HCl to the rate of reaction of marble
and Na2S2O3?
b. What are the influence of Na2S2O3 concentration to the rate of reaction?
c. Draw a graph showed The relationship of 1/t and sodium thiosulfate
concentration?
3. The temperature of reaction
a. What are the effect of temperature toward on the reaction between potassium
permanganate with oxalic acid and sulphuric acid?
b. Write down the occured reaction?
4. Catalyst
a. CuCl2 and FeCl3 are containing Two kinds of ions, cation and anions, which ion
work as a catalyst?
b. In this reaction, H2O2 decomposes to form H2O and O2, whether the catalyst is
also changing as a result of a reaction?
5. Autocatalyst

a. Why is the rate of reaction on the first droplets of a solution of KMnO 4 in the first
tube is shower when compared with the second tube?
b. What is the effect of manganese (II) sulfate in the reaction which takes place on
the tube?

Answer

1. The surface area of reactant

a. Marble in powder is wider than in pieces.
b. By increasing the surface area, the collision between marble and HCl molecules
is easier. As a consequence the reaction rate of dissolving powder is faster than
pieces.
2. Concentration of reaction
a. Affecting concentration HCl solution to rate rection is the higher concentration,
so the rate reaction is faster.
b. Affecting concentration Na2S2O3 solution to rate reaction isthe higher
concentration, so the rate reaction is faster.
0.06
0.05
0.04
1/t 0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

concentration Na2S2O 3

c.
The relationbetween 1/t andconcentrationNa2S2O3
3. The temperature of reaction
a. Reaction between pottasium permanganate, oxalic acid, and sulphuric acid which
heated, the rate reaction become fasterthan withiut heating. This concern shows
that if temperature increased, so the rate reaction become faster because more and

more many molecules which reach activation energy and more and more high the
quantity of collision of molecules.
b. The reaction :
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4
K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10 CO2
+
222K + 2MnO4 + 16H + 5C2O2 + 3SO4
2K+ + 3SO42- +2Mn2+ + 8H+ + 8OH- +
10 CO2
4. Catalyst
a. Cation works as catalyst in this reaction.
b. No. Catalyst is gain again in final of reaction.
5. Autocatalyst
a. The rate reaction on the first droplets is slower than second droplets because the
first tube has little catalyst and the second tube has higher catalyst than first tube.
S, the first tube is slower when compared with the second tube.
b. In the additional of MnSO4 in the second tube, it makes the rate reaction in the
second tube become faster than the firs tube because MnSO4 is autocatalyst. It is a
matter which its product reaction used as catalyst. Beside that, MnSO 4 in the
second tube is higher than the fisrt tube.