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Learning to Learn





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cworking in groups .
Do you feel nervous when you speak English in class ?


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working with a partner .

b-

working alone .

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How do you like learning in class ?

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What kind of learner are you ?

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A: Starting Off :









Unit 1







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cYes, I always feel nervous .

What helps you remember words and phrases ?

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No , I am always relaxed .
Sometimes , when I speak in front of the whole class .


ab-

b-

When I hear them .

c-

When I see pictures on them .




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Work in pairs . Tell your partner about yourself .



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Sometimes when I am speaking .

c-

When I am reading or writing

b-

Only when I do grammar exercises .

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How often do you think about grammar ?

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When I see them .

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a-

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Example : I like working in groups . And you ?

I like understanding . And you ?
I like talking and saying something aloud . And you?
3) Cyberspace

Unit 4
Celebration

Unit 2
Life styles

Unit 1

Unit 3
Money
4)
1Language Problem Solving
d- a focus on difficult grammar areas.
2-

Culture Corner

f- articles about English speaking countries .

345-

Writing Help

Literature Spot

Grammar Summary

a- a guide for writing composition .

c- poems you can read and analyse.
b- a short grammar reference .

6-

Science Topics

e- various topics related to science and

technology .

5)

Work in Pairs .




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Test your partner about this book .

Example : Who is the old man in the photo on page 36 ? Charles Gray


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B) Words :
1) Read the text and answer these questions .

Language :
Some animals , like (1) dolphins or bees , have ways of communicating, but only human like (2) using language for fun . Some chimpanzees have learnt sign
language , but they can only copy language they dont really communicate . Human language probably started between 40,000 and 50,000 years ago when people
started to live and hunt together . However , those people didnt speak very well- they could only use their voice like (3) small babies .Today , we know about 4,000
5,000 language in the world . But there are probably more that we havent discovered yet .


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1- Give two examples of animals that can communicate with each other .
dolphins and chimpanzees
2- Why are humans different ?
Humans are different because they only can use language for fun .
3- How do chimpanzees use language ?
They use language as signs . They can only copy language .
4- When did language begin ?
Language began between 40,000 and 50,000years ago .
5- How many languages are there in the world ?
There are about 4,000-5,000 languages in the world .
2) List new words in the text that :
1- you didnt have to understand to answer the questions :

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discovered , hunt , copy
3- you had to took up in a dictionary :
bees , communicating , fun , however

(c) to enjoy an activity

Like (3)

(a) in a similar way to

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( C ) Reading

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Like (1)

For thousands of years , people have invented different ways of communicating with each other . We talk , we write , we make noises and gestures , and we tell
each other things by our manner of dress , the houses we live in , the things we eat and in many other ways . Flags are important means of communication . Each
country has its own unique flag. People display flags to show that they are happy or that they are proud , angry or hopeful . Flags are also used to cheer on sports teams
, celebrate a victory and represent certain organisations .
1- What are the different ways of communicating according to the text ?
talking , writing , noises and gestures we make, manner of dress etc.

3-

What are other different usages of flags?

Flags are used to cheer on sport teams, celebrate a victory and represent certain organisation .
What colours are in the national flag in Iraq?
Red , Green , Black and white .

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People sometimes display flags to show that they are happy , proud , angry or helpful .

Why do people sometimes display flags ?

2-

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Flag of the Red Crescent

List new words in the text that :
1- you used a dictionary to look up .
gestures , unique , victory
2- you guessed the meaning of correctly :
means , manner , display


Flag of Egypt , Flag of the Red Cross

Name some flags that you may see in Iraq.



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3- you asked your teacher to give you the meaning of :

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4) Means of Communication Rank of Importance

speaking
the most important
writing
very important


gestures

of little importance

Daily Benefits
doing all activities
writing letters or
reports
rarely used when we
can't speak

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D) Grammar :
1) Complete the sentences with these words :
are , are learning , can , I , important , use , went
I use a dictionary when I read English texts .
I went to London last year.
Vocabulary books are very useful.
We are learning English at the moment.
I always write down important new words.
My father can speak English quite well .
2) Adjective
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important

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1- What are galaxies?

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infintive
see
understand
reach

persent simple past simple

are
could
is
was
arches
travelled


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3) present simple
4) past simple
5) present continuous
2) present perfect
1) future

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1)
a- eats
b- won
c- are watching
d- has been
d- will go

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Lists : Irregular verbs

1) go/ went
2) write / wrote
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am writing.
is writing
are writing.

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He/ She/ It
We/They/You

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I can use it but I sometimes make mistakes .

I can't use it very well.


Present Simple :
The verbs" to be" :

Present continuous:

I can always use this structure with no mistakes .

I can't use it very well.

3)

can

went

are learning

use

are
I can use them but I sometimes make mistakes.
I can use it but I sometimes make mistakes .
I can use it but I sometimes make mistakes .

Modal verb
Past simple
Personal pronoun
Present continuous
Present Simple
The verbs" to be"
Adjectives :
Modal verb:
Past simple :
Personal pronoun:

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The Milk Way is a pin wheel- shaped galaxy .

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4- Complete the table

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past simple
walked
drove
understood
liked
cleaned
spoke
played

past participle
walked
driven
understood
liked
cleaned
spoken
played

I've applied for the position of seniour Computer Programmer . I held the position of Team Manager , where I was responsible for three programmers who
reported to me directly . I was then involved in a major research and development project, where my team was working on a new network application for the
company's accounts department. While I was happy in my previous(last)position , I welcomed the challenge of managing a bigger team . I firmly believe in the value
of teamwork and power-sharing , which I know are important elements in the working environment of your company .

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need (noun)
full (adjective)
meet , greet ( verbs)
frown, smile (nouns)
nearest (adjective)

Present
walk
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like
cleans
speak
plays

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1- I think a shepherd's life is peaceful and relaxing ,but sometimes it can be boring .

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Every day , I get up early , go to school , have a shower , talk a lot , have meals , travel by bus and watch TV .
Every day , the person in the photo gets up early , does house work in the camp , eats vegetables , has meals and talks a lot .
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Sami , Nada , the car

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life is free , relaxing, easy and peaceful .

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Present Simple

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My life is easy and stressful while the eco-protesters'

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4) I am a taxi driver. I live in Baghdad. I work from 8 o'clock in the morning until 5 o'clock in the evening. My work is boring but sometimes it is interesting. It keeps
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occasionally

I get up early every morning.


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Ali gets up early every morning.

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She doesnt watch TV in the morning.

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Does she play tennis every Friday ?
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now , at the moment , at the present time

I am reading now .
She is sleeping at the moment .
They are playing tennis at the present time .

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Is Luma studying now ?

Are they watching TV at the moment ?
6)
1- He does different jobs in the camp.
2- He does the house work .
3- He plays music .
7)
1- present simple .
2- present continuous .

is ,am ,are

Negative


I'm not playing now .

They are not sleeping at the moment .
He is not working at the present time .

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1- We get up early .(present simple)

2- I'm building a new tree house.(present continuous)
8) Present Continuous- because the work is being done at the moment .
9)
1- a

2- a

10)
1- Danny Green
2- an eco protester
3- student studying for their exams .
11)

Relaxing :

2)







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3)

1- I find swimming and cycling very relaxing .

2- I find waiting in a queue very stressful .
Listening Strategies
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very stressful
relaxing

e- giving a talk to your class in English

f- shopping with a friend

stressful

d- giving a talk to your class in your own language

very stressful
very relaxing
very stressful


a- studying for on exam

b- lying on a beach
c- waiting for exam results

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when you go swimming? Do you swim alone or with others?

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1- am trying
2- are you reading
3- works
4- is interviewing
5- am watching
6- is coming
7- does not like
8- are having
9- am cooking 10- is burning
Fatima : Could you turn the TV down ? I am trying to reed my book .
Ahmed : O.K. What are you reading ?
Fatima : Its about a journalist. She works for the BBC .She is in Tangier at the moment and she is interviewing
people about the travellers and tourists .
Ahmed : Thats interesting. I'm watching a series about Morocco at the moment . It's on Tuesday evening . Who is she interviewing ?
Fatima : She is talking to lots of different people . There's one man who comes from New York . She does not like him very much , but he has got lots of information
about travelling in Morocco . Its interesting because ...
Ahmed : Sorry , can you smell anything ? May be the neighbours are having a barbecue
.
Fatima : No , they arent . I am cooking chicken for supper . Oh , no! It is burning now .
12) What do you do when you go for a picnic ? Do you often go sightseeing ? What do you do when you go shopping ? Do you often buy foods and drinks ?
What do you do

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4)

5)
6)

1- students .
2- problems with people .
3- talk to people about problems .

1- when they have exams .

2- giving talks in front of people .
3- having a time table
for work or studies .


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enjoy

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like

can't stand

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4- friends , teachers or parents

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5- playing sports , having walks or talking to friends .
Stressful activities
Relaxing activities

Expressing Preferences


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3- I hate going to weddings very much.

4- I prefer meeting people is small groups.
5- I enjoy listening to music.
6- I like reading .
7- I quite like sitting and doing nothing .
8- I love talking to my friends.

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1- I really dont like doing exams .


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1- I like playing games .

2- I hate quarrelling .
3- I enjoy watching TV.
4- I prefer having meals at home .
10) Pronunciation


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11) Er. I like watching TV , but well for a nice film or a play .

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iguana =
parrot =
Dialogue :
Sally : Hi , it's me . Oh , no ! What's going here ? Where's the parrot ?
His cage is empty .
Nigel : Well it's escaped .
Sally : Kevin . Why are you crying ?
Kevin : That horrible the python has eaten my football.
Nigel : Yes , and I'm really angry .Look at the TV .Your alligator has broken it!
Sally : What a disaster! And look at the mess!
Nigel : We havent cleaned up it's impossible with all these animals! Look at the walls the iguanas have walked all over them?
Sally : And the poor monkeys- just look at them . Have you fed them ?
Kevin : No , Dad hasnt fed them .
Sally : Really Nigel ! And look at the gold fish bowl- it's nearly empty .
Dont tell me- the elephant has drunk the water ! Come on . Let's start work .





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alligator =

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Sally whittle loves animals . She has a small zoo in her small house . Sally works extremely hard to look after the animals . Her husband ,Nigel , and , son, Kevin
have to look after themselves .
1) Do you think Sally is eccentric ?
Yes , I do .
Do you know anyone who is eccentric ?
Yes , I do .
Tell the class about him
He is a man I sometimes meet on my way home . He wears strange clothes and always talk to himself .

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They have finished the work .

Affirmative
He has just left the room .
I havent fed them .
Negative
She hasnt gone out .
Have you seen Zainab?
Question
Has Ali done his homework ?
3)
regular
irregular
Walked, escaped , cleaned
fed

yet

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have

Just , already

you , they , we , I

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has

he , she , it

Present Perfect

The cage is empty .

Kevin is crying.
Nigel is angry .
The living room is a mess.
The walls are dirty.
The monkeys are hungry.
The gold fish bowl's nearly empty.




Why ?

break
drink

broken
drunk

Situation

eat
walk


eaten
walked
4)

The parrot has escaped.

The python has eaten his football.
The alligator has broken the TV.
They havent cleaned up .
The iguanas have walked all over them.
Dad hasnt fed them.
The elephant has drunk the water .













5) The situations in the table describe results in the present .

The reasons describe actions the past .
Rule: We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that happened in the past and clear consequences in the present .

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6)
Irregular form
Infinitive
broken
break
drunk
drink
eaten
eat
fed
feed
made
make
had
has have
met
meet
spent
spend
built
build
done
do
came
come
won
win
lost
lose
left
leave
been
be (is, am ,are)
gone
go
7)
1- She has cleaned her teeth.
2- He has not made his bed.
3- He has eaten his dinner.
4- They have broken the window.
5- She has not done the dishes .
6- He has lost the game .
8)
1- As you can see, I have invented a lot of things.
2- I've invented a domestic robot .
3- That noise means it has started cleaning.
4- Has something terrible happened?
5- No, it hasnt .It's only my automatic cat feeder .
6- It means my cat Sheba hasnt(has ) finished her dinner .
9)
John : Now ,let's go on a tour of the house . As you can see , the lights have come on automatically .BBC1 .
Journalist : Who has turned on the TV ?
John : I have . It works by voice control .Watch! Channel 4 . I'm now switching over to another channel .
Journalist :Incredible .
John : That windows have closed because its a bit cold .
Journalist : That car outside looks strange .

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

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John: Yes, I've painted it red ,white and blue because I'm very patriotic .
Journalist : What's that noise ?
John : Thats my wife . I have invented a mini helicopter for her . Look out of the window . She has just come home . She has been shopping .
10)
A:
I'm quite worried .
B:
Why? Have you done something wrong ?
A:
No, I havent .
B:
Have you heard some bad news?
A:
Yes, I have .

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HOME IN SPACE

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When you look at the sky at night, you can see a bright new star. But it is not a star, it is Alpha.Alpha orbits at 386 kilometers above our planet and is home for the
men and women of the International Space Station. Angela Downing answers readers' questions about our new home in the sky.
1. You can find out when to see Alpha in your area at NASA's website- http://spaceflight.Nasa.gov/station/ . They can also tell you about the shuttle's position.
Sometimes you can see Alpha and the shuttle at the same time!
2. The station is the size of three houses of 186 square metres. It has got scientific laboratories and a living area with sleeping compartments, a toilet and a kitchen with a
fridge and an oven. The astronauts can't watch TV but Alpha has got a radio. They use the radio to talk to their friends and families on earth. Alpha has also got
fifty-two computers!
3. Alpha uses solar power. It recycles air and water, and the space shuttle brings food three or four times a year.
4. There are up to eight astronauts on Alpha. They usually sleep eight hours every night in special sleeping bags. There is no gravity so they don't need beds! The crew
members can't have a shower on the station; so they wash with wet clothes and never brush their teeth with water! Once a day, they spend thirty minutes on an
exercise bike to keep fit.
5. They have normal food but don't have salt and pepper because these fly away! They have meals in the kitchen but don't have to think about what to eat. The
astronauts choose their food months before the trip, and a computer tells them their menu for every meal.
6. In the station they wear T- shirts and trousers or shorts. But they don't need shoes! When they go outside on space walks, they wear special space suits with oxygen
and food for eight hours.
7. Astronauts on Alpha are busy . They check the scientific experiments in the laboratories and do repairs or building work. The astronauts sometimes go" space
walking" and do work outside the station. And every day, one of the crew does the housework- it is very important to keep the station clean.
386
1
2

1- The astronauts communicate with their families by a radio on the Alpha.

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C: How many astronauts are there and how do they live ?

D: Where does Alpha gets its power , food and water from?
Alpha gets its power from the sun ( solar power)It gets its food from shuttles that visit them
every three or four months .
E: Where can you find out how to see Alpha ?
we can find out how to see Alpha at NASA's website http :/space flight . nas.gov/station/.
F: What work do the astronauts do?
They make scientific experiments .
G: What kinds of clothes do they wear?
They wear T- shirts and trousers or shorts .
H: How big is Alpha and what is in it ?
Alpha is 186 square meters ( the size of three houses) . It has scientific laborites , a living area with sleeping compartments , a toilet and a kitchen.
4)


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3)
A: What do astronauts eat on Alpha?
They eat normal food without salt or pepper .
B:
How old is the International space station ?
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15
@ @b@@Z@bna@ag
3

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

16

Would you like to see it in the sky ? Yes , I would .

&

2- The shuttle is a space ship . It brings foods and other needs to the space station .
3- Alpha hasnt got beds or a shower because there is no gravity in Alpha .
4- The astronauts choose their meals months before the trip.
5- They dont need shoes because when they have walks , they have space walks .. i-e . they do not walk on land or ground .
5) Would you like to visit Alpha ? Yes , I would .

Vocabulary :
6)

Words that go together

Do
exams
exercise
the house
work
jobs
repairs
work

Have
a hair cut
chicken
problems
a shower
meals
food

Keep

Go
fit
swimming
the station clean climbing
jogging
space walking
outside

Spend
$ 200
time
thirty
minutes

7)
I always get up early . I do exercise for about one hour and then I have a shower . It's very important in space to keep fit because there is no gravity. Then I have
breakfast with the crew. After breakfast we do the housework. My job is to keep the crew's shoes clean . I spend the morning in the laboratory because Iam a biologist. I
do jobs and check on the experiments. I usually have a small lunch . After lunch, I go jogging outside and then I do work on the computer . I sometimes go on a space
walk and do repairs to the station . In the evenings , I have a talk with friends or family on earth and go to bed early .
8)

Writing and Speaking













&




9)

9: get up and get dressed have breakfast .

9:30 : go hunting in the forest .
13: have lunch in the cabin .
14: gather some fruits from the trees of the forest .
16: go back to the cabin have free time listen to the radio .




A cabin in the forest

'

'




&

?


&

&

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"

Baghdad is a big city . It is the capital. It is noisy during the day . It is polluted because of thousands of cars and hundreds of factories . At night , Baghdad is
peaceful and relaxing . I love Baghdad very much .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

17

'




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&

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: havent , I'm , I've , dont , she's , we're

>

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- we're

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I prefer

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- right

Punctuation

Contractions

b 2
d 1


4
3

2)

a
c

1)

18

&

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A Personal Letter

Writing :

Communication workshop

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4

Informal words : right , well

A letter to a friend
42 Palestine Street ,
Al- Mashtal Quarter ,
Baghdad
12th November
Dear Bilal ,
This is Ali Ahmed . Remember me? We were friends in the Iraqi Army . We havent seen each other since the American aggression on Iraq.
Anyway , how are you ? What have you done and where are you doing now? Dont be surprised . I've got your address from the Internet ! You always like to
join the Iraqi Navy . Well, have you got that .

<

&

Speaking Strategies

1)

<

Now a days I have a big shop in the main marken .I work with electrics . I've well, let's say succeeded in my job . I no longer want to be an actor . Well , I
have to say good- bye now . There is a customer guess what he wants to buy a TV. Write to me I'm waiting .
All the best ,
Ali
Speaking : A Class Survey

18

4



2

>




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Group work

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
5)





3)
4)

2)

Salem does a very dangerous and stressful job , but very interesting and he enjoys working outdoors . He usually works abroad in places like the USA , Indonesia and
Europe . At the moment he is working in the east of England . His company is building a new port for very big ships .
Salem comes from Bahrain and he goes
home to see his family when he can . He (misses) his wife and children and he wants to give up the job when he is a bit older . The job he is on at the moment is well
paid , and he is saving quite a bit of money .
:

1)

#


Affirmative




Do you watch TV?

intonation

<

Question :

Pronouncing


3)

<

2)

" There's no milk left . Someone has drunk it"

" Look at all those dirty dishes . You haven't cleaned them! "
" I feel terrible about that exam . I haven't studied well " .
" Listen to that noise . The football game has started" .
" I'm really hungry . I haven't eaten since breakfast" .
" I can't find my wallet . I have lost it " .

I wake up at about 7 o'clock and get up at about 7.15 a. m .

I turn on the TV and watch the CNN news while I am having breakfast . Sometimes I switch over to the local channel to watch
a soap opera . It's really interesting at the moment . Abdullah is getting ready to study abroad . Unfortunately , I always have to switch off the TV before it finishes
and go to school .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

19
6)

Nouns
boredom
eccentricity
energy
excitement
fame
happiness
health
home
interest
laziness
peace
relaxation
stress
surprise

adjectives
boring
eccentric
energetic
excited , exciting
famous
happy
healthy
homeless
interested , interesting
lazy
peaceful
relaxed
stressful
surprised , surprising

6)
12345-

My uncle is very eccentric . He often wears a big pink bow tie and a bowler hat !
I am afraid my lifestyle is not very healthy . I am rather boredom.
He is so lazy . He never does any exercise .
She is a famous singer and her life is quite exciting .
In the summer we go to a peaceful village in the south . I find it very interesting .

&







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in

g


&

in , thin , pin

&

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reading , sing , bring

/ in/


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ing
&







8- classical music





7- homeless people

/ i/

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6- primary school

Pronunciation

5- gold fish bowl

4- two- bed roomed house

8)

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'
<




3- TV channel

2- lazy behaviour

1- portable TV

7)

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

20

>

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b: a sporting victory


/




can not have to have to




1) a: a carnival

shouldn't should can't

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monologues

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3


dialogues
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Unit Two
Celebration @@@@@@@bnya

c: a birthday

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<

2)
3)
Recently we had a small party to celebrate my sister's graduation. She had got the M .A . degree in Physics . She will be a teacher in the university . My
brothers and sisters had all come to congratulate. Muna and her family brought with them simple gifts . Muna was very happy and thanked us all . She even kissed the
hands of our parents to express her gratitude .

'

&

"
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!
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4

&

Jack and Claire Simpson were travelling round Morocco when Ramadhan started.
We were staying in a small hotel in Rabat. We didn't speak Arabic, but many young people knew English. They told us excitedly that Ramadhan was near.
Ramadhan is a very religious period when Muslesms do not eat or drink during the day for a month. Claire and I were tourists, staying in
Moroccoforthewholemonthand we had some great experiences.The first thing we noticed was that daily routines changed. The shops opened later and the restaurants
and cafs closed all day. Also, because nobody had launch, there were no traffic jams at lunch time! The big traffic jam came in the final hour of daylight when people
were rushing home to be ready for their first meal, the Ramadhan "breakfast" or "iftar".One evening, we met a lovely family. Abdulla and Farida were having an ice
cream with their two children, Mohammed (14) and Khadija (11). They heard us speaking English and they asked us to sit with them. Abdulla sometimes went to
England to do business and he was quite fluent. Farida could speak a little English andthechildren were learning it at school. They invited us to eat with them the next
evening and we accepted their generous offer.Our first iftar was a memorable meal. When we arrived, Farida was putting everything on the table. We sat down and
wait for the call from the minarets to say we could eat. When we heard the call, we began to eat. We were very hungry and didn't talk much! The meal was delicious not what I expected for "breakfast"! We began with dates and then had bread and barira soup - one of the best soups I've ever tasted! Finally, we had refreshing mint
tea. Farida did the washing up and then we went for a walk in the crowded streets. We ate at Abdulla and Farida's house once more. This time we ate at about ten
o'clock in the evening. It was a huge meal of Moroccan salad (eggs, green peppers, tomatoes and onion), fatta and finally roast lamb. After the mail, Farida's sister and
family came round to visit her and we talked, and the children played until very late. A week later, before we left Rabat, we visited them again to say goodbye and to
thank them for their wonderful hospitality.
Memories of Ramadhan

Ramadhan
Memories of Ramadhan

Jack and Claire came to Morocco to see the country .

There were no traffic jams in the middle of the day because there was no rush to get home for lunch .
Abdulla and Farida asked Jack and Claire to sit with them because they were friendly and polite people .
;

&

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2) Jack found many unusual things about Ramadhan . The closing of restaurants and cafes , the fasting
;

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21
@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

of the people during the day and the late opening of the

shops .

3)
1. False .They became excited when they knew the traditional things of Ramadhan .
2. True . ( at the final hour of daylight ) .
3. False . They met Abdulla in Rabat They were having ice cream .
4. False. Not all of them Only Abdulla could speak English very well .
5. True .
6. False . They left Rabat a week after the day of the meal .

Reading Strategies :

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

The call from the minarets means you can eat and drink .
Farida prepared a very big meal .
5) have : an experience , an ice cream , lunch , tea .
do : business , the washing up .
6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

We do the shopping in the morning and then have lunch in town . After that we have an ice cream .
When she does her homework , she always does her best .
We had a picnic last week to celebrate the end of our exams . Everybody had a good time .
He had a terrible experience on holiday . He had a shower when the fire alarm went off!
I have a great idea you can do the washing up !

7)
people : brother , sisters , parents
preparations : decorating the sitting room .
presents : a watch / a cake ( for me)
food : chickens / kabab / Pepsi Cola / tea
activities : songs
your feeling : I was happy and excited .

Similarities
Restaurants and cafes are closed during the day .
Waiting for the call from the minarets .
Differences :
Special foods . Dolma for example .
at the last hours of night in Iraq .

The man with drum

Weddings

<







>

'

&


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4. True .
3)

3. True .

>

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Yes , I have been to a wedding ceremony

. My uncle got married .
1. False . In most Islamic countries , families invite people they know to their wedding .
2. False . The reception is after the wedding .

22

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

23
You can go to the reception with a friend , even if you dont have an invitation .
You shouldnt to the ceremony .
You have to put money into the box at the entrance to the reception .
You should ask first if you want to see the ceremony .
2. No.


necessary

allowed / possible

4. can't

not allowed / not possible

5. should

advisable

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3. can

not necessary

2. dont have to =

4. Ok .

have to

3. No.


Yes .

1.
2.
3.
4.
4)
1.
5)
1.

&

<

&

6. shouldnt
=
not advisable
6)
groom =
bride =
A week before the wedding , the groom's family have to go to the bride's house . They take presents in red boxes . Only the men can carry them- female members
of the family can carry the presents .One strange thing is that the bride's family send them back if they dont like them they dont have to accept the presents ! A few
days later , females of the brides family have to take presents to the grooms family .On the morning of the wedding ceremony , the bride and the groom have to serve
tea to their parents . The ceremony is only for the family friends cant go to it . The reception is where friends can celebrate with the happy couple .
7)
We dont have to wear a uniform at school .
We cant use notes during tests .
We cant eat during lessons .


<

&

&




&

scatter =

&

We can go on class excursion .

8)
At a wedding in my country , people usually put on new and colourful clothes . They sing song and scatter flowers . They bring presents to the groom and the
bride . Some may give speeches ; others just sit in the reception and celebrate the ceremony . Usually there is a big meal for all . You should not be late . So you have to
arrive on time . You should wear nice and neat clothes . You can bring a present to the bride and the groom but you dont have to bring an expensive one. A friend can
come with you if you like that .

Ceremonies
1)

24

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ceremony , we gave some of the food to relatives and friends and the best to poor people in the area.
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3. I didn't believe I was a champion until they put that medal around my neck .

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2. On graduation day I had to go on the stage to get my degree certificate .

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Listening Strategies : Understanding the general idea .

Listening

Giving advice







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a family celebration

5)

4 3 1
5

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The father should ( has to) whisper Z[\] the words of Athan
`into the baby's right ear .
When should he do this ?
He has to do this very soon after the baby is born .
The parents , ( should ) ( have to ) give the weight of the hair in
gold , silver or money to poor people .
But they dont have to do this if they dont have enough money .
The parents usually choose the name , but they dont have to .
The parents or the grandparents should choose the name of a
prophet or other famous Muslim , or choose one from the
Qur'an.
$

Function File

4)

&

>

" Up Helly Aa"

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" Halloween"

31

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mask

&

Trick or treat ! "

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Top hat

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torches

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2000

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top hat

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costume

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2- a
5- d

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1- c
4- b

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8)

&

6)
7)

&

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informal clothes
a present
give a song
not to dance
arrival 6 p. m - departure 8 p.m.
We'll have a simple family celebration at home for my brother's birthday . You can wear informal clothes . You should give a present or give a song but you do
not have to dance . You can arrive at 6 p. m. and leave at p.m.
<

25
@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

3- e

Seasonal Festivals
Bonfire
1

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

26
)

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4


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1. They perform it in Cornish .

2. They give them sweets .

3. They decorate the streets with flowers .





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+
*

2)

4. They are called guizars.

The Passive   :



#


3)
A. Bonfires are lit on the night after the summer solstice .
The ceremony is not performed in English , it is performed in Cornish .
Participants are reminded of their Viking ancestors .
Children are given sweets to take home .
B. The celebration of Halloween was begun by the celts .
People believed a village would have bad luck is the travellers were not given food .
In A the present simple tense is used .
In B the past simple tense is used .
4)
are dressed ; are decorated ; were brought ; is known ; is thrown
are reminded ; is prepared .
am
The Present Passive =

is

+ the third form of the verb (past participle).

are
The Past Passive =




#


5- What is done by the people in Eid al Fitr ?

Some international festivals are not celebrated in India , but each autumn there is Diwali . Years ago , presents were given but now only cards are sent . Special
lanterns are prepared and during the festival these are placed all over the house . Each night firework displays are organized in the street .
1- What food is eaten during Ramadhan in your country ?
2- When are presents given in your country ?
3- How are houses decorated for festivals in your country ?
4- When is Eid al-Fitr celebrated ?
!

6)

+ the third form of the verb (past participle) .

5)

was
were

<

What do people do in Eid al Fitr ?

6- When do people pray during Eid al Fitr in your country ?
7) The Loy Krathong festival in Thailand

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guizars

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

27





+


'

9)

How is coffee made ?

What are chairs made of?
When is tea usually drunk ?

1. Where is the 4th of July celebrated ?

2. Where is goulash eaten ?
3. When is Ramadhan celebrated?
4. Who is telephone invented by ?
5. Who is " Hamlet" written by ?
6. Where are BMW cars made ?


8)

Communication Workshop
Function File

Speaking : 1)

Showing surprise and asking for repetition abc degh j\k

jn`
A: Hi , I'm Jamie .
B: Ah , hello , my name's Khalid .
A: Khalid ? R
B: Khalid , yes . Pleased to meet you . I'm from Egypt .
A: Really ? S Thats interesting . I'm from Tasmania .
B: I'm sorry ? R
A: Tasmania .
B: No ! S Thats where my mum's from .
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:

She isnt ? R
Yeah , she's from Hobart .
I dont believe it S . And what do you do ? I'm an
astronaut.
An ? R
An astronaut .
Oh , fascinating ! I'm an actor .

'

'

>

&

'

>

1. Loy Krathong is held on full moon of the 12th month in traditional Thei Lunar calendar .
2. During celebration of full moon , small rafts are released on rivers .
3. A raft is made of banana tree wood and decorated with banana leaves , candles and flowers .
4. Much bigger and more elaborated rafts are built by businesses and governmental offices .
5. The act of floating away the candled raft is believed to symbolise that people should let go all their anger and negative feelings .

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

28

Describing an Event

Writing :

A: the situation
C:
during the celebration

2)
A:
B:
C:

1. first
2. Then
3. after that
4. While
5. in the end
Last June , we had a small party at home to celebrate our passing the final exams . Family and some close friends were at the celebration party.
We got a cake and some candles . The party began at 6 p.m . when I lit the candles and started the music . During the party we had light meals and fresh drinks .
While everyone was enjoying time , something took place and interrupted our party . The door bell rang and some unexpected relatives arrived . We invited them
to join us and we went back to our celebration again .
When the party came to its end at 9 p . m. , we all wished each other good luck and nice days . All agreed it was a nice good party .


&

Review

D:

B: how it began
D: how it ended .

1)

Grammar :
1)
1. were decorated .

2. is marked

3. are burnt

4. is held

5. are covered

6. are lit

2)

1. beautiful

2. smoke

4) take : photos , some medicine

go to : the bed , a party
make : a speech
have : a good time , a cup f tea .
meet : a person
We took photos near the river yesterday .

3. Garden

4. bones

5. meal




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6. fatta

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3)

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should

2. have to
4. have to
6. should
5

1. should ------ shouldn't

3. shouldnt
5. shouldnt ------- have to

29
I usually go to bed early .
Whenever there is a ceremony , Samir makes a speech .
They always have a good time at week ends .
When I meet a person , I show him my happiness for that meeting .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

30




#
5

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1
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&

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from


?

in

The drummers
were waiting for the wedding couple at the hotel .
When I got home from the party , my father was waiting for me .
Harira soup is made from beans .
She looked at the graduation photos and cried .
I always go to bed late during Ramadhan .


Word Stress (wxKh ) opbh qr gsuvh



3

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>

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>

reception , retirement , important

Group (3) :
wedding , fireworks

?


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balloon , exam , Japan

Group (5) :

'

>

Group (4) :

celebration , invitation , decoration




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unusually , traditional , spectacular

Group (6) :







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festival , carnival
Group (2) :

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at

for

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Prepositions

5)

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

31

Culture Corner
Eating in Britain



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1. food

2. meal

3. Recipe

4. Cook
Good things

eating less meat and more vegetables

many people became vegetarians

6. curry
Bad things
eating more fast foods

meals are no longer family occasion

&

having sugar free sweets

doing less exercises
In Britain , the meal is usually light while in Iraq the meal is normally full of different kinds of food .
In Britain , people mostly
eat individually
. In Iraq , the families eat in groups (all members of the family join the meal ) .




<

7. dish

5. lunch







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Do you know anything about British food? What kind of British food do you know? Read on
Years ago a Frenchman said that the only way to eat well in Britain was to eat breakfast three times a day. And, let's be honest, most British food was terribleovercooked vegetables, greasy sausages, boring sandwiches. For a lot of people, eating was something you had to do to survive; it was certainly not an enjoyable
experience. But things have changed
Food has become very important in Britain. TV cooks are more famous than writers and their recipe books are bestsellers.
More of us eat out regularly and we can get excellent food in lots of different kinds of restaurants- French , Indian , Italian , Greek , Thai , Indonesian even British!
British supermarkets are now full of exotic cooking ingredients, sauces, pasta, cheese, fruit and vegetables.
The British love all kinds of "international" food. The most popular is now pizza and, according to a recent survey, 40% of British families have a curry for Sunday
lunch instead of traditional dishes like roast beef.
We eat less meat and more fresh fruit and vegetables. A growing number of people are becoming vegetarians. Even children know about sugar-free sweets.
That is the good news. Unfortunately, there is also some bad news. As we work harder and we have less time we are eating more and more fast food and doing less
exercise. For lunch, many of us have a burger of sandwich, and when we come home in the evening, we put our ready-made dinner into the microwave before sitting
down in front of the TV. Meals are no longer family occasions.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

32

In Iraq we have tea after a meal . In Britain , there is no such a habit.

If you are in Iraq , you can have eggs or cheese for breakfast . Usually it is taken with tea . In the afternoon , people have their lunch . It is the main meal . It is full of a
variety of foods with rice as the main dish .At night , we have the supper , it may be Kebab , Kubba and the like . The supper is lighter than the lunch . Language
Problem Solving (1) :

3. F

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We use "the" when it is clear which person or thing we are talking about . We use "a" or "an" when it is not clear which person or thing we are talking about , or when
we describe something or someone as an example of that group .


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1. Correct the

a
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1.
2.
3.
4.

3)

Wrong a cupboard the cupboard - if there is one cupboard .

7. a door the door - the door you open ( fixed g{L )
8. a teacher's desk the teachers desk - It is the desk of the teacher (fixed)
5) In the three sentences , if we use "a"
"an" (not the) , that means there are more than one (bag , armchair , house). If we use the ( not "a" , "an" ) that means
there is just one (bag , armchair , house) we are talking about.


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2. a headmaster the headmasterbecause there is one headmaster in the school

3. a staff room the staff room because there is one staff room in the school
4. Correct .
5. aboard the board because there is one board in the class.
6. Correct if there are more than one cupboard

6)
1.

have

breakfast .

2.

have

bath.

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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

33
4.

go to

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cinema .

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Iraq .

9.

in

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UAE .

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go by

train .

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in

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evening.

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Nile .

7) Ali lives in X Dubai in a flat . His life looks quite ordinary. In the morning he goes to X school . He usually travels by X bus , but on X Tuesdays his father
gives him a lift and he goes by X car . He has X lunch at school and comes X home at about 3 p. m . In the afternoon , he learns to play the guitar- he wants to
become a musician . In the evening the family have X dinner , and then Ali does his homework . He has a shower and goes to X bed at about 10 p.m . Ali has
never been abroad , although he's got family in the United Kingdom and X Brazil . He'd like to travel across the Atlantic by X ship.

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It is important for me to have a good job .
The most important thing for me is to be healthy .
It is important and nice to help other people .

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

3) 1.
2.
3.
4.

34

His company makes a lot of money and so he earns a good salary.

If you need money , you can ask a friend to lend you some or you can borrow money from a bank .
She is careful with money she doesn't spend very much. She saves 40 a week .
At the moment she collects money for charity .

9 A material world
Grammar focus
"Who wants to be a millionaire?
I don't" says Charles Gray
Angus Deayton interviews ex-millionaire Charles Gray
Sixteen years ago, Charles was a college professor with a huge six-bedroom house and a fortune of $ 2 million. Today, he lives in a small caravan where there is only
second-hand furniture. There are certainly no signs that Charles was a rich man! There is a small garden outside with a few fruit trees. Charles grows some vegetables
and a few flowers. He gets his clothes and a lot of other things from charity shops.But this change is not a tragedy. Charles was happy to give up the lifestyle of a rich
man. He was tired of being a person who had everything in a world where many people have nothing. He made the choice to give all his money away. And this, he say,
has brought him happiness.

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Who wants to be a millionaire ?

"A few years ago," says Charles, "I was a millionaire, but I knew there were a lot of hungry people in the world." So he gave away all his money to charities. When
he had two thousand dollars left, he gave away small bank notes in the streets of local poor areas. Charles believes that many people want to earn a lot money so that
they will not have any worries. However, most people never make much money. Charles Gray decided to drop out and has discovered that having only a little money
makes you free. Are there any things he misses? "No, I'm much happier now. I wouldn't go back to being rich for anything no way."

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

35


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1. to give a way

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1) Would you like to be a millionaire ? Why?

No , I wouldnt because it would be a happier life than when you have a lot and others around you have nothing.

= to stop doing something .

= to return .

4)
Countable nouns
dollars
caravan

worries
happiness

areas
houses


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money
furniture

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@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

36

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Journalist :
How many houses have you got ?
Mr. McGinty : Well , I havent got many . I've only got a little one in Monaco , one in Paris and one in New York .
Journalist :
Are there any things in the world that you havent got ?
Mr. McGinty : Actually , there are some things I havent got . I need some furniture for my Scottish castle . Its difficult to find .
Journalist : How much money have you got exactly ?
Mr. McGinty : Well , thats a difficult question . I'm a busy man . I've got no time to count it .
Journalist : Do you think people with a lot of money are happier than poor people ?
Mr. McGinty : No, I dont . Some rich people I know are miserable . Other people I know , with only a little money are often a lot happier . But I'm happy because I've
got a lot of friends .
9)
There are no clocks .
There are a lot of cups .
There are some paintings .
There isnt much space .
There are a few glasses .
There isnt a television .
There arent many chairs .
10) There were many Persian carpets in his house but now there are only some postcards .
There were many paintings in his house but now there are only some magazine photos .
There was antique furniture in his house but now there is only a simple chair .
There were plants in his house but now there are only few flowers .
There was a lot of space in his house but now there is only a little space.
There were six bedrooms in his house but now there is only one .
11) How much chocolate do you eat ?
How much foreign food do you eat a week ?

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

How many friends do you have ?

How many films do you see every month ?
How many pets do you have ? pet
How much pocket money do you need ?
How many TV. set do you have at home ?

37

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3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

5. money in coins and notes = cash

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4. to discuss the price of something in order to agree on a lower price = to bargain

3. money taken off the full price = discount

2. something that is very good value = bargain

1. how much you have to pay for something = price

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1) Definitions

Skills Focus

10 The Right Price

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4)

Countable Nouns(Plural)

Uncountable Nouns




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11 our Money
Grammar Focus
1) I'm not quite careful with money . No , I sometimes save money when
I'm not in need of buying a thing .
2)
1- When you get a present of money, how much of it do you save ?
Some of it .
2- How many of the following did you buy last month ? None of them.
3- When you go out with your friends , how much money do you get with you ?
Quite a lot.
4- If you see two things in a shop you really like , do you buy? Sometimes both of them.
5- Someone asks you to give some money to a charity. How much do you give ?
A little

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

all (of)
both (of)
neither (of)
none (of)

38

all(of)
both (of)
neither (of)
none (of)

all (of)
----none (of)

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All of us speak Arabic .

All of us are in the 14th preparatory class .
All of us respect our parents .
Most of us speak good English .
Most of us like football .
Most of us have tea for breakfast .
None of us speaks Russian .
None of us plays the piano .
None of us has a car of his own .


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neither of, neither, both of, both

none of , none , all of , all
We use "both" and "neither " when we talk about two people or things .
We use "all" and "none" when we talk about more than two people or things.
We use "neither" and "none" to make negative sentences.
5)
1- a poor person
2- a millionaire
3- a millionaire
4- a poor person
6)
I'm not very careful with money . I spend all of it very fast and save none of it. Both my parents get angry with me , especially my dad. And now neither of
my parents give me presents of money. But I'm a very happy person and all my friends like me .
7)
Both of us work hard of the exams .
Neither of us speak in the class.
Both of us like basketball .
Neither of us come by bus.
Both of us respect and obey teachers . Neither of us are lazy .
Both of us are 14 years old .
Neither of us speak Spanish .


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another
other
the other (the second

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the other
the other
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another

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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

39
12)

1- Do you have two sisters?

Yes, one is a lawyer and the other is an architect.
2- Do all your sisters work?
Yes, one is a teacher, another one works in a bank and the other three are nurses.
3- Have you met my twin brothers?
Yes, both of them are friendly.
4- Have you met our school football team?
Yes , all of them are friendly.
5- How are your parents ?
Neither of them is very well .
6- How are your family ?
None of them is very well .

12 Adverts

Skill Focus


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1) I think electric toothbrushes are not very practical .

I think a laptop computer is very useful .
I think mobile phones are practical .
I think personal stereos are not convenient .
I think pocket calculators are cheap .
I think radio alarm clocks are easy to use .
3) Micro Camera : very small and convenient
Walkabout Headphones : no wires or cables give you freedom to move around and listen .
Earplug Earrings : help to avoid loud sounds .
Feline Floor Cleaners: help to clean the house or flat cheap .

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Opinions
Facts
1. The signals go through glass and
walls
2. It's made from titanium .
3. These are attractive gold earrings.

Opinions
1- It is convenient .
2- It will change your life .
3- You can use them in different
situations.

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Reading Strategies :

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

40

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5) These exciting new headphones give you freedom to move around plus top quality sound.
Its really easy to use , too .
Its also made from titanium .
The micro camera is not expensive either .
They are also useful .
1- Pocket calculators are small and convenient . They are useful for homework , too .
2- Electric toothbrushes are expensive . They are also not very practical .
3- Mobil phone are small and useful plus ( they are) cheaper than before .
4- Laptop computer are very expensive . They are not always reliable either .
5- Radio alarm clocks are useful to get up in the morning . They are very cheap , too .
6) Adjectives

7) 1. I find shopping very boring . I get very bored in super markets .

2. I get tired when I have a lot of homework. For me , maths is very tiring.
3. I am interested in photography. I think black and white photos are more interesting .
4. I dont find football very exciting . I only get excited when I watch the World Cup .

Speaking
0

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Writing : An advertisement
1. What is it called?

It is called " The Personal Electric

Transporter " PET

4



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8)
QUOTE : " The best advertisement is a good product " .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

41
2. What can you use it for?
3. Where can you use it ?
4. How does it work ?
5.What are its advantages ?
6- How much does it cast ?
7- Where can you get it ?

We can use it for carrying things and

transportation .
We can use it everywhere "in the streets".
It works by an electric battery .
carrying things , going to different places ..
It costs 5,000 .
We can get when we contact 02079991.

Speaking
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6. not very

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How much money have you got on you ?

I'm afraid I havent got any .
There isnt enough money in my bank account to go on holiday this year .

My two brothers are older than me . One is eighteen , the other is twenty one .




10-

9-

He saves money by walking to work . Another way he saves is by buying second hand clothes .




8-







Incorrect Sentences :
5-

(quite , very , incredibly , really)

Grammar
3-

Auction =

quite , really , very

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adverbs

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

42




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2)
Verb
to interest

Adjective (s)
interesting / interested

to satisfy

satisfying / satisfied

to practise

practical / practicable

to attract

attractive

to worry

worried

to use

useful / useless

to tire

tiresome / tired

to amaze

amazing/ amazed

3)
12345-

She bought some very expensive earrings .

Thats a very reliable motorbike .
It is important for shops to have satisfied customers .
It is surprising how much money you can save by bargaining .
He is not very careful with money he spends it very quickly .

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get , pen , said , head , men

get , help , very , less , text .








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hat , sad , man , at , has

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1- He has won ( won

) the competition and now he is spending (spends
2- Ill make you an offer for that car .
3- She earns a good salary and saves money every month to buy a house .
4- Can you lend me 10 ? Remember, you borrowed some money from me last month.
Pronunciation :

) a lot of money on clothes .

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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

43

Culture Corner 2  

Scotland
A place to celebrate
Fact file
Scotland
Area : 78,769 sq km
Population : 5,200,000
Capital : Edinburgh
Political : Scotland is part of the United Kingdom but it has its own parliament, legal system, education system and even its own international football team.
History : The Romans never conquered Scotland. Between AD 120 and 140, they built Hardian's Wall, a huge wall of 118 km, to protect their Empire south of the Scottish border.
In the Middle Ages, Scotland became a united country. There were many wars between England and Scotland. In 1603, the Scottish king, James VI, became king of
England and a century later Scotland and England were united. Scotland is famous for its culture. Here are some of the ways of joining in the fun, if you decide to visit
Scotland:

Hogmanay 31December
Scotland celebrates Hogmanay, New Year, with bagpipe music in the streets all through the night. At midnight, there are fireworks and everyone sings "Auld Lang Syne", a
song by Robert Burns, a famous Scottish poet. Around the New Year period, Scottish families visit the houses of friends and relations to continue the celebrations.

Burns night 25 January

Robert Burns is Scotland's national poet and Scottish people have a big dinner every year to celebrate his birthday. The dinner begins with the sound of bagpipes and the
"haggis", Scotland national dish, a kind of sausage made from the heart and other organs of a sheep. Then everyone reads poems and sings songs written by the great poet.

Highland games May September

Nearly every weekend in the summer there are highland games somewhere in Scotland, but the biggest games are at Cowal. People from all over the world come to watch or
take part. Over three thousand bagpipers and drummers play all the day and there is a wonderful atmosphere. There are highland competitions as well as events like throwing the
hammer or "tossing the caber" throwing a large tree as far as possible. All the athletes wear traditional kilts, i.e. skirts.

Edinburgh Festival August

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Scotland A place to Celebrate

Edinburgh is famous all over the world for its art festival. There is an official festival for theatre, opera and classical music, and a " fringe " festival, where you can see a big
variety of plays, concerts, dance performances and films .

Kim
Edinburgh Festival ( August) .
Carol
Highland Games ( May September )
Peter
Burns Night (25 January )
conquered :
fanatic :
3) I like Highland games because I'm interested in games and competitions.
4)
The Army Day
6th January
&

1. Scotland has a big population .

2. Scotland is an independent country .
3. Scottish schools are different from schools in England .
4. Scotland has its own football team .
5. The Romans conquered Scotland .
6. England conquered Scotland and the two countries were united .
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44

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

45
The Spring Festival

21st of March (Nowrooz Eid)

Language Problem Solving




must, mustnt, neednt, have to, cant, dont have to

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must have to

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b- another person is speaking .
2)
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2- have to ( obligation).
3- mustnt ( prohibition ) .
4- cant ( prohibition).
5- neednt (lack of obligation ).
6- dont have to ( lack of obligation ) .
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decision
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have to , cant ,
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@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

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1) There will no traffic problems flying cars , moving roads ,
food already cooked .
Home knowledge no schools .
2) It will mention : "the Internet" and "virtual reality" .
3)
cyber criminal = a criminal who uses the internet
hacker = a person who enters other peoples programs without permission
cyber terrorist = someone who uses computers for violent political demands
the Net (Internet) = a computer system that allows millions of people around the world to exchange information .
virtual (world) = images produced by computers that surround the person looking at them and seen to be real .

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The "artificial human" and "genetic engineering" have come true .
Controlling by TV. cameras will come true .
Travelling ways and Trips to Space have come true .
2) Virus :

e- mail = a system where people can send messages ( mail) to each other by computer .

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Cyberspace @

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

47

The Future of Cyberspace

Peter Taylor finds out how computers and the Internet are going to affect our lives. In the last thirty years, the Internet has grown dramatically. In 1983, there were
only 200 computers connected to the internet; now there are around 50 million, and this growth is clearly going to continue. Some experts are pessimistic about the
future. One worry is the activities of cybercriminals. Even now, young hackers can get into the computers of banks and governments. In the future, cyberterrorists may
"attack" the world's computers, cause chaos, and make planes and trains crash.However, many people are optimistic about the future of the Internet. All ready, users
can buy books, find out about holiday offers, book tickets, and get all sorts of information from the Internet.
"In the next few years," says Angela Rossetto of Cyberia magazine, "it is clear that we are going to see an explosion of shopping on the Internet." She also believes
that, in the future, we will get entertainment from the Net and that television will probably disappear! The postal service may also disappear with the increasing use of
e-mail.Some specialists see our future in virtual reality the use of computers with sounds and images that make you feel as if you are in a real situation.

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I think virtual reality will become part of modern life .
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We will even study in virtual schools .

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3- will get will disappear .
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"Personally, I think virtual reality will become part of modern life," says Australian expert Peter Wojciechowski "I see people living and working in a virtual
world. We will work in virtual offices, shop in virtual supermarkets, and we will even study in virtual schools."

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

6) 1- a

2- b

48

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3- The boy is going to walk into the bus stop pole .

4- The house is going to fall into the sea .

1- The two cars are going to crash .

2- The girl is going to trip over the mud .

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1- I think the climate will get worse .

2- There will be no telephone in the future .
3- The Internet is going to spread into every house .
4- There will be lots of inventions .
5- I think work will be much easier .
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They are going to go to the market on Saturday morning .


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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

49
6) Function File :
1- 973273
7- Why dont we
13- Lets

5- are you up to
11- I'd love to -

6- Sorry?
12- I'd better

4- hang on
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3- please
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1- What will you do if your computer doesnt work .
2- Will you go out with me on Saturday evening if you finish the project?
3- If you go to that website , you will find some interesting information .
4- Will you go to the market if it rains ?
5- She will buy a computer if she gets the job .
6- I will give the information if you telephone me tomorrow .
7- What will you do if the weather is not good tomorrow ?
7- My sister won't go London if she doesnt pass her exams .


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1) Playing virtual reality computer games and visiting virtual museums on the Internet are possible now .
2) The Science Museum website is real .
Yes , I would . I'd like to know more about some scientific points.
I'd like to go on two weeks in the Uk .
No , I do not .
3)
1- Zeena can't go out this week because she has to finish her project on the history of the Internet.
2- Sarah is planning to go camping. (
to go to a camp) .
4) The sentences in italics in the dialogue are used to talk about possible .
situation in the future .







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14- See you

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

50

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2If I have enough money , Ill buy a bicycle .

If I buy a bicycle, Ill go to school by it .
If I go to school by bicycle, I'll take my friend Ali with me.
If we go by bicycle, well arrive in time.
If we arrive in time, well revise our lessons .
3If I have time , Ill go to Babylon .
If I go to Babylon, Ill see the ruins.
If I see the ruins, Ill write some notes
If I write some notes , Ill show them to my teacher .
If I show them my teacher , he will encourage me .
7) 1- Yes , she does .
2- No , she doesnt .
3- No, she isnt .
4- Yes , she has .
8) 'd = would
Condition :
Result :
d ) + infinitive

would (

If + past tense

9) The people are expressing something that is not possible now .

10)
1- a
2- b
11) 1- If I played computer games all the time , I would be a bad student.
2- I would go to the UAE if I had enough money .
3- If I was (were j ][ L )a computer expert, I would earn a lot of money.
4- I would make new friends if I used Internet .


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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

51
1- If he walks quickly , he will catch the bus .
:dbKL
2- If Nada worked hard , she would pass the exam .
3- They would have gone home if they had finished the work .
12)
1- If I went to Paris , I would see . Eiffel Tower wp]
2- If I went to China. I would walk on China Great Fence . sh sh
3- If I went to Manchester. I would attend a football match .
4- If I went to the Amazon . Id go to the forests . jjh
5- If I went to a rain forest . Id see big trees .
6- If I went to Disneyland . Id meet some Holley Wood actors .
7- If I went to Babylon , I would see the ruins . j`
8- If I went to Egypt , I would go to the pyramids . jL`
9- If I went to Mecca , Id visit the Prophet Tomb . h]
13)

I'd like to live in Lebanon and work as a journalist. If I was a journalist , I'd go to different places and write different articles. If I spent a week in a place or a
town, I'd move to another one. If I was a journalist, I would have no partner. If I went to different places, I'd make a lot of friends.
14) qp je

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Virtual Tourism

Auckland _ New Zealand

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(1) Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. It has a population of just under a million people and is located on North Iceland. This seaport is an important centre
for business and industry. It is also the most dynamic and multicultural city in New Zealand.
(2) The history of the city goes back 650 years when the Maoris settled in the area. The European settlement began in 1840 when the British arrived. New Zealand's
first governor, Captain William Hobson, made Auckland the capital. Later, the capital moved to Wellington because it was more central. Since 1945, the city of
Auckland has grown and it now has large modern suburbs. In 1985, the New Zealand government made the whole country a nuclear free zone, and since then
Auckland has been a centre for protest against nuclear testing in the Pacific.
(3) Famous sights include Mt Eden, one of many large volcanic hills, as well as the Auckland Harbour Bridge. At the Parnell Village, you can visit some of the first
European settlers' homes. In the city is the beautiful Auckland Domain which is famous for its large palm trees and exotic plants. You can see Maoris perform their
traditional dances at the Auckland Museum.
(4) From wherever you are in the city, you can see the sea. Auckland's nick name is 'the city of sails' because it has more boats than anywhere else in the world. It has a
warm climate with plenty of sunshine-the average temperature in January (summer) is 23.4 C and in July (winter) it is 7.8 C . It has some of the best beaches in
New Zealand for doing water sports: swimming, diving, fishing, sailing and windsurfing.
(5) It is easy to travel between Auckland and the rest of New Zealand. There are regular international flights, too. Flights from Europe take over twenty-four hours and
are expensive.

&

Comparing Cultures
Al- Basrah is the main Port in Iraq . It is situated x in the south of Iraq . It is the second largest city after Baghdad in Iraq . It has a population of almost
one million . The language is the Arabic and its inhabitants jj are all Iraqi . Al- Basrah has a nice climate in winter but it is very hot in Summer . It is the main area
for producing oil in Iraq .
Communication Workshop


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4) a- 2
b- 1
c- 1 + 4
d- 5
e- 3
5) 1- business and industry
2- Maoris
3- Welington
4- Auckland Harbour Bridge
5- nuclear free zone
6) 1- too
2- as well as
3- also
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do
make
homework
a guess
your bed
a phone call
the shopping
a suggestion
an exam
a prediction
very well at English a noise
the dishes
a mistake
a cup of tea
friends
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@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

52

f- 2

When you have your dinner , do your homework then .

When you spend few weeks in a place , try to make new friends .
When you get up in the morning , do your bed before breakfast .
When you are in a library , try not to make noise .
When a friend visits you , make a cup of tea for him .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

65

Literature Spot
Introduction
What is Literature ?
Shall I Compare Thee
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines
And often is his golden complexion dimmed,
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimm'd,
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest,
Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Paraphrase
Shall I compare you to a summer's day?
You are more lovely and more delightful:
Rough winds shake the much loved buds of May,
And summer is far too short:
At times the sun is too hot
Or often goes behind the clouds,
And everything that is beautiful will lose its beauty,
By chance or in the natural order,
But your youth will not fade,
Nor lose the beauty that you own,
Nor will death say that you belong to him,
Because in my eternal poetry you will live for ever

By : William Skakespeare

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

66

For as long as there are people on this earth,So long will this poem live on, giving you immortality.
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@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

68

can be painful

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Are comparisons made using metaphors or similes ? They use similes .
They tell us about what are common between the tenor and the vehicle .
Are animals , objects or ideas personified in the poem ? Yes , they are .
Personification helps us understand the poem when it compares thingsto human beings .

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@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

69
Comprehension Questions :
1) Did Shakespeare want to publish his sonnets ? G     $
We donot know but he didnot know that they were going to be published .
2) To whom are sonnets 1-126 addressed ? 126Z1 0 5   
They were addressed to his friend and patron the Earl of Southampton.
3) Are all the sonnets written in the same style?

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Why do you think many different emotions are explored in the sonnets ? Give reasons.

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70
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Comprehension Questions :
1) The poet's addressee (5
T   ) is better than a summer's day because a summer's day is changeable according to the weather while his friend's love for him does not
change .
2)

"The eye of heaven " is the sun . It is dimmed by clouds and sometimes by bad weather .

3)

Accidents or time destroy beauty .

4)

Because it will live as long as there are people who read Shakespear's poetry .

5)

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Badr Shakir AlAl- Sayyab

Badr Shakir Al-Sayyab (1926 1964) was born in the village of Jikor, which belongs to Abu Al-Khaseeb district, in Al- Basrah governorate. He worked as an
English teacher at AL-Ramady Secondary School but was later fired and imprisoned because of his political beliefs. Al-Sayyab used symbolism and legends in many of
his poems as a way of fighting the despotism of successive governments in Iraq. He is famous for changing the course of modern Arabic poetry. Other writers tried to
talk about the changes that happened after the Second World War using classical styles of poetry, but Al-Sayyab presented the new content in a fresh way. He wrote in
free verse about the complicated issues of the 1940s using simple language and "thoughtful images". In this way, his style was different from traditional Arabic poetry
and his success encouraged other poets to try writing in more modern ways. This was known as the free verse movement.
The poetry he wrote in the following years, published in seven books, was not only important for its style but also for what it discussed. Al-Sayyab strongly believed
that mankind has a shared heritage, and so he took inspiration from many different sources. He was influenced by foreign poets, such as the famous English poets Edith
Sitwel and T.S. Eliot. But he was also the first poet to use the mythology of ancient Iraq, as well as Greek and other mythologies. Bringing together all these ideas from
different places and times, the publication of Al-Sayyab's third book of poetry in 1960, "Song of Rain" was one of the most important events in modern Arabic poetry.
Al-Sayyab died in poverty at the age of 38.

Rain Song
I can almost hear Iraq husbanding the thunder,
Storing lightning in the mountains and plains,
So that if the seal were broken by men
The winds would leave in the valley not a trace of Thamud.
I can almost hear the palm trees drinking the rain,
Hear the villages moaning and emigrants
With oar and sail fighting the Gulf
Winds of storm and thunder, singing
"Rain rain "
Drip, drop, the rain...

by: Badr Shakir AlAl-Sayyab

71

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Comprehension Questions :
1) It is important because it came with a new style of writing poetry "free poetry" which paved the way for thousands of poets to follow his steps.
2)
1- Iraq husbanding the thunder
2- the palm trees drinking the rain
3- sail fighting the gulf
4- winds of storm and thunder singing
3) I think it is gloomy. It is full of sad ideas.
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4)
To the poet "shared heritage of mankind" may have meant all that "culture , poetry , literature , myths" that belong to the whole people , not for a private civilization
or people.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

72

5)
Yes, I do because many writers , poets and others made use of thoughts discussed in others' cultures, not their own cultures.
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@ @Mohammed Mehdi Al Jawahiri

The Iraqi poet Mohammed Mahdi Al-Jawahiri (1900- 1997) was the leading classical poet of modern Iraq. In his younger years he worked as a teacher, though his
poetry was already appreciated by King Faisal I, who became his patron. After the 1958 Revolution he became the first president of both the Iraqi Association of
Journalists and the Union of Iraqi Writers. He is famous for his revolutionary poetry and its elegant style.

@ @O blessed Tigris

By : Mohammad Mahdi AlAl-Jawahiri

I greet you from afar, O greet me back,

O blessed Tigris, river of gardens green.
I greet your banks, seeking to quench my thirst,
Like doves between water and clay aflutter seen.
O blessed Tigris, oft have I been forced to leave
To drink from springs which didn't my thirst relieve.
O blessed Tigris, what inflames your heart
Inflames me and what grieves you makes me grieve.
O wanderer, play with a gentle touch;
Caress the lute softly and sing again,
That you may soothe a volcano seething with rage
And pacify a heart burning with pain.
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Figures of Speech :
1) Find an example of a simile in the poem . 3 4% G  +.  

" like doves between water and clay a flutter seen .

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What are the characteristics that the poet attributes to the river ?
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3)
4)

5)

The river is able to grieve 1 , it has a heart which can be in flamed , can be grieved , can play the lute , can soothe and pacify .
Which metaphor in the poem do you find most effective and why ?
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What do you think the poet is describing in these lines ?
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The poet is describing his great desire to drink from the Tigris " the only river that quench his thirst " .
What do you think the volcano in line 11 might represent ?

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

74
 * ( 11  )    3 

The volcano might represent the poet's suffering , anger , negative thoughts or emotions or the feelings of the Iraqi people .

William Blake
Blake (1757-1827) was an English poet, painter and print maker who was both unique and visionary. Though he was not widely appreciated during his life time, his
poetry is now thought to be very important . His work is most admired for its creativity, expressiveness and philosophical view.
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Two Sunflowers Move in the Yellow Room

By: William Blake
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather"
Said the sunflowers, shining with dew.
"Our Travelling habits have tired us.
Can you give us a room with a view?"
They arranged themselves at the window
And counted the steps of the sun,
And they both took root in the carpet
Where the topaz Tortoises run.
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1)

What are the flowers asking for and why ? A   5 
They are asking for a room with a view to have rest and end their travelling .

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

75
2)

What human qualities are given to the flowers when they speak ?
A $ 7 0#  = 

They are given the qualities of " feeling tired , looking for a place , counting the sun steps ".
3) Rewrite the second stanza in your own words.   : 4 !3 5
They arranged themselves at the window and started watch the movement of the sun through the sky. They rooted themselves in the carpet which was decorated
with topaz and tortoises .
rooted themselves 76 

decorated 3
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Analysis

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Personification " =  "

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The riddle " Who am I ? " ( the time)
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Science Topic 1 : # ( ) -



Architect of the Future

Zaha Hadid was born in Baghdad on 31 October 1950 and grew up in a well-educated family which was open to western culture. When she was young, she acquired
her amazing drawing ability from her mother. Hadid's interest in architecture began during a trip with her family to Sumer in southern Iraq when she was a teenager.
The beauty of this ancient land made a great impression on her, and later she decided to specialise in landscape design.Hadid's family expected her to follow a
professional career. After school in Baghdad and Switzerland, she studied maths in Lebanon at the American University of Beirut. In 1972 Hadid moved to London
where she enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture. In 1977 Hadid received her degree, also winning a special Diploma Prize. She began working
for the office of Metropolitan Architecture in London which was founded by one of her teachers, the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas. One of her projects as a student
was a design for a hotel built on London's Hungerford Bridge.However, Hadid had always had her own ideas about architecture. When she started teaching at the
Architectural Association, she was also developing her own style of architecture which was inspired by early 20th century modernism. Hadid did not just want to create
actual forms that change shape, but was more interested in designing solid structures that make us see space in a different way, as if it changes according to where we
stand. She is greatly influenced by traditional Islamic architecture; this can be seen in the use of shadow and ambiguity in her designs.In 1980 Hadid founded Zaha
Hadid Architects. She began to be internationally known when her Cincinnati's new centre for Contemporary Art was selected and built, earning worldwise admiration.
Remarkably, she is the first woman architect to design a major museum in the United States. What is unusual about the building is that the outdoor pavement continues
into the building , leading the visitors towards a central staircase that merges with the structure's back wall. As viewers go up the staircase they look into galleries that
challenge the traditional idea of museum display spaces. The centre of Contemporary Art has been described as the most important new building in America in the last
twenty years.Throughout her career, Hadid has entered many design competitions. For example, her design for "The Peak" sports club in Hong Kong won the top prize

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

76

in the institution's competition.After several small projects, Hadid's first major building was constructed in Weil-am-Rhein, Germany, between 1993 and 1994: it was
an unconventional small fire station with many irregular angles. In 1994 her design for the new Cardiff Bay Opera House in Wales was selected for construction.
However, the plan was never completed because of lack of funding.At the same time, more and more architecture experts, as well as ordinary people, were becoming
admirers of Hadid's work. As clients became more and more fascinated with Hadid's plans, these ideas started to become a reality. For example, the unique Bergisel Ski
Jump near Innsbruck in Austria was one of her own designs. Another of her achievements was the transit station in suburban Strasbourg in France which later won the
European Union's Mies Van der Rohe Award.However, the largest commission came in 1998 with the Cincinnati project for the construction of the Rosenthal Center
for Contemporary Art, popularly known as the Contemporary Arts Center. This gave Hadid confidence to win several international commissions later on, such as the
Opera House in Dubai and the London 2012 Olympic Aquatics Centre. In 2004 Hadid was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize, which is considered the profession's
highest honour. She was the first woman to receive the award.Today, Hadid is thought of as someone who has remained true to her art in spite of her obstacles she has
had to face. Each new design continues to bring different surprises. As Hadid herself, once said "I still believe in the impossible". Judging by her path so far and her
combination of talent and determination, she will continue to impress people with her striking creations.
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Comprehension Questions :
1)

How did Hadid become interested in architecture ?

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

77

2)
3)
124)

 7 0  )

She become interested in architecture when she visited the Land of the ancient Sumerians in " Sumer " and was deeply impressed by that trip.
Where did she study ?
She studied in Baghdad , Beirut and London .
Why was 1994 an important year for Hadid?  . 7 1994 "#  
It was so because :
her major building in Germany was constructed and
her design for the Opera House in Wales was selected for construction
The outdoor pavement is an unusual thing about the design . It leads visitors towards a central staircase that emerges with the structure's back wall .

5)

Why was winning the Pritzker Architecture Prize significant for Hadid? A   (1 ) 
"7 4  1 1'
16  
Because she was the first woman to receive that a ward.

6)

Why do you think Hadid is so successful?

A .

  0 :3# 5 
Because she is intelligent and she has remained true to her art in spite of the many obstacles she has faced .

Science Topic : (2)

The Air Around You

As you walk home from school, the air is warm and still. The sky is full of thick, dark clouds. In the distance you see a bright flash of lightning. A few seconds later, you
hear a clap of thunder. As you turn the corner onto your street, raindrops start to fall. You begin to run and reach your home just as the downpour begins. That was
close! From the shelter of the entrance you pause to catch your breath and watch the storm.
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The Importance of the Atmosphere

Does the weather where you live change frequently, or is it fairly constant from day to day? Weather is the condition of earth's atmosphere at a particular time and
place. But what is the atmosphere? Earth's atmosphere is the layer of gases that surround the planet. To understand the relative size of atmosphere, imagine that planet
earth is the size of an apple. If you breathe on the apple, a layer of water will form on its surface. Earth's atmosphere is like that water on the apple (a thin layer of gases
on earth's surface).Earth's atmosphere makes conditions on earth suitable for living things. The atmosphere contains oxygen and other gases that you and other living
things need to live. In turn, living things affect the atmosphere. The atmosphere is constantly changing, with atoms and molecules of gases moving around the globe and
in and out of living things, on land and in water.Living things also need warmth and liquid water. By trapping energy from the sun, the atmosphere keeps most of
earth's surface warm enough for water to exist as a liquid. In addition, earth's atmosphere protects living things from dangerous radiation from the sun. It also prevents
earth's surface from being hit by most meteoroids, which are pieces of rock or metal from outer space.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

78

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Composition of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere is made up of a mixture of atoms and molecules of different kinds of gases. An atom is the smallest part of the chemical element that can exist by
itself. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms. The atmosphere of earth is made up of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour and many other gases, as well as
particles of liquid and solids.
As you can see in this figure, nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It makes up a little more than three quarters of the air we breathe. Each nitrogen
molecule consists of two nitrogen atoms.

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Comprehension Questions :
1) How do you know a storm is going to begin ?
We know that when there is thunder and lightning and then drops of rain .
2) What is weather?
Weather is the condition of Earth's Atmosphere at a particular time and place .
3)

4)

What is Earth's Atmosphere ?

Earth Atmosphere is the layer of gases that surround the planet.
layer 3 
surround > 
planet 5
Why is Earth suitable for living things ?
Earth is suitable for living things because it contains oxygen and other gases that human beings and other living things need to live .

79

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

5)

Why is Earth's Atmosphere important ?

It is important because it gets some of the sun's energy which helps to keep the Earth's surface warm enough for water to exist as a liquid. It also protects living
things from the dangerous radiation of the sun .
6) What is Earth Atmosphere made of ?
It is made of a variety of gases : nitrogen , oxygen , carbon dioxide , water vapour and many other gases in addition to particles of liquids and solids .
water vapour  
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Which gas makes up most of the Atmosphere ?

Nitrogen makes up most of the Atmosphere .

Global Changes in the Atmosphere

Have you ever seen a headline like the one below? If you hate cold winters and love summer sports, you may wonder what would be wrong with a slightly warmer
world. Some experts agree with you, but many scientists are worried about climate change. Most changes in world climates are caused by natural factors. In the last
hundred years, however, human activities have also had an effect on the climate and the atmosphere of earth. Two of the most important worldwide issues are global
warming and the thinning of the ozone layer.
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Global Warming ". # 

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Over the last 120 years, the average temperature of the troposphere has risen by 0.5 degrees Celsius. Was this increase part of natural variations, or was it caused
by human activities? What effects could higher temperatures have? Scientists have done a lot of research to try to answer these questions.
(a) The Greenhouse Effect
Remember that gases in the atmosphere of Earth hold in heat from the sun, keeping the atmosphere at a comfortable temperature for living things. The process by
which gases in the atmosphere of Earth trap solar energy is called The Greenhouse Effect.
Gases in the atmosphere that trap solar energy are called Greenhouse Gases. Water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane are some of the Greenhouse gases. Human
activities that add Greenhouse Gases to the atmosphere may be warming Earth's atmosphere. For example, the burning of the wood, coal, oil and natural gases add
carbon dioxide to the air. If the increased carbon dioxide traps more heat, the result could be global warming and a gradual increase in the temperature of the
atmosphere of Earth. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been steadily increasing. Some scientists predict that if the level of carbon dioxide doubles by
the year 2100, the average global temperature could go up by 1.5 to 3.5 degrees Celsius.
Sunlight enters the greenhouse and is absorbed. The interior of the
greenhouse radiates back energy in the form of infrared radiation, or
heat. The heat is trapped and held inside the greenhouse, warming it.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

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(b)

Another Hypothesis

Not everyone agrees about the cause of global warming. Some scientists think that the 0.5 degrees Celsius rise in global temperature over the past 120 years may be
part of natural variations in the climate rather than the result of increase in carbon dioxide. Satellite measurements have shown that the amount of energy the sun
produces increase and decrease from year to year. This change in solar energy could be causing periods of warmer and cooler climates; or climate change could be
result of changes in both carbon dioxide levels and amounts of solar energy.
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(c) Ozone depletion

One global change in atmosphere involves the ozone layer. Ozone in the stratosphere filter out much of the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

81

In the 1970s, scientists noticed that the ozone layer over Antarctica was growing thinner each spring. By 1992, the area of thinner ozone was more than twice as
large as the continental United States. What created the ozone hole? Chemicals produced by humans have been damaging the ozone layer.
The main cause of ozone depletion is a group of chlorine compounds called chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs. CFCs were used in air conditioners and refrigerators as
cleaners for electronic parts and in spray cans. Most chemicals released into the air eventually break down. CFCs, however, can last for decades and rise all the way to
the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, ultraviolet radiation breaks down the CFC molecules into atoms, including chlorine. The chlorine atoms then break ozone down
into oxygen atoms.
Because ozone blocks ultraviolet radiation, a decrease in ozone means an increase in the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches the surface of earth. If you
have ever been sunburned, you can understand one effect of stronger ultraviolet radiation!
Ultraviolet radiation can also cause eye damage and several kinds of skin cancer.
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Comprehension Questions :
1) What are the two most important issues facing the world ?
A " G
 4 . $ + 8 $ 
2)

They are : global warming and thinning of the Ozone layer .

What could cause an increase in Earth's temperature ?
AB+ 
 4% 1 5    L 

3)

4)

It could be caused by natural factors or human activities .

Explain the " Greenhouse Effect " " + 0  8 " [
The gases of Earth's Atmosphere get heat from the sun . That keeps the Atmosphere in a comfortable temperature for living things to live . Gases with solar
energy are called greenhouse gases .
Human activities may add greenhouse gases to the Atmosphere and warm it .
What increases carbon dioxide in the Atmosphere ?
A 
 4%    4 1 5  L
The burning of wood , coal , oil and natural gases increases carbon dioxide in the Atmosphere .

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a
5)

6)

7)

82

What has been happening to Earth's Atmosphere ?

A B+ 
 S 1   L 
The amount of carbon dioxide in Earth has been increasing . That leads to an increase of the earth temperature and later to thinning of the Ozone layer .
What has been damaging the Ozone Layer ?
A 1+ 3   1   L 
Chemicals produced by humans have been damaging the Ozone layer
Name the three elements of the Ozone depletion mentioned in the text.
1+ 5 0 D 

1- Raising of Earth temperature

. B+ 
 !%

2- Skin cancer or sunburn . /  

 
3- Eye damage because of more ultraviolet .
. 4
6  % -+ 1 D   
Science Topic 3 :

Alexander Graham Bell

Bell'
Bell's Telephone
(a)

On March 10, 1876, in Boston, Massachusetts, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone. Thomas Watson made the device itself: a crude thing made of a
wooden stand, a funnel, a cup of acid and some copper wire. But behind these simple parts and the equally simple first telephone call-"Mr. Watson, come here. I
want you!"- is a complicated history. Bell filed his application just hours before his competitor, Elisha Gray applied to patent a telephone himself. Though neither
man had actually built a working telephone, Bell made his telephone work three weeks later using ideas described in Gray's Notice of Invention: methods Bell did
not propose in his own patent.

(b) The story of the telephone is the story of the invention itself. Bell developed new and original ideas but did this by building on older ideas and developments. Bell
succeeded because he understood acoustics, the scientific study of sound, and knew about electricity. Other inventors knew about electricity well, but knew little
about acoustics. The telephone is therefore an accomplishment shared by many pioneers, although the credit and rewards were not shared equally. That too, is
often the story of invention.
(c)

Telephone comes from the Greek word "tele", meaning far away, and "phone", meaning voice or voiced sound. Generally, a telephone is any device which
transmits sound over a distance. A string telephone, megaphone or a speaking tube might be considered telephonic instruments but for our purposes they are not
telephones. These transmit sound mechanically and not electrically.

B  5 9 !* 9   #*  # "  .7 (6)  G<

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  .% <  . 76 - + * 4$ 6 * 

(5)

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. *  
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. . ' 7 / .  0 3 E$ . 06 0 4$  O+  6 0     9 ( " 5  ) 
Comprehension Questions :
1) Who invented the first telephone , and when ?
Alexander Graham Bell invented the first telephone on March 10th 1876 .
2) What was the first telephone made of ?
The first telephone was made of a wooden stand , a funnel , a cup of acid and some copper wire .
3) Why was Alexander Graham Bell successful ?
Bell was successful because he undertood well both acoustics and electricity .
4) What does the word " telephone " mean ?
The word telephone come from the Greek word " tele " = far away and " phone " = voice .
5) Do you think that Bell should be known as the inventor of the telephone ? Justify your answer .
6    5  + 5  )  2 $ 5
: 
 <
[3 5
Yes , I do because he was able to make the first phone call .

Telephone History
The history of the telephone begins at the start of human history. Man has always wanted to communicate from a distance. People have used smoke signals,
mirrors, jungle drums, carrier pigeons and semaphore to get a massage from one point to another. But a phone was something new. In some way Francis Bacon
predicted the telephone in 1627; however, his book New Utopia only described long speaking tube. A real telephone could not be invented until the electrical age began.
The electrical principles needed to build a telephone were known in 1831, but it wasn't until 1854 that Bourseul suggested transmitting speech electrically. And it wasn't
until 22 years later in 1876 that the idea became a reality. Before then, a telephone might have been impossible to even think of.
A pioneer's in the field of telecommunication, Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He moved to Ontario and to the United States,
settling in Boston, before beginning his career as an inventor. Throughout his life, Bell was interested in the education of deaf people. This interest led him to invent the
microphone and, in 1876, his "electrical speech machine ". He set up the first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut. By 1884, long distance connections were
made between Boston, Massachusetts and New York City.
Bell imagined great uses for his telephone, but would he ever have imagined telephone lines being used to transmit video images? Since his death in 1922, there has
been an amazing revolution in the telecommunication industry. Today, deaf people are able to use a special display telephone to communicate. Fibre optics are
improving the quality and speed of data transmission. Actually, your ability to access this information relies upon telecommunication technology. Bell's "electrical
speech machine" made the Internet possible.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

84
How's that ?

Speech is sound in motion. Talking produces acoustic pressure

speaking into the tin of a string telephone, for example, makes the
line vibrate , making sound waves travel from one end of the
stretched line to the other. A telephone reproduces sound by using
electricity. The Victorians called this "talking by lightning".

78

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8% : ! .1627 "# 6  /% 8   3  . .
. '  )7  .  +    + ' 0+ 
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. : / 9   0
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. . 
Comprehension Questions :
1)
2)
3)
4)

People used smoke signals , mirrors , jungle drums , carrier pigeons and
What kind of communication did people use before the telephone was invented ?
semaphor .
What was Alexander Graham Bell interested in throughout his life ?
He was interested in the education of deaf people .
What was the telephone originally called ?
It was called '' electrical speech machine " .
What are deaf people able to use today to communicate ?
Today , deaf people are able to use a special display telephone to communicate . Check Point :
What is a telephone ?
A telephone is a device which uses electricity to reproduce sound .

Charles Babbage
Computers
Not long ago, all letters were written by hand or on typewriters, and information was held mainly in libraries. Affordable personal computers only appeared in the
1980s, followed by the Internet and e-mail a few years later. It is easy to forget how recent these inventions are
(a) Charles Babbage
In 1943, Thomas J. Watson, who started the company IBM, said that he thought there was a world market for about five computers. He was very long. There are
now over 100 million personal computers in use around the world as well as the bigger computers used by large organisations. In 1822, in England, Charles Babbage

85

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

began working on a counting machine. He was given 1,500 of government money to complete the job, and worked on it for the next ten years. This became known as
the Difference Engine Number 1. The government's patience finally ended in 1843, when Babbage still hadn't finished building it, but had planed the first
programmable computer. This included programs (written using cards with holes in them), a reader which was able to get results from the information, and a memory all the things that were found in later computers.Babbage asked the government for money to make the new machine, but was refused. He then built the Difference
Engine Number 2. At two metres high, this was a slightly smaller and much simpler model that used only a small number of the 25,000 parts in the first machine. In
1991, one hundred years after Babbage's death, a copy was built using his plans. It did what Babbage said it would do. Babbage wasn't recognised in his lifetime. Very
few people knew about his work and most of them weren't interested.
(b) Early Computers
Later in the nineteenth century, Herman Hollerith used cards with holes when he invented a machine to count government figures more quickly. The 1880 US
population count had taken eight years, and people were worried that the 1890 one would take even longer. Hollerith's machine, which used electricity to read, sort and
count the cards, did the job in a year.The English mathematician Alan Turing led the move towards a machine that was able to "think" in a real way. He wrote an
article about a machine that could read and write information, with a memory to keep it in, a central processor, and a program of mathematical commands. This
became known as a "Turing Machine". This is the real start of the computer age. During the Second World War, Turing worked on reading secret German messages.
The work also included the building of a simple computer. After the war, he used his knowledge of mathematics to write the first programming languages.
In Germany, Conrad Zuse started work on his first mechanical computer in 1934, but two years later he changed to electrical connections. In 1940, the Second
World War interrupted the building of his third computer, but a year he left the army and completed the Z3, an electrical machine which was controlled by a program.
The German air force helped him, and the Z3 was used to help build aeroplanes and the V2 rockets. At the end of the war, Zuse's latest machine was taken to
Switzerland to be finished.This was the Z4, the first fully-programmable computer. It had a mechanical memory of 1,024 words.
(c) From large machines to small
The first of the modern all-electronic computers was the ENIAC, built at the University of Pennsylvania. It was begun in 1943 and used by the US army .It was 150
square metres in size and needed an enormous quantity of electricity. It also became very hot, and this was a great problem.The first computer for business use, the
UNIVAC1, was also used to count the population. It became famous when it said that Dwight D. Eisenhower would win the race to become US President in 1952. Its
operators refused to believe this and reprogrammed it for a more likely result. When Eisenhower won easily, somebody said, "the problem with machines is people". In
the late 1950s, the transistor was invented. This was cheaper, smaller, and worked better than the old electronic connections. In 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas
Instruments had the idea of putting a few transistors together on a board. Today, hundreds of thousands of electronic parts can be put together on a board that is no
more than one centimeter square.
Among a number of computer hobbyists in California were Bill
Gates and Paul Allen, who started Micro-soft (later Microsoft). IBM,
which has seen the success of the Apple II computer, was interested in
selling its on machine. Microsoft was given the job of writing the
operating system. IBM could use this system, but not own it, so
Microsoft received $10 for every copy sold. IBM had failed to realise
that systems, not machines, were going to make money in the future.
This was an excellent deal for Bill Gates, which made it possible for him
to later become the richest man in the world.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

86

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()

87

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

Comprehension Questions :
1)

What is the contribution of Charles Babbage to the development of the computer ?

Charles Babbage built a counting machine which was the first programmable one . It had a reader and a memory . These are still the main parts of computers
today .
2) What did Herman Hollerith's machine do ?
Hollerith's machine counted government figures ( the US population in 1890).
3) Who really started the computer age ? And how?
The English mathematician Alan Turing really started the computer age . He wrote an article about a machine with a memory which could think , read and write
information .
4) What was the Z3 ? What was it used for ?
The Z3 was an electrical machine controlled by a program . It was constructed by Konrad Zuse from Germany . It was used to help build aeroplanes and the V2
rockets .
5) What were the problems with ENIAC computer ?
The ENIAC needed a lot of electricity and it became very hot .
6) Why is the transistor important ?
It is important because it is cheaper , smaller and work better than the electronic connections used before .
Check Point :
Who is Bill Gates ?
Bill Gates is the richest man in the world now . He was a computer hobbyist who , with Paul Allen , founded Microsoft .
Hobbyist L$
founded /

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

88

Activity
Book

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

89

@ @Activity Book@@ba@lbn
Learning to Learn@
A: Starting off
a

m
p
m
s

1- page 33

2- page 46

i
a

l
l

3- page 25

k
2)
3)

4- page 52

l
f

5- page 38

places 

professions 7  )'M

possessions 0

library
market
restaurant
castle
living room

nurse
head teacher
lawyer
doctor
waiter

computer
camera
guitar
radio
vacuum cleaner

4)
1- can't

2- was

3- shouldnt

B) Words :
1)
A: Excuse me. Could you direct me to the post office please ?
B: Yes , sure . Go straight then turn left . you'll find it to your right .
A: Thank you , I'm sure I'll find it .

4- the other

5- have been

6- another

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

90

B: Good luck .
2)

s
p
i
l
l

s
k
i
p

c
o
u
r
a
g
e
o
u
s

3)
1- higher
3- the highest the tallest
5- ugliest .

2- the longest longer

4- the most expensive

C: Reading
1)
1- blacksmith < ; barber \D ; physician 5  ; dentist + 5 
2- clove = hot spice
3- strong = mighty
4- in the past = in the old days
5- pair of pliers = small pincers for removing small objects
6- palate
2)
1- " incredible " is an adjective ( 6)
" incredibly'' is an adverb ()M)
2- He could lift a very heavy rock . It was incredible .
They are incredibly active . They could finish the work of a week in two days .
3- Yes , they are .

s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l

b
u
s
y
l

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

91

"incredible" is formed by adding "in'' to credible to get the opposite. "incredibly" is an adverb formed by adding "ly" to the adjective "incredible " which is
originally taken from " credible" .
41. incredulity
2. incredulous .
3)
places
capital

fields of work
commerce 


characteristics
largest

city centre

industry #

central

palace

banking ) #

royal

river
square
site

D: Grammar
1)
Present Simple
is
takes
live
are
is

Past Simple
gained

Present Passive
is spoken

2)

3)

46 

( ) 4% 0'  )

4)
Present Continuous Negative 46  4
I'm not reading now .

Present Simple
see
teach

Past Simple
saw
taught

learn

learned . P learnt

eat
go
study
write
jump
drive
travel

ate
went
studied
wrote
jumped
drove
travelled

Past Passive
was sighted
were brought
was ruled

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

92

She  (He) is not reading now.

We
You
are not reading now .
They
Present Perfect " -
I have read my book .
She
He

has read the letter.

We
You
They

have read the letter.

E : Tenses and Structures :

Newspapers : )
Newspapers are one of the oldest ways to get news to many people. Only the town crier and the publicly posted notice are older . A newspaper is so familiar that a
definition may not seem necessary . Even the word 'newspaper " conveys an idea of what it is a paper on which news of general interest is printed and circulated .

1)

2)

History of Newspapers : ) J

In ancient Rome , notices that were written and called Acta Diurna ("acts of the day") were posted in public places to inform citizens of battles , election results ,
Senate actions and other news . Newsletters were also sent by couriers from the capital to the far reaches of the empire about events in Rome . Then, as now , the use of
written news was tied to literacy . Only the educated , who knew how to read might be informed .
3)
1- Have you ever been to Najaf ?
2- Has my grandfather not been feeling well ?
3- Has Huda been to the library ?
4- Did Omar and Hadi go to visit the museum last week ?
5- Has the aeroplane already landed ?
4)
1- She ate a banana an hour ago .
2- They watched a film last night .
3- Samir bought a book yesterday .
4- I rode a motor bike last Friday .
4- The child drank juice yesterday morning .

(1) Life Styles

1: Grammar :
1- am

2- like

3- doesnt like

4- Is

5- Do

6- have

7- watches

8- dont listen

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

93
1)

2)

9- dont go
10- Does
1- Are you cleaning the car ?
2- Is Hassan reading that book ?
3- Is the bird singing again ?
4- Is your sister watching TV ?
5- Am I looking at the correct page ?
6- Is it snowing ?
7- Are your parents coming here in their car ?
8- Are they doing their homework ?
3- David's working at phil's Garage .
4- David is not working at Toney's restaurant .
5- Laura is working for a newspaper .
6- Laura is not working at phil's Garage .

3)
4)

1123456-

is having
2- is waiting
3- are watching
4- is sleeping
My sister doesnt like housework .
My mother likes shopping .
I like football .(  
  ) 5D  5 0 
+ )   
Samir likes music .
Some pupils dont like reading .
My cousin Nazar likes travelling .

5- 'm having

5)

6)

1)

1- Yousif reads a book after lunch every day .

2- We are working at a club for three weeks in the holiday .
3- Amira watches all the films on TV .
4- Karim has a stressful life , he is a police officer .
5- I am writing a book about Samarra . I am interviewing some police officers at the moment .
Mr. Jackson : Where's David ?
Mrs. Jackson : In the sitting room . Peter's with him .
Mr. Jackson : Is he ? He doesnt go in the sitting room in the evening when we are watching TV . He does not talk to us. He stays in his bedroom . But when Peter
comes , he sits in the sitting room with him . What are they doing now ?
Mrs. Jackson : They are playing their guitars and writing a song .
Mr. Jackson : I do not like Peter . David doesnt do his homework when Peter is here . They talk for hours .
Mrs. Jackson: Well , they are not talking now and I think the song they are writing together is very good .

Word Corner :
Day
Saturday
Sunday

Activity
visit friends
go the theatre

Place
Heliopolis
the National Theatre

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

revise my studies
play basketball
go shopping
watch a football match
have a picnic

94
home
the club
the market
home
Babylon
. 5D ^ 5  R P 0 
f :$

2)

Communication :
(1)
(2)

1- a

2- b

3- c

1- My brother hates meeting new people .

2- My friend Zaid prefers studying alone .
3- My sister can't stand cleaning the rooms .
4- My mother enjoys cooking .
5D  5 R  0 

5- My father loves reading newspapers .
6- My friends dont like going to the theatre .
3)
123456-

business executive (c)

mechanic (e)
waiter
(f)
pilot
(d)
teacher (b)
police officer (a)

stressful
active
easy ( boring .   )
dangerous
creative
exciting

4)
1- My uncle's a prison officer . Its a very stressful job .
2345-

My cousin's a merchant . Its a very interesting job .

My father's a doctor . Its a very exciting job .
My mother's a teacher . Its a very creative job .
My sister's a nurse . Its a very easy job .

) 
 0 
n
 e 5

6- My friend's a driver . Its a very boring job .

Remember :
1)
2)

1616-

is
are
Do
dont

2727-

am
am
dont
Does

3838-

are
Are are
doesnt
Do

4949-

am am
Is
Do
dont

5- are
10- Are
5- Does
10- Do

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

95

3) The Adverbials
At the moment Mustafa is working at a restaurant . Right now he's waiting at tables . Mustafa is interested in food . He often cooks at home , five or six times a
week . He usually makes dinner for the family and he occasionally makes a big Friday lunch . His mother always makes breakfast but his sister Fatima sometimes helps
.
every week 4 $ 7+ .  $ a week  #  : MD
Present Simple : never , often , sometimes , always , occasionally , usually , rarely , seldom , every
Present Continuous : now , at the moment , at the present time .
... $ 5   - 4% )M 5 " : MD
4) 1- We often cook sausages for supper .
2- Salwa usually revises for her exams on Friday .
3- I am doing my English homework now .
4- He is playing the guitar at the moment .
5- I never go swimming at the weekend .
5)
1- I'm writing now .
2- They have just arrived .
5 . P 0 
n ) 
3- We visit our relatives every Saturday .
5D ^
4- I never go to the theatre .
5- Shakir sometimes wears a tie .
tie = #  

Grammar :
1)
Infinitive
break *
build *
buy *
clean
fail
film
finish
get up *
give *
go*
live
listen to
lose *
paint
1. Hello , Tom . Have you fed the cat ?

Third form
broken
built
bought
cleaned
failed
filmed
finished
got up
given
gone
lived
listened to
lost
painted

Infinitive
phone
play
put *
read *
run *
see *
show *
shut *
sleep *
study
switch on
teach *
think *
win *

Third form
phoned
played
put
read
run
seen
shown
shut
slept
studied
switched on
taught
thought
won

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

96

2. Hello , Linda . Have you bought the food ?

3. Have you and Linda had an argument ? Hello , Tom . > 
    
4. Hello , Linda . Has Tom helped you make the beds ?
5. Have you slept well ?
6. Have you and Tom cleaned the house ? Hello Linda . > 
    
3)
1- c
2- e
3- f
4- a
5- b
6- d
4) Tom : Hello , mum and dad ! Dinner is on the table . Linda and I have made it .
Dad : Thank you . But look at the floor . You havent cleaned it .
Linda :Ah yes ! but look in the kitchen . We have cleaned the floor in there.
Mum : Yes , but you havent done the washing up .
Tom : Thats because we have been in your room . We have a surprise for you.
Dad : It's different ! You have painted it !
Linda : Yes , we have painted it blue and white your favourite colours. Do you like it ?
Mum : It's very nice . But , look you havent finished it .
Tom : No , but we have started Linda's room . Thats blue . Come and have a look . We have stopped because we havent got any more paint .
5)
1- lives
2- has taught
3- has made
4- has built
5- learns
6- eats
7- drinks
8- plays
9- do not watch
10- has gone
6) 1- goes to 's missed  has missed .
2- do .. 've lost .
4- go . has broken .
Word Corner :

3- wears . has chosen .

Eats meat
lion
tiger
wolf 5'

Family Pet
parrot
cat
dog

Lives in water
fish
dolphin
shark Q*

Has no teeth
?
. 5D ^ 5 0 
n ) 

(4) Communication :
1)
1- shuttle :

2- space suit % 

3- experiment



. ( 
 ? 4 + 47%  O  )

4- planet 5
2)

5- astronaut % '

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

97
1- outdoors
4- garden

2- wood
5- wash

3- space station
6- food

3)
Nouns

P

nature
happiness
stress
health

4)

1- happy
5- happiness
Home and jobs :
1- c
2- c

2- stressful
6- natural
3- a

4- d

3- stress
7- nature

adjectives 06
natural
stressful
happy
healthy

4- health
8- healthy

5- b

Focus on Writing :
1)

2)

3)
4)

Linking :   (  )

1- because
2- and
3- because
4- because
5- but
6- because
7- and
8- and
9- but
Punctuation : Capital Letters :
The city of Aswan , in southern Egypt , lies on the east bank of the River Nile . The best time to visit is between November and March. You can visit the
famous dam. You can watch the boats on the Nile or shop in the souk. In old times, the town was called "Suna" (the market). Tourists love Aswan. "It's fantastic",
they say.
1- station
2- kitchen
3- exercise
4- tunnel 6
5- scientific
6- important
Dear Marian ,
I'm sorry I havent replied to your letter for so long . My dad has been ill and it's been a stressful time for us but he's better now .
I've just come back from a holiday in Sharm El- Sheikh . We often go to Egypt . We always go in May because the weather is beautiful and we can swim in
the sea . We have been to Sharm El- Sheikh three times now .
Are you working in the holiday or are you going on holiday too?
Please write soon and give me all your news .
All the best .
Farida

Key word bank :

1)

jogging , badges
relaxation / relaxing
enjoy
go out with wake up

nouns
noun / adjective forms .
verb
multi part verbs . 1
+  %P

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

98
(   P  )

sleep badly
factory worker
a little stressful
2)
3)

What are your favourite programmers ?

Do you like fast food restaurants ?
Do you like cycling ?

reasons for feelings .

jobs .
levels of stress .
# F 5 '+ 
rising intonation (up)

falling intonation ( down)

 $ F 5 
+ 

Word Power :
1)
1- works for
2- lives in
3- wakes up
5- gets up
5- switches on
2) Words that go together :
fast-food ; tour guide 4  ; police officer    ; homework , housework
3)

Sports :

6- sits down

7- turns on

6- speaks

7- has .

8- worries about

5D ^ 5 ) 

e Best : I like football because it is very interesting .

Pe Worst : I hate boxing because it is inhumane 4 O and full of blood.

Jobs:
Best : I like being a teacher because a teacher is the leader of society. !
 
Worst : I hate being a servant because people look down at you . :1 /

Hobbies : 0$
Best : I like reading books because it supplies you with information .
Worst : I hate rock climbing because it is dangerous .
4)
1- go - have
2- have
3- keep
4- watches
5) elephant , cat , monkey , goldfish
: 43%

5- teaches

lion, parrot, alligator ,tiger, iguana, rat, dog, hamster B3   : L#

e
f
p
a
z
a
L
P
s
v

l
i
o
n
s
c
x
d
o
g

e p h a
l a a l
t r m l
s r s i
r o t g
a t e a
t x r t
a y mo
a o z r
o l d f

n
x
p
f
t
h
s
n
y
i

t
i
g
e
r
i
x
k
p
s

p i
x g
v u
o a
o n
a a
v y
e y
s q
h v

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

99
Word Tip :

Similar Words
English
television
algebra
alcohol
sandwich
hello
cinema

Arabic
TUVWXY
Z[\]
T`a]
bUdef
TX
hZij hkeif
. 5D ^ 5 ) 

Check
Your Grammar :

 5  (19 9 18 ) 6 $ : MD

1) 3 

 E$ ! : 
 3 "  0 "3  : ? :    $
1- Are you doing
2- am trying
3- is playing
4- are winning
5- are doing
6- Are we waiting
7- Is it raining
8- is helping
9- Are you listening
10- are running
2) 3 

1- look after
3- earn
5- are looking after
7- do you do
9- 'm preparing
11- dont believe
13- 'm putting
15- go
3)

3  )


1- is
3- have invented
5- works
7- have put
9- is moving

2- live
4- are staying
6- sitting
8- feeds
10- take
12- takes
14- likes

2- has changed
4- does ..work
6- moves
8- is not
10- is picking up

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

100

1difficult
not helpful
Ok
difficult
Ok
F G * 5  e 5  )  0 
n E$ P . #
GP 4%  5 0  P~
234567-

Check your progress :

2
easy
present perfect
just few - spelling ( like : onion , tomatoes , peppers )
a little

 ? 7%  4  5   +
 D 

A Survey
8 
1- are having
2- has talked
3- get
4- doesn't get
5- I'm getting
6- say
7- is
8- am hating
9- 'm not liking
10- get
11- is
12- is coming
13- have watched
14- are telling
15- listening to

5
have
is talking
gets
don't get
get
says
are
hate
dont like
gets
are
comes
watch
tell
listen to

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

101

2- Celebration
(5) Communication :
Vocabulary :
1)

Phrasal verbs :
:  $ F% ( : O  
)   . O ) R     % 4$
R + %+ ! $

123456-

take  8 take off!3 9!  U take place S

The graduation ceremonies take place at university .

At Eid , children dress up in their best clothes .
When it rains , Jack doesnt go in .
My little brother doesnt go to sleep when Dad turns the lights out .
My uncle take his jacket off after a big dinner .
My mum likes looking at the moon before sleeping .

2)

Ramadhan : 5D  5 

+ ) 

3)

have : celebration , dinner

be : sleepy , a sleep , full , hungry , sick
feel : hungry , full , hungry , a sleep
a celebration
a sleep
sleepy
dinner
hungry
sick
full

have
be
feel
1- had
5- was

Focus on Writing :
1)
1- While
7- Then

2- feel
6- had

3- felt
7- are

Linking :
2- As soon as
8- Later

E7 6+  : MD

E$ # F+

4- felt

 
3- before
9- While

4- After that
10- In the end

5- During

6- First

2) Punctuation
All over Britain people celebrate the New Year ; but the celebrations arent the same everywhere . In Scotland " Hogmanay " is the name for the New Year
celebration and its a big occasion . There are parties and fireworks and there's a lot of eating and drinking . Scots hope that the first person to enter the house on

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

102

January 1st will be a tall , dark stranger . If he's carrying a piece of coal a coin or some cake , it's good luck . I love New Year. Its a time for a new start . This year I'm
going to eat less and do more exercise !
3) Spelling :
1- dinner
4- dates

2- pepper
5- salad

4) A Wedding Reception

3- bread
6- lunch
)%1 6 4%  3
. 5D ^ 5 ) 

(6) Grammar
1)
1- He has to repair cars .
2- She has to interview people .
3- He has to look after sheep .
4- We have to use computer .
5- They have to sing .
6- They have to wash the dishes .
7- I have to do my homework .
8- My dad has to go to the office .
9- My mum has to cook the meals.
10- My sister has to clean the floor .
2)
1234567-

Do you have to wear school uniform in your country ?

Does she have to get the seven o'clock bus ?
Does she usually have to help us ?
Do I have to do that ?  
Do we have to do that ?
Do you have to do that ?
Does your little brother have to be taken to the nursery by your Mum or Dad ?
Do you have to have meals at restaurants? R P 6   0 
f :$

123456-

You should find a quiet place .

You should do your homework .
You shouldnt speak inside a library .
You should pay attention . G 
You shouldnt talk with a friend inside a classroom .
You should be polite .  2 

3)

103
4)
1- can't

2- can

3- can

4- can't

5- can

6- can't

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

. 7 "3 E    "7 0 

G   G G " $ G K E    can 3  
5)
2- We can't get married at sixteen in my country .
Can you get married at sixteen in your country ?
3- We can't go to university at sixteen in my country .
Can you go to university at sixteen in your country ?
4- We can't have a job at sixteen in my country .
Can you have a job at sixteen in your country ?
5- We can't buy a house or a flat at sixteen in my country .
Can you buy a house or a flat at sixteen in your country ?
6- I can't become a President at sixteen in my country .
Can you become a President at sixteen in your country ?
. R  0 
 :$
. $  5  .. G# 
+ G +.  2 5  $ B6 : MD
6)
1- dont have to get up .
4- can't phone
7- can't send
10- dont have to have

2- can stay
3- have to phone
5- dont have to pay 6- can send
8- have to get
9- can do

Word Corner :
1- wedding
4- reception

7) Communication

2- petrol
5- family

3- formal 
6- class

0+

1) Congratulations : h7
1- a
Great news ! What's her name ?
2- c
Brilliant ! When are you getting married ?
3- d Congratulations ! You worked hard for it .
4- b You can drive now ! Congratulations ! K $D / 

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a
Congratulations ! Now you can drive.

104

%+

2) Giving advice :  #

a
5
b
4
c
1
d
2
e
3
Remember : 
1)
1- I can do this exercise .
2- I can't speak Indonesian .
3- I can ride a bicycle .
4- I can drive a car I can't drive a car . . P K
5- I can speak English .
6- I can make a breakfast .
7- I can't make a meal .
8- I can use a computer . I can't use a computer. P K
9- I can't repair cars .
10- I can play tennis .
I can't play tennis. . P K
11- I can play football .
12- I can write a letter in English .
13- I can paint the walls .
14- I can't drive a lorry .
15- I can't swim in the river .
2)
1- A crocodile and a snake can swim .

A parrot can't swim .

2- A parrot and chimpanzee can learn things. A snake can't learn things .
3- A crocodile can eat people .
A cat can't eat people .
4- A cat can see in the dark .
A snake can't see in the dark .
5- A parrot can talk .
An elephant can't talk .
6- A snake can sleep for weeks .
A cat can't sleep for weeks .

3)
1- can
5- can't

2- can't
6- can't

3- can
7- can

(8) Grammar :
The Passive : 7
 4 
1)
1- Neruz is celebrated in spring .
2- A large outdoor fire is called a bonfire.

4- can't

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

105
3- New clothes are worn at Ramadhan .
4- Some Ford cars are made in Europe .
5- The Ford mustang is not made in Europe .
6- The new year is not celebrated on January 1st in China .
2)
123456-

Presents are given at wedding receptions .

Dates are eaten at Ramadhan .
In many countries , Independence Day is not celebrated .
Is the name of a child celebrated in your country ?
Presents are not usually given in Eid .
For which festival lanterns are prepared ?

3)
1- were met
4- was decorated

2- was introduced
5- was eaten

3- were taken
6- was played

4)
13579-

were not blown up

were caught
are made
are used
was not burnt

2- was found
4- were not blown up
6- is bought or made
8- are put
10- were cut

5)
.  ^ 5  e 5  )  0 
n
Word Corner :
. 7 =   0 (5  ) / D   5  $ 4%

Key Word Bank :

Word or Expression
to fast
while
balloons
barbecue
best man
the new year
blouse
reception

Word Group
phrasal verbs
sequence word
ceremonies
festivals
words go together
celebration
clothes
ceremonies
. #
   4%   0 E$ B   : MD

Word Power :
1) 1- an invitation

2- ceremony

3- suit

4- uniforms

5- dress

6- guests

7- reception

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

106

2)
make
do
get
1- done

2- making

3- got

dinner, a noise
the washing up, an exam, home work
a taxi, married
4- do
5- done
6- making

7- getting

6  5D 0 



3)

4) Game : Odd one out :

1- coat
4- before

3- Chinese  O 

6- school uniform

2- jeans
5- lantern

Word Tip :
. $ :# 
 0  3 0     " 5

Check Your Grammar

1)
1- can't

2- can

3- can't

4- can't

5- can

6- can't

7- can

8- can

9- can't

10- can't

2)
1- can get
5- Can we have
9- can get
13- can go

2- can have
6- can't have
10- have to work
14- have to phone

3- dont have to have

7- Do we have to buy
11- can bring
15- can't leave .

4- should tell
8- Can we bring
12- dont have to have

3)
1- is celebrated
2- are often eaten
3- are given
7- were invited
8- were given
9- were not drunk
10- is the room decorated P was the room decorated

4- are not given

5- was done

6- are held

. 4 4%    - 4%    

 8% : (8) 
 4% 1 ?# + + : MD

Check Your Progress :

1- celebrates
5- meet
9- does not get up
13- have been to

Unit Diary :

2- does not celebrate

6- are preparing
10- were cutting
14- have never enjoyed

.  + 5  )  0 
+

3- Money
(9) Grammar

3- are having
7- have not finished
11- started
15- Is

4- like
8- has retired
12- did

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

107
1)
1- a little

2- much

3- a little

4- a little

5- much

6- a little

7- a little

2)
3)

1- a few
2- a little
3- a few
4- a few
5- much
6- a few
7- many
8- many
The furniture in the house is second hand . The table and all the chairs are old . The paintings on the wall are cheap . The plants in the small garden need
water .
The furniture in my house is very nice . The table and the chairs are simple but expensive . The clock on the wall in also expensive . The paintings are nice and
wonderful .

4)
1- a lot of people
7- any people

2- no money
8- a lot of help

3- some problems
9-some money

4- no work
10- no people

5- no home

6- any hope

5)
1- a few

2- Many

3- no

4- a lot of 5- many

6- a lot of

7- a few

8- Some

9- no

10- any

6)
1234567-

How much TV do you watch ?

How much money do you need ?
How many brothers do you have ?
Are there any oranges left ?
Do you eat any salad ?
Are there a lot of people in the hall ?
Do you have any problem ?

A bout ten hours a day.

Just one thousand Iraqi dinar .
Only two.
Yes , many .
No , I prefer something else .
Yes , there are many .
No , I dont have any .
.  
 E7% E$ O # 
 E$ O # ' :$    : MD

Word Corner :
Charles was a college professor with a six bedroom house and a huge fortune of $ 2 million . Today he lives in a small caravan where there is only second hand
furniture . There is a small garden outside with a few fruit trees . Charles grows some vegetables and a few flowers . He gets his clothes and a lot of other things from
charity shops . Charles was tired of being a person who had everything in a world where many people have nothing .
. .  clothes  " a few  !   : MD
10) Communication
1) 1- Can I have a look at it?
2- How much is it, please?
3- It's very pretty.
4- I'll take it.
5- I haven't got that much cash with me.
6- But I can only offer you forty.
7- Come on.
2)
3)
4)

1- a pair of earrings
4- a pair of trainers
5D 0 
 5 ) 
1- a
2- c

2- a pair of jeans
5- a pair of trousers
3- d

3- a pair of socks
6- a pair of shoes
4- b

5-

6-

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

108

Remember
1)

1- d
4- e

2- c
5- b

2)

1- chairs

3)

1- How many
7- How much

4)

5D 0 
 5 ) 

3- a
2- pounds

2- How many
8- How much

3- days of snow
3- How much

5)
1- There's a big celebration this month. It's called Guy Fawkes' Night.
2- There's a beautiful T-shirt in the shop window. It's really good quality.
3- There's a burning car over there. It's on the campsite.
4- There's a black jacket in the market. It's like your jacket.
5- There's a good programme on TV. It's on after the news.
6)

1- Were there
4- Was there

2- Is there
5- Were there

3- Are there
6- Are there

11) Grammar
1) 1- All of us like watching TV.
2- None of us like jogging.
3- None of us knows a millionaire.
4- Both of us learn English at school.
5- Neither of us learns French.
6- All of us buy clothes at the market.
7- Neither of us goes on holiday with our parents.
8- Both of us often go to parties.
9- None of us wears formal clothes very often.
10- All of us are healthy at the moment.
2)
3)

1- the other
4- another
1- the second
4- the other
7- other

2- the second
5- the other
2- The other
5- The other
8- Another

3- other
6- the second
3- another
6- the other
9- the second

4- meals
4- How many

5- guitars
5- How much

6- hours of television
6- How much

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

109
4)

1- All of us have
5- Neither of us was
9- all of you know

5)

5D 0 
 5 ) 

2- None of us knows
6- Neither of us knows
10- none of you knows

3- Both of you are

7- Both of us had

4- both of us are
8- both of us know

Word Corner :
A : sales person: try them on , getting on
B : customer: looking at , take care

12- Communication :
"adjective" 6    6 S ) F 6 ing > F  : MD
1- bored 0
; 

2- pleased 0

3- exciting 

4- fascinating '

5- interested "7V

5- Its made of

6- You can

6- interesting !

7-

amazing Q$

8- tired 5
1)
1- Put this

2- Its a

3- It's not

4- It costs

7- It has

8- it has

2)
1- reliable
5- expensive

( opinion)
(opinion)

Reliable :
2- easy to set

3- useful

2- easy to set ( fact)

6- useful
(opinion)
4- easy to-use

3- attractive
7- practical

5- practical

(opinion )
(opinion)

4- strong
( fact)
8- easy to use (fact)

6- strong
6   7  
 E$ B P . #

3)
Nouns
CD player
car radio
computer
earrings
leather jacket
washing machine
food mixture
\D
motor bike
vacuum cleaner ' 7 
photo copier p 17

pen
knife

Adjectives
really advanced , top quality
easy-to- use , convenient
really advanced , excellent value
gold or silver , easy to use .
top quality , convenient
top quality excellent value
easy to wash , cheap
easy to use , easy to wash
top quality , excellent value
convenient , really clear copies
cheap , easy to use , practical
cheap , convenient

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a

110
. R   ?# 6 47% .. ( E$ O) "  6   #  : MD

Focus on Writing :
1- This computer is really advanced . It's top quality , too .
23452)
3)

This security camera is reliable . It's also not very expensive .

These earrings are made a good quality gold . Plus, they are excellent value .
This vacuum cleaner is not very advanced . It's not good quality , either.
This food mixture is easy to use . It's cheap , too .
1- 55,000

2- 2,764,000

3- 25,000

4- 15,000

5- 2,500

6- 27,546

1- earrings (b)
4- convenient (a)

2- vacuum cleaner (a)

5- exciting (c)

3- reliable (b)

4)

A Top Quality Pen

This pen is not very cheap . It costs 100 . It's made from an expensive metal and very useful and practical . You can use it yourself or you can give it as a present
. It has a nice top quality pin . It's an attractive thing .
expensive metal (4O )
. "7'  5 0 
+ ) 

Key Word Bank :

Word or expression
incredibly
chocolate
another
leather
easy to wash
not very
no wires no cables
electric tooth brush
earn
a leather jacket
pets
i'm just looking
fascinated / fascinating

Word group
adverbs
determiners
materials
adjectives for opinions
adverbs;
facts about products
products . P gadgets
money verbs
products
countable nouns
shopping words or phrases
- ed and - ing adjectives

111

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

Word Power :
1)
1- give
4- make

2- made
5- go

3- gave

2) Words that go together :

a person
confident , angry , polite , generous , practical , lovely , reliable .
a computer reliable , second hand , convenient , easy to use , compact .
a bracelet
gold , lovely , expensive , second hand
second hand , lovely , practical , expensive , reliable , compact
a car
.  + 0 E$     !    06 B  M+
3)
happy

confident

bored

Bad

Good
interested free

angry

excited

tired

hungry

aggressive

4)
0  4% () + 0 :$ .. 0  )O ? 1  :$  $ 4%
4)
1- save
5- need

2- spend
6- offer

 )F 4% 0 E$ ! V

3- pay
4- earn
7- lend
8- win
5     0  7P
. 7  0  4% 
 + ?#  Word Tip: "  0  7#  " 0D  "   5  5 $

4)

bathroom : electric tooth brush .

bedroom : pair of trainers , radio alarm clock , leather jacket .
living room : pocket calculator , laptop computer , CD player .
kitchen : microwave oven , food mixer U washing machine .
garage : motorbike.

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a
1)

Check Your Grammar :

1- Q : Are there .
A : It is
2- Q : Is there .
A : There are
3- There are - It is
4- There are .
5- It is
6- Q : Is there
A : it is

2)
1- some
5- any
9- any
13- some

2- some
6- some
10- some
14- some

3- a lot of
7- a lot of
11- no
15- any

1- both
5- All
9- Both

2- neither
6- all
10- Both

3- none
7- both

4- some
8- no
12- a lot of

3)
4- both
8- none

Check Your Progress :

1- All
4- There aren't
7- became
10- are
13- can
Unit diary :  + 5  ) 

2- None
5- has lived
8- were
11- dont have to
14- some

3- has
6- were working
9- started
12- can
15- 1,788

(10) Communication
1) Shopping and Bargaining :
1- Can I have a look at it ?
2- How much is it please ?
3- It's very pretty .
4- I'll take it .
5- I havent got that much cash with me .
6- But I can only offer you forty .
7- come on
2)
1- a pair of earrings .
2- a pair of jeans
3- a pair of socks
4- a pair of trainers
5- a pair of trousers 6- a pair of shoes .

112

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113

4- Cyber Space
(13) Grammar :
1)
2)

  5 ) 

1- Ali's going to play tennis .
2- John's going to turn on the TV .
3- Kevin's going to feed the alligator .
4- The dog's going to jump into the river .
5- It's going to rain .

3)  ^ 5 ) 

4)
1- Are you going to be a journalist ?
2- Are you going to play the drums in a group ?
3- Will you learn English on the Internet in the future in your opinion?
4- Is he going to study computers at university ?
5- Will Nabila pass her exams , do you think ?
6- Will people watch television in the future , do you think ?
7- Are you going to use English in your job ?
5)
1- will people live
2- will
3- won't
4- are you going to

5- I'm not going to

6- won't

7- will
10- am going to

8- will
11- are always going to

9- won't

6)
1- going to cook a big meal .
3- are going to phone to doctor .
5- am going to book the tickets .

2- will cause chaos to computers .

4- will know how to use a computer.
6- will live on the moon .

Word Corner :
1- screen
5- mouse mat
(14) Communication :
1)
1- 973273

2- e-mail message
6- computer game

3- keyboard
4- mouse
7- internet page .

2- this is Mary

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3- Can I speak to Laura?

114

4- hang on

2)
1- b
3)

2- d

3- c

6  5D 0 

f

4)
1- b
6- d
Remember :
1)
1- me
6- it

2- h
7- c

3- e
8- f

2- our
7- its

3- yours
8- theirs

4- g
9- i

5- j
10- a

4- his
9- them

5- hers

2)
1- her
4- her-he-his

2- mine-theirs
5- he their

0 
f  E$
1- give it to her .
4- with us
6- their parents presents
Zero Conditional :
3)

3- they-their

6  5D 0 

f
2- feed it
3- my uncle and aunt
5- him  her  them
7- help me .
. (s G  *)   - F G 
  %     #+  ..   S ' G  S :$  #   F E$ 

 : If you heat ice , it turns to water .

( %)
4)
1- a
4- d

feel
arrives

2- b see
5- c spend

3- c get

5)
 $
6  5D 0 

If I have a computer , I use it every day.

(15) Grammar :
1)
1- If the weather is good tomorrow , I'll play tennis .

( 5
)

115
2345678-

@ @b@@Z@bna@ag

If the weather is bad tomorrow , I'll play computer games .

If the weather is good tomorrow , I'll go swimming in the sea .
If the weather is bad tomorrow , I'll go to the cinema .
If the weather is good tomorrow , I'll watch football .
If the weather is bad tomorrow , I'll sleep .
If the weather is good tomorrow , I'll go shopping .
If the weather is bad tomorrow , I'll make models .

2)
1- will you do rains .
2- will you write about .. does
3- you have will you work .
4- work .. will you work .
5- will she cook .. doesnt have .
6- will you know dont ask .
.  $ 6  5D 0 
f
3)
2- If I had a bike , I would let you ride it .
4)
1357-

lived would be
started would have
came would not leave
snowed- would love

2- disappeared would be
4- would not be told
6- lived- would not live

12345678-

If I lived on the coast , I would swim every day .

If I were you , I would not go to the party .
If I see John , I'll tell him .
If we did not have a car , we would have to use buses .
If you help me with my homework , I'll help you with yours .
If I lived in the future , I would live on the moon .
If I dont go to the party , I'll go to the football match .
If we were rich , we would not buy expensive jewellery .

5)

B* + ? + 9  5


4% not :$  +  B6 $
6)
13456-

D
. P 5 4%
2- D
. P 5 4%
If you like football , you'll like watching my team .
If he played football for a big club , he wouldnt like it .
If you work hard, you'll get a good job .
If he was a shepherd , he would look after his sheep .

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116

Word Corner :
5D 0 

(16) Communication :
1)
Make
the bed
dinner
a phone call
furniture
a speech
a mistake
1- do noting
3- made a speech

Do
homework
exams
the washing up
an exercise
nothing

2- made a mistake
4- 'm making a phone call

5- made a fortune
6- haven't done (homework)
7- make the bed
8- have done on exercise
9- havent made dinner
10- were doing the washing up
11- did her exam .
2) Prepositions:
1- under
2- in
3- of
4- to
by
between
at
under
5- with
6- between
7- of
to
at
with
3)
1- the capital of
2- the largest city
3- it has a population of
4- It is located
5- It is an important centre for
6- famous sights include
7- which is famous for
8- average temperature
Focus on Writing :
1) 1- Auckland has more boats than anywhere else in the world . It also has some of the best beached in New Zealand .
2- In Auckland Domain you can see palm trees . You can see exotic plants too.
3- Auckland is warm in Winter . It is also warm in Summer .
4- Famous sights include the Harbour Bridge . You can also visit Parnell village .
5- New Zealand has sixty million sheep . It produces iron and steel and motor vehicles too .
6- There are interesting cities on South Island . North Island also has some interesting cities .
1)
1- New Zealand's capital is Wellington .
2- The New Zealand's language is English .
3- The Browns' car is old now .

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117
4- Peter's homework is very good .
5- Laura's dress was expensive .
2)
1- a
3)
1-

2- b
3- a
6   0 
f
Word Power :
1. dramatically 2. connected
9. into
10. the

4- c

5- a

3. Around

4. growth
11. world's

5. experts

6. about

7. worry

8. of

21. global warming

7. space shuttle

2. fashion show
8. solar power

3. football team
9. world news

4. nuclear testing
10. beach party

5. water sports

6. mobile phone

31.
5.
1.
3.
5.
7.
4-

d
2.
g
e
6.
b
got married
are getting on well
gets up
got present

3.
a
4.
c
7.
f
2. have got on e-mail
4. get in touch
6. hasnt got a job

6   0 

f

Check Your grammar :

1)
1- eat feel

2- rains gets

3- want- have to

4- boils- heat

1- s going to rain .
5- are going to buy

2- shall (will  ) we have.

3- Are you going to do
6- won't win
7- will live

5- celebrate - wins

2)
4- will not be

3)
1- visit
7- Would you go
13- had

2- will see
8- had
14- would give

3- go
9- wouldnt find
15- would happen

4- will get
10- was
16- kept

5- found
11- did

6- would go
12- would look

Check Your progress :

1- sit down
7- some
13- give

2- has done
8- another
14- has to

A: Shakespeare :
1- The word " fair" in line 7 means " beauty " .

3- doesnt like
9- is bought
15- our

4- some
10- Also

5- all  (some)

11- dont have to

6- many
12- can't

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118

2- In the last line of the poem , " this" refers to the poem itself .
. 76 3 ?  " this" 
3- Words that refer to Summer are :
shines , eye of the heaven , hot , winds , nature , gold complexion , fair , changing course .
4- According to the poet : the sun sometimes is very hot , summer is not long enough , winds shake the buds and flowers . summer is sometimes cloudy .
5)
 5

6   0 

f
I may describe a good friend as a spring day which is nicer and more colourful than a Summer day .

B: Al- Sayyab :
1-

 5

6   0 

f

I feel happy . It fills my soul ([) with happiness and delight when the song is nice , calm and talks about good things . The sound of some musical instruments (not all )
make me feel the same .
2- Mountains , valley , plains 7 the Gulf .
3- Three different sounds are mentioned in line8 .
the sound of the winds , the thunder and the singing .
4- The poem is called " Rain Song" because
[3 5
$ ... 6   0 
f
because it mainly talks about "rain" describing its falling to a " song" .

C: Al- Jawahiri :
1-

river , banks , quench , thirst , water , drink , springs ! 

They are in lines ( 1-6) of the poem .

2-

The first part of the poem is calm and has "water" as the main theme.

R 9  9 R% 9 G

34-

The second part is restless and full of emotion and has "fire" as the main theme .
In the poem , the lute lessons \3 the rage and the pain of the heart.
It makes me feel happy and delighted .

D: Blake:
123-

They planted themselves in the carpet .

They moved to the room because they got tired of the weather and of their travelling habits .
They wanted a place ( the room) with a view .
There is a personification where S the sunflowers could speak . There is personification .
In: the flowers talk to William , arrange themselves at the window , count the steps of the sun and take root .
< in the carpet .

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119

Science Topics
Architect of the future :
1)
Event( s)

Year
1950
1972

born in Baghdad
moved to London Enrolled at Architectural
Association School of Architecture
received degree and special Diploma Prize
1977
founded Zaha Hadid Architects
1980
construction of Weil an- Rhein fire station design 1993- 1994
of Cardiff bay Opera House .
started designing Rosenthal center for contemporary Art
1998
won Pritzker Architecture prize
2004
2)

Education : university , degree , student , diploma , school , teacher

Competition : a ward , win , prize
Structures : bridge , hotel , museum , building

The Air Around Us :

1)

a:
b:
c:

shelter the others are types of weather .

energy the others are words related to the world .
oxygen oxygen is the only gas .

2)

a:

less

b:

Other

c:

smaller

Global Changes in the Atmosphere

a)

cause (v.) 5 

Smoking causes cancer .

b)

cause (n.) 5 

He died . One cause was his disease .

c)

heat (v.)  

Water becomes hot when you heat it .

d)

heat (n,) 

Water becomes hot when heat is applied to it .

e)
f)

research (v.) S 
research (n.)

When I fail in doing something , I'll research for help.

My friends are making a research about metals.

Alexander Graham Bell :

@ @ia@a@ia@a@a
1)

a:
d:

True
True

b:
e:

False
False

c:
f:

False
True

2)

a:
d:

before
about

b:
e:

by
of

c:

on

120

Computers :
1)
100,000,000
1,500
25,000
150 m2

personal computers in use around the world

amount given to Charles Babbage in 1822 for the
construction of a counting machine
number of parts of the first machine created by Babbage
size of the ENIAC computer

2)
Nouns
electricity
patience
fame
success
connection

Adjectives
electrical
patient
famous
successful
connected

 
  
        
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