IPV6

Internet Protocol version 6, is a new addressing protocol designed to

incorporate whole sort of requirement of future internet known to us as
Internet version 2.
This protocol as its predecessor IPv4, works on Network Layer (Layer-3).
Along with its offering of enormous amount of logical address space,
This protocol has the features which addresses todays shortcoming of IPv4.
Why new IP version?
IPv4 is 32 bits long which offers only around 4,294,967,296 (2 32) addresses.
But, now and future the no. of computers will be increase so we need an
larger address system.
Features
IPv6 is redesigned entirely. It offers the following features:

Larger Address Space:

Simplified Header:
IPv6s header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information
and options (which are present in IPv4 header) to the end of the IPv6 header.
IPv6 header is only twice as bigger than IPv4 providing the fact the IPv6
address is four times longer.

End-to-end Connectivity:

Auto-configuration:
IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration
Faster Forwarding/Routing:

IPSec:
Initially it was decided for IPv6 to must have IPSec security, making it more
secure than IPv4. This feature has now been made optional.

No Broadcast:

Anycast Support:

This is another characteristic of IPv6. IPv6 has introduced Anycast mode of

packet routing. In this mode, multiple interfaces over the Internet are
assigned same Anycast IP address. Routers, while routing, sends the packet
to the nearest destination.

Mobility:
IPv6 was designed keeping mobility feature in mind. This feature enables
hosts (such as mobile phone) to roam around in different geographical area
and remain connected with same IP address. IPv6 mobility feature takes
advantage of auto IP configuration and Extension headers.

Enhanced Priority support:

Smooth Transition:

Extensibility:
One of the major advantage of IPv6 header is that it is extensible to add
more information in the option part.
IPv4 provides only 40-bytes for options whereas options in IPv6 can be as
much as the size of IPv6 packet itself.

1. What is Internet explain interesting facts about internet?

Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the
web. However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:

Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.

Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.

IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which

identifies a computer location.

A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the
IP Address so that user can locate a computer by a name.

For

example,

DNS

server

will

resolve

name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP address to uniquely

identify the computer on which this website is hosted.

Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

Evolution
The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several
technological & Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research
Project Agency Network (ARPANET).
ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various
bodies of government.
Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 nodes located at
different countries and thus became known as Internet.
By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols,
DNS, WWW, browsers, scripting languages etc.,Internet provided a medium to
publish and access information over the web.
Advantages
Internet covers almost every aspect of life, one can think of. Here, we will
discuss some of the advantages of Internet:

Disadvantages
However, Internet has prooved to be a powerful source of information in
almost every field, yet there exists many disadvanatges discussed below:

There are always chances to loose personal information such as name,

address, credit card number. Therefore, one should be very careful while
sharing such information. One should use credit cards only through
authenticated sites.
Another disadvantage is the Spamming.Spamming corresponds to the
unwanted e-mails in bulk. These e-mails serve no purpose and lead to
obstruction of entire system.
Virus can easily be spread to the computers connected to internet. Such
virus attacks may cause your system to crash or your important data may get
deleted.
Also a biggest threat on internet is pornography. There are many
pornographic sites that can be found, letting your children to use internet
which indirectly affects the children healthy mental life.
There are various websites that do not provide the authenticated information.
This leads to misconception among many people.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic

communication language or protocol of the Internet.

It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an
intranet or an extranet).

Internet congestion control:

 Congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of

service that occurs when a network node is carrying more data than it can
handle.
Typical effects include queueing delay, packet loss or the blocking of new
connections.
A consequence of the latter two effects is that an incremental increase in
offered load leads either only to a small increase or even a decrease in
network throughput.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access or CSMA is a Media Access Control
(MAC) protocol that is used to control the flow of data in a transmission media
so that packets do not get lost and data integrity is maintained. There are two
modifications to CSMA, the CSMA CD (Collision Detection) and CSMA CA
(Collision Avoidance), each having its own strengths.
CSMA operates by sensing the state of the medium in order to prevent or
recover from a collision. A collision happens when two transmitters transmit
at the same time. The data gets scrambled, and the receivers would not be
able to discern one from the other thereby causing the information to get
lost. The lost information needs to be resent so that the receiver will get it.
CSMA CD operates by detecting the occurrence of a collision. Once a collision
is detected, CSMA CD immediately terminates the transmission so that the
transmitter does not have to waste a lot of time in continuing. The last
information can be retransmitted. In comparison, CSMA CA does not deal with
the recovery after a collision. What it does is to check whether the medium is
in use. If it is busy, then the transmitter waits until it is idle before it starts
transmitting. This effectively minimizes the possibility of collisions and makes
more efficient use of the medium.

What is a search engine?

A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate information

on the World Wide Web.
Popular examples of search engines are Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search.
Search engines utilize automated software applications (referred to as robots,
bots, or spiders) that travel along the Web, following links from page to page,
site to site.
The information gathered by the spiders is used to create a searchable index
of the Web.
A meta search engine (or aggregator) is a search tool that uses another
search engine's data to produce their own results from the Internet.
Metasearch engines take input from a user and simultaneously send out
queries to third party search engines for results.
Search Engine Components
Generally there are three basic components of a search engine as listed
below:
1. Web Crawler
2. Database
3. Search Interfaces
Web crawler
It is also known as spider or bots. It is a software component that traverses
the web to gather information.
Database
All the information on the web is stored in database. It consists of huge web
resources.
Search Interfaces
This component is an interface between user and the database. It helps the
user to search through the database.