In biotechnology, some of the fields are referred in colour as each related to a

field. For instance, green colour will be related to plants; hence, Green
biotechnology could be referred as Plants biotechnology. There are five types of
biotechnology,

which

are

Blue

biotechnology,

Green

biotechnology,

Red

biotechnology, White biotechnology, and Bioinformatics. Each type has to deal

with something.
Blue

biotechnology

has

something

to

deal

with

marine.

Blue

biotechnology or marine biotechnology uses the natural resources of

marine to produce a product or applications of industrial interest as the
sea has the enormous biodiversity. Example of product produced is
Seaweed cosmetics. The extract of these cosmetics is the sugar kelp
Saccharina latissima. The company of these cosmetic has made organic cosmetic
for both body and faces that contain the extract of the sugar kelp (Seaweed
cosmetics -"Oceanwell", 2013). Saccharina latissima or Laminaria saccharina has
yellow brown colour that is tongue-like (Guiry, 2000). The company cultivates
this marine alga in an aquaculture facility in the Kiel Fjord (Seaweed cosmetics "Oceanwell", 2013). This marine alga is launched in open water. Before launched,
the young algae sporophytes are cultivated in seedling rope in a laboratory
within eight weeks. It takes about a half a year for seedlings to grow in fresh
seawater. Then, harvested fresh algae are fermented to an alcoholic extract that
is rich in minerals, iodine, special algae sugars and polyphenols (Seaweed
cosmetics - "Oceanwell", 2013). Other than that, this company also has
introduced a new product where it contains oceanic collagen that is extracted
from jellyfish after conducting seven years of research (Seaweed cosmetics "Oceanwell", 2013).
Green biotechnology or Plant biotechnology is used for the agricultural
sector. Green biotechnology consists of three different areas that are Food
Biotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology, and Environmental Biotechnology
(Green Biotechnology, n.d.). Food Biotechnology in route to living organisms or
substances so that food can be gotten and modified. It also improves the plant or
animal (Green Biotechnology, n.d.). Prebiotics and probiotics, which are
functional foods, are invented in Food Biotechnology. Hence, Food Biotechnology
makes use techniques and processes to do so. Live bacteria in yogurt and other
dairy products are probiotics. Probiotics are easily destroyed simply by heat or
gastric juice in the stomach of human body (Jackson, 2016). Prebiotics are

specialized plant fibre that gives nutrients to the good bacteria that is inside the
colon (Jackson, 2016). However, both prebiotics and probiotics have good effects
on humans health but work differently.
Meanwhile, Agricultural biotechnology is used in improving crops by applying the
biotechnology techniques. Increasing the resistance of crop and animals toward
pests is one of the example of agricultural biotechnology. It helps to overcome
food shortage. Other examples are such as vaccine, antibiotics, biofuels, and
pesticide-resistance crops. Vaccines are made where fruit or vegetable are
genetically engineered so that they can bring antigenic proteins from infectious
pathogens (Philips, 2016). When ingested, the immune system will response. For
instance, tobacco plants are used in producing an anti-lymphoma vaccine that
carries RNA from cloned malignant B-cells (Philips, 2016). Antibiotics are used for
humans and animals, which are made from plants. Agricultural industry has big
role in biofuels industry. It is because the agricultural industry provides feedstock
for the making of bio-oil, bio-diesel, and bio-ethanol. Genetic engineering and
enzyme optimization techniques are used in producing these biofuels (Philips,
2016). Other producing biofuels, pesticide-resistance crop is also one of the
products of industry in agricultural biotechnology. It makes the crop resistance to
pesticide. These crops are resistance to pesticide that is selectively kill
surrounding weeds without destroying the crops.
Furthermore, medicine related biotechnology is in the Red biotechnology
field. It includes the production of vaccines and antibiotics, development of new
drugs, molecular diagnostics techniques, regenerative therapies and the
development of genetic engineering so that diseases could be cured through
genetic manipulation (Martnez, 2010). An Immuno-oncological protein drug is
one of the example of Red Biotechnology. This protein drugs target the central
signalling pathways (Jarasch, 2016). The targeted pathways are involved in
regulating the growth, migration, and apoptosis of malfunctioning cell. Jarasch
(2016) claimed that patients with cancer and other malignant diseases could be
offered this protein drug as one of the treatment options. Immuno-oncological
protein drug has treated glioblastoma (Jarasch, 2016).
White Biotechnology is where biotechnology involved in industrial
processes. Hence, it is also called as Industrial Biotechnology. It aims to lower the
consumption of resources during processes so that it is more efficient in using
energy and less causing pollution. For instance, the design and the production of

new materials such as plastic and textiles by using living cells or enzyme or both
is one of the main concern in Industrial Biotechnology. Living cells or enzymes
are used so that the product produced can easily degrade and create less waste
(White Biotechnology, n.d.).
Lastly, bioinformatics are also type of biotechnology. Bioinformatics is
where computer technology is applied in management of biological information.
The

computer

will

gather,

store,

analyse,

and

integrate

the

biological

information. One of the famous project that has been carried out is Human
Genome Project (What is bioinformatics, 2013). It was approximately three billion
base pairs that was determined by the year 2002. The melding of molecular
biology with computer science, is important to the use of genomic information so
that human diseases can be studied and new molecular targets for drug
discovery can be identified (What is bioinformatics, 2013).

References
Green Biotechnology. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 September, 2016, from Plataforma de
Mercados

Biotecnolgicos:

http://www.mercadosbiotecnologicos.com/en/green_biotechnology.cfm
Guiry, M. (2000). Saccharina latissima (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux. Retrieved 14
September, 2016, from The Seaweed Site: information on marine algae:
http://www.seaweed.ie/descriptions/saccharina_latissima.php
Jackson, F. W. (2 August, 2016). Prebiotics vs. Probiotics. Retrieved 15
September,

2016,

from

Prebiotin:

https://www.prebiotin.com/prebiotics/prebiotics-vs-probiotics/
Jarasch, E.-D. (5 September, 2016). Apogenix: immuno-oncological protein drugs
for the treatment of malignant diseases. Retrieved 17 September , 2016,
from

Healthcare

industry

BW:

https://www.gesundheitsindustrie-

bw.de/en/article/news/apogenix-immunonkologische-proteinwirkstoffegegen-maligne-erkrankungen/
Martnez, V. D. (9 September, 2010). The colors of Biotechnology. Retrieved 17
September,

2016,

from

BiotechSpain:

https://biotechspain.com/en/article.cfm?iid=colores_biotecnologia
Philips, T. (14 September, 2016). 10 Examples of Agricultural Biotechnology.
Retrieved

16

September,

2016,

from

The

Balance:

https://www.thebalance.com/agricultural-biotechnology-examples-375753
Seaweed cosmetics - "Oceanwell". (7 November, 2013). Retrieved 14 September,
2016,

from

MarineBiotech:

http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Seaweed_cosmetics_-_%22Oceanwell
%22

What

is

bioinformatics.

(2013).

Retrieved

19

September,

2016,

from

bioplanet.com: http://www.bioplanet.com/what-is-bioinformatics/
White Biotechnology. (n.d.). Retrieved 19 September,

2016, from DSM:

https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/cworld/en_US/documents/whitebiotech.pdf

FACULTY OF PSYCHOLOGY AND

EDUCATION
TB30703 BIOTECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 1
NAME OF STUDENT

: AUDREY LEONNA JESSEL

MATRICS. NO

: BP14110095

NAME OF LECTURER

: DR. LING YEE SOON

DATE OF SUBMISSION

: 19 SEPTEMBER 2016