GATE EC BY RK Kanodia

Page 1 of 9

TRANSFER FUNCTION

S.SREEKANTHA REDDY
CLASS-ROOM PRACTICE QUESTION

1. The equivalent transfer function of three parallel

R(s)

blocks
G1 ( s) =

s+3
1
1
, G2 ( s) =
and G3( s) =
is
s+1
s+4
s+5

H(s)

Fig. P.6.1.3

( s 3 + 10 s 2 + 34 s + 37)
(A)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)

(A)

( s + 3)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)

s( s + 2)( s + 3)
s + 7 s 2 + 12 s + 3

(B)

-( s 3 + 10 s 2 + 34 s + 37)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)

s( s + 2)( s + 3)
s + 5 s2 + 4 s - 3

(C)

-( s + 3)
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)

( s + 1)( s + 4)
s + 7 s 2 + 12 s + 3

(D)

( s + 1)( s + 4)
s + 5 s2 + 4 s - 3

(B)
(C)
(D)

2. The block having transfer function

4. A feedback control system is shown in fig. P.6.1.4.

1
1
s+1
, G2 ( s) =
, G3( s) =
G1 ( s) =
s+2
s+5
s+3

The transfer function for this system is

R

are cascaded. The equivalent transfer function is

(A)
(B)

( s 3 + 10 s 2 + 37 s 2 + 31)
( s + 2)( s + 3)( s + 5)

1
G1

G2

G3

Fig. P.6.1.4

-( s 3 + 10 s 2 + 37 s 2 + 31)
(C)
( s + 2)( s + 3)( s + 5)

(A)

G1 G2
1 + H1 G1 G2 G3

-( s + 1)
(D)
( s + 2)( s + 3)( s + 5)

(B)

G2 G3
G1 (1 + H1 G2 G3)

(C)

G2 G3
1 + H1 G1 G2 G3

(D)

G2 G3
G1 (1 + H1 G2 G3)

3. For a negative feedback system shown in fig. P.6.1.3

s+1
s+3
and H ( s) =
s( s + 2)
s+4

H2

s+1
( s + 2) ( s + 3) ( s + 5)

G( s) =

C(s)

G(s)

The equivalent transfer function is

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325

UNIT 6

Control Systems

5. Consider the system shown in fig. P.6.1.5.

R(s)

G1

G2

(D)

G1 G2
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H1 H 2

Page 2 of 9

C(s)
+

8. The closed loop gain of the system shown in fig.

P6.1.8 is
Fig. P.6.1.5

The input output relationship of this system is

R(s)

C(s)

G1G2

R(s)

1 + G1 + G1G2

(A)
R(s)

Fig.P6.1.8

(B)
C(s)

G1 + G2

R(s)

1 + G2 + G1G2

(C)

1
3

C(s)

C(s)

(D)

(A) -2

(B) 6

(C) -6

(D) 2

9. The block diagrams shown in fig. P.6.1.9 are

6. A feedback control system shown in fig. P.6.1.6 is

equivalent if G is equal to
R(s)

C(s)

s+2
s+1

subjected to noise N ( s).

N(s)
R(s)

R(s)
+

G1

1
s+1

C(s)

G2

Fig. P.6.1.6

C ( s)
The noise transfer function N
is
N ( s)
G2
1 + G1 G2 H

(B)

G2
(C)
1 + G2 H

C(s)
+

Fig. P.6.1.9

H2

(A)

(A) s + 1

(B) 2

(C) s + 2

(D) 1

10. Consider the systems shown in fig. P.6.1.10. If the

G2
1 + G1 H

forward path gain is reduced by 10% in each system,

then the variation in C1 and C2 will be respectively

(D) None of the above

R1

R2

7. A system is shown in fig. P6.1.7. The transfer

16

C1

C2

10

function for this system is

H1
R(s)

G1

Fig. P.6.1.10
+

G2

C(s)

(A) 10% and 1%

(B) 2% and 10%

(C) 10% and 0%

(D) 5% and 1%

H2

Fig. P.6.1.7

(A)
(B)
(C)

Page
326

G1 G2
1 + G1 G1 H 2 + G2 H1
G1 G2
1 + G1 G2 + H1 H 2
G1 G2
1 - G1 H1 - G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H1 H 2

11. The transfer function

C
R

of the system shown in the

fig. P.6.1.11 is
R

1
H1

H2

G1

G2

Fig. P.6.1.11

Transfer Function

Chap 6.1

(A)

G1 H 2
H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )

(B)

G1 G2 H 2
H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )

(C)

G2 G1
1 + H1 H 2 G1 G2

(D)

G1 G2
H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )

15. A closed-loop system is shown in fig. P.6.1.15. The

noise transfer function Cn ( s) N ( s) is approximatelyPage 3 of 9
R(s) 1

G1 C(s)
-H2

H1

12. In the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.12 the

sum of loop gain of non-touching loops is

t32
x2

x1

Fig. P.6.1.15
t56

t45

t34

t23

t12

N(s)

t44

t43

x5

x4

x3

x6

(A)

1
For |G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)| << 1
G1 ( s) H1 ( s)

(B)

1
For |G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)| >> 1
-H1 ( s)

(C)

1
For |G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)| >> 1
H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)

(D)

1
For |G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)| << 1
G1 ( s) H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)

t24
t25

Fig. P.6.1.12

(A) t32 t23 + t44

(B) t23t32 + t34 t43

(C) t24 t43t32 + t44

(D) t23t32 + t34 t43 + t44

13. For the SFG shown in fig. P.6.1.14 the graph

determinant D is
-c

16. The overall transfer function

of the system shown

in fig. P.6.1.16 will be

C
R

-H1

-H2

1
R

Fig. P.6.1.16

(A) G

-g

(B)

G
1 + H2

(D)

G
1 + H1 + H 2

Fig. P.6.1.13

(A) 1 - bc - fg - bcfg + cigj

(C)

G
(1 + H1 )(1 + H 2 )

(B) 1 - bc - fg - cigj + bcfg

(C) 1 + bc + fg + cig j - bcfg

17. Consider the signal flow graphs shown in fig.

(D) 1 + bc + fg + bcfg - cigj

P6.1.17. The transfer 2 is of the graph

1

14. The sum of the gains of the feedback paths in the

1

signal flow graph shown in fig. P.6.1.13 is

1

1
1

1
1
2

Fig. P.6.1.14

(C) af + be + cd + abef + abcdef

(D) af + be + cd + cbef + bcde + abcdef

1
1
2

1
2

(A) af + be + cd + abef + bcde

(B) af + be + cd

1
2

Fig. P.6.1.17

(A) a

(B) b

(C) b and c

(D) a, b and c

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327

UNIT 6

Control Systems

18. Consider the List I and List II

List I

-H3

List II

(Signal Flow Graph)

R(s) 1

(A)

(Transfer Function)

-H2

3
G1

1 C(s)

C(s)

C(s)

C(s)

Page 4 of 9

G2

-H1H2

P.
Q.

xi

xi

xo

-H2

2
3

G1

G2

-H2

a xo

a
3.
(1 - ab)

S.
b

R.

-H2

xi 1

2. ab

b
xi 1

R(s) 1

(B)

xo

-H3

1. a + b

1 xo

4.

R(s) 1

(C)

G2

G1

-H3

-H1H2

a
1-b

H3
R(s) 1

(D)

G2

G1

The correct match is

H2

(A)

(B)

(C)

21. The block diagram of a system is shown in fig.

(D)

P.6.1.21. The closed loop transfer function of this system

-H1

19. For the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.19 an

is
H1

equivalent graph is
ta

R(s)
tc

e1

G1

e1

Fig. P.6.1.21
tc+ td

tatb
e1

e4

(A)

e4

e3

(B)

ta + tb
e1

tatb

tctd
e2

e4

e1

(C)

1
+

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 G2 G3 H1

(B)

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 G2 G3 H1 H 2

(C)

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H 2

(D)

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 G2 H1 + G1 G3 H 2 + G2 G3 H1

tc+ td
e4

e2

block diagram shown in figure

P.6.1.20
R(s)

(A)

(D)

20. Consider the

2
+

C(s)

H2

tctd
e3

G3

e4

e3

Fig. P.6.1.19
ta + tb

G2

td

e2

tb

G2

4
G2

22. For the system shown in fig. P6.1.22 transfer

C(s)

function C( s) R( s) is
G3

H2

H1

R(s)

G1

G2

H3

H1

Fig. P.6.1.20

For this system the signal flow graph is

H2

Fig. P.6.1.22

Page
328

C(s)

Transfer Function

(A)

Chap 6.1

26. The transfer function of the system shown in fig.

G3
1 - H1 G2 - H 2 G3 - G1 G2 H 2

(B)

G3 + G1 G2
1 + H1 G2 + H 2 G3 + G1 G2 H 2

(C)

G3
1 + H1 G2 + H 2 G3 + G1 G2 H 2

Page 5 of 9

P.6.1.26 is
R(s)

+
+

G1

C(s)

G2

H1

H2

Fig. P.6.1.26

G3
(D)
1 - H1 G2 - H 2 G3 - G1 G2 H 2

(A)

G1 G2
1 - G1 G2 H1 - G1 G2 H 2

(B)

G1 G2
1 - G2 H 2 - G1 G2 H1

23. In the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.23 the

(C)

G1 G2
1 - G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H1 H 2

(D)

G1 G2
1 - G1 G2 H1 H 2

transfer function is
3

27. For the block diagram shown in fig. P.6.1.27

transfer function C( s) R( s) is

-3

Fig. P.6.1.23

(B) -3

(C) 3

(D) -3.75

R(s)

G1

+
-1

-1

-1

G3

G5

G4

24. In the signal flow graph shown in fig. P6.1.24 the

G2

(A) 3.75

gain C R is

C(s)

G8

G7

G6

Fig. P.6.1.27

(A)

G1 G2
1 + G1 G2 + G1 G7G3 + G1 G2 G8 G6 + G1 G2 G3G7G5

Fig. P.6.1.24

44
(A)
23

(B)

29
19

(B)

G1 G2
1 + G1 G4 + G1 G2 G8 + G1 G2 G5G7 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7

44
19

(D)

29
11

(C)

G1 + G2
1 + G1 G4 + G1 G2 G8 + G1 G2 G5G7 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7

(D)

G1 + G2
1 + G1 G2 + G3G6 G7 + G1 G3G4 G5 + G1 G2 G3G6 G7G8

(C)

25. The gain C( s) R( s) of the signal flow graph shown in

fig. P.6.1.25 is

28. For the block diagram shown in fig. P.6.1.28 the

G4

G3
R(s) 1

1 C(s)
G1

numerator of transfer function is

G2

G1

-H1

Fig. P.6.1.25

(A)

G1 G2 + G2 G3
1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H1 + G4

(B)

G1 G2 + G2 G3
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4

(C)

G1 G3 + G2 G3
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4

(D)

G1 G3 + G2 G3
1 + G1 G3 H1 + G2 G3 H1 + G4

R(s)

G2

G5

G6

C(s)

G3

G4

Fig. P.6.1.28

(A) G6 [ G4 + G3 + G5( G3 + G2 )]
(B) G6 [ G2 + G3 + G5( G3 + G4 )]
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329

UNIT 6

Control Systems

33. The closed loop transfer function of the system

(C) G6 [ G1 + G2 + G3( G4 + G5)]

Page 6 of 9

(D) None of the above

G1

29. For the block diagram shown in fig. P.6.1.29 the

transfer function C( s) R( s) is
50( s - 2)
50( s - 2)
(A) 3
(B) 3
2
s + s + 150 s - 100
s + s 2 + 150 s
(C)

50 s
s + s + 150 s - 100
3

(D)

+
+

G2

G3

H1

50
s + s + 150

Fig. P.6.1.32

shown in fig. P6.1.33 is

30. For the SFG shown in fig. P.6.1.30 the transfer
function

C
R

G2

is

G2

G1

-H1

G3

-H2

-H3

+
+

G1

+
+

G3

H3

G4

H2

Fig. P.6.1.30

H1

Fig. P.6.1.33

(A)

G1 + G2 + G3
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3

(A)

G1 G2 G3 + G2 G3G4 + G1 G4
1 + G1 G3G4 H1 H 2 H 3 + G2 H 4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1

(B)

G1 + G2 + G3
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3

(B)

G2 G4 + G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 G3 H1 H 2 H 3 + G4 H1 + G3G4 H1 H 2

(C)

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3

(C)

G1 G3G4 + G2 G4
1 + G3G4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1 + G1 G3 H 3 H 2

(D)

G1 G2 G3
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3

(D)

G1 G3G4 + G2 G3G4 + G2 G4
1 + G1 G3G4 H1 H 2 H 3 + G3G4 H1 H 2 + G4 H1

31. Consider the SFG shown in fig. P6.1.31. The D for

this graph is

Statement for Q.34-37:

A block diagram of feedback control system is

G4

shown in fig. P6.1.34-37

-H3
R

G2

G1

G3

-H1

R1(s)

+
+

R2(s)

+
+
+

C1(s)

-H2

Fig. P.6.1.31

(A) 1 + G1 H1 + G2 G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H 2
(B) 1 + G1 H1 - G2 G3 H 3 - G1 G3 H 3 + G2 G4 H 2 H 3
(C) 1 + G1 H1 + G2 G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H 3 - G2 G4 H 2 H 3

32. The transfer function of the system shown in fig.

(C)

Page
330

G2 G3 + G1 G3
1 + G3 H1 + G2 G3

C2(s)

Fig. P.6.1.34-37

(D) 1 + G1 H1 + G2 G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H 3 + G2 G4 H 2 H 3

P.6.1.32 is
G2 G3 + G1 G3
(A)
1 - G3 H1 + G2 G3

34. The transfer function

C1
R1

is
R2 = 0

(B)

G2 G3 + G1 G3
1 + G3 H1 - G2 G3

(A)

G
1 - 2G2

(B)

G(1 - G)
1 - 2G2

(D)

G2 G3 + G1 G3
1 - G3 H1 - G2 G3

(C)

G(1 - 2 G)
1 - G2

(D)

G
1 - G2

Transfer Function

Chap 6.1

35. The transfer function

(A)
(C)

C1
R2

R1 = 0

G
1 - 2G2

(B)

G2
1 - 2G2

(D)

36. The transfer function

C2
R1

G (1 + G)
(A)
1 - 2G2

G
1 - G2

G(1 + G)
(A)
1 - 2G2

1
s

G2
1 - G2

+
+

2s

C2(s)

Fig. P.6.1.40-41

is
R2 = 0

G
1 - G2

(D)

C
37. The transfer function 2
R2

(C)

R1(s)

G2
(B)
1 - 2G2

G
1 - G2

Page 7 of 9

(C)

40. The transfer function for this system is

is

(A)

2 s(2 s + 1)
2 s 2 + 3s + 5

(B)

2 s(2 s + 1)
2 s 2 + 13s + 5

(C)

2 s(2 s + 1)
4 s 2 + 13s + 5

(D)

2 s(2 s + 1)
4 s 2 + 3s + 5

41. The pole of this system are

is
R1 = 0

(A) -0.75 j1.39

(B) -0.41, - 6.09

(C) -0.5,

(D) -0.25 j0.88

- 1.67

G
(B)
1 - 2G2

G
1+ G

(D)

G
1 - G2

********

Statement for Q.3839:

A signal flow graph is shown in fig. P.6.1.3839.
G4
Y1

Y2

G1

Y3

-H1

Y4 G3

G2

Y5

Y5

-H2
-H3

Fig. P.6.1.38-39

38. The transfer function

Y2
is
Y1
1 + G2 H 2
D

(A)

1
D

(B)

(C)

G1 G2 G3
D

(D) None of the above

39. The transfer function

Y5
is
Y2

(A)

G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
D

(B) G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3

(C)

G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
G1 G2 G3

(D)

G1 G2 G3 + G4 G3
1 + G2 H 2

Statement for Q.4041:

A block diagram is shown in fig. P6.1.4041.

Page
331

UNIT 6

Control Systems

SOLUTIONS

10
10
,
=
10 + 1 11

C2 =

9
9
= , C2 is reduced by 1%.
9 + 1 10
Page 8 of 9

11. (A) Apply the feedback formula and then multiply

1
by
,
H1

1. (A) Ge ( s) = G1 ( s) + G2 ( s) + G3( s)
=

1
1
s+3
+
+
( s + 1) ( s + 4) ( s + 5)

s 2 + 9s + 20 + s 2 + 6s + 5 + s 3 + 5s 2 + 4s + 3s 2 + 15s + 12
(s + 1)(s + 4)(s + 5)

s 3 + 10 s 2 + 34 s + 37
( s + 1)( s + 4)( s + 5)

1
( H 2 G1 )

C
H 2 G1
H1 =
=
R
H1 (1 + G1 G2 H 2 )
1 + H 2 G1 G2
12. (A) There cannot be common subscript because

2. (B) Ge ( s) = G1 ( s) G2 ( s) G3( s) =

3. (C)

C2 =

( s + 1)
( s + 2)( s + 5)( s + 3)

C( s)
G( s)
=
R( s) 1 + H ( s) G( s)

subscript refers to node number. If subscript is common,

that means that node is in both loop.
13. (D) L1 = -bc, L2 = - fg, L3 = jgic, L1 L3 = bcfg

s+1
( s + 1)( s + 4)
s( s + 2)
=
= 3
( s + 3) ( s + 1)
s + 7 s 2 + 12 s + 3
1+
( s + 4) s( s + 2)

D = 1 - ( -bc - fg + cigj) + bcfg = 1 + bc + fg - cig j + bcfg

14. (A) In this graph there are three feedback loop. abef
is not a feedback path because between path x2 is a
summing node.

4. (B) Multiply G2 and G3 and apply feedback formula

and then again multiply with
T( s) =

1
.
G1

G2 G3
G1 (1 + G2 G3 H1 )

6. (A) Open-loop gain = G2

TN ( s) =

G2
1 + G1 G2 H

7. (D) Apply the feedback formula to both loop and then

G2

+
1
G2 H 2

- H 2 G1
1 + G1 H 2 H1

- H 2 G1
-1
=
G1 H 2 H1 H1

16. (C) P1 = G , L1 = - H1 , L2 = - H 2 , L1 L2 = H1 H 2 , D1 = 1
T( s) =

G
G
=
1 + H1 + H 2 + H1 H 2 (1 + H1 )(1 + H 2 )

17. (B) Ga = 1, Gb = 1 + 1 = 2, Gc =

1 1 1 1
+ + + =1
4 4 4 4

18. (B)

G1 G2
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G1 G2 H1 H 2

8. (C) For positive feedback

C
6
=
=-6
R 1 - 6 31

9. (D) For system (b) closed loop transfer function

G
G + s+1 G + s+1 s+2
,
,
Hence G = 1
+1=
=
s+1
s+1
s+1
s+1

Page
332

Tn ( s) =

There are no loop in any graph. So option (B) is correct.

multiply

G1
T( s) =
1
+
G1 H1

P1 = - H 2 G1 , L1 = - G1 H 2 H1 , D1 = 1,
if |G1 H 2 H1 | >> 1, Tn ( s) =

5. (D) T( s) = G2 (1 + G1 ) + 1 = 1 + G1 + G1 G2

Feed back gain = HG1

15. (B) By putting R ( s) = 0

P. P1 = ab, D = 1, L = 0 , T = ab
Q. P1 = a, P2 = b , D = 1, L = Dk = 0, T = a + b
a
R. P1 = a, L1 = b, D = 1 - b, D1 = 1, T =
a-b
a
S. P1 = a, L1 = ab, D = 1 - ab, D1 = 1, T =
1 - ab
19. (A) Between e1 and e2 , there are two parallel path.
Combining them gives ta + tb . Between e2 and e4 there
is a path given by total gain tc td . So remove node e3 and

10. (A) In open loop system change will be 10% in C1

place gain tc td of the branch e2 e4 . Hence option (A) is

also but in closed loop system change will be less

correct.

Transfer Function

Chap 6.1

20. (A) Option (A) is correct. Best method is to check the

28. (A) SFG:

signal flow graph. In block diagram there is feedback

from 4 to 1 of gain -H1 H 2 . The signal flow graph of

G4
G3

option (A) has feedback from 4 to 1 of gain -H1 H 2 .

21. (C) Consider the block diagram as SFG. There are

G5

G2
-G1

-G1 G2 H 2 , - G2 H1 , - G3 H 2 .
There are no nontouching loop. So (B) is correct.
23. (C) P1 = 5 3 2 = 30, D = 1 - ( 3 - 3) = 10

If any path is deleted, there would not be any loop.

Hence D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = 1
C G4 G6 + G3G6 + G3G5G6 + G2 G5G6
=
D
R
29. (A)
R

-2
s

1
s2

L3 = -4, L4 = -5,

Fig. S6.1.29

D1 = 1, D2 = 1 - ( -3) = 4,
C 24 + 5 4 44
=
=
R
24
23

P1 =

1
50
50

s=
s2 ( s + 1)
s( s + 1)

P2 =

1 50
-100

( -2) = 2
s2 s + 1
s ( s + 1)

L1 =

50 -2
-100

=
s+1 s
s( s + 1)

L2 =

1 50
-50

s ( -1) =
s2 s + 1
s( s + 1)

L3 =

1 50
100

( -2) ( -1) = 2
s2 s + 1
s ( s + 1)

P2 = G3G2

L1 = -G3G2 H1 , L2 = -G1 G2 H1 ,

-1

L1 L3 = 8, D = 1 - ( -2 - 3 - 4 - 5) + 8 = 23,

25. (B) P1 = G1 G2 ,

-2
1

50
(s + 1)

24. (A) P1 = 2 3 4 = 24 , P2 = 1 5 1 = 5
L2 = -3,

P1 = G2 G5G6 , P2 = G3G5G6 , P3 = G3G6 , P4 = G4 G6

C 30
D1 = 1 ,
=
=3
R 10

L1 = -2 ,

Fig. S6.1.28

forward path G1 G2 G3 . So (D) is correct option.

forward path G1 G2 and G3 and three loops

G6

-1

two feedback loop -G1 G2 H1 and -G2 G3 H 2 and one

22. (B) Consider the block diagram as a SFG. Two

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G3

L3 = G4 , D1 = D2 = 1

There are no nontouching loop.

P1 D1 + P2 D2
G1 G2 + G2 G3
T( s) =
=
1 - ( L1 + L2 + L3) 1 + G1 G2 H1 + G2 G3 H1 - G4
26. (C) P1 = G1 G2 , L1 = -G1 G2 H1 H 2 , L2 = G2 H 2
C( s)
G1 G2
=
R( s) 1 + G1 G2 H1 H 2 - G2 H 2
27. (B) There is one forward path G1 G2 .

D =1 +

100
50
100
+
s( s + 1) s( s + 1) s 2 ( s + 1)

D1 = D2 = 1
C P1 + P2
50( s - 2)
=
= 3
R
D
s + s2 + 150 s - 100

Four loops -G1 G4 , - G1 G2 G8 , - G1 G2 G5G7

30. (D) P1 = G1 G2 G3

and -G1 G2 G3G6 G7 .

L1 = - G1 H1 , L2 = - G2 H 2 , L3 = - G3 H 3
R(s) 1

G2

G1

1 C(s)

D = 1 - ( - G1 H1 - G2 H 2 - G3 H 3 ) + G1 G3 H1 H 3

1
-H1

L1 L3 = G1 G3 H1 H 3

H2

Fig. S6.1.27

There is no nontouching loop. So (B) is correct.

D = 1 + G1 H1 + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3
D1 = 1
C
G1 G2 G3
=
R 1 + G1 H! + G2 H 2 + G3 H 3 + G1 G3 H1 H 3

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