1. Define shrinkage of concrete.

Creep and shrinkage of concrete are two physical properties ofconcrete.

The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (CS-H) in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral
aggregates), is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and
polymers.
2. Define cover and write down its necessity for providing.
Concrete cover, in reinforced concrete, is the least distance between the surface of
embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete (ACI 130). The concrete
cover depth can be measured with a cover meter.
Necessity for providing

to protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to prevent
their corrosion;

to provide thermal insulation, which protects the reinforcement bars from fire, and;

to give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed without

slipping.
3. Define creep of concrete.

The creep of concrete, which originates from the calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H)
in the hardened Portland cement paste (which is the binder of mineral aggregates),
is fundamentally different from the creep of metals and polymers.
4. what do u mean by splicing of reinforcement?

Define curing of concrete.

Curing of concrete is defined as providing adequate moisture, temperature, and
time to allow the concrete to achieve the desired properties for its intended use.
Differentiate between over and under reinforced section.
Over reinforced section
When the maximum stresses in steel and concrete simultaniously reaches allowable
value the section is called balanced section when the %of steel in a section is less than
that required for a balanced section it is under reinforced section when the %of steel in a
section is more than that required for a balanced section it is over reinforced section.
under-reinforced
An under-reinforced beam is one in which the tension capacity of the tensile
reinforcement is smaller than the combined compression capacity of the concrete and
the compression steel (under-reinforced at tensile face). When the reinforced concrete
element is subject to increasing bending moment, the tension steel yields while the
concrete does not reach its ultimate failure condition. As the tension steel yields and

stretches, an "under-reinforced" concrete also yields in a ductile manner, exhibiting a

large deformation and warning before its ultimate failure. In this case the yield stress of
the steel governs the design.
Why steel is reinforcing bar?
Steel rebar is most commonly used as a tensioning devise to reinforce concrete and other
masonry structures to help hold the concrete in a compressed state. Concrete is a
material that is very strong in compression, but virtually without strength in tension. To
compensate for this imbalance in a concrete slab's behavior, reinforcement bar is cast
into it to carry the tensile loads.
Write down the conditions for one way and two slab.

One Way Slab

One way slab is supported on two opposite side only thus structural action is only at one
direction. Total load is carried in the direction perpendicular to the supporting beam. If a
slab is supported on all the four sides but the ratio of longer span (l) to shorten span (b) is
greater than 2, then the slab will be considered as one way slab. Because due to the huge
difference in lengths, load is not transferred to the shorter beams. Main reinforcement is
provided in only one direction for one way slabs.

Two Way Slab

Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span (l)
to shorter span (b) is less than 2. In two way slabs, load will be carried in both the directions.
So, main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs.
2012-13
what is the maximum depth of neutral axis in fe 500?
0.48
What is meant by limit state?
Limit state design (LSD), also known as load and resistance factor design (LRFD), refers to
a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond
which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. [1] The condition may refer to a degree
of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for
use, durability or other design requirements. A structure designed by LSD is proportioned to
sustain all actions likely to occur during its design life, and to remain fit for use, with an
appropriate level of reliability for each limit state. Building codes based on LSD implicitly define
the appropriate levels of reliability by their prescriptions.
What is meant by short column?
Short Column:
When the ratio of effective length to the least lateral dimensions of the column is less than 12,
then it is called a short column.

Define effective span.

The center-to-center distance

other structural member.
Define chractestic length

between

the

supports

of

abeam, girder,

or

What do u mean by safe bearing capacity of soil?

, bearing capacity is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground. The bearing
capacity of soil is the maximum average contactpressure between the foundation and the soil
which should not produce shear failure in the soil. Ultimate bearing capacity is the theoretical
maximum pressure which can be supported without failure; allowable bearing capacity is the
ultimate bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety