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ABSTRACT
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being successfully used for strengthening of existing reinforced
concrete (RC) structures because of their superior properties. A key issue in the design of FRP strengthening RC
structures using externally bonded FRP composites is the bond behavior between FRP and concrete. A modified
beam test specimen was used to study the bond behavior and force transfer of FRP composite adhered to
concrete in this paper. The influence of bond length, and concrete strength on bond behavior was investigated,
and the strain development and distribution in GFRP sheet was studied. At the same time, the local bond stress
and slip were obtained and then were used to infer the local bond stress-slip curve. Based on experimental
results, three local bond stress-slip constitutive models are proposed.
KEYWORDS
FRP, strengthening, bond behavior, bond stress, slip, constitutive model.
INTRODUCTION
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are widely used for strengthening RC structures. A key issue in the
design of FRP strengthening RC structures externally bonded FRP composites is the bond behavior between
FRP and concrete. The effective stress transfer between FRP and concrete is essential to develop the composite
action. Extensive experimental investigations have indicated that the premature bond failure between FRP and
concrete was an important failure mode (Teng et al. 2002Teng et al. 2001, Marco Arduini et al. 1997, TC.
Allen Ross et al. 1999). Therefore, the bond behavior between FRP and concrete is of critical importance for the
effectiveness of the technique.
Some researches have been carried out in the last few years to investigate the bond behaviour between FRP and
concrete. Several different set-ups have been used to study the strain (stress) distribution in FRP along the bond
length, bond and force transfer mechanism, the effective stress transfer length and the bond strength (Chajes et
al. 1996, Horiguchi, T et al. 1997, Bizindavyi et al. 1999, Nakaba et al. 2001, Maeda, T et al. 1997, Wendel M
Sebastion et al. 2001, Laura De Lorenzis et al. 2001), but very few experimental researches (e.g. Cao S.Y. et al.
2004, Nakaba et al. 2001) have been concerned with the local bond stress-slip behavior. To date there is no
acceptable bond stress-slip constitutive model. Furthermore, the bond stress-slip relationship is essential to
advance a theoretical FRP-to-concrete bond strength model and to investigate the load-displacement behaviour
of such a bonded joint either through analytical or numerical analysis (Yuan et al. 2004). Some existing FRP-toconcrete bond strength models (e.g. Chen & Teng 2001) are semi-empirical analysis where a bond stress-slip
constitutive model is assumed.
This paper presents an experimental study on the bond behavior of externally bonded GFRP concrete members
using a modified beam test. The effect of concrete strength and bond length on bond behavior were investigated,
the local bond stress and slip were obtained and then were used to infer the local bond stress-slip curve. Based
on the experimental results, three local bond stress-slip constitutive models are presented.
77
TEST PROGRAM
Specimen Design
The modified beam specimen considered the effect of shear and flexure and had the identical interfacial stress
state with that of members flexural strengthened with FRP was adopted in this study. The specimen was a plain
concrete beam, simply supported and with a total length of 500mm, a cross-section of 150mm*150mm, and a
saw cut of 50mm deep in the bottom located at mid-span (Figure 1). A total of 9 specimens which designed in 3
groups were tested in this study. The major variables of the specimen were concrete strength and FRP bond
length. Each group specimens has the same concrete strength and different FRP bond length. The cube strength
of concrete for each group was measured to be
30.25, 34.56 and 43.19Mpa respectively. The
bond length of FRP varied from 80mm to
Saw cut
G F R P strip s
200mm. The GFRP sheet had a nominal
thickness of 0.169mm. The ultimate tensile
strength and elastic modulus of GFRP were
b o n d len g th
b o n d len g th
measured to be 1770Mpa and 100.7GPa
respectively. A 50mm wide GFRP strips was
4 0 m m w id e u n b o n d e d
bonded to the tension face of the specimen. The
sheet was left unbonded 20mm on each side of
midspan. Description of the specimens is listed
in Table 1.
Figure 1 Test specimen
Loading was applied at mid-span through a hydraulic jack. Data collection was accomplished by a series of
strain gauges located along the length of GFRP strip. The interval of each Strain gauge was 10mm.
14000
78
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
- 12
- 10
-8
-6
-4
-2
Bond Stress(MPa)
TEST RESULTS
0
3
11
by equilibrium of forces.
Figure 3 shows the bond shear stress distribution profiles at various load levels for specimen I-3. It can be seen
from the curve, the profile of local bond shear stress curve is similar with that of strain distribution. At early
stages of loading, the curve also has a non linear shape and the bond stress decreases sharply along with the
distance from the center increase. When the strain distribution curves become linear at the beginning of the
bonded length, the bond stress profile becomes horizontal at the same position which means the joint begins
failure. As the load increases, the bond stress decreases gradually to zero which means that the joint in that
portion can not transfer load. The bond stress far from the mid-span increases which means the load transfer
zone shifted.
Local Bond Stress-Slip Relationship
The interfacial section
i slip si is the sum of the deference between the elongation of FRP and the elongation of
the equivalent section compounded of concrete and epoxy layer from the free end of the FRP laminate to section
i . The slip of section i is calculated using the following equation:
si = si 1 + ( f , i c ,i )
(i = 2 n, s1 = 0)
1
f ,i
6
5
Bond Stress(MPa)
where
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Fig.4 shows the local bond stress-slip curve
for specimen I-7. As can be seen from the
Slip(mm)
diagram, the bond stress-slip curves have a
Fig.4 Bond stress-slip curve for specimen I-7
tendency to become parabolic in form. A
first steep ascending branch is followed by a
plastic or softening region, until an ultimate slip is reached. After the bond stress reaches about 20% to 30% of
the peak value, the stiffness of these curves continuously reduces with the increase of bond stress and reaches
zero at the peak bond stress. After the peak stress, the curve descends slowly and become parabola in form.The
softening branch of the curve predicts the attainment of a linear strain distribution close to peeling and the
ultimate slip explains the ductility of the joint.
= 0.7512 f cu0.5 .
The measured slip corresponding to ultimate bond stress S max ranges from 0.0327mm to 0.054mm, with an
average of 0.046mm. The measured ultimate slip Su ranges from 0.28mm to 0.41mm, with an average of
0.34mm.
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In this paper, based on the statistical analysis of experimental data, the bond stress-slip models are presented.
Logarithmic Model
The equation of ascending branch adopts the expression reported in ref. [12], and the expression of descending
branch adopts hyperbola form:
1 + k
s
s k0
=
ln(1 + k
)
s max
s max k
max k
S S max
s
(2)
s
>
S
S
max
max
=
2
max
s
s
+c
a+b
s max
s max
Where
1
ha
Ga
hc
Gc
shear modulus and ta is the thickness of adhesive layer, Gc is the shear modulus and tc is the thickness of
concrete. A statistical analysis of experimental data shows that a concrete cover of 22 mm thickness contributes
to interface compliance.
of k as function of
k is
k 0 . The expression
are coefficients.
Concrete cubic
strength (MPa)
Bonded length
(mm)
Slip at max
Smax (mm)
Ultimate slip Su
(mm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
33.01
33.01
33.01
33.01
33.01
33.07
33.07
43.19
43.19
80
100
120
160
200
100
160
100
160
4.1768
3.1214
3.8321
4.4997
3.785
5.0176
4.8697
0.04231
0.03275
0.05119
0.05437
0.0513
0.04132
0.04812
0.2885
0.348
0.3021
0.4136
0.41356
0.3345
0.3176
80
Initial stiffness K0
(MPa/mm)
261.54
150.65
198.9
285.14
273.5
290.16
217.98
k0
2.649
2.354
2.657
3.445
3.707
2.389
2.154
1.428
1.396
1.378
1.472
1.357
1.356
1.338
0.46
0.48
0.49
0.51
0.58
1.625
1.978
2.965
1.968
2.261
2.051
2.352
0.56
0.69
The equation 2 must satisfy the following conditions according to the bond stress-slip curve:
max
= 1;
s = smax
d ( / max )
d ( / max )
= k0 ;
d ( s / s max ) s =0
d ( s / smax ) s =s
=1
max
k 0 are deduced from the experimental data. The parameter k and a in equation 3 have
been obtained from a least square minimization between theoretical and experimental data. Thee results are
reported in table 2.
The comparison of logarithmic model
predicts curve with the test measured
bond stress-slip curves are given in Fig.5.
For convenience, the bond stress is
normalised against the ultimate bond
stress max , and the slip S is normalised
1.2
-1
-2
-3
-4
/max
0.8
-5
0.6
-7
-9
0.4
Logarithm ic m odel
0.2
0
0
max
10
12
S/Smax
s max
n 1 + s
s
max
where is the bond stress, MPa; max is the ultimate bond stress, max
(4)
S max is the slip corresponding to the ultimate bond stress; n is the constant coefficient.
1.2
-1
-2
/max
-3
-4
0.8
-5
-7
0.6
-9
Popovic model
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
12
S/Smax
81
S 0.488
)
= 1.114(
S max
max
S
0.2578
S max
= 1.3424e
max
where is the bond stress, MPa; max is the ultimate bond stress, max
S S max
S > S max
(5)
1.2
-1
1
-2
-3
0.8
/max
-4
-5
0.6
-7
-9
0.4
Hyperbola model
0.2
0
0
10
12
S/Smax
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