Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
13
14
Remember - when you use ideas from other sources in your academic
essays, you must acknowledge those sources. This is intellectual
honesty, giving credit to the person(s) who did the work. Academia
requires that such sources be acknowledged and identified, and
respected. If you use another writers ideas and you do not
acknowledge it, this is called plagiarism. It is equivalent to cheating
and is a very serious offence in academia. If you are caught
plagiarising, disciplinary action will be taken against you.
15
To attribute information to authoritative sources, you can either quote directly or paraphrase
(write in your own words). This unit will describe the use of direct quotations while the next
unit (1c) will deal with paraphrasing.
For citations involving direct quotations, the amount of text quoted determines the style
used. When citing, ALWAYS provide the author, year, and specific page number(s). Study
the following examples of direct quotations.
(1) Short quotations
Quotations fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the paragraph. For example:
Marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have considerable purchase influence
and can successfully negotiate purchases through what marketers term the nag factor or
pester power (McNeal, 1999, p. 75).
OR
McNeal (1999) reported that marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have
considerable purchase influence and can successfully negotiate purchases through what
marketers term the nag factor or pester power (p. 75).
Reference
McNeal, J. (1999). The kids market: Myth and realities. Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market
Publishing.
(The sample citation is taken from Story, M., & French, S. (2004). Food advertising and marketing directed
at children and adolescents in the US. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,
1(3), 109-142.)
16
In the history of higher education research, one of the more intriguing ways of
dealing with context has been phenomenography, which by treating the data as a
single transcript consciously attempts to strip out context from the analysis. As
Ashwin (2009) explains
This research focuses on examining the qualitatively different ways of experiencing
these phenomena within a group. Thus it does not examine individuals conception of
these phenomena but rather examines the number of qualitatively different ways in
which a particular phenomenon is experienced within a group. (p. 32)
Reference
Ashwin, P. (2009). Analyzing teaching-learning interactions in higher education. London, UK:
Continuum.
(The sample long quotation is taken from Clegg, S., & Stevenson, J. (2013): The interview reconsidered:
Context, genre, reflexivity and interpretation in sociological approaches to interviews in higher education
research, Higher Education Research & Development, 32(1), 5-16.)
OR
In forming multiple national identities, it is thought that transmigrants will also be better
equipped to withstand sometimes overwhelming social, economic and political pressures
encountered in their daily lives. Engaging in transnational practices may result in
an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin becomes
a source of identity, the country of residence a source of rights, and the emerging
transnational space, a space of political action combining the two or more countries.
(Kastoryano, 2000, p. 311)
17
A study by Tunon and Brydges (2007) found that the quality of the two sets of citations were
comparable. The subjective rubric developed by Tunon and Brydges helped establish this.
The study went on to show a difference between academic programs. Their results indicated
clearly that some academic programs were better in highlighting the need to acknowledge
others works while some failed miserably (Tunon & Brydges, 2007).
(3) Citing two or more works within the same parentheses
When several research articles have similar information, you can write a general statement
that covers the results of those articles and put the studies in the same parenthesis, as
shown in the box below.
A survey of recent articles published on AIDS shows a growing interest in developing reliable
research methods to test high-risk groups, such as drug abusers and prostitutes (Broadhead
& Heckathorn, 1994; Carlson et al., 1994; Steiner, Lemke, & Roffman, 1994).
Note:
List the works by different authors in alphabetical order but do not change the
order of names for a particular article. E.g., Do NOT change Steiner, Lemke
and Roffman (1994) to Lemke, Roffman and Steiner (1994).
If the works are by the same author, you can write something like this:
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983) have been conducted on
18
Reference
Wiantoro, S., Maryanto, I., & Abdullah, M. T. (2012). Phylogeny and phylogeography of
Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the West and East of
Wallaces Line inferred from partial MtDNA cytochrome b gene. Journal of Tropical
Agricultural Science, 35(2), 271-292.
*Abdullah, M. T. is actually Mohd Tajuddin bin Abdullah.
However, for some Malaysian publications, the Malaysian convention may be used. In this
case, cite the Malay names in full in the text and in the reference list.
In the text and the reference list, Mazmi Maarof would be written in full. She would be cited
as (Mazmi Maarof, 2012).
C. Referencing Styles
For APA style, the cited sources are listed alphabetically at the end of the article.
Each entry takes the form of hanging indent the first line of every entry is always aligned
with the margin. If the entry covers two (or more lines), the second (and subsequent) line(s)
are indented.
AE2_SEM1_2015/16-LU1b-CITATIONS, REFERENCING & CITATION FOCUS
19
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
1 author
General format:
Author, A. (Year). Title of the book.
Place of publication: Publisher name.
OR
20
3 to 5
authors
OR
(Guerin, Labor,
Morgan, Reesman, &
Willingham , 2005)
In subsequent citations,
include only the surname
of the first author followed
by et al. and the year.
Guerin et al. (2005) found
Or
. (Guerin et al., 2005)
21
(Employment the
Professional Way,
2000)
OR
the book Employment the
Professional Way (2000)
Foo (1983)
Author Chinese
Names
Chu (1995)
Multiple
works by
same author
cited at the
same time
E.g.
Name: Vincent Foo Hiap
Khian.
Cite the surname only
E.g.
Name: Chu Chin Ning
Cite the surname only
University research
(Brown, 1982, 1988) has
indicated that
Multiple
works
published in
the
22
Author as
sole author
in one
citation, and
first author of
a group in
another
citation
Berndt (1999)
Berndt and Keefe (1995)
Kastenbaum (1993)
Books with
Editor(s)
OR
(Kastenbaum, 1993)
Different
Editions
Renton (2004)
OR
(Renton, 2004)
Article or
chapter
in an edited
book
(Different
chapters
written by
different
authors)
As discussed by Blaxter
(1976)
23
Book by
Organisation
s or
Institutions
24
(b). Journals
Variants
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Journal Article in
print version
Whitmeyer (2000)
OR
(Whitmeyer, 2000)
General format:
Author, A. (2000). Title of the article. Journal
Name, Volume(Number), pages of the
article.
(Note: the
listing of
multiple
authors is
the same as
books)
Journal Article in
print and
electronic
version
Journal InternetOnly
Article
Potter (2000)
OR
(Potter, 2000)
(Sopensky, 2002)
OR
Sopensky (2002)
Article no
Author
25
(b) Delfabbro, P., Winefield, T., Trainor, S., Dollard, M., Anderson, S., Metzer, J.,
Williams, S., Bachman, D., & Hammarstrom, A. (2006). Peer bullying in international
primary and secondary schools: Prevalence and psychosocial profiles. International
Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 71-90.
Delfabbro, P., Winefield, T., Trainor, S., Dollard, M., Anderson, S., Metzer, J.,
Hammarstrom, A. (2006). Peer bullying in international primary and
secondary schools: Prevalence and psychosocial profiles. International
Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(1), 71-90.
(c) C., Xu, & Y., Ding, (2014) An exploratory study of pauses in computer-assisted EFL
writing. Language Learning & Technology, 18(3). Retrieved 16th January 2015 from
http://llt.msu.edu/issues/october2014/xuding.pdf
Xu, C., & Ding, Y., (2014). An exploratory study of pauses in computer-assisted EFL
writing. Language Learning & Technology, 18(3). Retrieved from http://llt.
msu.edu/issues/october2014/xuding.pdf
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Book
including neuralgia
(Carini & Hogan as cited
in Thibodeau & Patton,
2002, p. 45)
OR
Carini and Hogans study
(as cited in
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,
p. 45)
Journal
article
26
(d). Encyclopaedias
Variants
Printed
Online
Citations
(Used in the text)
Ho (1993)
OR
(Ho, 1993)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Ho, R. (1993). Singapore. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Feminism (n.d.)
OR
(Feminism, n.d.)
Printed
Wiki
Citations
(Used in the text)
Sadie (1980)
OR
(Sadie, 1980)
Accuracy of information in
Wikis (e.g. Wikipedia)
cannot be verified
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove
dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed.,
Vols. 1-20). London, UK: Macmillan.
OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the
OLPC Wiki:http://wiki.laptop.org/go/
OLPC_Peru/Arahuay
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Thesis from
online
Database
(Biswas, 2008)
OR
Biswas (2008)
Unpublished
Thesis
(Santini, 2008)
OR
Santini (2008)
27
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
1 author
Posner (1993)
OR
(Posner, 1993)
(Note: listing
of multiple
authors is
the same as
books)
(h). Newspapers
Variants
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
1 author
Scultz (2005)
(Note: listing
of multiple
authors is
the same as
books)
No author
Online
28
(i). Reports
Variants
Citations
(Used in the text)
Malaysia Department of
Health (1992)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Malaysia Department of Health. (1992). The
health consequence of smoking. Kuala
Lumpur: Jabatan Percetakan Negara.
Report from
a private
organisation
American Psychiatric
Association (2000)
Report from
a special
committee
Online
Lecture or
publicly
delivered
paper
Government
report
Citations
(Used in the text)
Document
with author,
published
date and
title.
Pease
ensure
validity and
reliability of
information.
Html
addresses
that end with
(United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation
(UNESCO) (2012)
OR
According to United
Nations Educational,
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
General Format:
Author. (Year). Title of the webpage.
Retrieved from http://www.website.
com/fullpage.html
Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & GreySmith, S. (2002). Trek 6: Referencing, not
plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.
academicworld.com/ referencingnot plagiarism.html
United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (2012).
Graduate employability in Asia. Bangkok,
29
Document
with no
published
date
Citations
(Used in the text)
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Published in
proceedings
Gibson (2005)
OR
(Gibson, 2005)
(Note:
Similar to
Chapter in a
book)
30
Portman (2000)
OR
(Portman, 2000)
General Format:
Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of the paper.
Paper presented at the Conference Name,
Location, Country.
Portman, J. (2000, May). Teaching learners
English using video games. Paper
presented at the 3rd International
Conference on Computer-Assisted
Language Learning, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
If the paper is taken from online source,
Include the URL/web address after the
location.
Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for
development and engagement in the first
year of university study. Paper presented at
the 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education
Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved
from http://www.fyhe.com.au/
past_papers/2006/Papers/Taylor.pdf
31
Reference List
(Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Book
Title (page number), by
Author First Initial. Second
Initial. Surname, Year,
Place of Publication:
Publisher. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
Example:
Figure 1. Short-term
memory test involving
pictures. Reprinted from
Short-term Memory Loss
(p. 73), by K. M. Pike,
2008, New York, NY:
Mackerlin Press.
Copyright 2008 by the
Association for Memory
Research. Reprinted with
permission.
Journal
article
General Format
Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Title of
Article, by Author First
Initial. Second Initial.
Surname, Year, Journal
Title, Volume (issue), page
number. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
Example:
Figure 1. Schematic
drawings of a bird's eye
view of the table (a) and
the test phase of the
choice task (b). Numbers
32
Website
Example:
Figure 1. An example of
the cobra yoga position.
Reprinted from List of
Yoga Postures, by D. K.
Dawson, 2009, Retrieved
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
List_of_yoga_postures.
Copyright 2007 by
Pearson. Reprinted with
permission.
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
American Psychological Association. (2015). APA website. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.apastyle.org/
Copies of the APA manual are available at CAIS, UNIMAS (Level 1) [call No: BF76.7 .P976 2010].
33
Internet use during childhood is meaningfully organized in terms of common online activities
such as playing games, communicating, and visiting websites. 1Marie Johnson (2005)
explained that child development refers to the processes by which children becoming
increasingly capable of complex social, emotional and cognitive behaviours. Findings from
several studies2(Simon, 2003; Jason & Adams, 2004; Yamamoto, 2008) indicated that
children who used the Internet more had higher scores on standardized tests of reading
achievement and higher grade point averages than the children who used the Internet less.
Alternatively, a recent survey that correlated behavioural and psychological aspects of
childrens life with the number of hours spent online, found that those who used the Internet
the most had the weakest interpersonal connections 3 (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008).
Approximately one-third of the time that children are online, they report playing games 4
(Livingston & Bober 2002, as cited in Rider, 2004). Highly proficient 10- and 11-year-old
video gamers were noted to possess extremely high levels of self-monitoring, pattern
recognition, and visual memory. DeBell, Henry, and Chapman (2006) concluded that Internet
use promotes cognitive development in children, specifically in the area of visual intelligence
where certain computer activities particularly games may enhance the ability to monitor
several visual stimuli at once, to read diagrams, recognize icons, and visualize spatial
relationships.
Apart from playing games, children are using communication tools such as email, chat, and
instant message frequently when they are online 5(DeBell, Henry, & Chapman, 2006).
Socially anxious children were found to communicate online less than nonsocially anxious
respondents. In addition, a qualitative analysis of adolescent second language learning using
real-time text-based practice revealed that adolescents, who communicated online, compared
to those who did not, used more complex sentences or sentencing involving auxiliaries
beyond expected grammar levels 6(Jason, 1994; 1995). Based on interviews with girls and
analysis of chat room archives, 7Michael, Wong, Kim, Langston, Ang and Hunt (2001)
concluded that female adolescent use of popular electronic communication is resulting in
linguistic innovation within new, virtual social networks in a way that reflects more widereaching changes in the communication landscape.
Several studies have concluded that context (i.e., home, school, and community
characteristics) mediates the developmental impact of Internet use during childhood. For
example, 8Cho and Cheon (a2005, b2005) surveyed families and found that parents
perceived control reduced childrens exposure to negative Internet content. Following
detailed interviews and repeated observations, 9Burnett & Andy (2005) concluded that
creative problem solving was evident in home-based, but not necessarily school-based, use of
the Internet. Hence, the paths of influence between Internet use and child development appear
complex and mediated by ecological forces. There is a need to devise a model to uncover
those forces clearly.
(adapted from Johnson, 2008)
34
Johnson (2005)
Johnson, M. (2005)
Marie (2005)
Marie, J. (2005)
2. A.
B.
C.
D.
3. A.
B.
C.
D.
4. A.
B.
C.
D.
5. A.
B.
C.
D.
6. A.
B.
C.
D.
(DeBell, 2006)
(DeBell et al. 2006)
(DeBell et. al, 2006)
(DeBell et al., 2006)
7. A.
B.
C.
D.
8. A.
B.
C.
D.
9. A.
B.
C.
D.
35
Adams, M. (n.d.). What is SWOT analysis. Retrieved May 25, 2011, from
http://www.swotportal.com/info.html
Chatfield, C. (1993). Neural networks: Forecasting Breakthrough or Passing Fad.
International Journal of Forecasting, 9(1), 1-3.
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round. American Psychologist, 49(2), pp. 997-1003.
Jobber, D., Hooley, G., and Sanderson, S. (1985). Marketing in a hostile environment: The
British textile industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 14(2), 35-41.
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2001). Expert opinions in forecasting role of the Delphi technique.
In Armstrong, J. S. (Ed.) Principles of forecasting: Handbook for researchers and
practitioners (125-144). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stevie Gerard, Andy Carol, & Lionel Suarez. (2011). You will never walk alone again.
Blackwell Publishing: Nevada, Texas.
Tan, G., & Lewandowsky, S. (1996, May 26). A comparison of operator trust in humans
versus machines. Paper presented at 5th Cyber Ergonomics Conference, Los Angeles,
California.
NOTE: Always remember that the reference list should be listed in ALPHABETICAL ORDER. E.g.
Starts with Adams, M. (n.d.) and end with Rowe, G. (2001)
References
Adams, M. (n.d.). What is SWOT analysis. Retrieved from http://www.swotportal.
com/info.html
Chatfield, C. (1993). Neural networks: Forecasting breakthrough or passing fad.
International Journal of Forecasting, 9(1), 1-3.
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round. American Psychologist, 49(2), 997-1003.
Gerard, S., Carol, A., & Suarez, L. (2011). You will never walk alone again. Nevada, TX: Blackwell
Publishing.
Jobber, D., Hooley, G., & Sanderson, S. (1985). Marketing in a hostile environment: The British
textile industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 14(2), 35-41.
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2001). Expert opinions in forecasting role of the Delphi technique. In
J. S. Armstrong (Ed.) Principles of forecasting: Handbook for researchers and
practitioners (pp. 125-144). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Tan, G., & Lewandowsky, S. (1996, May). A comparison of operator trust in humans versus
machines. Paper presented at 5th Cyber Ergonomics Conference, Los Angeles, USA.
AE2_SEM1_2015/16-LU1b-CITATIONS, REFERENCING & CITATION FOCUS
36
1. Rawlings, Carla. (2000). Imagining the impossible. Austin, TX: Blackwell Publishing.
A.
(2000).
B.
Austin, TX:
C.
Rawlings, Carla.
D.
Imagining the impossible.
2. Marvis, K. J., & Davis, M. (2008). Understanding the causes of posterior cortical anthropy.
Journal of Neurology, 13(4), 222-239.
A.
13(4),
B.
222-239.
C.
Journal of Neurology,
D.
Understanding the causes of posterior cortical anthropy.
3. Abdullah, S. (1997). Effect of buffer layer and and external stress on magnetic properties
of films. In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.), Recent research in applied
physics (pp. 167-280). Washington, DC: Springer.
A.
(Eds.),
B.
(pp. 167-280).
C.
Washington, DC: Springer.
D.
In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.),
4. Letchumanan, H. (2012, December 20). No Child Left Behind: Words or Action? The Star
Online. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
A.
The Star Online.
B.
(2012, December 20).
C.
Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
D.
No Child Left Behind: Words or Action?
5. Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A. (2010). Learning How To Use Technology In
The Classroom. Wellington, New Zealand: Blackwell Publishers.
A.
Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A.
B.
Learning How To Use Technology In The Classroom.
C.
Wellington, New Zealand:
D.
Blackwell Publishers.
37
D. CITATION FOCUS
a. Types of Citation
When you cite the work of other authors in your writing, you may choose to focus either on
the information provided by that author or on the author him or herself. The former is called
information prominent and the later is called author prominent.
In an information prominent citation, the information is given primary importance. The
authors name(s) and date of publication are parenthetically included at the end of the
sentence.
Example:
In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt
(Smith, 1968)
In an author prominent citation, the authors name is given more emphasis. In author
prominent citations, the authors name serves as the subject of the sentence, followed by the
date in parentheses, and then by the information.
Example:
38
E.
F.
G.
H.
It is possible to arrange your Stage lI citations in order from those most distantly related
(not very similar) to your study to those most closely related (almost the same topic), as in
the article on desert ecosystems.
In addition, there are other ways to order your citations. For example, in a literature review
describing the history of research in an area, you may arrange your citations in
chronological order (organized based on point in time e.g. Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, etc.)).
Or, if you have a large number of citations to include in your literature review, as in a thesis
or dissertation, you can group them according to the different approaches to the research
problem taken by different authors. The citations within each approach can then be ordered
chronologically or from general to specific.
39
Method of Ordering:
Chronological
II.
Method of Ordering:
Different Approaches
40
III.
Method of Ordering:
Distant to close
and Jones, Wallace, and Brown (2000) have examined water movement
patterns and root development associated trickle irrigation but in all cases
emitters have been placed at or near the soil surface. Williams and
Hanson (2006) placed perforated plastic tubing 25 to 30 cm below cotton
rows and over a three year period were able to achieve a 10% yield
increase when compared to flood irrigation. Phene (2001) described the
use of line emitters for high frequency irrigation of sweet corn. Yield was
10% higher than obtained with sprinkler irrigation with the use of 50%
less water. Mitchell et al (2002) irrigated field corn with perforated
plastic tubing. Over a three year period yields with subsurface irrigation
averaged 68% more than the non-irrigated control plots.
IV.
Combination of chronology
and different approaches
41
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Citations
Young and Storvick (1970) surveyed the food habits of 595 college
freshmen in Oregon and found that the men generally had better
diets than the women.
Litman et al. (1975) reported that green and yellow vegetables and
liver (all nutritionally desirable foods) were not liked by teenagers in
Minnesota public schools. They also found that teachers have almost
no influence on their students' food habits.
Studies of the food habits of young school children have shown that
the diets of grade school children are often deficient in ascorbic acid,
calcium and iron (Lantz et al., 1958; Patterson, 1966).
A review of the literature indicates that food habit studies have been
conducted with students from a variety of different age groups.
Young (1965) examined the nutrition habits of a group of young
school children and found that their mothers lacked information
about the importance of milk and foods rich in ascorbic acid.
Studies done with adolescent children report similar findings
(Ohlson & Hart, 1970; van de Mark & Underwood, 1972).
A number of studies have been conducted using both male and
female college students as subjects.
Order
7
1
3
5
6
Self-Learning Task:
Locate a journal article, thesis, or dissertation reporting research in your major field of study or
an area of interest. Find the Stage II (the review of literature) of the article, photocopy it and try
to check:
1. What is the ordering system of the citations?
2. Look at each citation and determine if it uses author prominent or information prominent
focus. Does the authors choice of focus follow the conventions discussed earlier?
b. Verb Tense and Format for Information and Author Prominent Citations
Citation Focus and Verb Tense
As we have seen, your decision whether to focus Stage II citations on the information or on
the author determines the citation form you use. Similarly, this decision also helps to
determine the verb tense you will use in each citation.
42
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
has been
have been
found; reported; found
have noted
ascertained; is
determined
reported
have also studied
43
44
NOTE:
As you can see from these rules, the progression of verb tenses in your literature
review follows the progression shown in the diagram below. Information prominent
citations with simple present tense in the beginning and moving to the later part with
more author prominent citations with simple past tense.
Note: Now do Task 4 again and see how different your answers are compared to the first
attempt.
45
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
has advanced
have shown
showed
found
studied
noted
46
2. When you believe the findings are restricted to the specific study you are citing, use
the past tense in the complement verb (e.g. had).
47
Notice that in all three of these cases, the verb of report is always in the past tense (e.g.
proposed, suggested, etc.), while the verb tense in the findings part of the sentence varies
according to the authors attitude (e.g. is, was, be).
Task 10
In each excerpt, determine if the author views the reported findings as fact or only
tentative. Then rewrite each excerpt so that it indicates the opposite attitude.
Item
Fact (F)
Tentative (T)
a. Several studies have shown that oats produce more forage than other
F
winter cereal grains (Cassey, 2000; Jones, 1996; Yang, 1999).
Several studies have indicated that oats may produce more forage than other winter cereal grains
(Cassey, 2000; Jones, 1996; Yang, 1999).
b. The regulation of body temperature places demands on the respiratory
F
system which exceeds the needs for gas exchange (Hufakker, 1980).
The regulation of body temperature could place demands on the respiratory system which may
exceed the needs for gas exchange (Hufakker, 1980).
c. The magnetic field may affect both the velocity and temperature
T
distributions of a conducting fluid between two parallel disks (Battaiah
et al, 1979).
The magnetic field affects both the velocity and temperature distributions of a conducting fluid
between two parallel disks (Battaiah et al, 1979).
d. A recent survey suggested that the public may be willing to consider the
T
use of solar systems largely because of their low operating costs
(Jefferson, 2002).
A recent survey confirmed that the public is willing to consider the use of solar systems largely
because of their low operating costs (Jefferson, 2002).
e. Heimeann (1961) reported that sodium applications cause an increase
F
in potassium uptake.
Heimeann (1961) suggested that sodium applications could cause an increase in potassium uptake.
48