0304HW 10 : Solids (Solution)

1.

(a)

E = (F /A )(l / e )
From the graph, the extension is 0.5 mm, the force is 6 N.
Sub in the equation, E

6 2

(0.0002) 2 0.0005

= 1.91 x 10 11 N m -2

(b)

force/N
10

8
6
4
2
extension/mm
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.25
Figure 1

(c)

(d)

Energy stored in the wire = area under the line.

Consider the whole area,
EA = 0.001 x 12 / 2 = 0.006 J
EB = 0.00025 x 12 / 2 = 0.0015 J
EA is greater than EB 4 times.
max stress = max force / cross sectional area
5 x 10 8 = F / ( 0.0002 )2
F = 62.8 N

0.8

0.9

1.0

2.

refer to Textbook P.123

3.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

A. It is because the greatest slope.

C
B
C
B. It is because it has a longest part of plastic deformation.
A.

4.

(a)
(b)

strain = e / l = x / x
(i) the restoring force = k x
(ii) the total force = N kx
(iii) stress = F / A = N k x / N x 2
stress = k x / x 2

(c)

E = stress / strain = (k x / x 2 )/ (x / x)
E=k/x

(d)

k = E x = ( 2 x 10 11 ) x (0.3 x 10 9 )
k = 60 N m 1

(e)

stress = k x / x 2
10 9 = 60 x / (0.3 x 10 9) 2
x = 1.5 x 10 12 m

0304HW 10 : Solids
1. Figure 1 shows the force-extension graph for a length of steel wire A. The wire obeys Hookes
law over the range of extensions considered.
force/N
10

8
6
4
2
extension/mm
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Figure 1

(a) If the wire has a diameter of 0.40 mm and its unstretched length is 2.0 m, calculate the
Young modulus of the steel.
(b) A second wire B is made of the same steel. It has the same unstretched length as A, but
twice the diameter. Draw accurately on the axes of Figure 1 the force-extension graph for
this wire. Label your graph B.
(c) A student discovers that for a given force within the range considered above, the elastic
energy stored by wire A is four times greater than that stored by wire B. Use the two graphs,
or some other theoretical argument, to explain this fact.
(d) If the breaking stress of the steel is 5.0 108 N/m2, calculate the maximum force which can
be applied longitudinally to wire A.
2.
3.

With a aid of the diagrams, derive the Young modulus E = k / ro .

State which of the following 3 materials is the:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

Which one is the stiffest? Explain why.

Which one is the most flexible (soft)?
Which one is the strongest?
Which one is the weakest?
Which one is the most ductile (tough)?
Explain why.
Which one is the most brittle?

4.
A1

A2

B1

B2

x+ x

x
Figure 8.1

In a typical solid model, layers of atoms are arranged in a cubic square lattice array with each
atom at an equilibrium distance x from its nearest neighbours, both in its own layer and in the
layers above or below. Suppose a long steel wire, with many layers, is stretched a little so that
each layer is now x + x form those above or below it, as illustrated in Figure 8.1.
(a) What is the elastic strain produced?
(1 mark)
(b) Assume that the deformation is elastic, and that the binding force holding the pair of atoms
Ai and Bi (i = 1, 2, ...) together when the wire is stretched can be considered as acting like a
spring.
(i) If this spring constant is k, what is the force between the atoms Ai and Bi ? (1 mark)
(ii) If each layer contains N atoms, what is the total force between pairs of atoms in
adjacent planes?
(1 mark)
(iii) Determine the elastic stress acting between the two layers of atoms.
(3 marks)
(c) Use the information in (a) and (b) to determine an expression for the Young modulus of the
solid.
(2 marks)
11
2
(d) It is known that for steel, Young modulus is 2 10 N/m and that the interatomic spacing is
0.30 nm.
(i) Estimate a value for k.
(1 mark)
9
2
(ii) Suppose that a steel wire breaks at a tensile tress of 10 N/m , estimate the increase in
distance, x, between layers of atoms before breaking occurs.
(2 marks)