The

Making

of

By

Council:

Jamal

The

Malik,

Nadwat

al-'^Ulama'

Heidelberg/Bonn

Introduction

The
a

end

new

Muslim
the

of

the

in

of

and

to

which

new

values

moted

its

thereby
their

reinforcing
Nadwat

an

From

normative

I am

generous
possible

Dec.

the

of

their

they

religion.

By

referring

of

Sim
aimed

one
will

an

as

well

the

at

to

the

of

the

attempt

in

motives

movers

un

sciences

perspective,
their

and
pro

as

was

period,

prime

suggestions

Robinson

Intellectual
5-8,

financial
the

for

Francis

Conference:

Bonn,

process

and

the

society
syllabus

to
urban

will

dis
as

Nadwa

the
dur

phase.

thankful
and

that

British

displayed

Scholars",

social-historical

of

forums

network

Religious

involved

approach

formative

MiNAULT

the

quranic

umma.

during

cultural

by

reformers

Islamic
of

intellectuals

traditional

roots

In
elite,

Their

traditional

institution-building

groups

new

its

the

society.
the

the

of

various

cuss

to

of
Asia.

religious

Muslim

traditional

the

institutions

their
by

a trans-regional

of

South

determined

these

back

"Council

in

scholars.

the

advocated

concept

as

of

Hence

of

upon

colonial

much

propagation

Islamic

elaborate

very

{ma'qlt),

al-'Ulamd,

leading

groups
religious

While

going

development

representatives

well

perpetuated

the

regime,

for

teachings.

sciences

{manqlt),

as

exposed.

themselves

ilarly,

tional

were

by

ancient

emerging

those

by
rational

the

however,

beyond

derstood

East

forums

they

disseminated

marked
among

Middle

newly

were,

rule

was

rule,

established

articulations

ry,

the

colonial

so-to-speak,
gradually

'

century
infrastructure

cultures
wake

ing

last

institutional

research

1990,
support
from

made

as well
Culture

in Modern

on earlier
of
which

the

by

as by the

drafts
Deutsche
this

article

of this

Profs.

Marc

Gaborieau,

participants
and

Contemporary

paper.

I am

Forschungsgemeinschaft
is drawn.

of the

also

Gail

3rd
Islamic

grateful
that

Interna
Histo
for the
made

The

So

far

and
the

Council.^

But

is,

however,

Nadwa

to
in

(and

the

matic

most

sources

were

E.g.,

D. Lelyveld:
Press

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Pakistan.

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binson

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e Islam
wat

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bin

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Movement,

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Bdni-e

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JalIs

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Fakhr

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Vol.

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; Sayyid

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wa bahjat

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Islam,

NasharTytTrikh

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Sayyid

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India:

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Karachi:

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University

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Lakhna':

Press
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to

Princeton,

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Cambridge

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1976,

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Generation.

Oxford

Cambridge:

ten

activism

personality

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etc.:

Fundamentalism
pp.29ff

contrast

among
Metcalf:

New

In

central

248;

than
Provinces.

Nadwat

{bni).

first

established
more

his

This

this

sources

pp.244,

its

Muhammad

ofthe
style

reason

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E.g.,

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'

the

of

during

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which

the

making

United

Sayyid

background

The

in

somehow

standing.

University

that
leading

the

history

a Nadawi

contribution

as

the

newly

to

the

force

e.g.,

due

of

founder

the

with

reputation.

of

Shibli

with

ton

its

in

Kanpur,
was

one

connection

1903,

suggest
one

sources),^
as

prevalent

it

completed

regard

intellectual

that

establishment
recently

qualities
which

wa

was

Nadawi

dons

in

international

contributions

the

other

phy

doubt
an

(1846-1927)

sented

of
in

peripherally

(1857-1914),

integrating

only

inception

no

only

mover

the

secretary

Nadwa

Council's

recent

mitted

and

became

achieved

Mongiri

Nadwa
Nu'mni

prime

he

61

al-'Ulam

in

the

was

ofthe

the

Some

was
nor

he

after

the

historiography,

neither

phase;

There
the

he

seminary

years

with

Nadwat

Shibli

Muslim

institution

formative
religious

dealt

The

mentioned

of

a new

a Council:

have

primarily
giants

such

of

historians

have

of

Making

Hayt-

esp.

131-157;

The

Freedom

1961,

pp. 424-

Jamal

62

of

the

the

struggle

between

the

Malik

traditionalist

and

reformist

scholars

in

Council.
There

now

have

been

the

Council

that

minded

wished

unite

and

nated

in

Likewise,

little

has

Nadwa

in

Nadwa

does

ally

involved

in

foster

the

sively

traditional
this

setdng

up

which

paper
of

had

In

fact,

as

different

The

they

that
result

of

social

both

tensions

of

the

encounter

with

economic

rule
its

as

new

of

the

the

strata

well

political

as

from

and

social

Raj.

It

be

institution-building
colonial

interests

these
to

the

support
the

exclu

to

committed

colonial

within

an

contrast

from

for

sought
arose

the

and

drawn

the

factu
sources

by

In

the

of

Nadawi

groups

struggling

and

forces

produced

social

wake

was

institution-

history

culture.

mostly

the

which

the

secular

was

the

were
in

elite

clear

that

Deoband."

general

Hence,

Council
religious

Nadwa

to
in

potential

endeavour.
the

suggests

developed

survival.

cess

new
that

dissemi

in

published

the

notables
sectarian

norms

regard

recently

scholarly

religious

comes

this

local

found

movements

to

religious-

eliminate

modern

with

up

some

and

and
fuse

far

mention

impression

views,

so

The

even

Sufis,

to

reformist

particular.

of

teaching

said

among

not

was

arguments

efforts

scholars

traditional

been

process

scattered
the

'Ulam,

aim

with

less
of

religious

whose

Aligarh

building

or

a result

officials,

to

differences,

more

was

Government

who

the

only

pro

structures

collided

in

when

this

forum.

Background

Awadh,
centre

and
of

especially

Islamic

Mysticism

and

these

See,

since

e.g.,

S.M.

Institute

Lucknow,

thought
had

Modem

Islamic

in
were

manqlt

Ikram:
of

capital
particularly

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sciences

Lahore:

its

learning,

long

rational

prominent

little

Muslim

Culture

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the

in

influence

India

1977(3),

and
pp.121

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f;

been

sciences.'
supporting
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Birth

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Metcalf:

Revival,

pp.336ff.
*

For

Sharar:

an

Harcourt
that

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Lucknow;
Tasnif

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n.d.,

Fakhir

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The

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It is said

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The

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inating

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The

Shirazi

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eventually

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1588)

(d.

1691),

scholarship.*
der

the

name

institution

hundreds

of

pattern
(d.

nizami

who

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was

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curriculum
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up

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son

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instrumentalize

scholars

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Parallel

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was

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there

and
in

scholars

The

could

on
Sihlwi

manqltJ

Shiite

nizami.

Awadh

also

Rahmaniyah
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to

administration.*

was

groups

Shams:

dars-e

Consequently,

mercial

Shh

and

producing

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order

un
central

taught

Nizm

stood

this

known
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were

Qadiri

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onwards,

prominence

which

and

Lucknow

economy.'

the

Ullah

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became

by

dissem

figures
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They

Naqshbandi

in

Chishti

century

Sunni

the

court

Fath

leading

approach

gave

enjoy

Nawwabi

the

into

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could

Shiite

18th

scholarly
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in

of

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His

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ma'qli

a crucial
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63

al-'Ulam

the
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dars-e

1748),

of

one

Mahall

brilliant

of

produced

Farangi

academic

scholarly

was

Sunnite

of

Nadwat

played

Persian

who

The

The

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'
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Jamal

64

Those

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to

often
from

gentry

ofthe

diary

economy

late

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the

the

"Islamic
men.

Here
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marriage

and

become

and

watan,^

of

of

but

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April

North

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the

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centre

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social

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und

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Cole:

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After

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It

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Cole:

Colonial

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towns

the

economy

junction.

Feudalismus

wegung,

learn
spiritual,

environment.

changed

centres,

to

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Expansion

See,

and

Islamic

economic

Indian

became

due

Lucknow

pp. 46-52,
"

and

tombs

the

socially

the

were
North

industrial

C. A. Bayly

vom

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a tremendous

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especially

British

of

The

social

were

relations
Some

infrastructural

of

only

Lucknow,

and

mately

and

had

Not

social

of

nent",'^

course,

India.

tionized,

capital

structures

was

during

developed

presence

social

which

services

gradually

ashraf.

Islamic

interme

empire

through

ofthe

wealthy

an

Mughal

religion

of

service

Impact

Colonialism,
fabric

services,

posts

wealth

had
the

came

and

products,

the

perpetuated

patterns

the

economic

Colonial

gentry
by

of

garrison

established

of

and

but

considerable

the

learning

military

particular

administration

and

for

and

had

with

states,

proud

traditional

They

accumulated

kinship

the

units
Muslim

legitimized

of

power
Shahjahanabad

ofthe

a tradition

prototype

Nawwabi

decaying

towns,

subcentres",

was

and

century.

these

regional

ing

The

17th

army

holy

the

centres

Having

in

later

and

in

artisanry.

of
the

administrative

regimes

service

centres
from

qasbahs,

ruling

and

the

hailed

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Traditionale

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158-208;

und

soziale

The

Making

Be

pp.60-84.
Oldenburg:

Provinces

Prineeton
, XIX,

of

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Press

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p.75.

The

mands

of

facilitated
preneurs
to

British

the

industrialisation

local

number,

developed

only

did

the

spective

means

and

and

"1877

the

completed

of

and

and

its

aim

kewise,

was

Rebellion,

The

of

of
the

the

same
by

See

Oldenburg:

Hoey:

For
1987;

the

also

Allahabad
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and
"

134ff

its allies,
For

Edition,
Lucknow.

of the

urban

pp. 315-230.

topography

culture,

the

two

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by

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of

effectively.

years

system

Rulers,

see

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The Aftermath
C.A.

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in: Modern
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Cawnpure

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and

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1889

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envisaged

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ff.

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with

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Commerce

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introduced

new

who

the

p.XXI.

development:

; also

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Lucknow,

E. Ehlers/Th.

SeeTH.R.

was

tax."

Li
after

urban

crowned

administrative

octroi

the

1892,

pe
cities,

interests."

loyalists

of

was

stable

especially

of

by

...

Indian

British

Chamber
in

where

and

and

public

politics

moulding

rural

Act

of
re

large-scale

Lucknow,

and

was

India

and

Monograph,

change

urban

pp.

year,

the

for

no

quiescent,

groups

in

each
their

room

and

changes

Council

social

terminal

"

Colonial

the

in

in

Kanpur

Upper

little

perpetuate

created
both

colonial
the

introduction

In

Raj

public,

of

organizing

and

in

society

and

government

structural

British

making

placed

stabilize
these

native

establishment
the

to

Not

well.

instance

dull,

which

societies.
vary

was

for

de
local

a culture

complex

prominent

new

urban

production

the
by
was

of

increased

and

involvement

followed

artisanry

firms

culture,'^

as

parallel

the

traditional

there

entre

bazaar

established

differed

activity,

to

the
the

of

buyer,

and

consumption

increasingly

restructuring

was

parallel

control

methods

policy,

Hausmannism

scale
with

a new

nationalist

rehgious

task

riod

no

of

for

and

skills

European

and

security
life,

small

modern

this

investor
New

newly

articulations

political

cultural

"

and

colonial

new

65

al-'Ulam

connected

goods

in

cultural

Under

the

new

groups,

local

patterns

between

social

main

developed.

new

were

Nadwat

Kanpur.

economy

among

There

had

these

and

fostering

The

of

gradually

especially

groups:

the

introduced

gentry

mands,

esp.

Army,

traditional

Islamic

in

of a Council:

the

were

the

the

Making

in:

see

Octroi

had

India,

1857-70.

Control

in Indian

Asian
Studies,
and Control:

Vol. 5/4
The United

Modern

Imperial

of Revolt:

Local

Asian

Gazetteer
already

Studies,
of
been

India,

Vol.
Vol.

introduced

Princeton

Towns

The

1965,
Case

of

(1971),
pp. 289-311
and
Provinces'
Government
5/4

(1971),

IX,
some

New
years

pp.313-336.
Delhi,
earlier

New
in

Jamal

66

the

newly

emerging

provide

loyal

urban

colonial

towns,

due

The

to

the

tional

in

gentry,
and

decrease

of

Muslim

Persian

weakened

tional

religious

the

pressure

tion,

of

in

of
of

qasbah

them

did

whose

objective

and

methods
was,

it

ofthe

restored

and

in the
"

though

changes

bridge:

" Bayly:
285 f.
"

For

jectives

Rulers,

For
and

economic

Illusion
in:

Kozlowski

missionary

pp. 76-98.

the

the

functions,

Modern

Asian

Press

pp.357,

354-56,

activities,
see

see

less

least

the

some
the

language
constitu
migrants

18/2

role

the

Muslims

society

to

representatives

show

Vol.
and

its

the

Background

Studies,

to

with

a pivotal

to

but

Their

played

of
The

the

properly,

and

was

endowments

University

at

way,

or

conditions

: Muslim

Islamic

more

of Security:

of

sense

activities,

foreigners.^'

purpose

social

Hindustanis

rule,

qasbah
-

culture

Muslim

understood

the

aristocracy
main

in

Cambridge

from

loyal

of

same

declining

their

Provinces,

G. C.

the

ta'alluqdrs

: The

United
See

learnt

in

tradi
under

disintegra

missionary

colonial
be

new

backwardness."^"

conversion

to

this

the

increasing

Christian

the

order

the

The

Brennan

to

legitimize

In

had

centres.

For

produced

responded

urban

"

and

to

however,

process,

developed

to

Britain.

avantgarde

ency

of

lead

was

in

avantgarde

a
in

thus

The

innovative

the

exposed

only

A
had

come
of

and

of

to
as

Kanpur

a result

dynamic

protestation

led

increasingly

As

: here

were

not

believers

Lance

also

Muslim

which

Islamic

legislation."

but

administrative

qasbahwls.

had

of

artisans

language.'*
like

the

of

landlords

official

of

tradi

moreover,

centres

position

movements

"urgency

the

waqf,

British

the

political

Most

as

the

cost

and

Hindu

1857.

the
security

the

Political

to

possible
after

commercial

of

economic

endowments,

defensive

emerged
and

new

only

employment;

abolished

and

gradually

decline.

The

children

changed

at

to
the

magnet:

qasbahs

bania

support

government

was

infrastructure

their

deliberate

them,

the

the

town

was
for

their

decisively

and

small

to

of

had

qasbah,

in

the

was,

situation

the

resulting

changes

1836,

the

promoted

as

sent

mobility

power

Kanpur,

bureaucrats

acted

increasingly
social

in

and

urbanization

colonial

rule

only

clerks

deteriorating

pattern

British

not

effective

This

since

expansionist

and

groups,

as

(qasbahwls)

new

there

well
sector.

hinterlanders
the

social

as

Malik

in

this

British

in

the

that

U. P.,

see

to Muslim

Separatism

(1984),

pp. 237-272.

in British

India.

Cam

1985.
455 f.,

Imdd

Sbiri:

literature

produced

op. cit.,

pp. 272-310.

190;

see

also

Farangiyn
during

that

Cole:
kJl.
time

Roots,
Delhi
as well

pp.235,
1979
as

(2),

its ob

The

"they

were

cational

Making

an

enlightened

movements

provided

for

them

intellectuals.
in

(1846-1921)
with

clerks

leadership,

were,

however,

i.e.

Movement
on

The

the

Deobandis

the

British

basis

Hadith.

were

was,

tional,

all

was

and

modes

of

In

an
a

had

increasingly

necessary.
and,

cope

with

Th.R.

new

Metcalf:
Press

pp.318-326,

352-362,

ddrs'

power
Raja

Structure
"
in:

See

Asian

"

Scripturalistic
Press
The

modes
Nurani.
Pnina
Analysis,

was

the

to

tradi

traditional

mystical

orders

or

for

For

their

British

habits,

rule,

New

also

Delhi:

Vol.

in the

sense

the

ff

Tn.

8/1

R.

For

Verses

of C. Geertz:

change

1979(2),
of Akbar

pp.

1-58,
Islam

University

Oudh

op. cit.,
ta'alluq-

Talukdar:
and

Social

123-142.

Illhbdi

here

e.g.,

see

Control

pp.

the

as,

in the

The

: Land

way

were

Berkeley:

Metcalf:

this

only

in education,

the

(ed.)

Manohar

(1977),

Raj.

' role

toward
the

protagonists

British

Frykenberg

Satirical

Studies,

path

such

talluqdrs
pp.341

see

in : R. E.

History.

one
thought,

Their

and
the

approach

environment

intellectuals/scholars

Landlords,

R. Russell/K.Islam:

versity

Ahl-e
primary

than

social

groups

challenge".

p. 318.

Landlord,

in Indian

Modern

from
the

a conscious

particular

social

system,

1979,

under
to

new

Land,

of California

From

the

"Western

the

society,

the
Scripturalism

as

the

of

by
Their

like

urban

reflecting

become

"

complex

worldview

product

the

Barelwis."

articulation,
to

Aligarh

patterns,

adhered

communication,

integrate

the

themselves

rather

and

in

overcome

made

public

inward-oriented

peasant-oriented

isolate

was

scripturalists.^"

colonial

to

normative

to

still

mainly
the

how

to

with

rooted

hand

attempt

extent,

attempt

learning
was

deeply

one

Western

a certain

Turks.""

"belly

was

the

innovative

primarily

however,

which

structures

such

to

faced
on

working

the

Islamic

their
was

they

us

and

their

found

Illhbdi

keeps

since

While

Another

They

addressee

and

problem

of

tried,
Raj.

belly

articulation

traditional.

groups
Akbar

Persians

traditional

one

the

satirist

the

institutions

cultural

Islam.
the

with

was

Western-educated
social

the

edu

know-how

mostly

"Our

is

way

reflected

dilemma

As

67

supported

while

intermediary

pointedly:
heart

no

al-'Ulama

They

groups,

these

their

and

Nadwat

journals,

dilemma.

their

Yet,

modern

as

social

our

in

clerks".

tradition,

new

great

Their

the

Muslim

remarked

the

the

by

The

aristocracy".^^

and

However,

themselves

the

of a Council:

(1846-1921),

p. 56.

observed.

London:

Yale

Uni

1968.

way in which
of communication
Charisma

Werbner
Adelaide,

the

Barelwis
has been

and

Pohtical

(ed.):

Person,

No.

28,

1990,

still make
elaborated

Mobilisation
Myth

and

pp. 38-50.

considerable
in S.Jamal
among
Society

the
in

use of these
traditional
Malik:
The Luminous
Barelwis

South

Asian

in Pakistan,
Islam.

in:
Social

Jamal

68

Shibli

and

and

Muhammad

who

power

sought

who

propagated

framework

and

norms

little

and

as

sprung
on

up

the

ideals

tures:

1.

and

of

The

tarbiyat),

old

of

the

social

and

to

shun

thought,^*
in

dist

group
no

commonly

nor

from

the

of

traditional

ves

from

colonial

to

united

and

the

Council

There

See

to

for

the

was

thus

1990,

new
the

the

the

centre

dominant

became

tran

became

pos

schools

scholars

of

But
neither

There
mostly

was

had
but

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for

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action

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projection

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as

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the

political

their

societies,
The

the

consensus

majority
themsel

groups

as

Consequently,
a

the

imminent

urban

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socially

isolated

public

their

and

avantgar

exclusivity.

looking

from

Sufis

this

leadership,

escape

develop

and

sector,

social

who

political

process

prime

movers

enough

to

worldviews

give

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by

concerned.
on

the

qasbahwls.

Reinhard
Brill

with
God

confession:

tensions.

groups

ofthe

Leiden:

or

had

room

different

of

to

of
a

replaced
being

different

own

elite

vigorous

sufficient

uation

its

claims,

religious

foreshadowed

to

of

for

umma

accordance

religious

Thus,

interests

into

"

order

marginalization.

various

the

in

fea

deposition

essential

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colonial

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be

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scholars

basic

{ta'lim

it increasingly

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transcend

dominant

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had
relied

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of

view

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the

declined

legitimation

of

that

reintroduction

ideologized,

time

accepted

sector

social

gain

point

the

In

the

overshadowing

the

religious

was

had

ideologization,

for
to

had

umma.

was

representatives

was

the
now

disunity

least

order

mobilize

there

this

2.

to

and

instruction

regarded

power

discourse.
Islam

the

at

Yet,

of

who

religious

Through

sible

to

society,
God,

worldview,

scendent.

and
They

of

agency

who

had
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and

avantgardist
of

reformers,
times,

a-political

media

(anjumans)

education

{ijtihd).

exclusive

colonial

Islamic

"sala"

of

Western

an

claim

societies

legitimation

of

new
their

other

was

of

(reform),

the

with

use

Muhammadan

Islamic

conception

Western

the

These

early

which

forms

society,

stabilized

the

reasoning

old

Their

reorganization

independent
the

appeal.

mushrooms.

islh
by

institutions

guaranteeing

with

like

proclaimed

acknowledgement
new

thereby

exclusivity,

who

its

mass

perpetuated

self-statement,

of

'Abduh,

primarily
and

Malik

Schulze:
pp. 34 ff.

one

hand

the

the

other

On

Islamischer

increasingly
hand

Internationalismus

insecure
there

was

im

20.

the

sit
feel-

Jahrhundert.

The

ing

of

Making

disintegration

with

tion.

of

these

belong

to

intellectuals,

government
ideology

whose

colonial

norms

hardly

elite,

Making

In

'Abd

traditional
representatives

group

of

With
of

the

were

religious
integrating

the

the

did

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system.

should

movers

scholars

this

abstrac

As

prime

religious

of

of

exception

of

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sector

struggle.

Council

on

the

al-Ghaffur

Government,

its

and

the

contributions

a certain

forum

integrationism,

this

combined
Out

al-'Ulamd.

above,

traditional

the
in

of

some

of

groups

a new

Nadwat

employees

participated

The

the

for

made

was

into

religious

was

realm

elite,

social

arose

remarks

69

al-'Ulama

self-statement.

demand

the
the

Nadwat

intermediate

forums

from

The

avantgardist

a specific

One

the

the

emerging

evident

not

a Council:

of

newly

constellation,

be

of

who

Nadwa

one

(1855-?),

is

regarded

may

deputy

as

the

find

the

collector

prime

to

mover

for

name

the

of

British

the

Nadwat

al-'Ulamd}''
This

view

is

also

(1862-1947),2*
Hakim

Sayyid

Fatehpur
for

tablish

his

tem.

"

See

p. 58;

1984(12),
in the

1st July
"

For

"

Zuhr

a khalifa
sketch
Grandes
ed.

al-Razzq

Majlis

al-Islm
of

of

Fadl

by

M. Gaborieau,

coming);

henceforth

see
du

Finance

a student

J.Malik,
Musulman

N.Grandin,
DBSGF.

pp.357

Dictionnaire
Peripherique.

P.Labrousse,

to

es
sys

Edinburgh

Idrah-e
Deputy

(holding

Dept.),

1969,

Thaqfat-e
Collector

Gazetted

Kan

Appoint

Corrected

up

1897.
Nadawi:

ff.;

of Lutf

Murdbdi
in:

in India.

Commerce
Press

Sulaimn

was
Ganj

Monde

see

East

educational

appointed

and
Gov.

1983,

qasbah

Conference

Lhawr:

of Officers

Islam

Fatehpri
al-Rahmn

Fatehpri
Figures

Knpri,

Nashariyt-e

of Islam
was

Residency:

teacher

the

proposed,

kawthar.

al-Ghaffr

his

preparations

Middle

Islamic

History

of Services

of India,

Haiderabad

the

al-Ghaffur

Mawf-e

'Abd

making

Educational
toured

declining

Intellectual

History

Government

1895,
'Abd

Karachi:

see

from

while

Shibli

Ikram:

Knpri

met

(1858-1921)^9

Anglo-Oriental

'Abd

p. 187.

late

al-Ghaffur

that

An

1984;

he

the

Muhammad

in January

ments
to

Ahmad:

al-Razzq

1891

about

writes

Aziz

'Abd

in

before

opinion

Shaikh

Islmiyah
pur

the

year

Knpri

historian

that

'Abd

of

one

the

al-Islm

Deputy

convention

(AOEC)

by

stated

Zuhr

and

held

who

Ydgdr-e

Nuzhat,
Ullah

VIII,

'Aligarhi

(1793-1895).

For

Biographique
Du

XIX"

A. Popovic,

raftagdn.

pp.250f
(d.

1916)

and

a biographical
des

Savants

Siecle

a Nos

Jours,

CNRS:

Paris

(forth

et

Jamal

70

"that

for

the

the

as

for

shall

be

appointed

be

resolution
and
the
this

ligious
cation.

not,

majority

of

including

Accordingly,

by

the

deputy

prising

in
some

this

movement,

The

that

and

and
have

new

address

was

also

was

the

all

most

for

a group

that

included

identity

would

bring

about

"

'Abd

al-Ghaffr
Hayderbd

"

Knpri:

not

See
trace

names

Yd-e
of the

pp.

in

the

area
and

fountainheads
by

monthly

points

and

important

in

the

only
of

had

the

creation

the

could
This

of

onto
in

various
in
a

and

'Abd

individual

important

concentrated
of

par

consensus

projected

was

schools

of
It

identity

scholars.

al-Razzaq

this
order

Kanpur.

collective

for

find

various

broad

different
be

functions

Muhammad

picture
however,

among

Hence,

that

a precise
assume,

Such

the

an

individual

Knpri:

Yd-e

102f

Ayym,

participants

the

draw

avantgardists

in

of
com

may

crucial

particular

as quoted
1946,

to

representatives

important

among

Ayym.

us

varieties.

groups

was

scholars

followed

One

which

the

social

house

schools

was

integration

their

idea

the

the

years.^'

permit

most

at

the
at

religious

step

edu

a committee

became

two

parties.

expectations

positively
of

not

met

re
re

modern

presented

religious

several

intersectional

in

and

establish

meetings.

phase

allowed

movement

thought

do
private

and

to

next

with

However,
They

initial

the

interested

perceptions

1891.

collector,

the

standing

and
not

others.

in

found."^"

concerned

was

Thus,

available

elaborating

would

taught

for

formative

ticipants

who

and

supposedly

this

decided

deputy

Kanpur

sources

these

ing

the

in

and

be

succeeds,

AOEC's

English

proposal

and

Kanpur.

al-Ghaffr,

meetings

December

with

Therefore
it

(1817-1898)

obviously

than

in

'Ulam
and

was

the

Khn

would

Conference

If
to

this

It

the

moved.

of

'Ulam

being.

are

Ahmad
it

al-Razzq

be

members

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Deoband

'Abd

the

such
AOEC

'Abd

by

possibilities

Sayyid

rather

ofthe

should

the

Kanpur.

time

as

a committee

of
in

the

and

education

Islam,

supported
for

other

traditional

pursued

to

if

effect

since

meeting

of

this

of

consultation

was

islh)

oriental

established

meetings

proposition

and

the
be

committee

annual

fine,

However,

jected

with
shall

to

{madhhabi

(tahqffuz)

and

its

reform
traditional

preservation

if the
at

committee

of

the

appropriate

good

rehgious
of

organisation

[AOEC]
a

of
(ishd'at)

well

religious

of

purpose

propagation

Malik

p. 103.
at this

Due
stage

to lack

of source

of formation.

material,

I could

The

in

a collective

as

economic

the

effort

which

of

demanded

broad

the

unity

of
the

Muslims

vocates

and

the

and

of
and

notions

of

institutions

their

Islamic
of

protect

them

and

from

In
ed

house

elite

to

groups

under

disseminating

to

the

some

mass

would

call

for

change

sierung

in Pakistan.

baden:

Franz

of

Steiner

KanpOri:

perception
Untersuehungen
1989,
Ydd-e

Ch.
Ayydm,

for

the

welfare

also

tradition,

heretical

muqal
respec

traditional
of

system

adopting

We

renouncing

redisplacement
Islamic

way

the

the
their

without

of

stressed

imposing

of

past

to

(bida")

traditionalists

could
as

meeting

the

helped

innovation

conditions

these

was

well.^^

be
Sub

agreed

upon

and

who

of

argue

a
progress

has

as

been
zur

I, here
p. 103.

kind

of
well

discussed

Auflsung
p. 38.

religious
and

for

knowledge.

participants,

need
the

thought

would

religious

the

intermediaries

representing
schools

acquiring

and

mi-

of

personality

established,

unity

own

the

support,

different

of
be

po

their

the

Nadwa

and

Kanpur."

umbrella

heterogeneity
to

See

first
of

and

was

"

the

ad

considered

further

new

way

the

and

capable

this

this

social

into

of

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unite
one

frame

This

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accepted

would

of

"

gain

commonly
who

for

advantgarde

time

reproach

particular

busy

same

legitimation

date
of

order

the

the

the

the

the

traditionalists.

for

sequently,

At

in
Yet,

Islamic

Islamic

them

and
era,

activism.

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were

conceptions

scholars

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criticized

they

identity.

by

mobilized

of

how

Muhammadan

remedy

were

developing

European

condemned

sole
qasbah.

heavily

Interestingly,

stern

the

who
and

the

the

upholders

Islam,

education.

origins

the

muqallids,

and

the

hour

political

own
They

be

society,

uniting

ghair

of
their

for

the

properly.

of

interests.
to

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necessity

arena

postulations

conceptions

"declining"

tive

the

sym

vehicle

the

addressed

and

religious

of

curriculum.

be

reflected

to

need

of

well

above,

scripturalists

symbols

reformed

omitted

environments

lids

groups

crocosmic

religious

masses

Nevertheless,
intermediary
litical

of

as

stated

important
The

reestablishment

traditional
cautiously

mostly

an

identity.

use

e.g.,

been

adhered

considered

71

religious

has

were
hardly

collective

consensus,

could

in

be

As

movement

al-'Ulam

social,

ritually.

supposedly

may

establishment

Nadwat

transcend

least

the

them

The

would

at
of

of

bolism,

of

and

members

most

ever

of a Council:

barriers,

first

thus

Making

a
In

broad

social

new

institutional

meta-institution
as

for

in

S.Jamal

autoehthoner

way

analogy

which
new

umma.

Malik:
Strukturen.

Islami
Wies

Jamal

72

The

Mobilization

The

proven

especially
ture.

the

the

all

Faid-e

that

this
of

al-Nadwa

the

South
strata,

not

"

The

the

but

first

the

glorious

Farangi

(d.

1894),

but

who

and

a well

to

and

had

Nadwat

al-'Ulam'

Redd)

; in later

Nadawi

leaving
and

out,

i.a.,

research

suggest

1987,

with
also

Later
for
one

1-27,

Qadiri

terms
were

and

pp.

the

that

the

'Abd
the

p.22).

In fact,

those

al-Wahhb

Council.

monolithic

This
block.

integrationists

made

out

(d.

1941),

who

to carry

also

supported

out

more

militant;

reforms
to note

quietistic
see

and
that

were

while
Hamid

'Abd

al-Bri

branches,

in

the

the

Nadwa

in its formative

Muslim

middle

that
branch

Algar:

the

Political

Shh

Aspects

Ullah
of

beginning.
won

over

regarded

as well

'Ali
Indeed,

as

as tradi

divergencies

Ashraf

good

can

Thnawi
he

took

women.

branch
Wali

such

on

be

be

phase.

class

Mujaddidi

of

also

Similar
of

Delhi

Mahallis

very

reformists

case

were

Farangi

could

Family

1/2,

Nadwa

1935)

cannot

as isolationists.
e.g.,

Vol.

of

Nadwat

Mahad:

in the

Mahallis

stage

the

of the

reformist

I, p. 96

at this

India,

movement

the

here
the

son

(henceforth
to fourteen,

with

(d.

VIII,
Mongiri:

Ta'rikh,

early

members

famous

Farangi

different

Deobandis,
for

his
the

on

Phulwrwi

reform

JalTs:

of the Farangi
Papers

practices

pp.22f.

too

was
Ullah

Nuzhat,
'Ali

Mahallis

leading

there

mystical

is reduced

see

Farangi

Some
this

as well
the

only

family.

1903)

There

no

Sulaimn

supported

suggests

among

It is important
rather

(d.

not

I,

to be

University

Shh

of this
who

Mahall;

in the History

Oxford

Shaikh

scholars

were

part

al-

became

Fadl

(see

of twenty

it seems

Problems

here

be

was

there

to

'Abd

and

them

Muhammad

1894,

number

among

manqlt

and

of

plan

- Muhammad

Sayyid

of Farangi

in:

among

Muhammad

this

inclined

in

Knpr

However,

"...

was

also

this

Men,

tionalists,

pains

1894.

Holy
Chishti

who

see

writings

'.. ." F. Robinson:

of Learned

College

qualification

in

different

endeavours

upon

al-'Ulam;

p. 116.

the

agreed

Nadwat

representative

Sirat,

to

al-'Ulam

as

the

al-Hasani:

mention

scholar

the

force

scholar

Canning

little

the

them

Sayyid

ofthe

Deobandis

Redd

giving

addressing

in the

ma'qH

of

connecting

integrative

for

who

and
The

one

and
the

Thus,

however,
'Ulam

teacher

have

some

not,

members

known

is said

Kanpur,

times

Islam

sector.

twenty

and

in

they

meeting

al-'Ulamd"?''

Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi^'

do

state

Mahalli

pp. 364 f),

traditional

sources

instead

of

prime

that

reminded

Sufism,

cul

the

annual

school

means

Hanafi

Islamic

council

"Nadwat

past
unity.

motivate

by

next

Muhammadan

prominent

the

supporters

one

early

of

the

unmistakably

and

Nadawi

Ghaffr

named

to

upon
of

for

was

ideal

religious

be

and

only

agreed

establishment

institution

was

Mongiri,

the

been

Hindustan

pre-

exclusiveness

elite

qasbahs,

a prominent

in

Asia,

religious

had

the
of

should

with

of

the
it

in

Sector

the

from

'Ulam

new

members

'All

1892

'Amm,

Dr

sense

in

convention

name

its

mobilize

activists

invite

Traditional

to

leaders

and

would

the

way

Accordingly,

movers

of

of

Malik

of the

Naqshbandiya

subsequently

Naqshbandi

became
History,

in:

The

khalifa

of

Making

Fadl
pir

general

the

his

leading

from

Prophet.

back

to

'Abd

taught

in

the

strove

to

(1813-1863),

qasbah

Kakori

colonial

and

near

due

came

to

press.

Later,

result

of

According

were

by

Marc
pp.

his

Gaborieau
Spread

for
his

of

hajj,

death

that

line

Naqshbandis,

Political

as

pp.

died

as

an

was

early

134-136,

sup

loss

and
World,

aver

Mahallis

which
The

was

shahddat?^

Farangi

Islamic

was

release
-

developed
the

the

Nizmi

Ahmad

Delhi.

in the

later
his

'Amm

Hadith,

in

esp.

Thought

Faid-e
well-known

the
in

but

the

regarded

preferred

Ullah

served

the

which

'Inyat
from

After

soon

for

Mufti

qadi,

'Inyat

is

Mongiri
-

instead

et al. (eds.):

said

philosophy

Ullah,

British.
-

owner

sciences

of Naqshbandi

new

was

and

the

madrasah

the

journey

Wali

He
years

is

originated

Lutf

mufti

with

biographer,

Shh

like

as

by

- and

the

and,

disputes

rational

well-known

ported

The

to

towards

that

well.

several
It

of

syllabus."

He

and

of

as
for

the

'Ali

on

feet
post-re

scholars

1895.

with

Muhammad

accident,

the
the

qasbah

in

of'Aligarhi.

behalf

at

Kanpur

teacher

some

while

an

in

reaching

of

age
a

Sayyid

where

his

new

scholars

Lucknow

Kanpur

on

the

from

silsilah

studied

Hayderabad

old

became

descent

scholar

from

judiciary

to

to
He

'Amm

in

the
of

princely

imprisoned

sion

Faid-e

reform

Ahmad

of

introduc
he

claimed

famous

most

religious

teacher

he

1166).
the

brief
why

council.

originated

mufti

acquaint

Another

endowed

of

himself

the

administrator

A
and

belonged

(d.

1916),

madrasah

to

he

its

how

Kanpur,

him

(1793-1895),

years.^*

on
of

Jilni

teacher

many

73

al-'Ulam

nominated

light

near
to

appointed

tried

he

qasbah

Ullah

was

and

shaping

the

(d.

and

Lutf

he

in

al-Qdir

era

time.

of

some

'Aligarhi

bellion

period

According

Lutfullh

and

was

sheds

figure

Hailing
the

Nadwat

Murdbdi

below),

over

career

: The

Ganj

(see

{nzim)
to

a Council

al-Rahmn

post-rebellion

tion

of

D.W.

of

his

Damrel:

in : op. cit.,

esp.

275-282.
"

With

their

attempted

to

centuries,
Sufi

as in the

Orders

R. Schulze:
Lutf

"

For

'Inyat

Lhawr:

the

case

Bhatti:
Vol.2,

Ullah,

of the

Oxford:
see

Ahmad
Fuqahd'-e

Tariqa

Maktabah-e

and

pp.

Rahmniyah

the

University

the

new

mysdcs
see
Press

age
of
J.S.

1971,

groups

the

probably

18th

and

19th

Trimingham:
Ch.

IV

and

The
IX

and

19-26.

in DBSGF

Kkorwi,
Akhtar

orders,
of

Muhammadiya;

Oxford

J. Malik

Pk

pp. 244-247;

ideas

achievements

Internationalismus,

For

1984,

to mystical

in Islam.

"

Ishaq

recourse
neutralize

see

o Hind.

(forthcoming).

al-Hasani:

Sirat,

Lhawr:

Rhi:
1978(2),

Idrah-e

Tadhkirah-e
pp.

177-184.

p. 8,

fn.2;

Thaqfat-e

Musannifin-e

Muhammad
Islmiyah
dars-e

nizmi.

Jamal

74

male

ancestors

deep

and

desire

for

different
khalifa

of
saint

spiritual
became
bers

Fadl

al-Rahmn,
the
The
and

the

Nadwa,

Muhammad
Rahmn,

too,

British

the

owner

newly

of

the

first

heydays

of
working

tion

of

closer

He

to

the

Delhi

juman-e
however,

based

office

Ahmadiya".
translated

with

Christian

See

out,

52 f,

65 f;

desolate

Majlis

1871

to

was
books

Sirat,

pp.l6f.,

p.97.

'Ali

Khn:

Nashariyt-e

Muhammad

Sadr
Islm

was

Chaudhari
For

him.

for

'Ali

Sayyid

Nadawi:
Majlis
Yr Jang
1981,

a sufi

often

Mongiri

as

For

years

and

regarded

with

Bakhsh
dicussions
a

al-Rahmn,

ab Rahmn
living

see

certain

J.Malik

Mawln
1985,
Khn

Nadawi:

Sherwni.

in economically
Fadl

Fadl

pp. 19ff.,

as a virtue.
in

its

"Rislah-e

Maul

Islm

quoted

"Man-

the

Hadrat

Of course

An

Islamic

the

Nashariyt-e
Khalil

the

for

Tadhkirah-e

p.49.

or

employed

Fadl

similar

organisation,

theological
had

28f.

1876

few
-

bring

by

very

journals,

1884

the
of

struggling

next

by

ta'limydflah

'All's

two

the

represented

in

for

19-25,

Karachi:

up

one
in

objective

was

on

been

disintegra

jadid

a certain

the

Murdbdi.
Tabriz

kept

had
Kanpur

probably

set

from

assistant

circumstances

Sayyid

like
ofthe

established

the

most

editing

missionaries,

Shams

Karchi:

Ullah

men

confronted

have

Muliammad
he

he

was

institution

the

English

Ganj

al-

a result

Lutf

growing

the

jurists,

for

Banglore

to
with

Kanpur

in DBSGF
(forthcoming).
See Sayyid
Ab al-Hasan
al-Rahmn

did

in

the

Islam

but

and

said

This

started

in

al-Hasani:

as

with

- taught

society

Sayyid

he

His

who

is

Anjuman-e

died

in

as

Mongiri

advocates,

and

Islm.

Muhammadi"

main

Sayyid
Fadl

terms

witnessed
He

other.

Accordingly

shr

was

representatives

activity

also

notables

soon

reform.

debt,

founder-mem

banias

good

'Amm

modern

each

Himdyat-e

in

studies,

a cultural
the

scholars,

the

qasbahwls,

Kanpur,"'

Faid-e

societies.

and

then
scholar,

khalifa

very

missionary

Tahdhib,

tabqah,

"

the

methods.

'Ulam

to

his

in

traditional

religious

in

and

groups.

Christian

Anjuman-e

press

completed

students

their

ing

social

of

ofthe

lived
on

murid

manquli

most

pressure

was

of

followed

Muradabad,"

favourite

usually
he

Nizmi

having

ofthe

and

a sense

became

profound

other

under

him

having

Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi

of

his
many

come
-

emerging

After

guide

but

However,

finally

near
a

in

after

leading

himself

Like

policy

'Aligarhi.""

the

spiritual

had

he

Sandilah

pir,

'Ali.

created

Hence,

time,

qasbah

shaikh
of

some

from

have

figure.

for

centre.

might

leading

murshids

Sufi

of

teachers

Malik

abRahmn,

The

Munshi

Nazir

was

with
on

how

published

in
which

gued,

were

1890.

not

Therefore
Sayyid

Sayyid

supposed

to
of

the

He

twice
It
and

He

was

trouble

prime

vis-a-vis

acquainted

with

movers

of

'Ali

See

Printing
Mongiri

Muhammad

Works

1331

stood

himself

cussed

in

See

is not
the

pp. 446 f.) ; his

or rejection
batting
features
Mumtaz
late

can

missionaries

Nineteenth

the

that

settle

also
in

bdghi

the

(rebel).

in

Mongir

in

towards

and

commis

intellectuals

a leading

the

Paighm-e

among

congregation

Muhammadi,
p.320.

perceptions

Sayyid

figure

ritual

1308h.),

to

Mobilized

collectors,

as

of

committed

platform.

deputy

at

contents

was

one

as

religious

pp.32,

The

of

of

Dehli:

Delli

to

which

extent

Sayyid

a Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi
48f,

63ff

Mongiri's

As is suggested,
and

with

mundzarah

also

printed
of

Sirat,

jihd

AU and

MongTri:

370 f However,

of religious

the

'A

is

Ahmad

family,

Khn,

will

be

dis

contribution.

unequivocal.

external

to

on

mystics

so
a

as

Makki

inclined

methods

well

(first

a descendant

al-Hasani:

ment

(2)

contrast

was

198 f., 310,

than

and

h.

in a subsequent

pp.188,

established

such

British.

thus

scholars

to

probably

Nadwa
as

was

Sayyid

the

Raj

to
lit

activism
1857

He

as

out

Islamic

Muhjir

more

the

action

was

of

British

ar

ceased

scholars.

was

insti
he

aggression

In

Ullh

the

jurists

an

persisting

regarded

and

a united

his

returned
he

activities

tradesmen,

traditional

"

attitude

into

to

the

was

later
that

live"

Muhammad

who

but

for

had

mujahidin

for

however,

Muslims

the

"

Mekka

due

of
was

'Ulam,

study

reformist

he

need

needed."^

Imdd

most

government

well

sioners,

the

caused

missionary

drawing

the

have

to

let

Christian

by

of

its

was

Hjji

One

(scholasticism)

with

and

1864.

Christian

of

scholasticism

shaikh

seems,

to

Ac
and

which

The

al-kalm

'Ali

in

the

Muslims.

affiliated

Indian

stressed

later

books

Muhammadi,

objective

the

went

Bihar."^

the

who

writing

challenge

reacting

'ilm

him

Shahid

(1817-1899),

he

75

Department.

started

the

their

mujhid,

Ahmad

eyes

book,

Muhammad

Lucknow,

Forest

Paighdm

of

a new

styled

from

Western
is

this

to

al-'Uiama

Bhopal

the

capable

According

erature,

the

organize

because

date.

"live

In

Nadwat

Mongiri

meet

would

successfully

is

of

to

The

draughtsman

contributions

tution

exist.

Christianity,

well-known

of

a Council:

chairman

pamphlets
his

of

Alimad,

appointed

quainted

Making

did

and

social

etc.

necessitated

be made
'Huquq
Century,

out

he was

combatting

activity

not

change

for Sayyid

an-Niswan\
in:

Modern

; compare

An

also

participation
concerned

missionaries
necessarily
among

Muslims.
tendency

Mumtz

'Ali;

Advocate
Asian

of

with

the

Nuzhat,

Studies,

On

Jl,
move

intemal

rather
vol.

a reluctance
the

towards
see

Sbiri:

mujhidiix

(see
imply

a clear

Imdd

in the

Gail

Women's
24/1/1990,

contrary,
reform.

Minault:
Rights

VIII,

towards
com
Similar
Sayyid
in India

pp.

147-172.

in

Jamal

76

dastrbandi
tion

at

of

original

Faid-e

part

of

of

is

as

Nadwat

He

forward

scholars

and

argued

the

children.

Others

were,

to

arguments

appeal

etc.

In

the

upon

Sayyid

to

religious

first

three

as

Redd

of

reasons

for

es

about

language"

{hamdri
religious
in

their
Islam.

if

with
of

The

'Ulam

and

neither

their
which

nor

preachers

the

study

awr

scholars

qawmi

they

had

in

prevent

the

of

were

of

knowl

Therefore

the

requirements,

they

the

impact

on

abandoning

'Ulama-e
could

con
lead

bad

from

quran

national

adequately
had

ig
for

the

and

zabn).

turn

cur
time

etc.

sufficient

people

qualities

the

who

have

ig

their

religious

neither

which

could

they
"our

could

matters,

they

as

were

Hence,

graduates

is

for

and

those

did

Firstly,

looked

because

ma'qlt.

had

Islamic

argued.
and

worked

Arabic

the

workers

in

but

on

he

skilled

trained

contemporary

salaf,

ac

reestablish

Islam.

ghost
had

not

weakened

enemy.

about

of

culture

principles

Secondly,

madhhabi

nor

Only

glory

care

syllabi

reasons

with

affairs

religious

image,

quainted

parents

among

carry

students,

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78

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reform

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1871

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to C. A. Elliott
of

India.

2: Correspondence
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1886,

p. 192.

India

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Rebellion.
1859/60

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1890,

352, 366f
amounted

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of

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Home

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to 74;

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pp. 24-27.

For

the

pp. 118-128.

lead

pp. 4-10,

pp.80-82;

were

pp. 1-18.

to have been
one of the militant
Imm
ofthe
movement
of Shh

Jl,

it

statements

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bdtini

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Ullh
is regarded
He was the fifth

see

pp.122-124;

subscribers,

The

The

orders.

a new
the

Metcalf:
Land,
pp. 341 f,
The number
of subscribers

names

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thousands."

pp. 20-22.

No.
and

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79

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Jamal

80

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pp. 122-27.
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pp.212f,
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285,

289,

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teachers

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Allahabad,

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292.

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traders

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primarily
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47),

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pres

Fatehpur,

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Kanpur.

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(45),

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pp.4f

as well

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and

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pp.347f.

khdns),

and

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Kanpur,

vicinities.

ashraf

since

{mudarris)

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in the

the

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cities

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Nuzhat,

(ra'as

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merchants

and
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on

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1920),
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pp. 427 f;

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VIII,

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1901),

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and

Hanafi

Aligarh,

reasons

see

doctors

from

pp. 103ff

as

(1831-1918),

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to
(d.

Batalawi

participants

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sixty-two

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Muhammad

of sources,

See

had

editor

large

Madrasah
1890,

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Delhawi,

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way

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intellectuals

ent."

a new

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as

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tradesmen,

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of

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scholars,

of

representatives

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of

and

52

lawy

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representatives

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to

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Of

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(25),

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as journalists

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35)
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(15),
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students.

The

Allahabad,
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Yet,

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al-Hasani:

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than

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reflected

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to the

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local

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4. Support

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was

see,

rites

defined
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as

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establishment

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See

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ele

procedure

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Deoband,

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of

pp.
as one

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be regarded

position

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religious

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reasons

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was

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current

in the
a few

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invited

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necessary

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updating

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names
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constitution

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pp.441

their

administrative

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pp. 125f

that

even

leading

participants

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intermediaries.

80 of those
For

block
The

Rulers,

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normative

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commitments.
156.

the

the

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British

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identity.

to

their

the

the

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in

collective

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order

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from

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the

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meeting.
sector

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of

Lutf

speeches.

four

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illumi

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as

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to

regarded

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scholars

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consensual

of

gave

delivered

shed

the

Barelwis,

scholars,

and

due

later

presided

Deobandis

acknowledgement

speeches

had

(1850-1921).'*

passed

speeches

for

and

the

sources,

meeting-hall

of

the

intellectuals

were

The

social

of

and

constitution

religiousity

was

"the

faces

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industry

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because

81

al-'UIam

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negatively

Muhammad

his

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ideology.

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by

nated

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only

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of

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Farrukhabad

affected

Kanpur.'*

success

struggle

did

been

possible

replaced

a Council:

Lucknow,

had

was

been

of

Etawah,

towns

unity

Making

Redd,

for

were:

1.

chairmen

of

of religious
'Amm,

and

pp. 70-74.

Jamal

82

and

rituals,

the

new

communication

very

small

minority,
bad

notions
challenges

saw

their

to

early

Muhammadan

al-Manr

as

group

in

order

In

the

following

the

Sayyid

we

shall

concerning

new

on

tackle

the

Nadawis
ed

propagated

of

the

by

the

self-statement
its

particularly

views

to
early

traditional

as

legitimize

his

education

idealization

{salaf)

therefore

recognized.*"

the

the

the

to

and
only
literate.

English

failures

how

as

establish
and

were

contemporary

times

to

since

education
of

necessary

elite

of

Islamic

of

abolished

areas,

its

example

prophetic

avantgarde/religious

of

new

be

rural

and

Criticism
was

to

established

{nuqsan)

a good

{manqlt)

be

the

pilloried

concerning

environment.*'

ucation

in

be

provide

had
to

influences

were

new

argued,
had

especially

the

Hindustanis
The

Nadawis
structure

Furthermore,
on

early

Malik

new

ofthe

perceptions.*^

refer

to

a new

institution

New

Normative

statements
of

Islamic

learning.

Traditional

Education

On

the

occasion

council

in

lishment
day,

ciated

by

qasbah

Sayyid

a dr

al-ift

al-Hasani:

"

stated

ijtihd

and
and

with

See,

bring

to light

guish

who

talking

about

salaf,

to refer

to the

central

Albert

Hourani

Press

1962,

social

His

plan

1907),

estab

dynamics
was

appre

notable

accepted

of

by

all

the

partici-

pp. 40-41.

was

focussing
quite

on

tarbiyat

in line

with

and

the

ta'lim,

sala

move

sufis

not

were

community

tradition

SherwnT:

a product
The

only

the

meant.

of Sunni

Islam

in the

Nadawis
khulafd

elders,

did
but

the

in its period
Age.

Karachi:

of the
not,

also

Dar

Nadwa

to

however,

distin

subsequent

tradi

Muhammad
used

Liberal

salaf.

aspirations

Similarly,

of the

Thought

'Ularrid'-e

of the

'Abduh,

term

"more

when
generally

of development".

Oxford

: Oxford

See

University

p. 149.

See

"

Athar

'Ali

of the

Anjuman-e

Generously

Redd,

salas.

; obviously

: Arabic

"
dent

(d.

the

the

ijtihdd.^^

activism,

was

of the

the

with

was

Khn

which

and

for

administrative

advocated

tradition.

al-Rahman

a salaf

cope

'Ali

commitment

Mujaddidi

scholars

need

Approach

Nadwa's
'Ali

to

pp. 127 f.;

contributions

was

tionalists,

order

of political

1979,

the

subsequently

their

Habib

(repr.)

of

Athar

Sirat,

the

e.g.,

al-Ish'at

in

and

rejection

Muhammad

the

above,

the

and

meeting

influential

Kakori,*"

As

emphasizing
the

> See

"

of

1895,

of

ofthe

ment

Criticized

Jalis:

he

Trikh,

I, pp.l37f.

was

influential

spent

an

ta'alluqdr,

ta'alluqdrn-e
money

on

the

Awadh.
conventions

a recognized
He

was

of the

lawyer

murid
Nadwat

of Fadl

and

the

presi

al-Rahmn.

al-'Ulam,

was

The

pants

present.

lishment
He

of

had
1.

two

The
in

rituals

and

fiqh
2.

issues

and

plan

and

one

their

to

at

was
all

regarded
students

each

and

every
for

ural

and

talents

sions

built

rich

and

Students
own

son

to the

that

many

force
Dar

(d.

1943),

who

challenged.

For

Athar

al-'Ulm

of

rich
the

learn

to

there

cause

of the

of the
most

of

culture

and

Ihfishm

intellectual

to the
and
'Ali

(funun-e
to

in
be

be

one

years

see

e.g.
that

the

J. Malik

particu
among

pay

dress.
for

their

compensated

ofthe
later.

, businessmen

knew

hall

and
to

nat

discus

equality

have

Nadwa,

his

Monthly

to

was

some

and

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subsistence

and
up

prayers,

handicraft

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ta'allugddrs

support

qasbah
'Ali

them

set

midday

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movement

Nadwa

be

food,

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punctuality

according

was

families

important

of

mundsabat).

were

conjointly

most

the

for
uniform

developed.

halaf),

poorer

responsible

activities

both

stu

students

Islamic

After

and

awr

and

be

concept

sports;

(kasb-e

and
for

regarded

The

en

teachers

An

all

an

non-religious

to

in

to

microcosm,

pure.

supported
had

unmitigated
valued

Islam.
comprised

Ddr

for

was

concerning

al-'Ulm

gave

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morality

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employees,

of

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from

in the

binding.

light

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were

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to

students

subsistence

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excellent

contemporary

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that

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the

quarters

identity.

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livelihood

{Simposiums)

larly

well

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his

to

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of

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to

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with

a religious
the

otherwise

collective

as

for

forms

and

the

were

them

separate

time

about

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criticism

were

scholars

individual
etc.

same

bring

him

an

per

and

the

regulations

was

in

rooms

students

and

un-Islamic
They

solve

still

envisaged

their

particularly

estab

the

teachers,

cleaning
for

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and

room

scholars

of

religious

seminary

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dents

the
of

counter

would

world

vironment.

group

and
of

they

religious

proposed

supervision

successfully.

al-'Ulamd

Islamic

83

al-'Ulam

also

the

would

fatw

life

'Ali

elite

Islam

envisaged
of

Nadwat
The

an
who

that

Nadwat

mind:*'

of

their

so

ideal

in

The

under

acquaintance

spheres

the

Muhammad
al-'ulm

defend

The

The

Sayyid
Dar

scholastics

problems

all

of a Council:

creation

versed

in

Making

first

to send

It is worth
and

Ihtishm
new

by

government
'Ali

forces

in DBSGF

his

nodng
Kkorwi

had

to

be

(forthcom

ing).
"
pp.

For

the

following,

see

al-Hasani:

Sirat,

pp. 146-154

and

Jalis:

Tarikh,

I,

139-151.

84

the

madrasah.

So

College.**

But

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had

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the

inner

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elite

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perception,

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etiquette

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al-'Ulum

of

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cal

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to

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tafsir

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of

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mysticism,

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as

soul

months

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...

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Islamic
on

and

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concerning

important
of

held

of
btin)

books

1234).*'

discussions
to

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Ghazzali

geography

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would

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(d.

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dinarily

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issues

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development
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(tazkiyah-e

new

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curriculum

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truth

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for

refined

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al-Din

hy

arrangements

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knowledge

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al-Ma'rif
hadith

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were

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gested

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eating

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Malik

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of

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Jamal

graduate

usually

of

faqirs."**

black

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Mongiri
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youngsters
society.

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e Meel

an

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in

order

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celebrated

the

particularly
of

extraordinary

'Ali,
at

religious
the

to

with

fight
full

high
agno

commit

the

had
in the

courts,

Muhammad

to

(first
'Ali

esp.

tried
Sufic

contrary

: A Dictionary
1983

amount

Aligarh,

scholars
famous

plan
about

would,

according

Rs,

Mio

to

approxi

present.

Lelyvield:

Publicafions

Sayyid

be

influence

magnificently

sth).

materialism

such

Rs

mystical
were

are

ke

need

and

Muhammad
Mio

the

only

educated
to

courage

can

things

our

strength."*'
for

these
shaukat

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enough

bravery,

diniyah),
is

and

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"

all

perfection

Sayyid

develop

awr

is
minded

which

where
shn

mately

suggestions
religiously

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(nihyat

ment

be

high-mindedness

al-'Ulm

est

these

should

Ch.

III.

to reconcile
field.

Both

to most

of Urdu,
1911),
as quoted

mysticism
of them

of the

Classical

sufis

Hindi

had

with
also

of that
and

orthodoxy
been

very

time.

English.

Lahore

p. 758.
in al-Hasani:

Sirat,

and
closely

pp. 151 f.

: Sang-

The

These
who

were

seems

the

al-Kalm
Shibli

in

Azd,
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al-'Ulm

to
As

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jt

hai).
the

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of

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lughat),

conduct
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He

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Quran

refinement

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kmil

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this

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rees

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people

study

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Vol.

4/9-10,

only

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of

God

March

other
and

his

4 & 11th

p. 177.
Certainly,

was
153.

of

lead

the

the

outline
He

Muqaddima

to

decreased

secrets

would

of

"his"

5.

al-nafs),

were

reasoned,

had

at

1896:"

were

('ard),

tahdhib

1505)

glory

was

be

{musaw-

introduced

linguistics

Khaldn's

(d.

the

cause,

of
prosody

wa

according

tablish

six

dis

clearly

ahkm).

Ibn

al-Suyti

1914,

4.

only

for

curriculum"

levels.

which

can

development
in

Dar

it

innovations:

principles

{sulk

the

argued

proposed

publish

April

Sayyid

academic
of

{asrdr-e

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by

of
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these

{tajwid),

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history

taught,

History,

junctions

in

short

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to

plagiarism:

politician,
the

should

in

above;

of

for

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Bareilly

indeed

unequivocally

handwriting

Muhammad

mystic

may

instances
and

Sayyid

and

One

them

out

"primarily

different

to

attribute

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Hindustan,

substantiates

recitation

seen,

scholar

documented

journalist

the

in

ideals.

a blueprint

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Sayyid

with

sciences

famous

be

for

make

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Council

in

school

the

following

giving

curriculum

may

85

al-'Ulam

proposals
to

one

effect

the

wadah),

ideas

ofthe

to

will

meeting
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sent

the

cussion.'"

also

fact

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quietistic

problematic

and

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The

towards

originality

somehow

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a Council:

revolutionary

tended

doubt

Mongiri,

of

very

otherwise

rightly
it

Making

alone

Nadawi

Mongiri's.

sources
See

al-Hasani:

give

the
Sirat,

impression
pp.

that

153-160;

the
JalIs:

following
Tarikh,

elaboration
I, pp.

139-

Jamal

86

Prophet

as

other

well

The

Sayyid

ematics

and

and

that

the

philosophy.
increase

of

and

natural

not

seldomly

might

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1886

Urdu

publications

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ment

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lege

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Selections

Reports

British
India
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as

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"rigorous

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and

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1882-1898.
Oudh".

reflected

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a

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Registered
Calcutta

ward

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to

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and

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studies

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Islamic

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century,

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reveals,

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Urdu.

law

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languages.'^

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their

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similarities

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in

sciences

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book,

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allies.

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the

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new

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mentioned

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least

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- the

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also

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few

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nor
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named

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dressing

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to

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of
he

the

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bring

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in

studies."

regarded

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preva

witnessed
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them
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peace

environment.

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the

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it

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him

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epochs
developed

earlier

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of

al-

curriculum

completed

in

which

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as

from

quarrels

did

'Ulam.

Nadwat

the

criticism

also

ideas
the

the

decline

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as

of

making

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about

to

his

arguments

322

of

curricular

in

the

analysed
ages

Compare

who

also

dis

Many

article

Shibli,

re

and

development.

by

pp.238-241.

the

al-Nadwa

elaborations

Lucknow,

he

through

is

Metcalf:

of

were

clearly

also

quoted

Land,

pp.319-

et passim.
See

Shams

in DBSGF

"

in the

Sayyid

assistant
of the

Khn:

'Abd

Council.

see

decline

is documented

Lhawr:

Maktabah

Nadami:

Haydt-e

'Abd

the

'Ali

factions

Khalil
al-Hayy,

the

many

(repr.)

For
Shibli

Shh

1979;

117-130.

awr
see

line,

became
I (in

us ke atrdf,
also

J.Malik

Mongiri

Ullh

later
Vol.

see
curriculum

and

Wali

and

DBSGF,

Dehli

Sherwni,

an integrated

years

in

book

pp.

up
around

of

for

M. Gaborieau
in his

p. 151.

in setting

a descendant

Muhammad
him,

Ydr Jang,

problem

between

al-Hayy,
For

Sadr

The

quarrels

of Sayyid

The
DhakkT,

Tabriz

(forthcoming).

have lain
successors.

'A

and

their

organization

education

derived

he

for

an

for

tinguished
his

contemporaries

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had

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decades.

nothing

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he

next

majority

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after

movements,

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in

(1867-1950),

that

al-Hayy's

the

1894,

innovations

basis

ligious

in

the

Obviously,

'Abd

were

consensus

in

(1869-1923),

was

responsible

culture
had

Sayyid

Delhi

real

representative

al-Hayy

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no

the

quite

hinterland.

Sherwni

of

dil

be

curriculum

even

syllabus.'"

to

traditional

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Khn

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and

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out

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assembly

the

the

occasion",

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came

reform

Sayyid

should

the

al-Rahmn

views

'Ulamd,

an

87

al-'Ulam

These

for

excellence,

correspond

selves

in

curriculum

par

so

each

knowledge"."

in

Habib

Nadwat

morality,

suggestions

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avantgardist

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of

discussed

of

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the

extensively

The

obedience,

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igence
new

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Sayyid

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may
and

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press).
ed.

by

'Abd

Sdiqah
al-Hasan

Jamal

88

but

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ning

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curricular

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usul-e

Lucknow,

nazr)

students.

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This

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ondly,
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Sayyid

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scholars

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Ullh

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For

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f

pp. 3-17.

following,
waqtan

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under

later
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see

ki'yd

Sayyid

inqilb

elaborated
title

al-Thaqdfat

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and

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geography,

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a

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"

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theless

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he

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ofthe

'Abd

sciences

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sideration

to

fiqh,

rational

tradition,
glance

Sayyid

Malik

Hindstn
al-Nadwa,
issue.

fil-Hind.

as

ke nisdb-e
Vol.

His

6/1,

contribution

Dimashq

1958.

well

dars
Feb.
was

in
as

men
1909,
pub

The

(implicitly)
tors

Making

their

nor

the

affiliated
in

anti-colonial

the

jihd

and

As

in

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recent

Quranic
is,

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sciences

{'ilm)

and

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nor

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reflected

states,

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ashraf,

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Nadwa

based

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and

the

were

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in

inter

tussle

the

of

following

al-'Ulam

contribution

one

sciences

nor

89

al-'Ulama

Neither

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institution

dimgh),

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ma'qlt

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ested

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the

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{qalb)

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constantly

accepted.*"

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luqddrs.

"
kinship

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'

As

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'ilm

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which

al-Hasani:

Piydm,

MacDonnell,
policy

secular

was

character

of standards

Govemment

of India.

pp.35

Home

the

more

as

as

was
by

vis--vis

the

be pointed

manqlt,

criticized

approach

well

it may

cul

spiritual,

rather

most
the

of the

religious

37.
to

the

concerned

of Western

of discipline

for

social

scholarly

traditions
Also

British
by

different

power.
heavily

who

for

hegemony,

was

pragmatic

secretary
primarily

the

need

intel

ta'al-

supported

these

to colonial

stressing
al-kalm,

and
groups

collectors,

for intellectual
among

political)

the

dominant

competing

context:

the

status,

social

was

in this
fought

would
only underline
his
for which
he was known.

education

problem

of the

although

scholars

landlords,

prevalent

and

a new

Anthony

purely

which

1857,

deputy

and
showed

society:

gentry
politically

the

be
dis

social

the

movement

important

pattems

Shibli,

with

"

to the

be

new

Delhi

marriage

'Ulam.
This
establishment

British

and

(socio-economic

concerned

and

the

may

of Lucknow

proximity

culture,

Bahadurs
Hence,

Several

after

their

can
only

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intermediary

Khan

sympathies.

with

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life

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from

culturally

of

were

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deprivation
isolated

new

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their

integration
the

system,

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andpir-bhais

colonial

lectuals

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toward
of

specific

century

intellectual

afraid
elite

19th

frustrated
as

readiness

religious

of

ofthe

and
well

qasbahwls

tures

representatives
end

govemment,
with

leaming

had
Department,

arisen.

literary

and
See
No.

had

said

emancipation
Selections

CCLXV,

in

instruction.

due

of thought,

from
op.

1887,

But

cit.,

the
pp.

Records
11 f.

Jamal

90

groups

that

manned
They

and

very

those

all

new

new

from

qua

non.

of

solidarity

did

confined

to

lems,

discernible
scholars

viously

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especially

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to

of

and

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the

Council
which

"

Sulaimn

they

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new

partially

Nadaw!:

and

the

structure

prime

movers
belonged

Haydt-e

Shibli,

with

other

and

unity

saw
socially.

p.47.

to

Accord

"the

first

...

Islam]
the

Nadwa
with

with

a change

scholars.

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did

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Nadawi

fact,

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members

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way

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Even

domi
Shibli,

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words,

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by

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primarily

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Accordingly,

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critiques'
In

public

out

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1953),

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sector

al-'Ulamd

in

(d.

forward

urban
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'lim

ob
of

mover

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short

movement

brought

and

(uslub)".^^

colonial

scholarship

of

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orientalists'

method

the

innovations

changing

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tradi

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turned

approach

Nadawi

avantgardist
with

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the

not

prime

was

prob

and

rural

intellectuals
for

it

massive

movement.

power
the

instrudesired

Nadwa;

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Barelwis

cognitive

[the

elitist

integration

to

origins,

thus
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representatives

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charismatic

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and

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The

movement,
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connections

Sayyid

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conditio

intellectuals

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and

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emerged

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tensions
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by
Mongir

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in

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media

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and

collector.

soon

ing

transcend

to

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programmatics.

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later

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tional

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elite

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Sayyid
for

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consensual

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mentalized

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it

qasbah.
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declining
audibly

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The

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ideals

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part

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to

urban

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who

wanted

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were

by

Malik

of
to

and

sources

The

persist

in

national

arguing
life

the

Quran,

time

for

and

gained

Wali

Ullahi
finally

ground

They

well-known

the

the

Nadwa

for

religious

apart

from
day.

itself

the

the

with

'Abd
interlude

Indeed,

as
what

of

was

institutions

"

See

al-Hasani:

See

Shams

Piym,
Tabiz

Khn:

pp.10,
Trtkh,

24f
II.

of

gradually

strong

ties

and

with

religious

in

1915,

by

his

be

an

become

that

like

to

of

council
affair.*^

{da'wa)
been

establish
the

charge

history

a family

has

the

descendants

open

mission

able

of

official

to

sher

chairmanship

extensive

gradually

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ofthe

have

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elite

with

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protagonists

their

the

communication

Islamic

that

al-Ghaffur,

the

of

reading

to

an

League.

"

as

of

religious

interests.

al-Hayy

was

thus

help

al-'Ulam

trans-national

charge

Sayyid

seems

the

patterns

entire

schools,

doubt

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of

and

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inter-Muslim

Nadwat

no

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suggests,

scholars
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through

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formal

tradition,

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Notwithstanding

and

as

leaders

took

present

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mover

their

probably

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is

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prime

descent

most

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translations

in

there

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assert

accepted

discourse.

etc.)*^

the

impact
{waqf,

Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi

could

traditionally

the

of
the

an

education

structural

91

al-'Ulam

Muslims

religious

no

Nadwat

had

the

prayer,

quietistic

manqlt

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of

embedding

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of

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Making

Islamic

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links
World

Traditionalistische
dem

und

bengalischen

neohinduistische

Roman

Gedanken

Bhnumati

NabIn'candra

Von

1.

NabIn'candra

und

Sen

vielgelesener

Werk
er

bei

der

Bengalen

eine

scheint

darum

lohnend.

mchte
mus"

in

seinerzeit

geraten.
neohinduistischen
Rolle

heute
einer

diesem
Passagen

(1900)^

einige

aus

mit
zu

im

und

in

diesem

Aspekt

seinem

Autor

Werk

und

Kontext

Werk

Neohinduis

NabIn'candras^

bersetzen

sein

dafr,

Gedankenguts

Einfhrung

Aufsatz

ist

spricht

Unter

Beschftigung

kurzen

berhmter

heute

Vieles

spielte.

die

ein

Literatur;

Verbreitung

relevante

Bhnumati

war

bengalischen

Vergessenheit

auch

von

Heidelberg

bedeutende

Nach

ich

Harder,

der

in

(1900)

Sen.'

(1846-1909)

Autor

weitgehend

da

Hans

in

lyrischem

zeitgeschichtlich

Roman
einzuordnen

versuchen.

2.

NabIn'candra

sen

(z.B.

im

Dienst

stand,

der

Amtsausbung
er

Themen.
seine

an,

Ich

danke
fr

'
nur
'

kritischen
Von
noch

hier
den

Kritiker

sich

aber

Herm

Bemerkungen,
an benutze
Vornamen

Kalikt,

die
ich, wie
des Autors

racanbali,
1381

Privatdozent

b..

Aufsatz

in die
in

Linie
und

seine

Dr.

Rahul

Peter

und

fr seine
Fassung

seine

Hg.

Sntikumr

Bd.l,

1-64.

als

Das

(Universitt
Hinweise

eingegangen

Ds'gupta,

fr
dichte

zahlreichen

der bengalischen
Sekundrliteratur
NabIn'candra
Sen.

4 Bde.,

Poet;

patriotischen
Bedeutung

da

(1974);

wo
betei

Indiens.

einig,

vorliegende

Puri,

Rathaytr

religisen

darin

seiner

nach

erster

erkennen
auch

zu diesem

in

Collector
Zuge

auch

Teile

war
mit

a.
der

verschiedene

durchweg

spteren

u.

Reformen

er

sich

Anregung

Zeitgenos

Deputy
Im

versetzt,

damaligen

herzlich

Nabin'candra

Mukh'tI;

literarischen
als

NabIn'candra

sind

die

hufig

bereiste

er

Seine
Zeit

Hamburg)
und

den

Daneben

befate

seiner

Kolonialregierung.
er

Schriftsteller

solcher

englischen

an

war.
Der

viele

Cattopdhyy),

wurde

mageblich

ligt

wie

Bankim'candra

sind.
blich,

Haribandhu