Because FRP composites are light-weight and

easy to install on site, they are considered to be the most

favoured material in many strengthening applications.
The overall cost of the whole strengthening job using
FRP materials can be as competitive as using conventional materials, in addition to being quick and easy to
handle on site with minimum interruption to use of facility.
In some situations, FRP composites are the only
plausible material that could be used for strengthening,
especially in places where heavy machinery cannot gain
access or closure of the use is not practical.

COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

American Composites Manufacturers Association
October 17-19, 2007
Tampa, FL USA

FRP Composites for Retrofitting of

Existing Civil Structures in Europe:
State-of-the-Art Review
by

Urs Meier and his team at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa) began research on the use of carbon FRP composites as external reinforcement for strengthening structures in the
mid 1980s. This was the first worldwide research work
in the field of FRP composites for strengthening.
The comprehensive research work done at Empa
between 1984 and 1989 (Kaiser 1989), enabled the consequent wide spread use of carbon FRP external reinforcement to strengthen structures. Based on these developments, the first application of carbon FRPs to
strengthen a bridge took place in Lucerne, Switzerland in
early 1990s. Ibach Bridge is a multi-span continuous box
bridge, which had one of its pre-stressed tendons damaged during drilling to install new traffic signals (Meier
et al. 1992).
Although the material cost of carbon FRPs was
several times more than that of steel plates, the fact that
6.2kg of carbon FRPs could be used in place of 175kg of
steel is sufficient to explain the advantages of carbon
FRPs over steel plates. The entire work was carried out
in two-night shifts from a mobile platform eliminating
the use of scaffolding.

Masoud Motavalli and Christoph Czaderski,

Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing
and Research
Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dbendorf, Switzerland
masoud.motavalli@empa.ch

Abstract
A substantial number of structures in Europe are
more than 30 years old. Whilst they require continuous
maintenance, they also require strengthening due to lack
of strength, stiffness, ductility and durability. Because
FRP composites are light-weight and easy to install on
site, they are considered to be the most favoured material
in many strengthening applications.
The paper will present the state-of-the-art of the
FRP composites for strengthening of existing civil structures in Europe. Existing techniques for flexural and
shear strengthening, near surface mounting reinforcement as well as column confinement of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures will be discussed. Furthermore, a
few applications for FRP strengthening of historical masonry buildings will be presented.
FRP pre-stressing techniques for retrofitting of existing
structures will be presented as an emerging market in
Europe.

A substantial number of bridges on European

highways and railways are more than 30 years old.
Whilst they require continuous maintenance, they also
require strengthening for increased loads due to heavier
vehicles and traffic volume. Strengthening for upgraded
loading is now common in bridge engineering and a significant portion of funding is spent on this. Since 1999,
all bridges in Europe are required to carry 40 tonne vehicles, and consequently a number of old bridges needed
strengthening. The traditional steel plate bonding to the
decks was not viable in some cases due to various reasons including, significant weight increase, access difficulties and longer construction times. Over 30 bridges
and other structures in the UK have been strengthened
during 1997 alone, using about 6km of carbon FRP
plates. Carbon FRP plates or sheets have been used to
increase the flexural and shear capacity of decks and
beams of the upgraded bridges (Loudon June 2001).
In mid 1990s, the Highways Agency in the UK
investigated and later implemented the use of aramid
FRP composite material to increase the resistance of

Introduction
There are several situations in which a civil structure would require strengthening or rehabilitation due to
lack of strength (flexure, shear etc.), stiffness, ductility
and durability. Some of the common situations where a
structure needs strengthening during its lifespan are:
seismic retrofit to satisfy current code requirements;
upgraded loading requirements; damage caused
by accidents and environmental conditions;
initial design flaws and
change of usage.
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

bridge columns that were at risk due to accidental vehicular impact. Following a successful, trial site application of column wrapping with FRPs in 1997, the Highways Agency commissioned the Transport Research
Laboratory (TRL) to conduct a series of tests to establish
design rules and guidance, which will be published as a
formal standard (TR55 2004).

Flexural Strengthening of RC Structures Using

FRP Plates and Sheets
Beams, Plates and columns may be strengthened
in flexure through the use of FRP composites bonded to
their tension zone using epoxy as a common adhesive for
this purpose. The direction of fibers is parallel to that of
high tensile stresses. Both prefabricated FRP strips, as
well as sheets (wet-lay up) are applied. Figure - 1 shows
the installation of the flexural strengthening of a RC
girder of a building in Poland using CFRP prefabricated
strips. Figure - 2 illustrates the crosswise application of a
RC deck on the top and bottom side and around the columns. Well established European guidelines and codes
are available for engineers for designing purposes (see
section codes and guidelines).

Sometimes, deficiencies in the initial design have

required strengthening to be carried out during the service life of the bridge. Reportedly, one of the first applications of bridge strengthening with FRP composites in
Germany was carried out to correct a design flaw on a
bridge [5].
A number of bridges built after the World War II
in Germany consisted of pre-stressed concrete multi-span
construction. These were mostly designed as continuous
box girders and the joints were usually at the points of
contraflexure where all the tendons were coupled. Many
of these bridges now exhibit cracks at the joints. The
main cause for these cracks is a temperature restraint,
which was not taken into account in the initial design. In
combination with other stresses, tensile stresses at the
bottom increase and exceed the concrete tensile strength
at the joint. This necessitated repairs on these cracked
bridges for which Professor Rostasy and his colleagues
from Braunschweig developed a technique to strengthen
such joints with bonded steel plates. In 1986-87, this
method was used for the first time with glass FRP plates
on the Kattenbusch Bridge (Rostasy 1987). The Kattenbusch Bridge was designed as a continuous, multi-span
box girder with a total length of 478m. It consists of 9
spans of 45m and side spans of 36.5m each. There are 10
joints. The depth of the twin box girder is 2.7m. The bottom slab of the girder is 8.5m wide. One joint was
strengthened with 20 glass FRP plates. Each plate is
3200mm long, 150mm wide and 30mm thick. Loading
tests performed by Rostasy and colleagues showed a reduction in the crack width of 50% and a decrease in the
stress amplitude of 36%, thus extending the fatigue life.

Shear Strengthening of RC Structures Using

FRP Plates and Sheets
Shear strengthening is usually provided by bonding
the external FRP reinforcement on the sides of the webs
with the principal fibre direction perpendicular or with
an angle of e.g. 45 to the member axis. For this purpose
prefabricated L-shaped CFRP (Czaderski et al. 2004)
plates were installed for the shear strengthening of the
rump of the Duttweiler bridge in Zurich Switzerland in
2001 (see Figure - 3). The L-shaped plates were installed
in combination with CFRP strips for flexural strengthening. Figure - 4 shows placing of carbon fibre fabrics in
the shear zone of a bridge above the railway to Laziska
power plant in Poland. The strengthening was carried out
in 2003.
Well established European codes and guidelines are
existing for shear strengthening of RC structures using
FRP (see section codes and guidelines).

Near Surface Mounting Reinforcement (NSMR)

The externally bonded FRP to RC structures is
susceptible to damage from collision, high temperature,
fire and ultraviolet rays. To overcome these drawbacks,
Near Surface Mounted Reinforcement (NSMR) technique has been proposed. Slits are cut into the concrete
structure with a depth smaller than concrete cover. CFRP
strips or bars are bonded into these slits. Tests have
shown that a higher anchoring capacity compared with
CFRP strips glued onto the surface of a RC structure is
obtained (fib 2001; Kotynia December 13-15 2006).
Despite the efficiency of the NSMR technique, a
few applications can be found in Europe, where this
technique was applied. Furthermore, codes and guidelines for this technique are missing.
Figure - 5 shows the strengthening of a RC deck
in Stuttgart, Germany applying the NSMR technique.

A number of other European countries such as

Sweden (Tljsten et al. 2003) as well as Italy, Greece,
Poland and Turkey (fib April 2006) have applied FRP
composites successfully for strengthening their existing
structures.
A selection of examples is presented in the next
sections highlighting the wide range of situations where
FRP composites have been implemented to improve
flexural and shear capacity, ductility, and other serviceability criteria.

COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

Figure - 8 and Figure - 9 shows the retrofitting of

one of the masonry towers of the ancient Vercelli castle
in Italy by applying CFRP rods bonded into the space
between the bricks. One of the four towers showed wide
vertical cracks. A reinforcement of the outer side of the
masonry wall was necessary. It has been done by putting
horizontal CFRP rods around the tower to prevent further
opening of the cracks. Rods were bonded using epoxy
resin. The strengthening was completed in May 2004.
Figure - 10 shows the seismic upgrading of the
masonry shear walls of a school building in Bern, Switzerland. GFRP fabrics were glued to the walls surface
followed by CFRP strips, which were applied crosswise
on the GFRP fabric layer. The strip ends were anchored
in the RC decks using steel plates.
Currently, no design codes and guidelines are
available in Europe for strengthening of masonry applying FRP.
RILEM has recently established a new technical
committee (TC) entitled Masonry Strengthening with
Composite Materials. The preliminary work of the TC
will be the systematization of the current knowledge on
the structural behaviour of masonry constructions and
components strengthened with composite materials with
the final aim of a possible proposal of international recommendations including design tools, quantitative and
qualitative evaluation measures, limitation parameters of
efficiency and simple experimental procedures (RILEM
Technical Committee (TC) 'Masonry Strengthening with
Composite Materials (MSC)', www.rilem.net, International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction
Materials, Systems and Structures)

Column Confinement
Confinement is generally applied to members in
compression, with the aim of enhancing their load bearing capacity or, in case of seismic upgrading, to increase
their ductility in the potential plastic hinge region. The
confinement in seismically active regions has proven to
be one of the early applications of FRP materials in infrastructure applications.
Confinement may be beneficial in non-seismic zones
too, where, for instance, survivability of explosive attacks is required or the axial load capacity of a column
must be increased due to higher vertical loads, e.g. if new
storeys have to be added to an existing building or if an
existing bridge deck has to be widened. In any case, confinement with FRP may be provided by wrapping RC
columns with prefabricated jackets or in situ cured
sheets, in which the principal fiber direction is circumferential (Bakis et al. May 2002).
Figure - 6 illustrates the confinement of RC columns applying CFRP fabric (wet-lay up technique) of
the Reggio Emilia football stadium in Italy, 50 km from
Bologna. Analysis of the stadium with the new Italian
seismic code showed that the existing stirrups at the base
of the columns were not sufficient to withstand the seismic loads. Therefore, the columns were confined in
March 2006.
Figure - 7 shows the seismic retrofitting of Aigaleo football stadium in Athens, Greece. The columnbeam joint is retrofitted using CFRP fabrics (wet-lay up
technique). The CFRP fabric is anchored to the RC deck
using steel plates.
Well established European codes and guidelines
are existing for designing the confinement of RC columns (see section codes and guidelines).

Prestressed Systems
Prestressing of composite strips prior to the bonding procedure results in a more economical use of materials but requires special clamping devices. Prestressing
results in stiffer behavior; delaying the crack formation;
closing cracks in structures with pre-existing cracks and
therefore improving serviceability and durability.
There are several prestressing methods, which are
currently applied in Europe. Examples are as follows:
A sport hall roof in Austria had to be retrofitted due
to large deformations under dead loads and insufficient
load capacity for high snow loads. The reduction of the
deflection and increasing of the load bearing capacity
was achieved by applying prestressed CFRP strips
(Figure - 11). The details of the clamping device are illustrated in Figure - 12.
Figure - 13 shows the strengthening inside the box
girder of a bridge in Croatia applying prestressed CFRP
strips with different clamping device than the previous
example.
Cracks at the coupling joints of Neckar highway
bridge in Heilbronn, Germany (built in 1964) were the
reason for the rehabilitation of coupling joints applying

Retrofitting of Masonry Structures

Practical applications in recent years have shown
the FRPs as an alternative strengthening material for
masonry structures, especially those of considerable historical importance. One of the first research works
worldwide was conducted at Empa, Switzerland
(Schwegler 1994). FRP strips and fabrics were applied to
the masonry shear walls in the laboratory using epoxy
adhesives. The walls were then tested under static cyclic
loading. It was shown, that the in-plane deformation capacity of the masonry shear walls after strengthening
could be increased up to 300%, if the end of the FRP
strips are anchored properly.
A number of historical buildings especially in Italy, Greece and Portugal were retrofitted applying FRP
composites. Aramid and Glass FRP was applied for restoring the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi in Italy. The
historical building was severely damaged by earthquakes
and aftershocks in September and early October 1997
(Borri et al. April 22-28 2002).
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

prestressed CFRP strips with steel plates for clamping

the strip ends (Figure - 14).
Above-mentioned mechanical anchorages are expensive, difficult to install and subjected to corrosion. To
overcome these anchorage problems, the prestressing
force can be anchored using gradient method (Czaderski
et al. 2007; Aram et al. accepted for publication, Feb
2007; Meier et al. November 21-23, 2005). In this
method the prestressing force is reduced gradually at
both ends to zero by using a special processing technique. Figure - 15 shows a RC deck, which is retrofitted
applying prestressed CFRP strips with the gradient anchorage technique without any end anchorage plate. Yet,
few applications are available, where this technique is
applied. More experimental and analytical research work
is required to optimize the gradient anchorage technique
that could replace the mechanical clamping systems in
near future.
In Figure - 16 columns of a storage building in Portugal are shown that are seismically upgraded using
prestressed wrapped aramid fibres. Only a few examples
are available, where prestressed column confinement is
applied.
Yet, there have been no codes and guidelines available for designing prestressed strengthening systems.

Flexural strengthening,
Shear strengthening,
Confinement,
Seismic applications,
Execution and quality control.

The European task group fib 9.3 FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures
(fib) was one of the first publishing a guideline in the
field of externally bonded reinforcement (fib 2001). The
fib (International Federation for Structural Concrete) task
group comprises experts in the field of FRP as structural
reinforcement for concrete structures. The work performed by fib TG 9.3 is published as fib Bulletins. Meetings are held twice a year. Started as a CEB (Comit
Euro-International du Bton) Task Group in September
1996 and converted, with the merger of CEB and FIP in
June 1998, into fib TG 9.3, the group forms part of
Commission 9 'Reinforcing and Prestressing Materials
and Systems'. The task group consists of about 50 members, representing most European universities, research
institutes and industrial companies working in the field
of advanced composite reinforcement for concrete structures. The work of fib TG 9.3 is organized in 2 subgroups: (1) FRP reinforcement (RC/PC) and (2) Externally bonded reinforcement (EBR). The work on an updated bulletin of (fib 2001) for EBR is under process.

It can be concluded that the strengthening methods

with pre-stressed FRP are not so well established yet. It
will take more development work before they are suitable for practical applications since the pre-stressing
methods are still complicated to use and installation
techniques, both manual and automatic, have yet to be
perfected. These include surface preparation, prestressing, placing and bonding, forming end anchorages
and vacuum bonding. Automatic application methods
will offer advantages in hazardous areas, where there is
danger from traffic and will reduce traffic management
and traffic delay costs. It is a need to make in the future
better use of the high strength of CFRP with pre-stressed
applications (Meier August 2004).

In Switzerland, a precode (SIA166 2004) for externally bonded reinforcement was published in 2004. In
England, already the second edition of TR55 Design
guidance for strengthening concrete structures using fiber composite materials(TR55 2004) was also published
in 2004. In addition, since 2004, the Guide of the design
and construction of externally bonded FRP Systems for
strengthening existing structures (CNR 2004) is available in Italy.
Only less information can be found in European
codes and guidelines about prestressed strengthening
methods using FRP materials. Furthermore, the strengthening of structures made of wood, masonry, aluminum
etc. is also not very well documented.

Codes and Guidelines

Although the technique externally bonded reinforcement is quite new, there are already several European codes and guidelines available for responsible engineers for planning a retrofitting project. However, it has
to be noted that in some respects the existing design philosophies differ distinctively and various topics are still
under research and development. Therefore, the
strengthening techniques should be planned very carefully by experienced and educated engineers.
The main focus of these codes and guidelines is the
strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC).

The above list of European codes and guidelines is

not complete but contains important documents in the
area of FRP applied as external reinforcement of concrete. Main weaknesses in these documents are lack of a
unified design approach.
Several topics relevant to the use and design of FRP
as externally applied reinforcement are not dealt with or
are poorly covered in the above documents. Research
needed in these areas may be summarized as follows: (a)
Better understanding and development of unified and
simple design models for mechanical anchorages and
mechanisms associated with debonding; (b) development
and verification of systems for the protection of externally applied FRP at high temperatures; (c) derivation of

The European codes and guidelines for the

strengthening of RC include following topics:
- Basis of design and safety concept,
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

material safety factors; (d) better understanding of FRPstrengthened masonry, (e) development of simple design
models for prestressed systems with mechanical anchorage, as well as for gradient anchorage technique without
mechanical anchorage.

Conclusions
The use of FRP in civil and building structures is
not uncommon anymore: structures have successfully
been strengthened or retrofitted with FRP materials in
many European countries. FRP composites are readily
used for strengthening applications mainly due to the
relative ease of installation. Strengthening with FRP
composites have mostly been either the lowest tendered
price or the only plausible solution available. The material costs of the FRP composites are several times more
than that of conventional materials (e.g. steel and concrete). However, the life-cycle cost, including fabrication, application, protection and projected maintenance
costs, is comparable and can be less than that of conventional materials.
Many engineers believe that FRP composites must
be used as a complementary material and not as a substitute for concrete and steel. FRP composites have significant advantages over conventional materials in particular
situations, but composites cannot replace steel or concrete in every single application.
Design guidelines and recommendations are essential for the wider use of FRP composites in strengthening
of civil and structural engineering. In the last few years,
European engineering institutions and societies in collaboration with researchers and practitioners in the field,
either have developed or are in the process of developing
codes and recommendations for professional engineers.
Education of engineers is necessary to reap the full
potential and the appropriate use of FRPs.
Similarly, training is vital for people who fabricate
and install FRP composites in the construction industry.
The quality of the workmanship is a critical factor and
thus specifications must address proper fabrication and
installation criteria for composites.

Figure - 1. Flexural strengthening of concrete

girders of a cement manufacturing building in
Poland using CFRP strips

Acknowledgements
To Mr Reto Clenin from SIKA Company AG, who
provided application examples in Europe carried out by
SIKA.
To Mr Josef Scherer from S&P Clever Reinforcement Company AG, who provided application examples
in Europe carried out by S&P.
To Professor Renata Kotynia from Lodz University
in Poland, who provided application examples in Poland.

Figure - 2. Strengthening of a concrete deck of a

building using CFRP strips on the top and underside of the deck

COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

Figure - 3. Installation of prefabricated CFRP Lshaped plates (shear strengthening) over already
installed CFRP strips for flexural strengthening;
Duttweiler bridge ramp in Zurich, Switzerland

Figure - 5. Flexural strengthening of a concrete

deck in the region of negative bending moment
using Near Surface Mounting Reinforcement
(NSMR) technique by cutting a slot in the concrete deck and placing the CFRP into the slots;
industry plant in Stuttgart, Germany

Figure - 4. Placing of CFRP fabrics for shear

strengthening of DK 81 bridge above railway to
Laziska power plant in Poland

Figure - 6. Application of CFRP fabrics on concrete columns for seismic retrofitting of Reggio
Emilia football stadium in Italy
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

Figure - 9. View into the castle and at the tower

under strengthening and repair works, Vercelli
Castle, Italy

Figure - 7. Seismic retrofitting of column-beam

joints of Aigaleo football stadium in Athens,
Greece, using CFRP fabrics with steel anchorages

Figure - 8. Carbon rods bonded into the space

between the bricks as reinforcement, Vercelli
Castle, Italy

Figure - 10. Seismic retrofitting of a masonry

shear wall using GFRP fabric and additional
CFRP strips, which are anchored in concrete using end plates; school building Zollikofen in
Bern, Switzerland

COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

Figure - 11. Reducing deflections and strengthening of a sports hall roof in Thrl, Austria by
presstressed CFRP strips

Figure - 14. Rehabilitation of coupling joints of

the Neckar highway bridge in Heilbronn, Germany using prestressed CFRP strips with steel
end plates
Figure - 12. Detail on prestressing anchorage

Figure - 15. Strengthening of a concrete deck using prestressed CFRP strips with recently developed gradient end anchorage technique without
any additional end anchorage plates

Figure - 13. Strengthening of a bridge box girder

using prestressed CFRP strips with steel end anchorage; Bakar bridge, Croatia
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

CFRP strips bonded on prestressed concrete beams."

Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE.
Bakis, C. E., L. C. Bank, et al. (May 2002). "Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer Composites for Construction- State-of-theArt Review." Journal of Composites for Construction: 73-87.
Borri, A., M. Corradi, et al. (April 22-28 2002). New Materials
for Strengthening and Seismic Upgrading Interventions. International Workshop Ariadne 10, Arcchip,
Prague, Czech Republic.
CNR (2004). Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures, CNR-DT 200/2004. Rome, Italy,
CNR - Advisory Committee on Technical Recommendations for Construction.
Czaderski, C. and M. Motavalli (2004). "Fatigue Behaviour of
CFRP L-Shaped Plates for Shear Strengthening of
RC T-Beams." Composites Part B: Engineering 35:
279-290.
Czaderski, C. and M. Motavalli (2007). "40-Year-Old FullScale Concrete Bridge Girder Strengthened with
Prestressed CFRP Plates Anchored Using Gradient
Method." Composite Part B: Engineering 38: 878886.
fib. Task Group 9.3 homepage:
http://www.labomagnel.ugent.be/fibTG9.3/.
fib (2001). Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures - Bulletin 14, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Switzerland.
fib (April 2006). Bulletin 35, Retrofitting of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRP's, with Emphasis on
Seismic Applications, International Federation for
Structural Concrete (fib).
Kaiser, H. (1989). Bewehren von Stahlbeton mit
Kohlenstoffaserverstrkten Epoxidharzen, Doctoral
Thesis, ETH No. 8918, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology, ETH Zurich.
Kotynia, R. (December 13-15 2006). Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Near
Surface Mounted CFRP Strips. CICE2006, Miami,
Florida, USA.
Loudon, N. (June 2001). "Strengthening Highway Structures
with Fibre-Reinforced Composites." Concrete: 16pp.
Meier, U. (August 2004). "External Strengthening and Rehabilitation: Where from - Where to?" IIFC FRP International, The Official Newsletter of the International
Institute for FRP in Construction 1(2): 2-5.
Meier, U., M. Deuring, et al. (1992). Strengthening of Structures with CFRP Laminates: Research and Applications in Switzerland. 1st Intl. Conf. on Advanced
Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, p243,
Sherbrooke, Canada.
Meier, U. and I. Stcklin (November 21-23, 2005). A Novel
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) System
for Post-Strengthening. International Conference on
Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Retrofitting
(ICCRRR), Cape Town, South Africa.
Rostasy, F. S. (1987). Bonding of Steel and GFRP Plates in the
Area of Coupling Joints, Talbrcke Kattenbusch, Research Repost No. 3126/1429. Braunschweig,
Germany, Federal Institute for Materials Testing
Braunschweig.
Schwegler, G. (1994). Verstrken von Mauerwerk mit
Faserverbundwerkstoffen in seismisch gefhrdeten

Figure - 16. Prestressing of aramid fibers

wrapped around a column for seismic retrofitting of a storage building in Portugal
Authors:
Masoud Motavalli:
Professor and Head of the Structural Engineering Research Laboratory at Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research
(www.empa.ch); Lecturer at the
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Zurich and at the
University of Tehran, Iran
Christoph Czaderski:
Researcher, Project leader and
PhD student at the Structural Engineering Research Laboratory at
Empa, Switzerland. Member of
the fib Task Group 9.3 FRP reinforcement for concrete structures

References
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2007). "Effects of gradually anchored prestressed
COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

Zonen. Dbendorf, Schweiz, Empa Dbendorf,

Bericht Nr. 229.
SIA166 (2004). Klebebewehrungen (Externally bonded
reinforcement), Schweizerischer Ingenieur- und
Architektenverein SIA.
Tljsten, B. and A. Carolin (2003). Strengthening Two LArge
Concrete Bridges in Sweden for Shear using CFRP
Laminates. Structural Faults and Repair, 03, London,
UK.
TR55 (2004). Design guidance for strengthening concrete
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Edition, Technical Report No. 55 of the Concrete Society, UK.

COMPOSITES & POLYCON 2007

10