12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

ElectricalNotes&Articles
SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor
OCTOBER31,2011 76COMMENTS(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2011/10/31/DEMANDFACTOR
DIVERSITYFACTORUTILIZATIONFACTORLOADFACTOR/#COMMENTS)

(1)Demandfactor(inIEC,Max.Utilizationfactor(Ku)):
TheworddemanditselfsaysthemeaningofDemandFactor.Theratioofthemaximumcoincidentdemandofasystem,or
partofasystem,tothetotalconnectedloadofthesystem.

DemandFactor=Maximumdemand/Totalconnectedload
Forexample,anoversizedmotor20Kwdrivesaconstant15KwloadwheneveritisON.Themotordemandfactoristhen15/20
=0.75=75%.
DemandFactorisexpressasapercentage(%)orinaratio(lessthan1).

Demandfactorisalways<=1.
DemandFactorisalwayschangewiththetimetotimeorhourstohoursofuseanditwillnotconstant.
Theconnectedloadisalwaysknownsoitwillbeeasytocalculatethemaximumdemandifthedemandfactorforacertain
supplyisknownatdierenttimeintervalsandseasons.
Thelowerthedemandfactor,thelesssystemcapacityrequiredtoservetheconnectedload.

Calculation:
(1)AResidenceConsumerhas10NosLampof400WbutatthesametimeItispossiblethatonly9NosofBulbsareusedatthe
sametime.HereTotalConnectedloadis1040=400W.Consumermaximumdemandis940=360W.DemandFactoofthisLoad
=360/400=0.9or90%.
(2)OneConsumerhave10lightsat60KweachinKitchen,theloadis60Kwx10=600KW.ThiswillbetrueonlyifAlllightsare
TurnsONthesametime(Demandfactor=100%or1)
ForthisConsumeritisobservedthatonlyhalfofthelightsbeingturnedONatatimesowecansaythatthedemandfactoris0.5
(50%).Theestimatedload=600KwX0.5=300Kw.

Useofdemandfactors:
FeederconductorsshouldhavesucientAmpereCapacitytocarrytheload.TheAmpereCapacitydoesnotalwaysbeequalto
thetotalofallloadsonconnectedbranchcircuits.
Thisfactormustbeappliedtoeachindividualload,withparticulara entiontoelectricmotors,whichareveryrarelyoperatedat
fullload.
AsperNationalElectricalCode(NEC)demandfactormaybeappliedtothetotalload.Thedemandfactorpermitsafeeder
ampearcitytobelessthan100percentofallthebranchcircuitloadsconnectedtoit.
DemandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmainwhichisfeedingaSubpaneloraxedloadlikeamotoretc.If
thepanelhavetotalloadof250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof0.8,wecansizethefeedercablefor250x0.8=200kVA.
Demandfactorsforbuildingstypicallyrangebetween50and80%oftheconnectedload.
Inanindustrialinstallationthisfactormaybeestimatedonanaverageat0.75formotors.
Forincandescentlightingloads,thefactoralwaysequals1.

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

1/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

DemandFactorForIndustrial
Load
TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain
ElectricalLoad

DemandFactor

1NoofMotor

Upto10NosofMotor

0.75

Upto20NosofMotor

0.65

Upto30NosofMotor

0.6

Upto40NosofMotor

0.5

Upto50NosofMotor

0.4

DemandFactor
TextBookofDesignofElect.InstallationJain
Utility

DemandFactor

Oce,School

0.4

Hospital

0.5

AirPort,Bank,Shops,

0.6

Restaurant,Factory,

0.7

WorkShop,Factory(24Hr
Shift)

0.8

ArcFurnace

0.9

Compressor

0.5

Handtools

0.4

InductanceFurnace

0.8

DemandFactor
SaudiElectricityCompanyDistributionStandard
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

2/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Utility

DemandFactor

Residential

0.6

Commercial

0.7

Flats

0.7

Hotel

0.75

Mall

0.7

Restaurant

0.7

Oce

0.7

School

0.8

CommonAreainbuilding

0.8

PublicFacility

0.75

StreetLight

0.9

IndoorParking

0.8

OutdoorParking

0.9

Park/Garden

0.8

Hospital

0.8

Workshops

0.6

WareHouse

0.7

Farms

0.9

FuelStation

0.7

Factories

0.9

DemandFactor
TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta
Utility

DemandFactor

ResidenceLoad(<0.25KW)

ResidenceLoad(<0.5KW)

0.6

ResidenceLoad(>0.1KW)

0.5

Restaurant

0.7

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

3/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Theatre

0.6

Hotel

0.5

School

0.55

SmallIndustry

0.6

Store

0.7

MotorLoad(upto10HP)

0.75

MotorLoad(10HPto20HP)

0.65

MotorLoad(20HPto100HP)

0.55

MotorLoad(Above100HP)

0.50

(2)Diversityfactor:
DiversityFactorisratioofthesumoftheindividualmaximumdemandsofthevarioussubcircuitofasystemtothemaximum
demandofthewholesystem.

DiversityFactor=SumofIndividualMaximumDemands/MaximumDemandof
theSystem.
DiversityFactor=Installedload/Runningload.

Thediversityfactorisalways>=1.
DiversityFactorisalways>1becausesumofindividualmax.Demands>Max.Demand.
Inotherterms,DiversityFactor(0to100%)isafractionofTotalLoadthatisparticularitemcontributedtopeakdemand.70%
diversitymeansthatthedeviceoperatesatitsnominalormaximumloadlevel70%ofthetimethatitisconnectedandturned
ON.
Itisexpressedasapercentage(%)oraratiomorethan1.
Ifweusediversityvaluein%thanitshouldbemultiplywithLoadandifweuseinnumericalvalue(>1)thanitshouldbe
dividedwithLoad.
DiversityoccursinanoperatingsystembecauseallloadsconnectedtotheSystemarenotoperatingsimultaneouslyorarenot
simultaneouslyoperatingattheirmaximumrating.Thediversityfactorshowsthatthewholeelectricalloaddoesnotequalthe
sumofitspartsduetothistimeInterdependence(i.e.diverseness).
Ingeneraltermswecansaythatdiversityfactorreferstothepercentoftimeavailablethatamachine.70%diversitymeansthat
thedeviceoperatesatitsnominalormaximumloadlevel70%ofthetimethatitisconnectedandturnedON.
ConsidertwoFeederswiththesamemaximumdemandbutthatoccuratdierentintervalsoftime.Whensuppliedbythesame
feeder,thedemandonsuchislessthesumofthetwodemands.Inelectricaldesign,thisconditionisknownasdiversity.
Diversityfactorisanextendedversionofdemandfactor.Itdealswithmaximumdemandofdierentunitsatatime/Maximum
demandoftheentiresystem.
Greaterthediversityfactor,lesseristhecostofgenerationofpower.
Manydesignersprefertouseunityasthediversityfactorincalculationsforplanningconservatismbecauseofplantloadgrowth
uncertainties.Localexperiencecanjustifyusingadiversityfactorlargerthanunity,andsmallerserviceentranceconductorsand
transformerrequirementschosenaccordingly.
Thediversityfactorforallotherinstallationswillbedierent,andwouldbebaseduponalocalevaluationoftheloadstobe
appliedatdierentmomentsintime.Assumingittobe1.0may,onsomeoccasions,resultinasupplyfeederandequipment
ratingthatisratherlargerthanthelocalinstallationwarrants,andanoverinvestmentincableandequipmenttohandletherated
loadcurrent.Itisbe ertoevaluatethepa ernofusageoftheloadsandcalculateanacceptablediversityfactorforeach
particularcase.

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

4/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Calculation:
OneMainFeederhavetwoSubfeeder(SubFeederAandSubFeederB),SubFeederAhavedemandatatimeis35KWandSub
FeederBhavedemandsatatimeis42KW,butthemaximumdemandofMainFeederis70KW.
TotalindividualMaximumDemand=35+42=77KW.
MaximumDemandofwholeSystem=70KW
SoDiversityfactorofTheSystem=77/70=1.1
Diversityfactorcanshootupabove1.

Useofdiversityfactor:
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionorsubdistributionboard).
Diversityfactoriscommonlyusedforacompleteacoordinationstudyforasystem.Thisdiversityfactorisusedtoestimatethe
loadofaparticularnodeinthesystem.
DiversityfactorcanbeusedtoestimatethetotalloadrequiredforafacilityortosizetheTransformer
Diversityfactorshavebeendevelopedformainfeederssupplyinganumberoffeeders,andtypically1.2to1.3forResidence
Consumerand1.1to1.2forCommercialLoad.1.50to2.00forpowerandlightingloads.
Note:Reciprocaloftheaboveratio(willbemorethan1)alsoisusedinsomeothercountries.
Diversityfactorismostlyusedfordistributionfeedersizeandtransformeraswellastodeterminethemaximumpeakloadand
diversityfactorisalwaysbasedonknowingtheprocess.Youhavetounderstandwhatwillbeonoroatagiventimefor
dierentbuildingsandthiswillsizethefeeder.Notefortypicalbuildingsdiversityfactorisalwaysone.Youhavetoestimateor
haveadatarecordstocreate24hoursloadgraphandyoucandeterminethemaximumdemandloadfornodethenyoucan
easilydeterminethefeederandtransformersize.
Thediversityfactorofafeederwouldbethesumofthemaximumdemandsoftheindividualconsumersdividedbythe
maximumdemandofthefeeder.Inthesamemanner,itispossibletocomputethediversityfactoronasubstation,atransmission
lineorawholeutilitysystem.
Theresidentialloadhasthehighestdiversityfactor.Industrialloadshavelowdiversityfactorsusuallyof1.4,streetlight
practicallyunityandotherloadsvarybetweentheselimits.

DiversityFactorindistributionNetwork
(StandardHandbookforElectricalEngineersbyFinkandBeaty)
Residential

Commercial

General
Power

LargeIndustrial

Betweenindividual
users

2.00

1.46

1.45

Betweentransformers

1.30

1.30

1.35

1.05

Betweenfeeders

1.15

1.15

1.15

1.05

Betweensubstations

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

Fromusersto
transformers

2.00

1.46

1.44

Fromuserstofeeder

2.60

1.90

1.95

1.15

Fromusersto
substation

3.00

2.18

2.24

1.32

Fromusersto
generatingstation

3.29

2.40

2.46

1.45

ElementsofSystem

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

5/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

DiversityFactorforDistribution
Switchboards
Numberofcircuits

DiversityFactorin%(ks)

Assembliesentirelytested2and3

90%

4and5

80%

6to9

70%

10andmore

60%

Assembliespartiallytestedineverycase
choose

100%

DiversityFactorasperIEC60439
CircuitsFunction

DiversityFactorin%(ks)

Lighting

90%

Heatingandairconditioning

80%

Socketoutlets

70%

Liftsandcateringhoist

Forthemostpowerfulmotor

100%

Forthesecondmostpowerful
motor

75%

Forallmotors

80%

DiversityFactorforApartment
block
Apartment

DiversityFactorin%(ks)

2To4

5To19

0.78

10To14

0.63

15To19

0.53

20To24

0.49

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

6/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

25To29

0.46

30To34

0.44

35To39

0.42

40To40

0.41

50ToAbove

0.40

DiversityFactor
TextBookofPrincipalofPowerSystemV.K.Mehta
Area

ResidenceLtg

CommercialLtg

Ind.Ltg

BetweenConsumer

1.5

1.5

Between
Transformer

1.3

1.3

1.3

BetweenFeeder

1.2

1.2

1.2

BetweenS.S

1.1

1.1

1.1

(3)Loadfactor:
TheratiooftheActualLoadofequipmenttoFullloadofequipment.

LoadFactor=ActualLoad/FullLoad
Itistheratioofactualkilowa Hoursusedinagivenperiod,dividedbythetotalpossiblekilowa hoursthatcouldhavebeen
usedinthesameperiodatthepeakKWlevel.
LoadFactor=(energy(kWhpermonth))/(peakdemand(kW)xhours/month)
InothertermsLoadfactorisdenedastheratioofAverageloadtomaximumdemandduringagivenperiod.
LoadFactor=AverageLoad/MaximumDemandduringgivenTimePeriod

TheLoadfactorisalways<=1.
LoadFactorisalwayslessthan1becausemaximumdemandisalwaysmorethanaveragedemand.
LoadFactorcanbecalculatedforasingleday,foramonthorforayear.
Loadfactorinothertermsofeciency.
Itisusedfordeterminingtheoverallcostperunitgenerated.
HighertheloadfactorisGOODanditwillmoreOutputofPlan,lesserthecostperunitwhichmeansanelectricitygeneratorcan
sellmoreelectricityatahighersparkspread,FixedcostsarespreadovermorekWhofoutput.Apowerplantmaybehighly
ecientatHighloadfactors.
LowloadfactorisaBED.Alowloadfactorwilluseelectricityinecientlyrelativetowhatwecouldbeifwewerecontrolling
ourpeakdemand.Apowerplantmaybelessecientatlowloadfactors.
Foralmostconstantloads,theloadfactorisclosetounity.
ForVaryingLoadFactorisclosedZero.
LoadFactorisameasureoftheeectiveutilizationoftheloadanddistributionequipment,i.e.higherloadfactormeansbe er
utilizationofthetransformer,lineorcable.
Ahighloadfactormeanspowerusageisrelativelyconstant.Lowloadfactorshowsthatoccasionallyahighdemandisset.To
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

7/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Ahighloadfactormeanspowerusageisrelativelyconstant.Lowloadfactorshowsthatoccasionallyahighdemandisset.To
servicethatpeak,capacityissi ingidleforlongperiods,therebyimposinghighercostsonthesystem.Electricalratesare
designedsothatcustomerswithhighloadfactorarechargedlessoverallperkWh.
Sometimesutilitycompanieswillencourageindustrialcustomerstoimprovetheirloadfactors.
Loadfactoristermthatdoesnotappearonyourutilitybill,butdoesaectelectricitycosts.Loadfactorindicateshow
ecientlythecustomerisusingpeakdemand.
Calculation:
Motorof20hpdrivesaconstant15hploadwheneveritison.
Themotorloadfactoristhen15/20=75%.

DemandFactor&LoadFactor
IntroductiontoPowerRequirementforBuildingJ.PaulGuyer,
Utility

DemandFactor
(%)

LoadFactor(%)

Communicationsbuildings

6065

7075

Telephoneexchangebuilding

5570

2025

Airpassengerterminalbuilding

6580

2832

Aircraftreandrescuestation

2535

1317

Aircraftlineoperationsbuilding

6580

2428

Academicinstructionbuilding

4060

2226

Appliedinstructionbuilding

3565

2428

ChemistryandToxicology
Laboratory

7080

2228

MaterialsLaboratory

3035

2732

PhysicsLaboratory

7080

2228

Electricalandelectronicslaboratory

2030

37

Coldstoragewarehouse

7075

2025

Generalwarehouse

7580

2328

Controlledhumiditywarehouse

6065

3338

Hazardous/ammablestorehouse

7580

2025

Disposal,salvage,scrapbuilding

3540

2520

Hospital

3842

4550

Laboratory

3237

2025

K6schools

7580

1015

712schools

6570

1217

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

8/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Churches

6570

525

PostOce

7580

2025

Retailstore

6570

2532

Bank

7580

2025

Supermarket

5560

2530

Restaurant

4575

1525

Autorepairshop

4060

1520

Hobbyshop,art/crafts

3040

2530

Bowlingalley

7075

1015

Gymnasium

7075

2045

Skatingrink

7075

1015

Indoorswimmingpool

5560

2550

Theatres

4555

813

Library

7580

3035

Golfclubhouse

7580

1520

Museum

7580

3035

(4)Coincidencefactor(inIEC,Factorofsimultaneity(ks)):
Thereciprocalofdiversityfactoriscoincidencefactor
Thecoincidencefactoristheratioofthemaximumdemandofasystem,orpartunderconsideration,tothesumofthe
individualmaximumdemandsofthesubdivisions

Coincidencefactor=Maximumdemand/Sumofindividualmaximumdemands
Expressedasapercentage(%)oraratiolessthan1.

TheConfidenceFactorisalways<=1.
UsuallyCondenceFactorwilldecreaseasthenumberofconnectedcustomersincreases.
Thefactorksisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.distributionorsubdistributionboard).
Thedeterminationofthesefactorsistheresponsibilityofthedesigner,sinceitrequiresadetailedknowledgeoftheinstallation
andtheconditionsinwhichtheindividualcircuitsaretobeexploited.Forthisreason,itisnotpossibletogiveprecisevaluesfor
generalapplication.

(5)Maximumdemand:
Themaximumdemandofaninstallationisthemaximumrateofconsumptionexpressedinamperes,kWorkVA.Itisgenerally
takenastheaveragerateofconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.Examplethe15minutemaximumkWdemandfortheweekwas
150kW.Maximumdemanddoesnotincludemotorstartingcurrentsorothertransienteects.Faultcurrentsandoverload
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/
9/20

12/26/2016
DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles
takenastheaveragerateofconsumptionoveraperiodoftime.Examplethe15minutemaximumkWdemandfortheweekwas

150kW.Maximumdemanddoesnotincludemotorstartingcurrentsorothertransienteects.Faultcurrentsandoverload
currentsarealsoexcluded.MaximumdemandinKWisrelevantonlyformetering/taripurposes.
Maximumdemand(oftenreferredtoasMD)isthelargestcurrentnormallycarriedbycircuits,switchesandprotectivedevices.It
doesnotincludethelevelsofcurrentowingunderoverloadorshortcircuitconditions.
MaximumDemandisagreatestofalldemandsthatoccurduringaspecictime
Themajordisadvantageofallocatingloadusingthediversityfactorsisthatmostutilitieswillnothaveatableofdiversityfactors
andsometimeitisnotviabletodetermineaccurateDiversityFactor.InthissituationMaximumDemandisveryhelpfulto
calculatesizeofFeederorTC.
ThekVAratingofalldistributiontransformersisalwaysknownforafeeder.Themeteredreadingscanbetakentoeach
transformerbaseduponthetransformerrating.Anallocationfactor(AF)canbecalculate.
AllocationFactor=MeteredDemand(KVA)/TotalKVA.
EquipmentDemand=AFxTotalKVAofEquipments
Calculation:
ActualLoadingorSizeofTC1andTC2.

(h ps://electricalnotes.les.wordpress.com/2011/10/11.jpg)
TotalLoadonTC1=10+11+12+08=41KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC1=41/1.1=37.3KW.
TotalLoadonTC2=4+3+12+02=21KW.
MaximumDiversityDemandofTC2=21/1.2=17.5KW.
TotalLoad=37.3+17.5=54.8KW.
AllocatingFactor(AF)=M.D/TotalLoad
AllocatingFactor(AF)=0.27.
ActualLoadonTC1=0.2737.3=1.20KW.
ActualLoadonTC2=0.2717.5=4.8KW.
AssessmentofmaximumdemandisveryeasyforResistiveLoad,Forexample,themaximumdemandofa240Vsinglephase8
kWshowerheatercanbecalculatedbydividingthepower(8kW)bythevoltage(240V)togiveacurrentof33.3A.This
calculationassumesapowerfactorofunity,whichisareasonableassumptionforsuchapurelyresistiveload.
LightingcircuitsposeaspecialproblemwhendeterminingMD.Dischargelampsareparticularlydiculttoassess,andcurrent
cannotbecalculatedsimplybydividinglamppowerbysupplyvoltage.ThereasonsforthisareControlgearlossesresultin
additionalcurrent,thepowerfactorisusuallylessthanunitysocurrentisgreater,andChokesandothercontrolgearusually
distortthewaveformofthecurrentsothatitcontainsharmonicswhichareadditionaltothefundamentalsupplycurrent.
Solongasthepowerfactorofadischargelightingcircuitisnotlessthan0.85,thecurrentdemandforthecircuitcanbecalculated
from:
current(A)=(lamppower x1.8)/supplyvoltage(V)
Forexample,thesteadystatecurrentdemandofa240Vcircuitsupplyingten65Wuorescentlampswouldbe:I=10X65X1.8A/
240=4.88A
Switchesforcircuitsfeedingdischargelampsmustberatedattwicethecurrenttheyarerequiredtocarry,unlesstheyhavebeen
speciallyconstructedtowithstandtheseverearcingresultingfromtheswitchingofsuchinductiveandcapacitiveloads.

WheretouseDemandandDiversityfactor:
ThereisgenerallyconfusionbetweenDemandfactorandDiversityfactor.Demandfactorsshouldbeideallyappliedto
individualloadsanddiversityfactortoagroupofloads.
Whenyoutalkaboutdiversity,therearenaturallymorethanoneormanyloadsinvolved.
Demandfactorcanbeappliedtocalculatethesizeofthesubmain,whichisfeedingaSubpaneloraxedloadlikeamotoretc,
individualLoad.
DemandfactorsaremoreconservativeandareusedbyNECforserviceandfeedersizing.
IftheSubpanelhavetotalloadis250kVA,consideringaDemandfactorof0.8,wecansizethefeedercablefor250x0.8=200
kVA.
TheDiversityFactorisappliedtoeachgroupofloads(e.g.beingsuppliedfromadistributionorsubdistributionboard),sizethe
Transformer.
Demandfactorsanddiversityfactorsareusedindesign.Forexample,thesumoftheconnectedloadssuppliedbyafeederis 10/20
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Demandfactorsanddiversityfactorsareusedindesign.Forexample,thesumoftheconnectedloadssuppliedbyafeederis
multipliedbythedemandfactortodeterminetheloadforwhichthefeedermustbesized.Thisloadistermedthemaximum
demandofthefeeder.Thesumofthemaximumdemandloadsforanumberofsubfeedersdividedbythediversityfactorforthe
subfeederswillgivethemaximumdemandloadtobesuppliedbythefeederfromwhichthesubfeedersarederived.

CalculateSizeofElectricalSwitchgearbyDemand&Diversity
Factor:
Theestimatedelectricaldemandforallfeedersserveddirectlyfromtheserviceentranceiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotal
connectedloadsbytheirdemandfactorsandthenaddingallofthesetogether.Thissumisdividedbythediversityfactor
(frequentlyassumedtobeunity)tocalculatetheserviceentrancedemandwhichisusedtodetermineampacityrequirements
fortheserviceentranceconductors.
WhenusedDiversityandDemandFactorinanelectricaldesignitshouldbeappliedasfollows,thesumoftheconnectedloads
suppliedbyafeedercircuitcanbemultipliedbythedemandfactortodeterminetheloadusedtosizethecomponentsofthe
system.
Thesumofthemaximumdemandloadsfortwoormorefeedersisdividedbythediversityfactorforthefeederstoderivethe
maximumdemandload.
Example1:CalculateSizeofTransformerhavingfollowingdetails:

(h ps://electricalnotes.les.wordpress.com/2011/10/2.jpg)
FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=FeederBreaker1xDemandFactor.
FeederBreaker1DemandLoad=20000.7=1400KVA
FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=FeederBreaker2xDemandFactor.
FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=15000.6=900KVA
FeederBreaker3DemandLoad=FeederBreaker3xDemandFactor.
FeederBreaker2DemandLoad=10000.5=500KVA
TotalFeederBreakerDemand=1400+900+500=2800KVA
TransformerDemandLoad=TotalFeederBreakerDemand/DiversityFactor.
TransformerDemandLoad=2800/1.1=2545KVA
IfweCalculatedTotalLoadonTransformerwithoutanyDemand&Diversity=2000+1500+1000=4500KVA.
ButafterCalculatingDemand&DiversityFactorTotalLoadonTransformer=2545KVA
Example2:CalculateSizeofMainFeederofMainTransformerhavingfollowingDetails:

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

11/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

(h ps://electricalnotes.les.wordpress.com/2011/10/3.jpg)
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC1=10KWx0.65=6.5KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC2=20KWx0.75=15KW
SumofMaximumDemandofCustomeronTC3=30KWx0.65=19.5KW
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC1is1.5so,
MaximumDemandonTC1=6.5KW/1.5=4KW.
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC2is1.1so,
MaximumDemandonTC2=15KW/1.1=14KW
AsDiversityofConsumerConnectedonTC3is1.5so,
MaximumDemandonTC3=19.5KW/1.5=13KW.
IndividualMaximumDemandonMainTransformer=04+14+13=31KW.
MaximumDemandonMainFeeder=04+14+13/1.3=24KW

SignificanceofLoadFactorandDiversityFactor
Loadfactoranddiversityfactorplayanimportantpartinthecostofthesupplyofelectricalenergy.Higherthevaluesofload
factoranddiversityfactors,lowerwillbetheoverallcostperunitgenerated.
Thecapitalcostofthepowerstationdependsuponthecapacityofthepowerstation.Lowerthemaximumdemandofthepower
station,theloweristhecapacityrequiredandthereforeloweristhecapitalcostoftheplant.Withagivennumberofconsumers
thehigherthediversityfactoroftheirloads,thesmallerwillbethecapacityoftheplantrequiredandconsequentlythexed
chargesduetocapitalinvestmentwillbemuchreduced.
Similarlyhigherloadfactormeansmoreaverageloadormorenumberofunitsgeneratedforagivenmaximumdemandand
thereforeoverallcostperunitofelectricalenergygeneratedisreducedduetodistributionofstandingchargeswhichare
proportionaltomaximumdemandandindependentofnumberofunitsgenerated.
Thusthesuppliersshouldalwaystrytoimprovetheloadfactoraswellasdiversityfactorbyinducingtheconsumerstousethe
electricalenergyduringopeakhoursandtheymaybechargedatlowerratesforsuchschemes.
Abouttheseads(https://en.support.wordpress.com/aboutthese
ads/)

FILEDUNDERUNCATEGORIZED
AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan13years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsofElectrical
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorandElectricalIndiaMagazines.Heis
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststondsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

76ResponsestoDemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor
Manishsays:
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

12/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Manishsays:
October31,2011at4:14pm
Thankyouverymuchforsuchagoodanddetailedarticle.
Yourblogpostsarealwaysquitegood!
Reply
Dietersays:
November9,2011at10:55am
AsajuniorE&IEngineer,Iherewiththankyouforyourkindnessofsharingyourknowledge.
Ilookforewardtomoreofyourwork.
Reply
S.SAMBATHsays:
November29,2011at1:36pm
Sir,
TheinformationsareveryusefullikemeasElectricityBoardEngineer.ThankuandIexpectmore.
s.sambath
Reply
zaheerkha aksays:
May30,2012at7:15am
dearsir,thanksalotbothofuiamelectricalengineerandimworkinginconsultancyrminpakistan
imostlydesignhighriseocialandresidentialbuilding.iwanttoshareandgainsomeimportantknowledgeabout
designingforAllofuandeveryonehowhelpme.
thanks
Zaheerkha ak
shazconsultantPeshawarPakistan
availableonFacebook
chemiesays:
November30,2011at6:21am
mefrommalaysiauaregreatsir..thanksalot
Reply
Md.Samiuddinsays:
December7,2011at8:58am
DearMr.JigneshParmar,
Thedetailsprovidedbyareveryuseful.Excellent!
Ineedasmallhelp.IamanIndian,nativeofAndhraPradesh.Iamamechanicalengineer,handlinganewprojectinJeddah,
SaudiArabia.
Thedetailsinthepowersummaryreportare:
ConnectedPowerUsage=1290KWH
Aftermultiplyingbypowerfactorsandmaximumutilizationfactorsindividuallytoeachequipmentthesumis=535KWH.
Example:Craneconnectedpower=95kwh;powerfactor=0.6;Max.Utlzn.Factor=0.75gives95kwhX0.6X0.75=42.75kwh
Now,IfIwantbuythegenerators(OR)toaskforelectricitydept.whatpowershouldIask?Willitbe1290KWHor535KWH?
PleaseclarifyandexplainmetoimprovemyawaenessinthisperticulartopicbecausealwaysIcomeacrosswithsuchincidents.
Pleasereplytometomyemail:(or)
Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.
BestRegard
Md.Samiuddin
Plantmanager
MIMCo.,
Jeddah
KSA
Reply
MansourA,says:
January15,2012at7:08pm
ThankuverymuchMr.Parmar,Ireallygetuseandunderstandthesefactorswhichwereconfusedtome.Ihavesetthissitein
favouritieslookingforewardtoreadyourgoodactivities.
Reply
francisazumahsays:
February18,2012at2:49pm
amverygreatfulfortheexplanatorynotes,isaywelldonebutneedsmoreofthat.thankyou
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

13/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

amverygreatfulfortheexplanatorynotes,isaywelldonebutneedsmoreofthat.thankyou
Reply
Rahmansays:
February27,2012at11:49am
veryusefullinkthankyou
Reply
opeyemisays:
March17,2012at6:32am
Greatanswer,itreallymeetmydemand
Reply
ranxsays:
March23,2012at6:57pm
Thankforyourkindness,yourexplanationveryusefulandveryunderstadbletous.
Reply
ranxsays:
March23,2012at6:58pm
Thanksforthesharingofyourknowledgethissveryusefultomydesign
Reply
anamsays:
April25,2012at1:03pm
canihavethedenitionofgrowthfactor?
Reply
goldwincssays:
June18,2012at2:42pm
greatpost!canyouexplainaboutpeakdiversityfactor?
Reply
ahmednazmisays:
July19,2012at9:05am
whatthedierencebetweendiversityfactoranddiversityfactor(ks)andwhereiwilluse:diversityfactor,diversityfactor(ks)
anddemandfactor
Reply
danielsays:
August8,2012at5:45pm
great,pleasedomorepostanddetailedexplanation
Reply
mynameisokekhianstanley.says:
August16,2012at2:34pm
Thankyouforyourknowledge.Thiswillbeofhelpinmyeldwork.
Reply
kwamesays:
August16,2012at2:57pm
Thanksverymuch,Iamreallyenlightenedalot.
Reply
JoseAntonioMartinssays:
September28,2012at6:06pm
DearMr.JigneshParmar,
Thedetailsprovidedaboutthisissueareveryuseful.
Wouldyoumindinformingmeabouttheoriginofthetable:DiversityFactorforanapartmentblock?
Pleaseanswermebyemail.
Thanksforyoursupportinadvance.
Reply
JoseAntonioMartinssays:
December19,2012at8:21pm
IhavealreadyfoundthereferredtableintheFrenchStandardNFC14100(2008):Lowvoltagemainsinstallations.
Pleaseconsiderthecorrections:
whereis40To40shouldbe40to49
whereis50ToAbove,ks=0.40shouldbe50toAbove,ks=0.38.
Reply
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

14/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Reply
dhananjayPrasadsays:
October12,2012at2:18am
Thankyousir
Reply
salmanpsays:
November7,2012at8:16am
thankusir
Reply
tigersays:
November19,2012at11:05am
Verygoodarticle,butthesecalculationderivedfromwhichCodeorstandard???speciallytable(DemandFactor&LoadFactor
accordingtoTypeofIndustries),becausethesevaluesisvariedanddependonthepracticewise
Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
November19,2012at2:35pm
Yes.Agreewithyou.ThisisjustreferenceValue.ThisValuevaryaccordingtoitsusersProle.
Wecannotpredicttheactualvaluebutthistablevaluehelpfulustocalculatemorerealisticassumption.
IgotthisTablefromoneBookorManual.IfitismorevaluableforYouthanIwilldeantlyconveyitsReferenceSource.
Reply
tigermansays:
November20,2012at7:48am
Manythanksforyourreply,andihopetosendtomethisreferenceorbookitwillbeakindfromyou
Samersays:
January2,2013at9:10am
Canyoupleaseprovidemewiththereferencesource?Itisveryimportanttome.
Thankyouforthegreatarticle.
Regards.
RonCha erjisays:
December5,2012at1:26pm
IamfromUS.MynameisRon.Iwanttotalkwithyouonsomething.Pleasetellmewhatphone#Icancallandtime.Iwillcall
youafterge ingyour3
Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
December5,2012at2:20pm
IamavailableonEmail.
MyEmailIdisjiguparmar@yahoo.com
Reply
Mohammedsays:
February24,2013at4:16pm
DearJignesh,ineedthereferencesofyourdiversity,demandandcoincidencefactrostables.aretheyasperany
international/nationalcodes.Yourkindreplywillbnehelfulinstudyingaproject.
M.A.Bari
Shakilsays:
July6,2013at2:49am
Jignesh.Parmar,Ineedyourhelp.IamfmBangladesh.Iamalsoaelectricalengineer.Isawthatyouhavemostexperiencein
powersector.In15thjuly,aBangladeshipowergenerationcompanycallainterview.Iamalsoacandidateforthat
interview.Sirpleasegivesomematerialsandtellmehowcanigotthatjob.Iliketoinformyouthat,Ihavenoexperienceto
workanypowerplant.Iamafresherelectricalengineer
RonCha erjisays:
December5,2012at1:27pm
Ineedyourphone#andthetime/date
Reply
minhazsays:
December23,2012at5:00am
exellent
Reply
saadsays:
December23,2012at9:31am
thanksdear
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

15/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

thanksdear
Reply
MarkJasonAcopioObordosays:
January17,2013at2:08pm
thanks!!nowiknow.:)
Reply
colinchallingersays:
February5,2013at9:59am
HiIhaveanappartmentblockwith12atstocostandtheyareallelectrilyheatedtoalpotdivesityequals22.4Kva
refto(ks)willthisfactorstillapplytotheincomingmain?
Reply
PercyMakhuvhasays:
February28,2013at8:28am
ThankyouverymuchknowIamhappy
Reply
AllanSanjosesays:
March18,2013at12:32am
Yourrststatementregardingdemandfactorisalwayslessthanone.
ifyourdemandfactoris100%thatisequaltoone.
Philippines
Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
March18,2013at2:25pm
PleasecarefullyReadDenitionFirst!!!
DemandFactor=Maximumdemandofasystem/Totalconnectedloadonthesystem.
YourmaxdemandnevergoesbeyondconnectedloadsoD.Fisalwayslessthan1.
Hopethisclaricationmayclearyourdough.
Reply
Rahulsays:
March21,2013at5:22pm
Dearsir,
Icameacrossanotherformulalike
Maximumnormalrunningplantload=100%sumofallcontinuouslyoperatingloads+30%sumofallintermi entloads.
Where100%and30%areconsideredasthediversityfactorsofcontinuousandintermi entloadsrespectively
Sirdoyouknowwhichindustryisthisformulacommonlyused.canyouexplainthisformula..
Ihopeyouwillreplytomyquestion
Reply
KhwajaSalimsays:
April3,2013at9:36am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.Itisveryusefulindesigningofelectricalinstalltion.
Reply
Johnsays:
May11,2013at2:52pm
DearSir,Iwouldliketolearnaboutthereferenceforthisinfo.Thankyouverymuchforyourkindhelp.
Reply
avtarsinghsays:
May27,2013at10:44am
Dearsir,oneconfusionisthatifmyconectedloadis450kwandconsumptionis307kwhthenwhattheratingofincomming
transformerpleasetellmebrief.
Reply
Balasays:
September22,2013at5:56am
ThankYouMr.JigneshParmar.
Reply
pritchitrodasays:
October3,2013at6:04pm
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

16/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

October3,2013at6:04pm
veryusefullthingsuhavegiven,thanks,
Reply
saadsays:
November2,2013at8:04am
thankyouverymuch.
Reply
atestsays:
November12,2013at7:52am
thisisatest
Reply
akisays:
November25,2013at8:17am
thankuuu
Reply
haseebullhasays:
November25,2013at12:51pm
niceandsimpleinformationthanksforyoureort
Reply
irdanraybodiongansays:
January17,2014at8:44am
whatisthedemandfactorandloadfactorfordraftingroom?
Reply
AlbertoGasmensays:
February24,2014at8:21pm
Basically,thesedatafortheDEMANDandDIVERSITYfactorsareexcellentinfoforafastestimationofPOWERSUPPLY,CABLE
/WIRESIZES,manythanks
Reply
souviksays:
March22,2014at8:56am
thanksforthearticle..ithelpedme.thanks
Reply
SPSarathysays:
March23,2014at12:46pm
Youreortislaudable.Westandtogainwithyoursharinginasimpleway.
Reply
ashokchaudharysays:
September7,2014at6:00am
thanksforusefulAndapplicablekno
wlge
Reply
HarishKumarJohrisays:
September8,2014at5:10am
ThankyouMr.Jignesh!NiceexplanationsoftheseElectricityfactorsinoneArticle.
HarishKumarJohri,L&TFaridabad.
Reply
Raqsays:
September21,2014at5:55pm
Thanksforthisnote,hopefullycaniknowwhatisyourreferenceforthisImgladtoknowthanksinadvance
Reply
Godfreysays:
November15,2014at8:45am
Amappreciationforthisprovisionoftheinfomatiomaboutdiversityfactorbcauseitsalwaysdiculttondreliablenotesfor
thistopic.
Reply
DaramolaDelesays:
November23,2014at7:00am
yourarticleisalwaysedifyingmystudies.MayGodBlessyoumoreandmore
Reply
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

17/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Reply
DaramolaDelesays:
November24,2014at10:06am
howcangetthispaper
Reply
MahmoudElghazalysays:
December29,2014at11:14am
thankyouverymuchforsuchvaluableinformations
Reply
Rajeshsays:
January19,2015at12:12pm
Verysimpleexplanationandreallyvaluable.
Thisisanantibioticformyknowledge
Reply
zaksays:
March2,2015at12:57pm
dearJignesh
ihaveasmallquestionregardingthetransformers.
ineedtoknowaccordingtoNECwhatisthepercentagetobeloadedforthecapacityofatransformer.
Asapracticewealwaysconsider80%oftotalkvaofatransformer.
ex.ifwehave1600kvat/rthenwecanuse1600*80%=1280kva.
wecanuseonly1280kvainsteadof1600kva.supooseyourtotalloadis1400kvathenyouhavetogotohighersizethatis2000
kva.
Reply
usmansays:
April2,2015at7:12am
niceeortformakingitunderstandabletonontechnicalalso..
Reply
RAJNISHKUMARsays:
April22,2015at9:30am
Sir,thanksforprovidingusefulinformationasithelpsinpreparationofamie
Reply
monacodelpasaosays:
June16,2015at5:38am
greatnotesbutalotofspellingmistakes
Reply
avnishkumarsays:
July6,2015at9:41am
iamplantengineer(electrcial).disconceptalwayswerusing,soundestandtheLF,DFetc..
Reply
thongratysays:
August4,2015at8:46am
Dearsir,
Actuallysir,CouldyoupleasemoredetailformeaboutwhatistheKuandWhatistheKscosistillconfusewithwhatyou
showedabove.
Bestregard,
Reply
8463838172says:
August22,2015at2:55pm
siriamelectricalengg.studentiwanttowriteresearchpaperonruralelectricitysocouldyouhelpme
Reply
sourabhvishwakarmasays:
November9,2015at7:37am
thankyouforthisinformationbutihaveanQuestion:ifihave2000kwconnectedloadthanhowmuchkvatransformerwe
shoulduseeitherhigherfrom2000kworbelow.accordingtoyourcalculationitgiveverylowcapacitycapacityoftransformer.
pleasereply.
Reply
kimdongminsays:
December15,2015at1:46am
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

18/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

December15,2015at1:46am
Thankyouforsharingyourknowledge!!
Reply
Nandakumar.Rsays:
December30,2015at1:33pm
DearMr.Jignesh.Parmar
Thankyouforyourideaandimplementationofsharingyourexperience&knowledgeandhelptechnicalenthusiaststolearn
more.
GREATTHINKING;GREATJOB!
Reply
says:
February7,2016at9:34am
+32.thanksverygoodsite,thankforhelp
Reply
ChandrakantGhansays:
February12,2016at9:07am
ChandrakantGhan:
DearMr.Parmar,AveryusefularticleandclearsmanydoubtsaboutthefactorsinElectricalisntalltion.
Thanksforsucharticle.
Regards
Reply
sunnysays:
May12,2016at5:52am
whatisthecapacityoftransformerfor33000sqfeetareaplssuggested
Reply
AboderinSulaimansays:
June1,2016at3:33pm
DearMrParmar
WearecurrentlyworkingonaprojectforLagosStateMinistryofHousingatotalof53blocks.Eachblockisafouroors
comprisesof8Nos1bedroomat(2nosperoor)onawingand8Nos2bedroomat(2Nosperoor)ontheotherwing.The
totalloadforeachblockis478.4KWandforallthe53blocks,thetotalloadwas25,355.2KWi.e25.355MW.
SelectingTransformersfortheEstate:
Adiversityfactorof0.8(1.25)wasapplyforeachblockandaloadfactorof0.3wasusedfortheentireestate,enblock
ThetotalutilityfactorappliedfortheentireEstateis0.8multiplyby0.3=0.24
TotalestimatedloadforselectionofTransformeris25.355MWX0.24=6.085MW
Applyingpowerfactorof0.8,estimatedloadinKVA=7,606KVA
NumberofTransformerrequired(AssumedeachselectedTransformerisof(500KVA)=7,606/500No=15.2say16Noof500KVA
willberequiredfortheEstate.
IneedyouradviceandIwanttoknowifthereisaRegulationthatconrmtheaboveapplicationfactorfornalload(Estimated)
asdoneabove.
IwanttoknowifIamontherighttrackconsideringyourdenitionofdiversityfactor,loadfactoretc.
Baseontheabovecalculationwhatisthesizeofthemaininjectionsubstationthatwillsupplytheentireestate.Thankyou.
ThankyouasIexpecttohearfromyousoonest.
Reply
DeepakM.R.says:
July28,2016at6:38am
ThanksalotSir.Theseinformationwereveryuseful.
Reply
venkatsays:
August26,2016at11:51pm
IliketoreadyouranswersiwouldliketoSizeofGeneratorformynewPlant.PladvicehowtoarrivecorrectsizeofDGset.
similarly,ifiwanttodosamefromrunningplant,plspecifythesamealso..thanks..venkat
Reply
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

19/20

12/26/2016

DemandFactorDiversityFactorUtilizationFactorLoadFactor|ElectricalNotes&Articles

Reply

CreateafreewebsiteorblogatWordPress.com.

https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demandfactordiversityfactorutilizationfactorloadfactor/

20/20