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SITIES
A Thesis Presented
sity of
to the
BY
LOUIS JOHN
PAETOW
CHAMPAIGN, ILLINOIS
1910
No.
7,
January, 1910.
ELECTRONIC VERSION
AVAILABLE
Illinois,
Vol.
Ill,
PREFACE.
very considerably in my work at the Sorbonne and at the various libraries of the city. With Professor C. Molinier of the University of Toulouse I carried on a correspondence to which that
gentleman devoted an amount of time, patience, and scholarly researcli sucli as I should never have expected from a total stranger.
1 am also especially indebted to Professor James Smith Reid, who
kindly gave me access to some manuscripts at Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge, England, and to Walter M. Smith, Librarian
of the University of Wisconsin, who helped to make my work easy
nnd pleasant at Madison, Wisconsin.
Louis J. Paetow.
University op Illinois^
me
Urbana, Illinois,
Feb. 12, 1910.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
7-io
-.
CHAPTER
The absence
11.
11-32
Universities
of the
11.
The
by Henri d'Andeli,
20:
(i)
19.
16.
Causes
for
the
neglect
of the classics,
ularity of
good medieval
interest in
science,
25
Latin
literature,
23;
Rise of medicine,
(4)
(2)
Pop-
Renevv^ed
(3)
lav^,
CHAPTER
II.
Grammar.
33-66
CHAPTER
Rhetoric.
III.
at Medieval Universities
French
rhetoric,
works,
at
medieval
Later manuals
universities
Oxford,
Paris,
69.
67-91
The
68
old-
other
72.
The
ars dictaminis
Bologna,
Fal)a, 79.
ars
at
67.
notaria,
74.
82.
Passagerius, 83.
Orleans, 87.
Raynerius,
The
82.
Salathiel,
82.
at
Rolandinus
Paris, 85; at
dictator, 89.
The
92-94
APPENDIX
A
I.
APPENDIX
II.
APPENDIX
The Text-book "Alexander" Used
ties of
101-105
III.
Southern France
106-112
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
1.
Primary Sources
(1)
(2)
2.
Manuscript Sources.
Printed Sources.
Secondary Works
113-120
'
120-134
INTRODUCTION.
The arts course
named
after the
II
(n
to
Parker,
liberal arts
Meier,
Culture.
^At the universities the three higher faculties came to be theology, law, and
medicine.
The
a considerable
arts course
degree
it
faculties.
(497)
works.^
^See below,
p.
25.
im
of
students
astronomy.
Paris
(Haskins,
278.)
I,
78.)
Some
The
against
in
Amer.
at the
Hist. Rev., X, 9
and
University of Paris.
statutes of
much
11.)
geometry and
to
statute of 1215
still
more about
it.
(Chartulariwn,
The faculty
mean that he had read one whole book on the subject such as the
De Sphaera Mundi of John of Holy wood and had begun another {Chartularium,
II, 678.).
The statutes of 1366 simply require "some mathematical" books for
the license {Chartularium, III, 145). In the year 1378 King Charles V appointed
two masters of
Paris
who were
to
devote themselves
arts
and other
make
universities.^
still
be done to
and astronomy but the venture did not succeed and thus
not even mathematics ever rose to respectability at the great French university.
(Giinther,
Unterrichts im
des mathematischen
Geschichte
266;
De
1'
deutschen Mittelalter,
Paris, 81.)
*In the thirteenth century the Minorite School at
the stress
it
laid
on
scientific as well as
literary studies.
417,
for
The
university
285.
'Little
is
known about
teenth centuries
sorihus,
teach
I,
584.).
arithmetic.
II,
455-458.)
(Sarti-Fattorini,
De
Geschichte
the
des mathematischen
name given
to the
it
was
Unterrichts,
to
220.)
I,
249.).
(499)
The program
10
not possible to
name and
number
of
them
and education.
(500)
lie
in fields
laAV, literature
CHAPTER
The Neglect
I.
The
Classical Scholarship,
1,
classics
Greek
Middle Ages,
361.
in
unknown
the
in the schools.
For
Middle Ages see Taylor,
A
II,
History of
666 note;
12
that an important phase of this earlier Kenaissance
revival of the ancient classics.
It will serve
was a distinct
our purpose to inves-
tigate this
It is
tirely
were even periods of distinct revival as early as the time of Charlemagne and of the Ottos in Germany. These earlier movements,
however, seem sporadic when compared with the revival in the
twelfth century. Its home was northern France and our surest
and most complete information in regard to it comes in shortly
after the first crusade.
^^I see villages and towns fairly burn
with eagerness in the study of grammar" Avrites Guibert of Nogent
in the preface to his history of the crusade.^
In another passage^
he says that the remarkable enthusiasm for grammar had sprung
up during his life-time, for he remembered the day when even
in the cities hardly anyone could be found who in learning could
be compared with a mere hedgepriest of modern times {moderni
temporis. )
The center
was Chartres.^
As
renown under the learned bishop Fulbert (d. 1029). Ivo (d. 1115)
was his next great successor and he was followed in the first half
of the twelfth century by Bernard, Gilbert de la Porree, and
Theodoric. During the period from 1090, when Ivo became bishop,
until 1150, the approximate date of Theodoric's death, the schools
Gesta dei
per Francos in Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Hist. Occidentaux, IV, ii8;
see also p. 120.
(502)
18
poets
and
called
it
enough evidence to show that the humanists of Orleans were famous until the middle of the thirteenth century.
Meanwhile the universities were taking shape. The intellectual vigor of the twelfth century was finding its expression in
these new splendid institutions of learning.
We should expect
(hat the classics would have had their share in the profit of this
general mental uplift and that they would have found a still
wider scope at the new universities especially at Paris which was
in such close touch with Chartres and Orleans. But this was not
is
to be,
accepted
Geschichte
Quintilian's
(c.
des
Unterrichtswesens, 86.
35-95
^Metalogicus,
I,
24,
A.
D.)
definition
Institutio Orat.,
Cf. Clerval,
p.
225,
I,
of
c.
beriensis.
'"Orbis
nil
habuit maius
Cicerone Latinus."
Entheticus, line
1215,
Migne,
de
la
Soc.
14
lects
were bending
philosophy and
tlieir
and medi-
""Parisius
solum."
logicam
iactitet,
sibi
Poetical formulary,
vv.
II,
Aurelianis
33-34,
571.
Auctores
Wattenbach,
ed.
in
elegos
Vindocinense
Sitzungsherichte
d.
II, 726.
^^"In
Aegros,
Nudos.
Educat
in cunis
autorum
lacte tenellos."
Quoted by
Delisle,
illos
Aurelianis
ff.
144.
tibi
15
men
De
454.
laiidihus
(Quoted by
Delisle,"
"The following
the
Summa
607-610,
in
labore,
De
from a
translation of an extract
naturis rerum,
will
'T
Wright,
thirteenth century)
ed.
146.)
first
from
half of the
was known
as
books."
De Rebus
Delisle,
^^Giraldus
at Paris
142.
a se Gestis, Ibid.,
^*See below,
p.
I,
23, 45.
21.
"Petri Blesensis, Opera Omnia, Migne, Patrologiae Lat., 207, Epist. VI,
^"^Haskins,
"A
Harvard Studies
List of Text-books
in
from
Classical Philology,
XX
p.
18.
(1909),
75-94.
Professor
Haskins
has edited (pp. 90-94) the most significant portion of the manuscript, that which
deals with the learning of the time. He cites the vocabulary by its opening words,
16
ows.
""Vos vates magni quos aurea comparet auro
Fama, favete mihi, quos Aurelianis ab urbe [sic]
Orbe trahit toto, pegasei gloria fontis.
Vos Deus elegit, per quos fundamina firma
Astent eloquii studio succurrere, cujus
Florigerum boreas
Ars
lectoria ecclesiae
(Accentarius)
This extract
Siecle,
9.
is
17
grammar
1252.2^
He was
and works
see,
les
1-86
2,
Club, 1856)
117
ff
(1877)
;
(Roxburghe
Ecclesiae, Preface,
Revue de Toulouse,
oeuvres
XXVII,
23,
(1866),
article in
Scholarship,
Haskins,
"A
I,
List of Text-books
XX
in
Har-
"^Bruges
302-316.
MS.
546,
fol.
2 seq.
MS.
385,
pp.
Morale Scholarium, Bodleian MS. Rawlinson G. 96, pp. 154-176, which I have not
consulted. This work was written between 1238 and 1244. In it Odo is addressed as chancellor; Bruges MS. 546, fol. 6 v Gonville and Caius MS. 385, p.
Odo de Castro Radulphi (Eudes de Chateau roux) was chancellor of Notre
312.
Dame 1238-1244; Denifle et Chatelain, Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, I,
XX, note. The above date is rendered more certain by the fact that on the folio
and page just referred to, there is a reference to a riot in Orleans in which several
students were killed. Matthew Paris tells us that such a riot took place at Orleans in 1236; see Denifle, Die Universitdten, 1, 251, note 135; 260-261; 758, note
Denifle's conjecture that 1236 should be 1241-42 is wrong; see Rashdall, The
19.
Professor Haskins has called my attenUniversities of Europe, II, 141, note i.
;
(507)
18
again praised them and condemned sucli works as aimed at be''Where the authors flourish," he says, probably
having Orleans in mind, ''the doctors profit by it and their writings are much improved."^-^ He singles out a certain Galfridus^^
^md a certain Galterus^^ for high praise as poets, calling the latter
Then
an athlete of Pallas, in name and in deed a poet.^^
lie pleads for reform, the evil tendencies of the times should be
checked while there is still time for it. He even suggests that a
law should be passed to re-establish the ancient classics.^^ Paris,
however, was already too firmly attached to philosophy and theology to heed the advice of a pedantic grammarian like John Garlie
littling Helicon,22
land.2^
Morale Scholarium is mentioned in another work of John
(Bruges MS. 546, fol. 83; Gonville and
Caius MS. 385, p. 209), which was written in 1246.
^^"Nec sunt scripta bona que diminuunt elicona," Bruges MS. 546, fol. 6 v
Gonville and Caius MS. 385, p. 209. The works he criticized were those of Alexander of Villedieu and Eberhard of Bethune.
tion to the fact that the
^^"Florent auctores et ab
Fiunt doctores
Ihid.
Denifle,
they refer to
^*This
may
et lettris
floridiores
utiliores."
lines
and thinks
Nova
dedi-
III.
by
illis
(sic)
I,
Is this
452?
waxed
where everything
and Galen had handed down was taught and espeNote that he here forgets to lament the absence of the
enthusiastic in his praises of Paris
classics
sacred scriptures.
Philosophos
alit
tamquam paradisus
Ars
lectoria ecclesiae
(Acccnfarins)
Bruges MS.
(508)
546,
fol.
77 r,
(1234).
19
His
By
teenth century the ancient authors had entirely lost the day.
This
gagement,
hiding.
Grammar
The author
is
of the
logic
and return
would surely
His hopes
were not to be realized. At the beginning of the fourteenth century even Orleans had forsaken them and Av-as knoAvn only as the
4.
la
poem
For references
to other editions
and ab-
stracts of this
Bataille des
^"Denifle,
VH
Die
see Sandys,
Entstehung
der
was no regular
i,
147,
144,
Mittelalters,
note
I,
252,
262.
Rashdall maintains
i.
This
is
contradicted by the
following evidence.
is
pt.
des
II,
from
Universitdten
Fournier, Histoire de
la
I,
40,
No.
40.).
(509)
20
We
are
now ready
to consider
more
the whole blame for it has been laid at the door of scholasticism,
that magic term which has been used to explain such a multitude
of sins.
The explanation
is
Many
causes
combined to bring about the decline. They will be considered unStrict clerical feeling against proder the following heads
( 1 )
fane and, in particular, indecent profane literature; (2) Popularity in the schools of good medieval Latin literature; (3) Re:
the Scriptures.^2
University of Orleans are also printed by Fournier, Les Statuts, III, 448-9, No.
1869.
The
Ill, 222,
there
note
3.
'^^Denifle,
''Mon.
letter
come
This would
is printed by
deutschen Volkes,
II, 354.
(510)
21
is
illustrations of the
immundo
instincti."
The
86.
Hec
est pestifera,
David
testante, cathedra,
Non
Ecclessiale, Prologue.
logue
is
decet
ilia
Bibl. Nat.
legi
MS. Lat.
legi."
XXII,
pt. 2,
115.
22
we
minds
of those
students of Paris had already been molded by various other init was easy for them to do for once as their preach-
fluences so that
er bade them.-^^
tion
is
a translation
III, 318-319.
XXII,
pt. 2,
112.
23
Roman
warning
is
He
elegies of
Popularity of good medieval Latin literature. Especially in the twelfth century a good deal of excellent Latin literature
was written which deservedly became popular. Just as the pagan
poets were often crowded out of the schools by the early Christian
poets such as Prudentius and Sedulius, so now the works of modern authors frequently displaced the classics or at least were read
(2)
satiris
subducenda esse
""Lor chastiaus
S'il
ne fust
si
MS. 385,
XX, 91.
p. 48.
Now
printed by Haskins in
Harvard
garnis de fables
mos en veritez."
Heron, Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, 52.
*^For Maximianus and his writings see Teuffel and Schwabe, History of Roman Literature, II, 550. The most recent edition with full bibliography is that
by Webster, The Elegies of Maximianus. Haase, De medii aevi studiis philologicis,
20-24, thinks that works of this kind were tolerated because they were explained
Par
lor biaus
vv. 254-257,
allegorically
3.
Reichling,
Das
24
quent prayers put into the mouths of the characters.^^ This was
neither as skillfully w^ritten nor was it as popular as the Alexandreis.
In the Battle of the Seven Arts both these books are men"Thurot, Notices
et Extraits,
XXII,
is
pt. 2, 113.
by Roersch,
in
scholis
[Gautier]
grammaticorum tantae
lectio negligatur."
Freien Kiinste,
De
it
was used
gesta Alexandri
as a school-book.
Magni
Qui liber in
veterum poetarum
See Meier, Die Siehen
eleganti metro.
29.
XXII,
pt. I,
394,
55-67.
(514)
la
France,
XV.
424;
25
tioned together with the ancient classics.^*^ The Tobias was prescribed at the University of Perpignan in the fourteenth century.^
good deal of excellent literature in the vernacular was also
''"Lines
Gesta ducts
Riga, both of which are mentioned in the Battle of the Seven Arts, lines 283, 288;
also a
II,
poem
268-428).
^^See below, p. 54.
^It is
mandy
Grober, Grundriss,
Nor-
Quoted by
Denifle,
Die Universitdten,
I,
100.
1,
242, 323,
and
II,
26
trend of the age may be seen in the works of Alexander Neckani
cind Albert the Great, but above all in those of Roger Bacon, tlie
advocate of experimental science and in many ways the most remarkable man of the thirteenth century.-^^ There must have been
many minor
Maricourt wliom
he described as a true experimental scientist.^^ Unfortunately, this scientific movement
did not bear much fruit in the work of medieval universities, but
while it was in its vigor it helped to detract interest from classic
lights in science like that Peter of
whom
iterature.^^
Rise of the lucrative studies of medicine and law (inMedicine and law as practical
(4)
3.
young people
^^For
n. 2.
Bacon Opera; Charles, Roger Bacon Pouchet, Histoire des Sciences Naturelles au
Allbutt, Science and Medieval Thought; Gasquet, "English Scholarship in the Thirteenth Century," Dublin Review, 122, 356; Parrott, Roger Bacon;
Le Clerc, Histoire Litteraire de la France, XX, 227-252; Felder, Geschichte der
Wissenschaftlichen Studien irn. Franziskanerorden, see index and foot-notes for
bibliography; Narbey, "Le Moine Roger Bacon et le Mouvement Scientifique au
;
Moyen Age;
Xllle Siecle,"
in
XXXV,
in
xiii, ed.
Brewer,
43.
But
this
centuries,
we can
hardly
membered
was
"Now
with-
essentially scientific.
was purchased at a
and comparing the twelfth and thirteenth
Looking back
price.
in its
all,
that literature
is
the
was the
sacrifice of literature
supreme and
it
must be
re-
powers of man. We have only to look, for example, at the writings of John of
Salisbury and Peter of Blois and set them by the side of those say of Albert the
Great, or Alexander of Hales to see that the former are really classical in thought
and expression as compared with the latter."
No
doubt there
is
view of
this
is
a very
narrow
27
studies rose to such importance that they became the foundation
stones of
many
large universities.
one-half of
of theology.^ ^
These branches
Hence
law or medicine they not only neglected the ancient authors but
often failed to acquire the necessary elements of grammar.
Die Universitaten,
I,
696, 703.
Henri d'Andeli,
46.
tura,
XXXVII
{De
iente), ed.
Brewer,
literaturae defectu
II,
Giraldus Cambrensis,
ex legum humanarum
Gemma
et
Ecclesiastica, cap
348-49.
banc esse noveritis, quod literfundamentum eatenus inconcussum leges imperiales in regnis occiduis jam propemodum, immo praeter modum, bodie suffocarunt.
Tempus enim
de quo Sibyllae vaticinium olim mentionem fecit (quod magistrum Menervium,
*^"Causam
aturae radicem et
(517)
28
what must it have been at the great law univeisity, Bologna! The absence of the classics at that famous Italian university during the thirteenth century must in the first instance
be attributed to the overwhelming importance of law. We have
already seen how Orleans, renowned for classics in the first half
of the thirteenth century, in the fourteenth was known only for
Paris'"'^
law.
it,
was another
In France also
it
et
plang-
entem, damnisque futuris valde compatientem), iam advenit, erat autem vaticinium
tale
'Venient
dies,
vae
quibus
illis,
leges
obliterabunt
scientiam
literarum.'
Speculum Ecclesiae, Frooemium, ed. Brewer, IV, 7. This passage was partly restored from the quotation of it made by A. Wood, Antiq. Univer. Oxon., p. 54. The
Speculum was written c. 1220. This prophecy of the Sibyl, Giraldus had referred
to before in his Gemma, ed. Brewer, II, 349, "Episcopus autem ille, de quo nunc
ultimo locuti sumus [Radulphus Belvacensis] inter superficiales numerari potuit,
cujusmodi hodie multos novimus propter leges Justinianas, quae literaturam, urgente
cupiditatis et ambitionis incommode, adeo in multis jam suffocarunt, quod magistrum Mainerium (sic) in auditorio scholae suae Parisius dicentem, et damna sui
temporis plangentem, audivi, vaticinium illud Sibillae vere nostris diebus esse completum, hoc scilicet
literarum.'
illis,
"
et
d'Enseignement,
16.
the Battle of the Seven Arts both civil and canon law rode proudly on
vv. 65-68,
I,
92), but
it is
absolutely.
(518)
was
29
In a model letter, which comes from the diocese of Orone student advises another to abandon the profitless and
even harmful pursuit of poetry and to hasten to take up the ars
dictaminis which holds out such fair prospects of worldly success.^^
Another letter tells how a student intends to turn even
from theology temporarily in order to pursue the popular ars
dictaminis.
Ponce de Provence, a famous itinerant professor of
the art, came to Orleans about 1250 promising his students that
he would pass by the fables of the authors and lead them directly
to that pearl of knowledge, the ars dictaminis.^^
Increasing popularity of logic ivhich led to scholastic
(5)
philosophy and theology. After all, however, the most important
cause of the decline of the classics and of purely literary pursuits
generally, was the rise of dialectics to undisputed eminence
among the arts. This is true especially because the reign of
Aristotle became most absolute in northern France where the
humanistic tendencies had been strongest.
At first there was no active antagonism between dialectics
and the authors. Abelard himeslf had a high regard for the achievements of classical times and probably first awakened in his famous pupil, John of Salisbury, a due sense of the importance of
ancient literature.*^^
But the interest in speculative thinking
became too absorbing to allow the study of the authors to remain
important. By gradual stages it simply monopolized the field of
ular.
leans,
theatrales,
se
conferunt ad meretriculas
cuilibet.
cum
et
molli versiculo
qui dictandi
Valois,
De Arte
Scri-
dictamina
magistri
Poncii.
Universis
scolaribus
qui
decorari
et
et
neglectis
Thurot, Notices
80
tlie
*^"Nam sicut gladius Herculis in manu Pygmaei, aut pumilionis, inefifax est
idem in manu Achillis aut Hectoris, ad modum f ulminis universa prosternit
;
dialectica, si
inutilis fere."
lib. II,
quodammodo manca
Migne, Patrologiae
cap. IX,
et
sic
est et
vilescit physica,
quaevis
Non tamen
ll
hoc
satis est."
(520)
31
et
sicut solet,
Non
fundamentum
est in
tollis."
Also
talibiis
quam
ex-
in Denifle et
Johannes de
I,
289.
in
suis
I,
tamquam aranearum
48.
This
(521)
letter
tendiculis
includunt."'
192-1203.
32
Gerald de Barri
(d.
of interest in literature."^
We
have seen that about the middle of the thirteenth cenHenri d'Andeli, in his Battle of the Seven
Arts^ defending the classics as taught at Orleans, still took a
vigorous fling at Logic enthroned at Paris. But as the century
advanced the protests ceased and for almost a hundred years the
It
should be
in hand."^^
"Alexander Neckam, De Naturis Rerum,
cap.
CLXXIII,
ed.
Wright (Rolls
Series), 283-307.
'*Giraldi Cambrensis,
Gemma
XXXVII,
ed.
Wright (Rolls
See below,
p.
e. g.
Roger Bacon
in his
Compendium
worship of
44.
classics
(522)
CHAPTER
Grammar.
II.
on the basis of
Donatus was a teacher of grammar in Rome about
350 A. D. He wrote two text-books, a primary grammar, the
ars minor, and a larger treatise, the ars grammatica, of which however only the third part, the so-called Barharismus, was read widely.
Priscian taught grammar at Constantinople about 500 A. D.
and published his lectures as the institutionum granimaticarum
lihri XVIII. This grammar was designed for advanced students.
The first sixteen of these books came to be known as Prisoianus
maior. They deal Avith the eight parts of speech. The last two
books, Avhich treat of syntax, were called Priscianus minor.
From these and other manuals the rules of the Latin language had been taught in the medieval schools very much as the
Romans had learned them. Donatus and Priscian had at times
been modified and adapted to the needs and ideals of the Christian
schools but not to any considerable extent.
With the twelfth century there came such a marked change
that thenceforward we may with justice distinguish between the
"old'' and the "new grammar."^
It was natural that grammar
should have its share in the general intellectual uplift of this century.
In some respects it profited from the changes which were
coming about. Donatus and Priscian had been written for students whose native tongue was Latin. They therefore treated
chiefly
Priscian.
many
foreign language.
'Thurot, Notices et Extraits de divers Manuscrits Latins pour servir a I'Histoire des
Doctrines Grammaticales au
Moyen Age
XXII,
in
Notices
(523)
et
Extraits des
Manu-
34
the
More
latitude also
was given
still
to the i>rac-
was
written.
would be as
state just
difficult to
why
dialectic
Yv^hatever
^Reichling,
^Reichling,
Litteraire de la France,
XXXI,
4.
Manuel de Diplomatique,
pt. 2, 92.
453.
and nth
loth
centuries.
v. Vendome," in Sitzungsherichte
Bernard Sylvester of Tours, c. 1158,
wrote a
(1872,)
Summa Dictaminum
II,
in verse;
570.
Sandys,
514.
^Lecoy de
^Sandys,
la
479.
530.
35
hexameters.^ ^
now
ap-
be remembered
more
easily."^^
"Fierville,
note
2,
and
15,
du Xllle
inedite
Siecle,
Avant Propos,
et
hoc
ita
iste,
probatur
sermo metricus
iorem."
"Reichling,
""Cum
vi,
vii.
Das
Doctrinale, Einleitung,
memoriam
ad
firm-
ix.
xi.
Unde
sciendi pos-
constructiones multas
dicit,
quarum tamen causas non assignat, sed solum eas declarat per auctoritates antiquorum grammaticorum. Propter quod non docet, quia illi tantum docent, qui causas
suorum dictorum assignant." Wrobel, Eherhardi Bethuniensis Graecismus, Praefatio, ix.
(525)
36
Duns Scotus
held at universities.^^
(c.
grammwtica speculativaJ^^^
The greatest calamity, hoAvever, which befell grammar in this
age was the woeful decline of literature. In the first chapter it
Avas demonstrated how largely logic was responsible for this, but
that there were also many other causes. Grammar now lost the
heritage which the Romans had bestowed on her when they
handed her over to the barbarians as the foremost among the
seA^en liberal arts.
Throughout the earlier middle ages she had
preserved this birthright and at times a very comprehensive and
liberal course in classical and Christian literature had been taught
"grammar"
as a part of
aa.tII
h'^ft
Eberhard
As
of Bethune.
his
name
indicates,
Alexander
Avas
born in the
little village
II,
See below,
p.
II, 678.
This
53.
43.
below,
p.
loi.
""Aliud
et tragoediae,
(sc.
Das Trivium,
18, n, 2.
"Thurot, Notices
et Extraits,
XXII,
pt. 2,
(526)
16-27, 96.
37
Einleitung (1893).
A much
earlier
work
is
is
that of Thurot,
^Not
XXIII,
"grandchildren"
his
589, n.
all
life
it.
See G.
passim.
Paris
Das
Doctrinale,
in
Romania,
after
the
Das
Since perhaps
in
pt. 2, 511.
^^Reichling,
above details
trustworthy in every
XXII,
Reichling has
should be supple-
2.
^^Reichling,
about the
as
It
pt. 2,
Thurot, Notices
may
et
not be
Extraits,
38
diminish the importance of Priscian or to drive liim out altoIn the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the DoctriuaJc
was the universal grammar of nearly all Europe.^^ Keichling
describes 250 manuscript copies and 295 printed ones Avhicli
still exist and his list is by no means exhaustive.^^
This alone
Avould tell the story of the enormous popularity of the work.
Towards the end of the fifteenth century, however, the humanists
began to turn their attention to this universal darling of the
schools.
The movement began in Italy and then spread into
Germany and France and the northern countries. At first atSome
tempts were made to emend the old standard text-book.
of his critics gave Alexander credit for considerable ingenuity
but soon he was roundly condemned everywhere and with the
opening of the sixteenth century the reign of the Doctrinale, the
rex harharorum, was over.^^
Although Alexander wrote other grammatical works, none of
them ever attracted much attention. It is very probable, however, that he was the author of a text-book called Alexander,
which was read at Toulouse and other universities of southern
France and which hitherto has been entirely unnoticed.^'^
The Graecismus of Eberhard of Bethune is usually mentioned
along with the Doctrinale and was used almost as widely.^^ It
appeared in 1212.^^ Like the Doctrinale it also was written in
hexameter verse. Its peculiar name was derived from the chapAlthough Eberhard himter which treats of Greek etymology.
self did not know Greek,^^ he thus supplied a need which had
grown up from the fact that through the Vulgate and the Church
Fathers many Greek as well as Hebrew words and constructions
gether.
Das
^"Reichling,
criticizes the
Das
XXII,
pt.
2,
et
le
Moine."
Einleitung,
Ixxxiii.
Guillamne
Doctrinale,
93.
humanistic grammarians,
p.
See
how
Chartcs
sharply Reichling
cvi.
Appendix
III.
^"Meier,
Das
15.
^
(528)
39
])ad crept into the
The Graecismus
medieval Latin
demanded
Avliich
elucidation.^'
grammatical material
like
parts of speech and rules of metre. Many additions and interpolations were made so that it is difficult to determine just
how much Avas originally Eberhard's own work.^^ On the whole
the Graecismus is more advanced than the Doctrinale which it
supplements especially in its chapters on Greek words and Latin
tlie
synonj^ms.^^.
in
grammar
at the universities.
Das
Doctrinale, Einleitung, x.
XXII,
pt. 2,
loi.
I,
Chartularium,
I,
''^Denifle et Chatelain,
II,
138
(A. D. 1231)
^"Giraldus Cambrensis,
mous Vocabulary
78.
Speculum Ecclesiae,
ed.
Brewer, IV,
MS.
385, p. 52
3,
7.
The
(See above,
anon\p.
15)
spiciat diligenter."
(529)
40
many works
his cliief
attention.^^
briefer.
No one
MSS.
in
bridge, England.
du Xllle
et
MS.
(i)
Bruges MS.
546,
fos.
MS. 385,
MS. 385, p.
Bruges MS.
546,
145
Accentarius,
(i)
166
546, fos. 53 v
*Scheler,
ff
89 r
fos.
42
Ibid.,
(3)
v,
p.
271
211
(entitled
Ars
traits,
pt. 2,
"As
in
MS.
fecond ecrivain.
la
385, p. 68 ff;
et
la carriere
Une
(3)
(2)
Bruges MS.
in Classical Philology,
de lumiere sur
(i)
Harvard Studies
I'etat
lectoria ecclesiae.)
XXVII,
Compendium grammatice,
Ibid., MS. 593, p. 54 ff
Twelfth Century,"
(2)
Clavis coin-
(2)
ff.
ff;
77 r
25 r
136, p.
below.
Bruges and
Siccle.
MSS.
at
pedagogique
et
s'est
impose
Xlle
la
XX
(1909), 77.
si
varies de ce
41
of the ignorance Avhicli prevailed because of the neglect of the ancient classics; two modern books^
the Graecismus and the Doctrinale had been written to teach correct grammar but they had done it so inefficiently that the author
had taken it upon himself to supplement them and for that reason had Avritten the Gompendiiini, the Glavis compendii and this
Accentarius.'^^
Compendium
On
p.
477 he
fuit
criti-
dignus auc-
toritate."
communi sermone
et
"See above,
50.
p. 17.
(531)
42
and Graecismus.^^
language
difficulties of
it is
is
a mendaas turgid
boys.^^
In the Glavis compendii sl systematic criticism of the Doctrinale and Graecismiis is undertaken. The third part of the work
is devoted to that purpose*^ and we find in it such chapters as
and ^'De correctionibus
^'Hic ostendum mendacia grecismi,"^^
super doctrinale."^^ Time and again John warns his students
against the mistakes of Alexander of Villedieu and promises to
correct them.^^ His favorite epithet for the Graecismiis is ^'mendax." In one obscure passage he even calls the Doctrinale and
the Graecismiis the 'kittle twin apes."^^
^^The heading of the paragraph reads: "Persuadeo ad libros philosophicos propter
quedam moderna
scripta mutilia
Non
gerit
MS.
ad laudem
385, p.
cancellarii."
312; Bruges
MS.
^*"Mendax grecismus
Quando
Morale Scholariuui,
546, fol. 6 v.
est grecis
latinismus turget
cleros,"
Ibid.
philosophismus
mons velud
ismus."
Ibid.
(Above mons the Gonville and Caius College MS. has the following
mons stans inter egeum mare et ionium mare.")
**"Virus
^'"Tertius
MS.
emendat quedam
546, fol. 25
'"Bruges
MS.
''Ibid, fol.
tibi
lacte propinant."
scripta
546, fol.
27
MSS.
r.
novum
De
De
'''"Ipsa
capillos,
"est
385, P- 271
30 v.
'^"Post predicta
Ibid.
moderna."
gloss
Ibid.
136, p. 166.
43
to the
books.^^
century.^^
Tamquam
Clavis compendii.
MS.
Bruges,
^^This
ridicule
MSS.
136, p.
171; 385,
274;
546, fol. 27 r.
book seems
to
Philippus
is
mentioned as chancellor (Gonville and Caius College MSS. 385, p. 211; 593, p. 54).
Philippe de Greve (Philippus de Greve) was chancellor of the University of Paris
1218-1236 (Denifle et Chatelain, Chartularium, I, xx; Haskins, in Amer. Hist. Rev.
X, 7 note). He died in 1236 {Chartularium, I, 162; Valois, Guillaume d'Auvergne,
Probably the work was written much nearer 1236 than 1218, for, several
34.).
lines
to,
John seems
to speak of himself as
an old
^^"Illis in
Ne lapsum
Hie doctrinalis
in
usum
in breve corrigiturque
liber et
grecismus auctor."
^''Reichling,
XXVn,
to
pt. 2,
emend
above
criticism of the
Einleitung,
liii.
Haureau, Notices
et
Extraits,
the Doctrinale.
This opinion
is
facts.
(533)
44
thorough and comprehensive, even more so tlian tlie many simimade by the humanists of the fifteenth century.
Nevertheless, it never became popular. Tlie Bocti^inale in almost
its original dress Avas soon to find its way into nearly every scliool
and university in Europe; whereas this emended edition as well
as John's own grammatical works were almost entirely forgotten.
lar attempts
But even if John shall be definitely pronounced a bad poet and a bad grammarian as compared with
Ids contemporaries, he nevertheless Avill ahvays remain an interiimined them closelj^
He
riA^al.
literature.
in the Avilderness.
It is
culo
it
^^Unde rhetor ac poeta insignis habebatur in eo corruptissimae caecitatis saecum degenenarent artes ab omni sermonis puritate." Quoted by Rockinger,
Briefsteller
^^Reichling,
study to
(534)
It
would be an
that of Sulpicius.
interesting
45
called for reform in the study of
improvement
for
of style
grammar
He
classics
istos,
de greco
non
et
sciverunt
alij
non
The Greek Grammar of Roger Bacon and a
fragment of his Hebrew Grammar, ed. Nolan-Hirsch, 37. (Quoted by Felder,
Geschichte der Wissenschaftlichen Studien im Franziskanerorden, 416, n. 8.).
aliquo, quia ubique errat, vel dubia dicit vel vana, vel probaciones legitimas
(535)
46
century.^^
the only
1255.^^
statutes of 1252
seriously as
is
evident
from the oaths, dating some time before 1366, wliicli bachelors in
arts Avere obliged to take when they came up for their license.
Among other tilings they were to swear that they had read both
Priscians, but that oath might be dispensed with/^^
Likewise they
must take oath that they had studied at Paris in the faculty of
arts for three years, but it was understood that this signified arts
without grammar.^'^ Thus grammar was considered as scarcely
belonging to the more serious work of the arts course. The
still plainer; Priscian is not mentioned at
all; it is stipulated that candidates for the bachelor's degree in
arts must be Avell versed in grammar and must have heard the
Doctrinale and the Graecismus the first mention of these books
statutes of 1366 are
It
was
sufficient
however
if
Chartularium,
et Chatelain,
*"'^Denifle
'^*"Primo,
quod
audivistis
Chartularium,
228, 278.
I,
Priscianum majorem
{De
^'slo
et
II, 678.
quod
^^Thurot,
De
I'
grammaticalia didi-
Rashdall, Universities,
IT,
(536)
47
decline in the purity and elegance of spoken and written Latin.
Already toward the middle of the thirteenth century the logicians
of Paris had been taunted by the author of the Battle of the Seven
Arts for their corrupt style.^^ Denifle has shown how the neglect
of grammar, including the ancient classics, led to a marked deterioration in the style of the charters which issued from the
University of Paris especially during the first seventy years of
the fourteenth century.*^ ^
Giry has made the same observation
in regard to the language of charters in generalJ^
In northern
Europe, during the century roughly from 1250 to 1350, the study
of language and literature was at its very lowest ebbJ^
In Italy the decline of grammar was due chiefly to the popularity of law and the ars dictaminis as will be shown at length
in the next chapter."^^ While the ars dictaminis was at its height in
the
first
it
grammar was
sadly eclipsed
camp of Grammar
entirely.
but his speech was so faulty that he could scarcely be understood and hence his
proposals were not listened
into her high
to.
tower to continue
to walk.
"Mes Logique
En
Si
li
conforta,
Aingois que
vv. 394-397;
le
peiist aler."
il
57.
"The
Manuel de Diplomatique,
462.
To be sure at Oxford and especially at the FranRobert Grosseteste, Thomas and Adam Marsh and
men
like
Roger Bacon stood awhile for quite opposite tendencies but long before the end of
drawn into the current of Paris.
Felder, Geschichte der Wissenschaftlichen Studien im Franziskanerorden, 412,
423-24.
Italic,
XXH,
much
stress
on
this
when he
says,
"En resume,
et
ses
la
gram-
doctrines,
vue d'un but tout pratique elle a ete subordonnee a I'art d'ecrire des
qui etait lui-meme une annexe de I'etude du droit," Notices et Extraits,
ete cultivee en
lettres,
tout
pt. 2, 93.
(537)
48
in 1218 to teach gramAlthough he Avas much interested in the popular ars dictaminis, and even wrote a manual of it, nevertheless
he gained fame chiefly as a grammarian/'^ By the statutes of the
city of Bologna in 1250, masters in grammar were exempted from
military service just as were the doctors of law."^^
During the
second half of that century, when the ars dictaminis had lost
some of its prestige, there were many distinguished professors of
mar
at BolognaJ^
grammar
at Bologna.'^*^
grammar
interest in
An
lar.^^
in
Caesar's manual
grammar
"Sarti-Fattorini,
"Gaudenzi,
Avell illustrates
De
"Siille
The methods
Opere
dei
Dettatori Bolognesi,"
in
BuUettino dell'Istituto
'^^Sarti-Fattorini,
I,
606-07,
names especially Gerardus Cremonensis, Gerardus de Amandola, Bonacius Bergomas and Johannes Andreae.
See especially pp.
"Fierville, Une Grammaire Latine inedite du XIII e Siecle.
X and xxvi of the Avant-Propos for a discussion of the authorship of the work.
It must have been written after 1252 for it contains modified extracts from the
Summa Dictaminis of Ponce of Provence which was written in that year. See p.
116.
^Tierville, xv-xxvi.
^^Fierville, vi.
*Fierville, viii.
(538)
49
men
At
we meet
ilie
AAdth
some
Here
grammar.
dominant as in the north
and medicine occupied a higher position. Perhaps also
tind laAV
to prevent
^'Malagola, Stafuti delle Universita e dei Collegi deUo Studio BoJogncse, 287.
I,
211
50
It merely
were to be taught but among
these grammar is named separately along with theology, Aristotelian logic and philosophy, church music, civil law and medicine.
Fourteen masters were provided for in theology four, two
in law, six in the liberal arts (i. e. in logic and philosophy), and
two in grammar. The salary of the masters in logic was twenty "marks" per year, that of the masters in grammar ten
"marks."^^ Thus at the very beginning grammar obtained an
independent standing at Toulouse such as it probably did not
have at Paris even at this early date.^^
Until 1328 nothing more definite can be learned regarding
grammar at Toulouse. In that year a statute was drawn up
containing a program of lectures for the masters in grammar.
This proposed simply to regulate existing customs, therefore the
books prescribed had been read at Toulouse before 1328 but how
circular letter
tliat
long before
it is
impossible to say^^
^Tournier, Statuts,
^^John Garland
I,
I,
I,
129.
441.
influence.
^"Item,
tam
in artibus
et
magistrorum
ordinariis
quam
extraordinariis certi libri ordinati, et de artistis tantum est in statuto, [see appendix
I], et
proverbii
et post
cum
questionibus, Priscianum
de Alexandro,
majorem
et
et post
Hympnis
et in
et
in nonis legere
Compotum manualem;
gimine
et
et
de Constructione
et
postea
unam
majoris, de
mane
et
legant de Re-
et estate."
sic
quod Ebrardus
Fournier, Statuts,
I,
501.
(540)
hyemis tem-
51
dria
Hympni and
Metrificatura.
and Compotus.
In summer,
to teach the
Adores
the university
and Priscian if there was any demand for him. Besides, masters
taught Compotus and Hymni. Bachelors reading in ^'lectorio
minorV' taught the auctores which are here defined as ^^Cathonem,
"^See below, p. 59.
^^"Item,
Ehreardiim
grammaticalia
magistri legentes
et
Alexandrum
nomina
complere
de mane
Priscianum legere
si
Doctrinale,
compotum,
et duo de
teneantur
ipsis
et
de vespere,
de
mane
et
lectas
fuerint audientes.
duo de vespere
et
supradictis.
Item statuimus insuper quod scolares audientes tani logicam quam grammaticam
habeant ad minus ter vel bis
materia
disputata
Fournier, Statuts,
aliquod
in
fuerit
dubium,
II, 678.
(541)
illud
magister
habeat
Et
si
in
declarare."
52
Contentum
et
TohiamJ^
alsf)
in the presence of
grammatical subjects.
In
all
much
like that at
Toulouse
The
chief books were the famous Doctrinale and GraecisThey had probably been introduced into Toulouse long
before 1328 when the statutes first mention them. A manuscript
at Amiens (No. 427) contains a commentary on the Doctrinale
copied at Toulouse in 1291.^^ The third standard grammatical
text was the Alexander which probably was the '^Glossanf of
Alexander of Villedieu designed to supplement his Doctrinale.^^
riiiis.^'^
"'Fournier, Statuts,
II,
^Tournier, Statuts,
^''Delisle,
Amer.
I,
(A. D. 1459).
40.
^^See above,
p.
3.
36.
P- 7o6.
and Appendix
III.
(542)
in
53
have seen that it was exactly in syntax that Priscian was weak
and the Doctrinale especially strong.^ This is a good illustration
of the way in which the old standard text-book was croAvded
new
partly because
supplied the
current demands. Towards the close of the fourteenth century Priscian was so unpopular at Perpignan that he was
to be read only ''if there were any hearers."
A little further
out
b}^
the
the
it
is
latter
better
p.
37.
^Almost always,
in
Thurot, Notices
n. 2.
'^Denifle,
Die Universitdten,
I,
758, n. 19.
(543)
et Extraits,
we
XXII,
find actor
pt. 2,
103,
54
*Voigt,
It is usually as-
in
Mittelalters."
35.
"The so-called Romulus wrote a prose version of the fables of Phaedrus not
er than the tenth century.
Das
Reichling,
^Teuffel
tative
The Aesopus
in question
was a
lat-
Roman
Literature,
I,
37;
and Schwabe, History of Roman Literature, 11, 444. The great authorithese and similar books is Hervieux, Les Fabulistes Latins.
work on
^Teuffel
III,
Roman
402
fif
Published by
ff.
"For
"Grober, Grundriss,
II, pt.
I,
390.
(544)
p. 24.
55
cribed to
John Garland.^ ^
This
little treatise
grammar and
thus may Avell have been esteemed by the masters apd students at
Perpignan who held disputations on grammar two or three times
a Aveek.^^ At Toulouse lectures were also given '^de Historiis
Alexandrv^ which probably signifies the Alexandreis of Gautier
of Lille, the popular epic poem on the deeds of Alexander the
Great. 1^
Thus
grammar taught
was technical
it
more
literature
A Volume
"Liebl,
35.
F ranee, XXXII,
la
463-66.
See however
Also found
in
Wright,
of Vocabularies.
at
manner
I,
as Cato.
medieval universities
is
found
at Palencia in 1220.
adores of
He
evidently
553 A. D. 1337.).
(Fournier, Statuts,
I,
(545)
56
In the circular letter which issued from the new University of
Toulouse in 1229, a distinction was already made betAveen ^^logicians teaching liberal arts" and mere grammarians.^^ Likewise,
in the
tlie
grammar.^ ^
In 1309 the faculty of arts at Toulouse drew up an elaborate
program of studies without reference to grammar.^ ^ A little
later, in 1328, by a general convocation of the whole university,
the lectures of the masters of grammar were separately regulated
Evidently the masters of grammar were
as we have seen.^^
quite distinct from those of arts. A statute of 1329 actually mentions a faculty of granimar.^^
The same statute gave the masters
in grammar a monopoly of the teaching of their branch in the
city of Toulouse.
Henceforth no pedagogi as they are called were
to teach in Toulouse or its suburbs those books which masters in
grammar were accustomed to use, namely the Doctrinale, Ehrardus, Alexander and Priscianus, unless they had first obtained a
license from the proper authorities.
This shows the imiDortance
of
of
grammar
at the university
After the
full
grammar
and master.^^
All these
I,
Fournier, Statuts,
I,
440
Denifle et
130.
^See Appendix I. The only grammatical book mentioned was Priscianus minor
which for some reason or other was not taught by professors of grammar.
""See above,
p.
50.
in grammatica et
in artibus, actu
grammatica facultate." Fournier, Statuts, I, 502.
"Molinier, in Devic et Vaissette, Histoirc de Languedoc, VII, 603, says that the
faculty of arts at Toulouse included grammar, logic, and medicine. The statutes
do not bear this out.
[legens] in
I,
(546)
57
least
first
grammar
bachelor,
licentiate, master.^^
'''For
etc.,
si
sit
472 (XXVII).
this ceremony as conducted at Paris in conferring the mastership of arts,
I,
Fournier, Statuts,
286.
grammatica
sit
ausus
Fournier, Statuts
licentiatus extiterit."
I,
I,
tam
in
quam
artibus
in
502.
'""Que
sub
juramento
volumus
Fournier, Statuts,
I,
versity of Vienna]
full
in
is
2,
says:
"The
Stat, of
discussion of degrees in
centuries.
503.
grammar
at
Oxford
grammar]
Then,
p.
in the fifteenth
598,
that
have
he goes into
and sixteenth
grammar
at the
58
Various scattered
bits of evidence
render
in
it
had
altogether likely
distinct faculties
On
louse]
is
p.
163, n. 3,
he wrote
"Grammar
[at
Tou-
;"
but he makes no
grammar
at
more of
He
Toulouse.
this
grammar
and
six-
teenth centuries, whereas in the south of France such degrees were already con-
tam
in
gramatica
quam
in
alii
see also
eorumdum."
Four-
670 (XXV-4).
sufificientes
^Tournier, Statuts,
I,
646-53.
(548)
59
logic of the
^'At
years
1,
^'Fournier, Statuts,
I,
II,
362
[86.]
).
770.
and Appendix
873.
(549)
I.
who had
(1394)
grammar four
who had studied it
studied
one
60
against logic of Paris in the ^^Battle of the Seven Arts."^^^
In
growing interest in grammar in southern France there
spite of the
was no im^jrovement
prove grammatical
in method.
when
it
instruction
by
John
fairly
so easy to im-
reading
the ancient
had advocated, these universities clung passionately to the tim^-Avorn Doctrinale and Graecismus which even
a eTohn Garland had condemned in the thirteenth century.
of Salisbury
above,
p.
19.
II, 17.
**Malagola, Statuti delle Universita e dei Collegi dello Studio Bolognese, 488.
(550)
61
for rhetoric
These howover were but minor elements of the course in arts which still bore
Yirgilii.''
At Paris
there
was a sporadic
The
first
translation of Livy
de Montreuil
(b.
e.
g.
n,
I,
37, 49-
II,
480-82; 509.
;
also 3-7.
He
is
men-
Die Wiederhelehung
II,
344; Sandys,
^"'In
ait,
sermocinalium
artis
alii
scientiarum,
grammaticalia Prisciani
62
All
tinguished by a most excellent
turned away from the classical
himself wholly to theology. In
university at this time.^^
alii
logicalia
style.
Aristotelis argumenta,
alii
las,
Fulgentii Mithologias,
Odas
Oratii,
ista,
alii
Tullii blandimenta.
rhetorica
quinymmo
Satiras,
Senece
Livii, Valerii
[Maximi] Epytho-
Rhetorice,
vel
gravis
Poetrie
et generaliter
musam
resonant."
Die Wiederhelehung,
^^"Respondeo id
in
aliis
II, 333.
fieri.
Denifle
et
summi
et
^^Voigt,
Die Wiederhelehung,
nonnunquam
(552)
xi.
illic
etiam
63
University of Paris slipped back into the old rut and the humanmovement came to a sudden end. Even before 1400, the
letters and statutes of the university were again written in a
deplorable style. In the second half of the fifteenth century
William Fichet, who was rector of the university in 14('7, stood
forth as a rather solitary champion of good Latin and of the
classics.
In the morning he taught theology and philosophy, in
istic
His manual on
in France.^^
He saw
rltet-
fiit^ire
Grand Dictionnaire.
Thurot,
De
melior
pt. 2, 443.
grammaticus,
V,
tanto
pejor
dialecticus
et
theologus",
61.
i,
291-95.
(553)
De
to in-
rOrganisation
64
Famous Women
of Boccaccio.^^
we
at length
of arts.64
gramaticus
nondum
[XXXV]
vel
sue
etatis
artista,
exceptis
pueris
Fournier, Statuts,
etc.
II,
qui
674
(1380-1390?).
^Tournier, Statuts,
II, 690.
**"Secuntur
libri
magister
artium,
inter-
pretari.
In philosophia
Gorgium
De
generatione,
De anima metheorum.
si
[sic.
De
anima,
Guillermi
Okam,
Metheorum.]
In logica
Parvum Gorgium,
In gramaticalibus
Alexandrum
in quattuor partibus,
Sericio, Prisciano,
commento, ex
Donato assistuntur
hiis
[adhibito.]
In arte oratoria
perquam
difficile est
Item,
congrue
in
gramaticalibus,
dictionum, et
leget
aliis
loqui.
baccallarium
qui
expertum
insistat
in
et
expertissimum
quern invenire
et in proverbiis
componendis,
et
Boecium.
Quumque
ipse
Dyonisius
velit,
vi assuetus
554)
est in
65
In philosophy and logic, instead of a long list of i nstotie';"
works, we find what seem to be mere commentaries on lis works
on Physics, The Soul and Meteorics by a certain Geox'ge, prob
ably George of Trebizond (c. 1395-1484) together with a book
on logic perhaps by the same author.^^ In addition, there are
fol-
rev-
scholastic
in this program was the stress laid upon the m^s orate
was broadly the art of teaching elegance in speaking ai
Latin. Terence, Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal and Boethius were
i.
h
:g
pro-
posed as a basis for this work, as well as Perotus on the art v)f
letter- writing.^ ^
The Latin language was to be taught by direct
methods, by dwelling upon the parts of speech, on declensions,
conjugations and correct reading of the authors.^^
Virgilii et Julii
quin declinet
difficilem pretermittere,
vel conjuget.
Item, in redditionibiis
epistolarmn
dictatio
Fournier, Statuts^
Peroti
maximum
dictare
est
epistolas,
proverbiorum
ut
consuetum
est,
componendorum
nam
ipsa
exercitium."
II, 278.
Das
^'"Terotus"
is
Is
it
Sulpicius?
humanists of
his century,
pendix
I.
Fournier, Statuts,
I,
427.
(555)
66
This particular program, coming so late in the fifteenth centur}^, is permeated Avith a genuine humanistic flavor; but it is
an almost isolated exception which proves the rule that the medieval universities had very little to do with the humanistic movement of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
(556)
CHAPTER
III.
Rhetoric,
all
ically neglected.
Some
was that
God should
the
word
of
Church
When
dialectics
had risen
in public
line betAveen
the latter
dialectic.
It is
was taught
Triviujii, 86.
(557)
little of
at the universities.
the
At
68
was
to be later
it
1170) he distinlater, he
lectured there on canon law and ascribed his success partly to
the fact that he employed rhetorical finish in his delivery." The
anonymous vocabulary, Sacerdos ad altare accessurus,'^ names
the following books for rhetoric:
Cicero's De Inventione, Dc
Oratore, and the pseudo Ciceronian ad Herennium; Quintilian's
Institutes and the pseudo Quintilian Declamationes (or Causae).^
This is a rather remarkable program for rhetoric.
Even the
course at Chartres, when the schools there were at the height of
much
(c.
Seven years
met with
in the schools of
The
earliest statute
(1215)
prescribing
festival
I,
45.
*See above,
'^"In
ium
et
p.
15.
rethorica edticandus
Tullium de oratore
legat
et
primam
Tiilii
rethoricam
et
librum ad Herren-
Gonville and Caius College MS. 385, p. 53. Now printed, Haskins,
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XX, 92.
^Clerval, Les Ecoles de Chartres, 222.
The books mentioned are: (i) Ciceronis, De inventione rhetorica libri 2
(2) Rhetoricorum ad Herennium libri 4
(3) Ciceronis De partitione oratoria dialogus; (4) J. Severiani Syntomata ac
precepta artis rhetoricae ; (5) Capellae De rhetorica libri 5. See however p. 233.
^"Non legant in festivis diebus nisi Philosophos et Rhetoricas et Quadruvalia
Denifle et Chateet Barbarismum, et Ethicam, si placet; et quartum Topicorum."
lain, Chartularium, I, 78.
For the Barbarismus see above, p. 33. Since its subject matter was the figures of speech it was usually classed under rhetoric.
In the
stitutione."
(558)
69
is
it
possible
this, as
grammar.
The same was even more true in other French universities.
At Toulouse, for example, where a good deal of stress was laid on
grammar, not a trace can be found of instruction in old-fashioned rhetoric.
At Bologna and
we
began to prosper
The establishment
of a special
The
in-
camp of Grammar
"dant Barbarime
Qui chevauchoit
soi cinquantime.
Mes
il
d'Andeli,
Bataille
nez."
d'Andeli, 51-52.
*See above,
p.
^See above,
p. 60.
62.
and note
3.
(559)
70
Aristotle, the fourth book of the Topics of Boethius
it
"Rashdall, Universities,
II, 457^
(560)
71
and
prose.^^
ciall}^
At all times such exercises in composition, espehad formed a part of grammatical and rhetorical
but in an age when fe^Y could write at all the
in verse,
instruction,
model
letters
as a distinct discipline.
origin in Italy.
ad;ipted itself to
tlie
alia
Rockinger, Briefsteller,
I,
9.
During the later Middle Ages and until the rise of humanism, rhythmic
signified rhymed verse whereas metric was blank verse.
Zarncke, *'Zwei Mittelalterliche Abhandlungen iiber den Bau rythmischer Verse," in Berichte
der
k Sdchsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Lpz. (1871), XXIII, 35.
.
"Bresslau, Urkunderilehre
I,
608.
Sit/:ungsberichte der
k.
k.
"Bresslau, Urkundenlehre,
Summae dictaminum
624.
(561)
I,
102
in
Italien"
and Giesebrecht, De
72
of
tlie
clerics.
now
the use of notaries, the Formularius Tahclnot surprising, therefore, to find that the ars dictamiriis originated in Italy and that it reached its fullest development at Bologna.
Alberich of Monte-Cassino, Avho lived in that famous monastery in the second half of the eleventh centur}^, may be considered as the founder of the ucav art. Before his time there liad
been collections of letters and formularies enough, but they consisted of mere models AAdtli scarcely any comments or explanations.^^
The books of Alberich were the first real manuals of
tract,
liomtm.^^lt
lost, for
is
and
official acts.^^
captatio,
narratio,
pctitio,
His
five
con-
clusio.
120.
"^Rockinger, Briefsteller,
I,
of Alberich's works, the Rationes dictandi and the Breviaiiuni dc dictamine arc
73
were soinewliat faulty, showing that the author had but a very
superficial knowledge about such official acts.
After Alberich there came a regular succession of writers
Tlie
of the ars dictaminis in Italy and elsewhere.
In the first
art Avas modified and adapted to growing needs.
and teachers
place, the
altered.
imd each
official act.
uals,
There Avas infinite variety in the form of the various mandepending on tlieir particular purpose, and on tlie caprice
of their authors.
The
Roman
the
men
the cities.
Such Avork
re-
necessary to learn
tlie cliarter hand AAiiich at all times Avas different from the ordinar}^ book-hand
also tlie rules of the ciirsus or the rhythmic
It AAas
enim maniis
bonam
enim
scriptores,
modo
qui
et
manum
II,
455
XLII
nullo
Conrad de Mure,
Quoted by Giry, Manuel dc
pliires
924, gives
quaternis,
ad epistolas scribendas."
in
Thurot, Notices
(563)
Manuel de Diplomatique,
XXII, pt. 2, 480.
et Extraits,
74
treated in the text-books of the ars dictaminis which appeared in
The art was bethe later twelfth and in the thirteenth century.
In Italy, its native soil, the ars dictaminis reached its fullest
development at the University of Bologna. Although its study
liad been widespread in Italy since the end of the eleventh century, its recorded history as a branch of study at Bologna does
not begin until about 1200.^'^ At that time the Englishman Geoffrey of Vinsauf taught the liberal arts there.^^
He is the author
of the famous Ars Poetria which ranks him among the best poets
of the time.^^
While at Bologna he also wrote an Ars dictaminis
in prose for the use of his students.^^
The most famous of the masters of the ars dictaminis at Boand indeed, of all dictatores anywhere, Avas Boncompagno
logna,
Sutter,
De
I,
70.
De
Hugo
I,
I,
599.
412.
I, 601, believes this work was written beThe question is still undecided whether or not there were two
men named Geoffrey, both from England, both professors of the ars dictaminis,
^"Sarti,
tween 1191-1198.
XXXV,
their life in
pt. 2, 409.
(564)
Italy.
Langlois, Notices
et
Extraits,
75
(c.
1165
1210.)."^
c.
He was born
re-
field
he acknowledged no predecessor
first
compagno.
In his chosen
claiming that he was the
it.
He was
all
came
know him
Modern
to
first
life
Sutter,
p.
14;
(1895), 85-
174.
^^"artium
liberalium imperatrix
honcompagnus.
et
Rockinger, Briefsteller,
utriusque
I,
alumpna."
iuris
Boncompagni
129.
De
obsid.
et
Bononia, nulla
VI, 946.
'"Liber de obsidione
''^Extracts of
it
in
Ancona,
in
Muratori, Rer.
I,
Ital.
128-174.
Script.,
VI, 919-946.
76
devoted to the ars dictaminis may be seen from tlie con(1) on student letters, (2) the various
forms issued by the Roman church, (3) letters sent to the Pope,
(4) letters to and from emperors, kings and queens, (5) letters to
This
the clergy, (6) letters of noblemen, cities and peoples.'^^
work, the author tells us, was read and crowned with laurel at
Bologna in 1215 before the professors of canon and civil law and
In 1226 it was puba multitude of other doctors and students.
similar
lished at Padua before a
august assembly .^^ That was
high distinction for a mere treatise on the art of letter writing.
The fact that it was read and crowned before the faculty of law
sliows how truly the new art was a foster-daughter of law.
The writings of Boncompagno show very clearly how the ars
dictaminis became more and more specialized due to the influence of law. Although he himself never studied law seriously
he gave much attention to legal forms and processes in law."^
One chapter of his Novissima rhetorica contains a history of the
origin of law.^^
The Mirrha, which is entirely devoted to the
drawing up of testaments, can scarcely be classed with treatises
on the ars dictaminis for it was written more particularly for the
use of only those notaries whose business it was to draw up such
legal documents.^ ^
The same is true of two other works, the
Oliva and the Cedrus. The first is a compendium on the drawing up of privilegia and confirmationes^ the second, of statutes
in general (statuta generalia)
Boncompagno never underestimated the importance of his
art or of himself as the exponent of it.
He firmly believed that
he Avas laying ncAv foundations and that he followed the preoric"
is
und Schriften,
24,
I,
133.
and especially
chs.
by Gaudenzi,
^'Rockinger, Briefsteller,
^^The extracts
from
the
I,
Boncompagnus
I,
p.
87,
note
3.
174.
119.
Schriften, 66-71.
Schriften, 66-71.
(566)
in
Rockinger, Briefsteller,
I,
128-174,
n
cepts of no master.
versaries
who
said
He
that
took delight in the accusation of his adhe considered himself greater than
Cicero.
He claimed that in his rhetoric he had not followed
Cicero or any other author and jokingly added that he could not
Then in a patronizing tone he
recall ever having read Cicero.
said that he had never depreciated the Rhetoric of Tullius or ever
dissuaded those who wished to imitate it.^^ The self-assertiveBoncompagno no doubt often degenerated into arrogance
at all events he had many enemies who bitterly attacked him.
''Numberless scorpions/' he says, ''were trying to sting liim witli
tlieir venomous tails and many dogs were barking at his back,
but when face to face with him the lips of the envious trembled."^At the beginning of his large Avork, the Boiicompagmts^ he holds
an imaginary conversation with his new book, telling it to go out
and fight for him against the envy of his adversaries Avhich lie
describes as a terrible beast Avith nine horned heads and three
ness of
tails.^^
groAvth.
Boncompagno was
Just as he refused
Verumtamen nunquam
^^"quem
Palma,
infiniti
in Sutter,
scorpiones
"Rockinger, Briefsteller
I,
venenosis
caudis
129
(567)
78
of the older dictatores.
and
were actually
petitio,
essential,
rest
were
fuit et
ita
ilia
institutio inutilis
et
Palma,
in Sutter,
Schriften, iii.
See
meum
*^"Ante adventum
pullalarat
prosatoribus
in
heresis
cancerosa, quia
omnis, qui pollicebatur in prosa exhibere doctrinam, litteras destinabat, quas ipse
in
magno
osophicis
exornarat,
Quoted by
Geoffrey of Vinsauf
antiqua.
cuius
Sutter,
in
antiqua, in Sutter,
*^See below,
p.
et auctoritatibus phil
habebatur
Schriften,
41.
orator."
Rhetorica
He may
have had
these words.
eorum fautores ex eo quod depreciabar proverbia et obme litteratura carere. Nec ascribebant
levitati, quod semper in presentia dictare volebam."
Rhetorica
Aus Lehen und Schriften, 42, n. i.
^"Magistri vero et
verborum fastu
probatus
testimonio
87.
(568)
79
per falsam
et
tamquam
omnes quibus
placebit, et principue
naufragantes
et
tahiilarum.
ad
recurrant,
[eas]
et
forman
five
hundred students.
14, 86.
Gau-
80
we know almost
liis
life
examination of
liis
much
taminis.
Nothing is more striking about the ars dictaminis at the UniBologna than its transient character. Scarcely well
established at the beginning of the thirteenth century, it had
practically run its course before 1250. A few decades after the
brilliant career of Boncompagno, the art which once had attracted the attention of the whole university had not a single
illustrious master and was scarcely ever mentioned.
So quickly
did it come and go that its status probably never became fixed.
There is no evidence that it ever attained the position of a separate faculty as did grammar at Toulouse.
For a time it entirely
overshadowed the two subjects of the trivium from which it had
versity of
^^For the few details we have about his life and writings see Rockinger, tjber
Ars dictandi in Italien," 136; Rockinger, Brief steller, T, 175; and Gaudenzi, in
Bullettino deU'Istituto Storico Italiano, No. 14, 86-88; 1 18-150.
die
(570)
81
reveal a definite
jind rhetoric.
Although
stress
must be
laid
it is still
that
b}^
portant.
above,
De
p. 48.
(571)
I,
604.
82
Ksoluta oratione) and
Ponce of Provence.^^
is
Ars dictaminis of
as a ^'judex et notarius."^^
It
The
regular work.
first
first
ganized as a
also wrote
The statutes
guild.^*^
translate
^^Fierville, line Grammaire Latine Inedite, Avant-propos, xv, xxii, and p. ii6.
For Ponce of Provence see below, p. 89.
form-book,
'"^It should be remembered that Irnerius himself wrote a notarial
the Formularius tabellionum, but that is now lost and we do not know whether lie
See above,
p. 72.
^''Ranieri
^^Sarti Fattorini,
De
^"Rashdall, Universities,
^The
lionatus
et
statutes
direct
coram Potestate
qualiter
legere
I,
that
et
I,
506.
I,
507.
112, note.
four "notaries
electos
Consulibus
artis
tabel-
scripturus,
quas
fecerint,
(572)
vulgariter
et
literaliter
et
qualiter
83
its full
^!
Avas raised to
mark
his remains.^-^
notaria S'"^
The
latinare et dictare."
sorihus,
I,
De
509, n. 2.
'''Sarti-Fattorini,
De
'"'Sarti-Fattorini,
De
I,
508-
S14.
"^''notarie
et
dictatorie
(dictaminis)
facultatis."
Denifle,
Die
I,
511.
Universitdten,
I, 205, n. 553, says that this probably does not signify two faculties, one of notaria
and another of the ars dictaminis, but simply a faculty of notaria. Since a
notary was obliged to know dictanien, "dictatorie" seems to be but an additional
qualifying word. Nowhere else can an indication be found that the ars dictaminis was ever a separate faculty.
(573)
84
document
of the year
Notaries were in
1284.*'"^
standing*'
liigli
Manuals
also
Avere
AA^ritten
and studied
"^Sarti-Fattorini,
"Ad
1347)
De
officium notarii
sequentem
more
tempora sunt
omnium ad puncta
solito
statutis
pro tribunali
veniunt,
possit
et
Item
haberi.
publicando.
ipsis
sedere,
universitas
506
(1317-
legencium, ea
I,
"'"The
sit
in
copiam
sui
Item
faciat.
presens,
loco
ita
obsequiis,
festivitatibus,
in stacione, loco in
Item,
quod
quando
ipsius
copia,
quas
processionibus
quo rectores
consciliarii
si
con-
expedierit,
rectores
cum
Item
and
mentioned
See
396.
in 1321
"^Malagola,
and 1383;
Statuti
delle
pp.
18
and
Universita
398.
e
504.
Doctors
in notaria
dei
287-288.
'"Rashdall,
I,
Collegi
dello
Studio
are also
I,
240.
Bolognese,
85
I,
631.
tenebitur
ciens
sit
ad
conservare,
et
ad scolarum regimen,
litteras
capituli,
X otre-Dame,
I,
si
opus
bono
suffi-
et
fuerit,
et
ecclesia,
et
356.
^"Giraldus Cambrensis,
'"Bruges
in
MS.
546,
fols.
Speculum Ecclesiae,
149-174 v.
Brewer, IV,
3.
I,
ed.
485
ff.,
prints
Anglici de Arte
Prosayca, Metrica et Rithmica" in Romaiiische
Forschungen (1902) XIII, 883-965, except that portion on "Rithmica" which he
bad previously published in his / Trattati Medievali di Rituiica Latiiia, 35-80.
Johannis
lie
86
as models of letters, i>rivate and
Some few
professional branch
of the
In
another interesting passage rhetoric is pictured as leading out
from Paris a troop of Lombard knights, whose darts are plumed
with tongues and who carry off many a heritage from people
who come to them for advice.'^^ In all probability these ''Lombard knights'' were men who had been trained in Italy in rhetoric
or ars dictaminis which might embrace the first principles of law
and the drawing up of wills and other legal papers. Whether
they actually taught their art at Paris is not certain, but probably they did for the poem pictures in allegory all the books and
subjects Avhicli were taught at Paris and Orleans.
Some travelling dictatores surely did come to Paris to teach.
In a formulary
"See above,
p. 34.
V.
^^"Moult
ot chevaliers
Que Rectorique
vv.
ot
Bataille
lombars
amenez.
(576)
'
87
is one in which a student writes to a friend
Toulouse to come quickly to Paris because a famous dictator
would soon be there.^*^ Laurentius of Aquileia, a well-known
itinerant dictator^ tells us that he taught at Paris and that he
finished his Ars slve Rethorica Dictaminis there when Boniface
its
lience,
as early as the twelfth century, Orleans Avas noted for its instruction in the ncAV art.
The
6.
'
collection dates
'^'Novati,
L'Influsso del
Also Haskins,
**'See
above,
in
p.
Amer.
Pensiero
Latino
sopra
la
Civilta
13.
(577)
45.
Italiaiia,
251-54.
88
Magdiinum.^^
dlctamen in
its
John Garland
but this treatise will confine itself solely to the art of letter
This purely practical purpose, that of training students directly for positions in chanceries, was always uppermost
writing."^^
famous
of Orleans
for law.*^
clined at Orleans
and
scarcel^^
any
it
be determined what
teenth century
nor can
It is certain
was a
it
dis-
thir-
^^Delisle,
Xlle
et
du Xllle
Ecoles
d'Orleans,"
Siecle," in
140;
Mcmoires de
la
et Extraits,
XXXIV,
pt.
2,
Aiivray,
"Documents Orleanais du
XXIII; Langlois,
Soc. de rOrUanais,
et
du XlVe
Siecle,"
sunt species,
dictamen aliud
est
I,
3e
Article,
in
94-114.
metricum, aliud
prosaicum.
crmissis
aliis
de epistola agamus."
inger, Briefsteller,
^^Denifle,
I,
oracio,
Ars dictandi
Die Universitdten,
De Arte
epistola.
et
103.
I,
rethorica,
Scrihendi Epistolas,
39.
(578)
II,
139.
etiam pre;
in
Rock-
89
An
That the ars dictavvinis was still popular at Orleans about the middle of the thirteenth century can bf;
seen from a letter of the itinerant dictator^ Ponce of Provence, to
the masters and students of tliat university.^^
This letter accompanied the Summa de Dictamine of Ponce which appeared in
1249 and 1252 and become very well known.*^^ Ponce describes
the value of his art in the most glowing colors of allegory. He
tells how Avhen wandering over hills and valleys he met an exceedingly beautiful maiden.
Unable to resist her charms, he
prostrated himself at her feet and begged to be allowed to serve
her.
She graciously took his right hand, raised him from the
ground and showed liim a large and beautiful city. No one
might enter it except by seven portals typifying the manifold relations which existed between men and women of every station in
life.
Through these portals she led him into the city Avhere he
the school of Orleans.^^
who might
An
inscription
business.
''^Thurot,
Seeing
Notices
all these
et Extraits,
XXII,
pt. 2,
483
Delisle,
143.
^'See above,
^^Delisle,
cites
is
p.
78.
150.
Delisle
dated 1259.
^^Haskins, in
Amer.
meam
nomen tuum,
et
proporcionariuni
(579)
Ista
se dicat
90
hy inviting all who in a short time wish to become tlie best dictatores to hasten to him Avho holds tlie keys to tlie science.
No doubt he won over many students by tliis flowery ap])eal
in which he exalts rhetoric or the ars (]ici(nnit\iH high above gram-
mar. We have seen that in his Sumriia he told his students tliat
he Avould neglect the fables of the classical authors and lead tliem
among
sciences.-^*'
Orleans.^^
Avas its
home
Thus Tours
famous schools
in France.^
In
of Orleans.-
tlie
Loire
Avliicli
AA^ithin
our scope.
principatum.
tali
VII
appendix, 150.
tibi
claves
accommodo,
De Arte
Scribeiidi Epistolas,
48-49.
''"See
above,
'''Haskins, in
p. 29.
Amer.
Delisle,
University of Orleans
(c.
1315)
(see above,
has references to
p.
19), but
none
grammar and
logic
xxvii.
'^Valois,
De Arte
Scribendi Epistolas,
'See Sandys,
49.
XXXIV,
pt. 2,
i.
I,
514,
3.
91
Ponce of Provence
His flower}^ address
of Avhich
an abstract has
came
to Orleans.'*
Laurentius of Aquileia mentions Toulouse in some of the letters of his formulary and therefore probably
In an inventory of the books of a
liad taught tliere at some time.^
college of Toulouse, dated 1337, two Sumniae dictaminis are mentioned.'
Elsewliere in the statutes there is no reference to the
art.
The grammar course for 1328 prescribed metrificatiira^
which doubtlessly Avas such metrical dictamcn as John Garland
had taught at Paris about a century before. The real practical
ars dictaminis probably appeared and disappeared at Toulouse
and Perpignan with such itinerant dicta tores as Ponce of Provence and Laurentius of Aquileia.
Of tlie ars not aria there are no traces at the medicA^al universities of France and England.
also sent to Toulouse/^
*Valois,
De Arte
"'Delisle,
"Note
Scrihendi Epistolas,
siir
^"Summam
Pophis."
''See
Amer.
p.
IV
(1862-67), 42-44.
in
Bulletin
n.
de
la
i.
dictaminis
Thome
Fournier, Statuts,
above,
45.
le
I,
de Capua" and
551.
51.
(581)
"Summam
dictaminis Ricardi de
cesses.
stirred by
against the classics so that by the middle of the thirteenth century the humanistic movement died a death from sheer starva-
tion.
classics
and
historians," the
universities.
At
the
(582)
93
sj)irit
to the study
raries
who
Avere so
pened to
that
hap-
be.
upon a woeful
can be seen in the Jbad
style of the writings Avhich emanated from it in the later thirteenth and most of the fourteenth century. At Italian univer-
The study
ing.
94
remarkable development of one phase of rhetoric, the art of writing letters and public documents. The influence of the study of
law hastened specialization along this line until at Bologna there
were separate courses in tlie ars dictaminis and r/r,9 notaria which
directly prepared students for a large variety of positions which
in our day Avould range from tliat of a stenograplier to a secretary of state.
Owing
tliis
practical
gained a firm
footliold.
Tiie
lii
own
nature of most
of advancing
business Avorld.
of language
(584)
APPENDIX
A
I.
of
At Toulouse
flicts and disputes between masters and bachelors.
there was a special faculty of grammar and another in arts/ hence
no grammatical books are included except the Priscianus minor
which for some unknown reason was taught in the arts course.
The program of studies consists almost wholly of the books of
Aristotle and is practically identical with the programs of the
University of Paris,^ but nevertheless it is unique in that it specifies the exact years and periods of the day when the various books
were to be taught.^
The academic year at Toulouse was divided into two terms,
a winter term extending from the feast of St. Luke, October 18th,
to that of St. John the Baptist, June 24th; the summer term from
June 24th to October 18th. Tlie chief books were taken up in
tlie winter term and during the first hours of the morning.
It Avill be noticed that the"" first two periods of the morning
were reserved for the masters who gave the important ordinary
lectures.
The
^See above,
p.
third,
fourth,
fifth
and sixth
periods'^
that
is,
55,
"For the statutes of 1215, 1252, 1254, 1366 and 1452, prescribing the work in the
arts course at Paris see Rashdall, Universities, I, 433 ff.
'In his valuable little school-book, Readings in the History
of Education,
Mediaeval Universities, Cambridge, 1909, Professor Arthur O. Norton of Harvard
prints a time-table of lectures of the Faculty of Fine Arts at Leipzig,
132-4).
He
much
1519
(pp.
(585)
96
until about three o'clock,
of the bachelors,
10 AVRiL.
vir et discretus
dominus prior
Devic
Molinier,
et Vaissette,
'Fournier, Statuts,
I,
p.
in
&
sS
(T,
<I>
03
Ill
O
S
tc
o)
fl
si
aj
S ^
.S
o^
^-n
so
is
ft
g3
al
-B
i'S
6
11
~1
"'^
c5
o ^
-2
5^
^
,
S 4^ o
^
o
CO
(fi
anc
Poster
Si.
O ^
.2
CO ^'
2 a;^
_ O Q
^
3 g g
^
73
J3
'Tl
as
-Sis iM J
b(
ca
<n
a o
-g
g 3 a
/MCS five
ior
-5
'i:
c:;
Cli
-5
QJ
O O
5i
O C X
^:
? 0J
s:a
,SJO[9qoT?q
puu
I si
5^i|
Jauiuing
I
Oh
!^
11^
9SJO[aqoBq
J8^m^
a3
a P >
c S
Am
OQ
1^^1.2
-hip
fl
Si
'
SI.
g g
c 1-^
J5
PL,
97
ulanti, iu
I.
finimus ac statuimus, quod in uno anno, a festo beati Luce evangeliste usque ad festum beati Johannis Baptiste, legantur in mane
libri Priorum et Posteriorum Aristotelis,
Topicorum Aristotelis et libri Elenchorum,
alio vero
anno
libri
continue procedatur singulis annis. Libros tanien, qui eodem anno debent
legi, diversis annis alternatim incipiendo, a festo beati Johannis
usque ad festum beati Luce. Legantur uno anno quinque libri
Ethicorum, et alio anno alii quinque per ordinem, et tertio anno
liber de Anima.
Deinde sicut prius circulando procedatur predictos libros legendo complete.
II.
Item, statuimus,
et sic
Luce usque ad festum beati Johannis, legantur singuannis complete primo tres libri veteris Logice, deinde Priscianus minor. A festo beati Johannis usque ad festum beati
liUce, legantur dicta hora libri sex Principiorum cum libro Divisionum Boecii vel cum tribus primis libris Topicorum Boecii
per ordinem, cum hoc complendo, si quid de Prissciano minori
incompletum remanserit in ordinario procedenti.
festo beati
lis
in festo
IV.
libri
Primo
(587)
98
dam
aliorum, qui
modicum
utilitatis
Tertio
Quarto
videbantur habere.
et niundo,
Metheororum.
quadriennio circulando procedatur. Et ad tardius magistri tenenantur incipere dictos libros singulis annis prima die legibili post
festum Omnium Sanctorum.
Item, bacallarii, qui per magistros singulis annis ad hoc
Y.
deputentur, teneantur quolibet anno complete legere illos libros
de nova Logica, qui pro anno non spectant ad ordinarium magistrorum, scilicet uno anno libruni Topicorum Aristotelis et librum
Elencorum, alio vero anno librum Priorum et Posteriorum, ut
proficere ac studere cogantur; et ad tardius teneantur incipere
dictos libros secunda die legibili post festum Omnium Sanctorum,
(iuilibet autem audientium dictos libros nove Logice a bacallariis
antedictis teneatur eisdem pro salario solvere, pro libro Topicorum VIII denarios turonenses; pro libro Elencorum IIII denarios
turonenses; pro libro Priorum VI denarios turonenses; pro libro
Posteriorum sex denarios turonenses; ita tamen quod, quamvis
dicti scolares predictos denarios non solverent, nichilominus dicti
bacallarii ad predictos legendos et complendos modo premisso,
sub pena prius posita, teneantur.
VI. Item, dicti bacallarii teneantur legere Logicam veterem
quolibet anno, quando Priscianum minorem in suo extraordinario finiverint, in hora eadem in qua dictum Priscianum legebant.
Item,
(588)
99
doctorum legum,
nova
Totum vero
de
Logica.
assignetur bacallariis ad legendum
In
8equens tenipus cedat lecture extraordinarie magistrorum.
Quadragesima tamen totum tempus, quod est post repetitiones
lectionum usque ad commestionem, sit bacallariorum ad conferendum et alia faciendum, que sibi et magistris utilia videbuntur.
I.ectura vero bacallariorum de nova Logica liabeat tempus im]nediate post commestionem usque ad pulsationem extraordinarii
doctorum. Totum vero sequens tempus cadat lecture magistrorum. Nec magistri lioram bacallariorum sen scolares lioram magistrorum impedire presumant, nec alios actus a predictis sub dicta
tioue none usque ad puLsationeni extraordinarii
pena prefatis
VIII.
lioris exercere.
Item,
cum
data.
(589)
100
XI.
quam
Item,
disputabit,
quilibet
cusationem legitimam liabeant, ne determinationes propter defectum audientium omittantur. [et cetera.]
(590)
APPENDIX
II.
show that
illustrations to
in spite
iso-
I.
France.
In France the most interesting of such solitary classiVincent of Beauvais, a Dominican monk (d. 1264).
He had exceptional opportunities for the study of the classics for
he was tutor of the children of King Louis IX and collected for
his own use a large number of manuscripts in the library of the
Sainte-Chapelle at Paris.
Whatever may have been the spirit
in Avhich he studied the ancient authors, his Avide acquaintance
Avith them cannot be denied.
It is astounding to read the list
of books of antiquity which he quotes or mentions in his vast
(1)
cists Avas
enc^^clopaedia, the
Speculum Mundi}
Treizieme Siecle,"
'Lecoy de
la
in
Marchc
p. xiv.
(591)
d'Etienne de Bourbon,
102
siicli
classical authors,
13582,
fol.
Aulus
MS.
Gellius, Caesar
and
Suetonius.'^
first
eca, Plautus,
Lat.
At Toulouse there is a student's note-book of the thircomments on the first book of the
Georgics of Virgil and on a fragment of Seneca. No name or
(4)
is given.^
Avhich mentions
tlie
(1)
many
There
is
Germany.
^Delisle,
Inventaire des
MSS.
(1868),
Latins de Notre
Wollflin,
152-157;
Dame
et
Tibull."
I,
538.
Printed
tory of
in
Roman
^Denifle,
MSS.
Tome
II, 515.
Die Universit'dten,
I,
VII, Paris, 1885, p. 459, no. 811 (I 324)1223-1238. Teuffel and Schwabe, His-
64,
Denifle,
Die Universitdten,
I,
759, n. 20.
103
Lucan.^
Very probably Henri d'Andeli in his Battle of the
Seven Arts was thinking of Erfurt when he says toward the
end of his poem that in Germany the classics still had a home.^
The LahorinthuSy a poem written probably before 1250,
(2)
but after 1212, recites a large number of classical Avriters with
whom the author, a school-master, was familiar.^ ^ The LahorintJius is usually ascribed to Eberhard of Bethune, the author of
the Graecismus (1212), but Thurot believed he had found sufficient evidence to prove that the Eberhard who wrote the Labor
intlius was a German.^^
In 1280, Hugo of Trimberg, a school-master of Bam(3)
berg, wrote his Registrum multoruni auctorum, a long list of
books with which he says he was familiar.^ ^ He names the folloAving classical writers: Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Sallust, Cicero,
Juvenal, Persius, Seneca, Lucan, Statins and Terence,, and tries
to arouse enthusiasm for them because he says that in his day
they have been neglected.^*
Conrad of Mure was canon and chief cantor of the
(4)
Carmen Satiricum, (ed., Th. Fischer), vv. 35-44. These
have been conveniently reprinted by Gottlieb, Uber Mittelalterliche Bibli-
^Nicolai de Bibera,
lines
& li Alemant
Font encore .j. poi son conimant."
446-47, Heron, Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, 59.
""Li Breton
vv.
Historia Poetaruni
Poematiim Medii Aevi, 825-83,1. This extract has been reprinted in Fabricius,
Bibliotheca Latina Mediae et Infimae Aetatis, II, 487, but more conveniently in Gottel
lieb,
Lateinischen Schulpoesie,
^"Thurot,
"Documents
II,
pt.
I,
Ilxtraits de quelques
23.
relatif a I'histoire
des Inscript.
et
de la poesie latine au
Belles Lettres,
Manuscrits Latins de
la Bibl. Nat..
(1870),
IV. 281.
(ed.
Huemer),
metumque
discerno.
Huemer,
15.
(503)
age," in
259.
Grober,
by Haureau, Notices
Quod omne
moyen
p.
et
104
In his Fahuldrkis he discusses the
fabk\s of the ancient poets in alpliabetical order and discloses a
remarkable acquaintance Avith classical literature.^^
England.
III.
Roger Bacon
1292 or 1294), although an Englishman, spent much of his life in France. He had read at least
from Servius, Lucan, Juvenal, Statins, Horace and Persius, and
in all probability was well versed in many other classical books.^'^
In the British Museum there is a chronicle of the his(2)
tory of the Avorld, dated 1270, wliich cites a remarkably large
(1)
number
(d.
of classical authors.
Caesar, Sue-
und Formelbiichev
ed.
I,
405.
Nolan-Hirsch,
37.
45. n. 59.
''Cod. Brit.
ineinhr. siiec.
XV.
Gottlieb,
Uber Mittelnltcrliche
Bibliofheken, 446.
'^'Radulfi
icorum, Vol.
3-263,
ed.
Stubbs,
1876.
Bibliotheken, 447.
^""Histoire Litteraire
de
la
France,
XXIV,
393.
raphy.
^""Dictionary
chen Alterthujns,
of National Biography.
I,
Voigt, Die
37.
(594)
105
Italy.
IV.
During
The renowned
^'Voigt,
vv. 446-49,
le
par estrangleroient."
59.
Tulliane rubriche,
che mi fean
tal
melodia."
II, 738.
Kunstprosa,
II,
II
I,
of Classical Scholarshif
I,
302
T,
ff
11-19; Sandys,
II,
History
Selected poems
Symonds, in Wine, Women and Song; see also the bib
Symonds, and Molinier, Sources de I'Histoire de France,
liography appended in
610-616.
210.
(595)
APPENDIX
III.
The Text-Book
The
deal of difficulty.
works.
drew
the material for both the Doctrinale and the Ecclesiale from a
previous Avork of his own.- He probably referred to the encyclopaedic work which he began with his two companions at
Paris.^
Ecclesiale
is
Das
Doctrinale,
Einleitung,
The unique
MS. Lat. 14927.
xxxviii.
MS.
of
the
From
the so-called
Dei Doctrinali,
^See above,
14,
p. 37.
(596)
Villa
107
to continue reading the books of Alexander, should read
mains} Evidently, then, Alexander had written two other works which he called Alpliabetum ininiis and mains
his Alphahcfiim
respectively.^
known
is
except
its incipit
large encyclopaedic
furnished the chief materials for the Doctrinale. Later, Alexset about transforming even the Alphahetum maius into
verse form, at least in part.
Such materials as were already incorporated in the Doctrinale or the Ecclesiale were omitted in
this new^ work.
Today two manuscripts are extant which have the title
Alphahetum mains, one at Paris^ and the other at Bruges.*^ Both
plainly state that Alexander of Villedieu is the autlior.
Unfortunately I have been unable to compare the MSS. closely but
they seem to be very similar. That at Bruges is carefully written and apparently is somewhat longer than the one at Paris.
Th^'^ Alphahetum mains'' of these two MSS. is in the form of
It contains, hoAvever, not merely the definitions of
a glossary.
words but also synonyms and all the grammatical accidents of a
word as case, gender, declination, together with its derivation.^
ander
Doctrinale,
Prooemiwn,
Das
Doctrinale,
8.
^For an interesting gloss on the Doctrinale, dated 1301, which takes up the
question of these two books and shows that they cannot be the
XXXI,
Delisle,
"Maitre Yon,"
Histoire
grammars of
Littcraire
de
la
7.
"Reichling,
Das
^Reichling,
Das
in
Nat.
(13th cent.).
fif.
century).
most
significant portions of
Villa
108
The first fifty lines or more are in regular verse form with the words defined written in the margin.^
After that, throughout tlie remainder of the work, most of the
definitions are in prose, but scattered all through are some in
e, i, o, u, b, c, d, f, etc.
ed verbatim into this new work much of the earlier prose treatise.
Although both manuscripts of the '^Glossary'- call it the Alphahetum mains nevertheless this title gives rise to difficulties.
We have seen tliat Alexander had thus named the prose work
which served as the basis for this semi-metrical glossary. It is
eadem sententia primo
Sed tamen in verbis multum variatur ab illo
Prosaque quod dat ibi, volo versibus hie reserari
Ex magna
lines
Paris.
^''Bruges
MS.
544,
words
word
defined
is
artes
lib e rales.
Where such
(598)
defini-
when
109
we have it
prose work had had and called them
Glossary'^ as
it
corrects Priscian in
scribes.
"This
is
Reichling's theory.
Das
^"Reichling,
XXII,
Doctrinale,
Das
Einleitung,
xxxiv
Thurot, Notices
et
Extraits,
pt. 2, 511.
THurot,
De
Alex.,
16,
believes that
it
was
as
regards
the
Alphahetum
maius.
work from
which the Doctrinale, the Ecclesiale and the metrical "Glossary'' were all drawn.
in the Paris MS. 7682 A and entitled Alphahetiun mains he
thinks has been falsely named. He regards the great bulk of it as a mere abridgement of the original metrical ''Glossary" (which he considers lost) of which
some verses have here and there been retained. Although he briefly mentions
(Notices et Extraits, XXII, pt. 2, 30, quoting from Laude,
the Bruges MS.
Catalogue des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque de Bruges, 477) and speaks of its
title as "evidemment fautif," he probably never saw it.
Reichling, Das Doctrinale, Einleitung, xxxiii, holds that the original Alphahetum maius, which Alexander mentions in the Doctrinale, was not the large encyclopaedic work, but simply that portion of it which pertained to grammar alone
that from this prose Alphahetum Alexander wrote the metrical "Glossary" which
he likewise called Alphahetum maius; that the MS. 7682 A of Paris contains only
the prologue and a small fragment of the versified "Glossary" (referring to the
fifty odd lines of solid verse following the prologue), the rest of the Paris
MS. being the untouched portion of the original prose Alphahetum maius. He
does not mention the Bruges MS., having overlooked the brief notice of it given
by Thurot. On p. xxxiv he criticizes Thurot for having overlooked the greater
portion of the Paris MS., which criticism is misdirected for Thurot, Not. et Extr.,
36,
My
opinion
is
that the
seems
to
1)e
two MSS.
left
it,
in question
As
in
the
agree with
110
It Avill be well to
of
Alexander thus
far discussed:
An
(1)
today.
treatise.
(5)
elementary
treatise
on
lost.
^^Glossari/' or
verse, based
work.
Two
Prisciani.
The
title,
therefore,
is
it
as the Correptio
doubtful.^
Both Thurot and Reichling point out that although the Docbecame so very popular, all the other writings of Alexander had fallen into almost complete oblivion as early as the
middle of the thirteenth century.
So little was knoAvn of them
that commentators on the Doctrinale often identified the Alphahetum minus and maius with Donatus and Priscian respectivetrinale
ly.i^
Thurot (as against Reichling) that the work has been given a false title, without however subscribing to his reasons therefor. The superscription in the
Bruges MS. Mag. Alexandri Alphahetum maius was plainly added by a later hand.
The two MSS. deserve a closer study which would probably help to solve the relationship between the original Alphahetum maius and the semi-metrical "Glossary."
"Alexander wrote a few more minor works but they do not concern us
here.
See Reichling, Das Doctrinale, Einleitung, xli.
'^Thurot, Notices et Extraits, XXII, pt. 2, 29: Reichling, Das Dortvinale, Ein-
leitung, xl.
"See above,
p.
107, n.
5.
(600)
Ill
The xerogram
common
Beyond
I,
of Bethune.
501.
I,
''Fournier, Statuts,
II,
^"Fournier, Statuts,
^'See above, p. 24.
le
title
By Ehrardus
011 la
Kent."
p.
roman d'Alexandre,
^"See above,
is
fif.
50.
(601)
Thomas de
112
of Alexander of Villedieu as found today in the
MSS.
of Paris
Altliough
and
all tlie
did not have a definite title. In the south of France they may
well have called it simply Alexander after the author of the well-
sity
4.
of Toulouse
who
has done
me
(602)
MSS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PRIMARY SOURCES.
I.
Manuscript Sources
I.
Alexander of Villedieu. Alphahetiim Mains (so-called), (i) Bibliotheque Nationale, MS. Lat.
7682 A, fol. 88 ff., "Incipit maius alphabetum magistri alexander villa dei de expositionibus dictionum." (2) Bruges MS. 544. "Magistri Alexandri Alphabetum maius" (written by a later hand).
Alexander of Villedieu. Ecclesiale. Bibliotheque Nationale, MS. Lat. 14,927,
fol.
164 v
ff.
John Garland.
Clavis coiupendii.
John Garland.
385, p. 211 ff;
v,
Bruges MS.
(i)
MS.
Compendium grammatice.
(2) Ibid., MS. 593, p. 54
(i)
ff
546,
25 r-42 v
MS.
MS.
(2)
385, p. 271
(3) Bruges
fos.
Ibid.,
(3)
ff.
MS,
John Garland.
Accentarius.
(2) Bruges
MS.
John Garland.
(i)
Morale
MS.
Ars
MS.
385, p. 68
ff
lectoria ecclesiae).
MS.
Bruges
(i)
ScJioIariuin.
(entitled,
546,
(3)
2-12
fos.
Bodleian.
(2)
MS. Rawlin-
son G.
John Garland.
Parisiana poetria.
Alexander Neckam.
Printed Sources.
De Naturis Rerum,
ed.
Series).
Since Alexander
Paris in the last quarter of the twelfth century his works are valuable for
that
critical
must
l^een
the
(
still
period
be done to
done is cited
Twelfth Century,"
iQ^^Q),
79
n.
in
Harvard Studies
3-
(603)
in
Classical
Philology,
XX
114
Alexander of Villedieu.
Reichling, Berlin, 1893
D.
L.
laire
et
Throws
light
at Orleans.
Bacon Roger.
Bacon^ Roger. Opera quaedam hactenus inedita, ed. by J. S. Brewer, London, 1859.
Oxford, 1897. New ed. (1900) with a supplementary volume containing "ReCorrections Emendations and Additional
vised Text of First Three Parts
;
Notes."
The standard
edition of
in
Bacon, Roger.
Hebrew Grammar,
sity Press,
Fragment of His
Cambridge Univer-
1902.
Sheds new
light
and literature.
Brewer, J. and Bridges, J. See Bacon.
Caesar of Heisterbach. Dialogus Miraculorum,
ed.
by Strange, 2 Vols.
Paris,
1851.
many
life
of
mention two other famous collections; (i) Exempla of Jacques de Vitry, ed. by T. F. Crane,
London, 1890; (2) Anecdotes Historiques
d'Etienne de Bourbon, ed.
by Lecoy de la Marche, Paris, 1877, and for further literature on the sub-
the twelfth
shall here
X,
schrift des
XVI
by Haskins,
in
Amer.
Hist. Ret.,
4, n. 2.
Carmina Burana.
The
first
XHI
Jahrhunderts, ed. by
Hand-
(1847), 1-275.
(604)
115
This renowned collection of medieval Latin student songs shows
how
de I'Histoire de France,
Conrad of Hirschau.
II, 210.
Wiirzburg, 1889.
colon.
Conrad of Hirschau
remarkably long
list
and
is
in this
work drew up
Die Disticha Cornuti, auch Cornutus oder Distigium des Joh. v. Garund der Scholiast Cornutus tnit deni text des Cornutus antiquus und novus. Program der Kgl. Studien Anstalt, Strassburg. ed. by
H. Liebl. Straubing, 1888.
One of the popular Latin reading books which were called actores
from the thirteenth century onward. It is usually ascribed to John Garland.
CoRNUTUS.
landia genannt,
Le Forniulaire de Treguier et les Ecoliers Bretons des Ecoles d'OrCoinmencement du XlVe Siecle. Orleans, 1890. Also found in Mem.
de la Societe Archeol. hist, de I'Orleanais, XXIII (1892), 41-64, and in a
somewhat abridged form in Histoire Litteraire de la France, XXXI (1893), 25
This formulary (Delisle prints in an appendix those letters which
refer to the University of Orleans) reveals a large number of new facts
Delisle, L.
leans au
Chatelain, A. Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis sub AusGeneralis Facultatum Parisiensium ex Diversis Bibliothecis
Tabularisque Collegit et cum, Authenticis Chartis Contulit H. D. Auxiliante
Denifle, H.
et
piciis
Consilii
Aem.
Chatelain.
I,
1200-1286;
1286-1350;
II,
III,
1350-1394;
IV,
1394-1452.
Paris, 1889-1897.
A^itionis Anglicanae
Denifle.
It
has been
much used
all
the subsequent
Denifle, H.
und Kirchengeschichte,
III
fiir
Literatur-
(1887), 196-397.
116
Devic, C.
Vaissette,
et
J.
Toulouse, 1872
ff.
15 Vols.
The monumental
sources,
notes
"Statuts
et
history of
southern
Privileges
Vol.
de
VII,
434-619,
Toulouse
contains
1233-1436)
the
which
Drj Cange, C.
The
mos
Infimae Latinitatis.
I.
Eberhard of Bethune.
manu
et
medieval Latin.
Ad
fidem librorum
et
imaginem
Wrobel,
Vratislaviae,
This
1887.
Eberhard.
Laborinthus.
In Leyser,
P.,
Historia Poetaruui et
Poematum Medii
Aevi, 795-854
much
light
usually ascribed to
is
German monk
FiERViLLE^ Ch.
The
finding of
this
during the second half of the thirteenth century by a certain Caesar, has
occasioned a revision of our knowledge of the teaching of
grammar
in
Fournier, M.
Les Statuts
et
Privileges des
lew
were edited hastily, which left much room for criticism of all kinds.
Denifle and Fournier engaged in a pen-battle on this subject. See Denifle,
Les Universitcs Frangaises au Moyen Age. Avis a M. Marcel Fournier,
Paris, 1892.
On
the whole, this collection has not been utilized by scholars 10 such
tatis
(eds.)
Berlin, 1887.
Gaudenzi, a.
Vols.
Rome,
del
Populo
di
Bologna de
Seciilo XIII.
1888, 1896.
city
University of Bologna.
ed.
by
J.
S.
Brewer.
(Rolls Series
117
Although Gerald de Barri was a native of Wales he spent most of
and Oxford. He wrote freely about himself and about
the intellectual conditions of the days when the great universities were
young. His works most useful for our purpose are: (i) De Gestis
Giraldi, Vol. I; (2) Gemuia Ecclesiae, Vol. H
(3) Speculum Ecclcsiae,
his time at Paris
Vol. IV.
Cartulaire
(ed.).
N otre-Dame
de
de
4 Vols.
Paris.
Tome IV
ff,
1850
Paris,
in Collection
ff.
de Docu-
is-
Halm,
(ed).
C. F.
Leipzig, 1863.
It is
grammar.
Haskins, C. H. ''A list of Text-books from the Close of the Twelfth Century."
in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XX (1909), 75-94.
Edits the most interesting portion of a treatise giving a list of text
books,
many
including
of
the
shown
has
the
that
Neckam and
was
tract
ancient
from
in
reflects conditions at
classics.
It
internal evidence
probability
all
has
been
hitherto
Professor Haskins
written
by Alexander
century.
Haureau,
B.
Notices
Nationale.
The
et
6 Vols.
chief purpose
Contains
scripts.
is
many
Henri d'ANDELi.
la
Bibliotlicque
Paris, 1890-93.
to bring to light authors of
extracts.
et
An
anonymous manu-
Extraits
Manuscrits de
des
Autres Bibliothcques.
Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, Trouvcre
la
Bibliotlicque
et
Normand du XHIe
Siccle.
Publiees avec Introduction, Variantes, Notes et Glossaire par A. Heron, for the
Societe Rouennaise de Bibliophiles.
Rouen,
1880.
(Limited edition.)
Contains the latest and best edition of The Battle of the Seven Arts,
a poem which is full of information about the studies at Paris and Orleans
about the middle of the thirteenth century.
in
Romania, XI, 137. It supersedes the older edition of the poem by Jubinal,
A.
Oeuvres Completes de Rutebeuf, 2 Vols. Paris, 1839; 2nd ed. in 3
Vols., Paris, 1874-75. The poem is found in Vol. Ill (Additions.)
It was
reprinted by Jubinal
Anciens
Paris
et
(F.
des
in
a rare
little
Modernes au XHIe
Henri), 1875.
(607)
Siccle
ou La Bataille des
VH
Arts.
118
Heron, A.
Hugo
of Trimberg.
Classe der
remarkable
list
by
ed.
J.
Huemer.
of books, including
by a German schoolmaster
CXVI,
many
ancient classics,
drawn up
in 1280.
Jean de Hauteville.
The author
Wien,
k.
Multorum Auctorum,
Registruin
Also found
1888 (Holder).
of this poem, a
Wright,
T.
John Garland.
Johannis de Garlandia
John Garland.
et
XXH,
inger, Briefsteller,
This
is
seems
John Garland.
1575
I,
is
XHI
Rock-
from the
work
Poetria.
is
similar
to the
latter
79-95.
to be a
in
this printed
The
by Mari.
Migne, Patrologiae
Lat., 150,
ff.
of John Garland.
Paris, 1855.
An
Oxford,
is
Migne, Patrologiae
Giles,
J.
A., Joannis
1848.
The works of John of Salisbury are the best sources for the study of
humanism of the twelfth century. The Policraticus has just been reedited by C. Webb, Clarendon Press, 1909.
the
Keil, H. G. T.
Vols.
Vol.
IV
du
XlVe
those of
Donatus.
Langlois, Ch. V.
and 4)
(5)
XXXIV,
XXXV,
pt.
II,
pt. I,
et
1-32;
Siecle;"'
119
ars
The
France.
dictaiiiiiiis in
espe-
is
cially valuable.
Prints
Historia Poetaruin et Poematum Medii Aevi. Halae-Magnew edition with no changes except on title-page, in 1741.
some poems in full and many extracts. Although very old
plump
little
Leyser, Polycarpus.
deburgi, 1721.
this
volume
is
still
jMalagola,
Statuti
C.
delle
Universitd
Collegi
dei
Bolognese.
Studio
dello
Bologna, 1888.
Contains the statutes of the University of Bologna, well edited.
Mari^ G.
Matthew
Paris.
Vols., ed. by
H. R.
tions
in
first
half of the
thirteenth century.
Maximianus.
ed.
The Princeton
by R. Webster.
Press, 1900.
Muiiiiuenfa Acadeunca, or
Oxford,
ed.
Documents
by H. Anstey.
relative to
London,
2 Vols.,
studies at
NicoLAi DE BiBERA.
Carmen Satiricum,
ed.
1868.
With
a lengthy introduction.
by Th. Fischer,
in
Geschichtsquellcn
Flalle,
1870.
Germany during
the thir-
teenth century.
NoLAN-HiRSCH.
Notices
et
See Bacon.
othcques.
Paris, 1787-1902.
Peter oe
Bibliothcque Nationale
1'
Those volumes of
ful
la
Publics par
this
The
Petri Blesensis
letters of
Autres
Bihli-
37 Vols.
Bl(jis.
et
et Belles-Lettres.
names of
Opera Omnia.
their authors.
Migne, Patrologiae
Lat., 207.
humanism of
PsuEDO
I
Boethius.
De
Disciplina
Scholarium.
Migne,
Patrologiae
Lat.,
64,
223- I 238.
this
tract
was composed
in
the
120
Ralph
thirteenth century.
It
The University of
Paris
is
mentioned
in
it.
de Diceto.
breviationes Chronicorum.
Reveals
Ed. by
exceptional
W.
acquaintance
with
classical
books
in
England
about 1300.
Ranieri da Perugia.
The
earliest of the
Still
the best collection of sources for the study of the ars dictaminis.
Adae Parvipontani
much new
ScHEPPS, G.
Thurot, Ch.
et
MSS.
Moyen Age. In
Extraits de divers
Notices
et
Extraits des
Manu-
Series).
Contains
many
e.
g.
Wrobel,
J.
(610)
121
SECONDARY WORKS.
IL
p.
A summary
of, rather
Appuhn, A.
in
I Theil,
Das
Erlangen, 1900.
Trivium.
doctor's
peared.
thesis,
The author
University of
relies a
Erlangen.
II
Pt.
B ABLER,
J.
J.
Halle, 1885.
et Extraits, XXII, pt. 2.
Account of Universities and other Institutions of Superior In-
An
Barnard, H.
Revised
ed.
Hartford, 1873.
Romischen Rechts im
Past and Present,"
und Jetzt.
BouRGAiN, L.
is
and
"The Universi-
271)
(p.
This book
321)
"Universities
Universitdten Sonst
MSS.
Paris, 1879.
Marche, La Chaire
la
Fran-
more particularly.
These two books on preaching in the Middle Ages have made a vast contribution to our knowledge of medieval culture. For the utilization of
sermons as sources for university life, see Haskins, "The University of
Paris in the Sermons of the Thirteenth Century," Amer. Hist. Rev., X,
gaise au
(p.
ties
1-27.
BouTARic, E.
Vincent de Beauvais,
Treisienie Siccle.
ques,
XVII,
The
Paris,
1875.
et la
Also found
in
5-57.
best
study of Vincent of
Beauvais' knowledge of
the
ancient
classics.
Bkesslau, H.
fiir
Dentschland und
Italien,
I,
Leip-
zig, 1889.
this
splendid
manual
is
useful
especially
for
its
ap-
122
Die Universitdt Paris und die Fremden an derselben
BuDJNSKi, A.
Berlin,
iui
Mittelalter.
1876.
the remarkably large number of famous foreign profesand students at the University of Paris. A piece of work that should
be followed up for this and other medieval universities.
Cantor, M. Vorlesungen iiher Geschichte der Matheniatik. 3 Vols. 2nd edition.
Reveals
sors
Leipzig, 1894-1900.
The most
and
1200)
Carre, G.
(1200-1668)
IT
fall
Vols,
(to
Moyen Age
a la Revolution.
Paris, 1888.
I
of
to
mention
study which
this
is
its
towns down
to
1789.
MSS.
MSS.
Paris, 1855.
Paris, i886-
1892.
Charles, E.
graphie.
Clark, V.
New
2 Vols.
Studies
S.
in the
edition.
Paris,
1905-1907.
Ages and
the Renaissance.
N. Y.,
1900.
An
excellent
monograph on an important
subject.
many
Comparetti, D.
Presented
in a
Tr. by E. Benecke.
somewhat popular
London,
1895.
Studies of the
fortunes of other classical books during the Middle Ages would be wel-
come.
Compayre,
G.
U niversities.
N. Y,,
1902.
A
CuissARD, C.
XVIIIe
le
IXe
Orleans, 1883.
In addition to
its
special topic
it
throws some
light
on other condi-
and
teenth centuries.
Delegue, R.
Paris, 1902.
thir-
123
Delisle, L.
dc
letin
au Xlle
au Xllle Siecle,"
et
VII (1869),
la
Annuaire Bul-
in
139-147.
it
schools at Orleans where the ancient classics and the ars dictaniinis flourished in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Delisle,
"Alexandre de Villedieu
L.
158
Guillaume
et
LV
Moine de
le
(1894), 488
Villedieu,"
See also
ff.
LVII
in
(1901),
ff.
some manuscripts of
Alex-
the Doctrinale of
Delisle, L.
XXXI
Histoire
in
Litteraire
de
la
France,
light
on the
(1893), 1-21.
Prints (on
p.
a gloss
7)
works of Alexander of
Delisle, L.
Notices
"X'^otice
Summa
XXXVI, pt. i
sur une
Extraits,
et
Villedieu.
in
(1899), 171-205.
"Note sur
Delisle, L.
le
Archcol. de I'Orleanais,
Throws
light
IV
in Bulletin de la Soc.
(1862-67), 42.
at
Toulouse
and elsewhere.
Inventaire des
Delisle, L.
Inventaire des
serves a
la
Delisle, L.
MSS. de VAbbaye de St. J^ictor conserves d la BibliNumeros 14232-15175, Bonds Latins. Paris, 1869.
MSS. Latins de N otre-Dame et d'autres Bonds con-
les
hiventaire des
MSS.
de
Sorbonne, conserves
la
Paris, 1871.
a la Bibliotheque ////-
Paris, 1870.
15176-16718.
Denifle, p. H.
I.
bis 1400.
Vol.
Berlin, 1885.
in
history of
the
medieval universities.
DeWulf, M.
Histoire
larged edition,
osophy.
1905.
de
la
Philosophie
English
tr.
Mcdicvale.
by Coffey,
In
medieval
Excellent
philosophy.
the
P.
Louvain,
1900.
2nd
en-
bibliographies.
DeWulf
himself
has
DeWulf, M.
1904.
Introduction
to
Philosophie
N eo-Scolastique.
Introduction d
English translation
la
l)y
Coffey,
don, 1907.
(018)
P.
Scholasticism
124
Contains
remarkable
plea
it
medieval
for
scholasticism,
claiming
New
1885-1901.
Du
BouLAY,
C. E.
66 Vols.
M. ad nostra Tem-
Paris, 1665-73.
6 Vols.
pora.
Lee.
S.
amount of learned
Duchesne,
lore, ill-arranged
L.
(1889), 161
however and
'cursus'
full of mistakes.
on Rythmic Prosaique,"
in
Bibl. de
ff.
Ebert, a.
Leipzig, 1874-1887.
3 Vols.
This
but
is
it
by Grober, Sandys,
etc.
good
Fabricius,
bibliographies.
A.
J.
burgi, 1734-46.
New
Ham-
is
still
very useful.
Felder, H.
um
6 Vols.
The
latest,
Minorites in
sities.
Roger Bacon.
Fitting, H.
la
DE.
"L'Enscignement des Lettres et des Sciences dans
Fondation de I'Universite d'Orleans," in Memoires de la
One
of
Orleans
twelfth
in
the
intellectual
and thirteenth
history
centuries.
of
northern
Much new
France
material
has
during the
been
found
Fournier,
p.
Les
Officialites
au
sur
rOrganisation,
la
125
Competence
France,
la
et
Procedure
des
Tribunaus Ecclesiastiques
en
Ordinaires
180-1328, 1880.
Pt.
I,
ch.
difficult
FouRNiER, M.
Histoire de
la
3 Vols.
Paris, 1892.
FouRNiER, M.
FouRNiER, M.
LI (1890),
These
articles
telalterliche
in
443-476.
in
all
Nouvelle Revue
Bihliotheken,
Bonn,
thecarum Antiqui.
which
see,
and
Becker,
G.
Catalogi
Biblio-
1885.
Franke^ K.
Gasouet,
F. a.
in
The Dublin
Gatien-Arnoult.
"Jean de Garlande"
in
177-
237.
One
of the
Gaudenzi, a.
compagno
14,
Roma
life
Bene
di
Lucca," in Bullettino
del' Istituto
Stcfico Italiano.
No.
(1895), 85-174.
city of
2 Parts.
Bologna
full
of authentic material
Was
De
valuable
for
calling
Italos.
attention
(615)
Berolini,
especially
to
1845.
the
study
of
the
126
GiRY,
Manuel de Diplomatique.
A-.
Paris, 1894.
Useful for the study of the ars dictamiuis and ars notaria.
Book V, Les
pecially
P lib
Chancelleries, and
I,
See es-
Les Notaires
I ICS.
Gottlieb, T.
Leipzig,
1890.
work,
this
in
Roma
Graf, A.
nella
Memoria
nelle
Immaginasioni
del
Medio Evo.
2 Vols.
Torino, 1882-3.
in the
Grober, G.
Strassburg,
2 Vols., 4 parts.
1888- 1902.
Vol.
II,
Pt.
I,
1350.
from the
its
accuracy.
GuNTHER,
alter
S.
zum Jahre
bis
Berlin,
1525.
Unterrichts im
Deutschen Mitfel-
1887.
ica, III).
Very
Habel.
In
scholarly.
V orlesungen,
which
its
special
field
it
decidedly
Cantor,
amplifies
see.
"Johannes de Garlandia,"
in
fiir
deutschc
Ersiehungsgeschichte, 1909.
Haskins,
H.
C.
ican Historical
Review,
Amer-
III, 203-229.
letters.
in
the
there
foot-notes,
many
are
bibliographical
Haskins,
H.
C.
in
the
(1904),
1-27.
Haupt, M.
V.
J.
Haureau, M.
"Notices sur
Garlande," in Notices
Still
Hugo
les
of Trimberg.
Oeuvres Authentique ou Supposees de Jean de
et E.vtraits,
XXVII,
pt.
(1869), 1-86.
127
Haureau,
B.
L.
1872-80.
Paris,
De Wulf.
cism.
Vols.
2 Vols.
Mittelalter.
ini
Gottingen, 1822.
now by
Hervieux, L.
special
Les
in
the past
is
practically superseded
date.
du
for
tion with
grammar.
full.
Congregation de
St.
The monumental
Maur
XII
(to Vol.
et
mem-
literary history of
progress of publication.
XI),
33 Vols.
to date).
still
in
work
as a
whole
cease to be useful.
JouRDAiN. A.
I'
Age
et
teurs Scolastique.
Doc-
les
supplanted.
It
For
recent
Text-Books,"
n.
in
I.
Excursions Historiques
JouRDAiN, Ch.
et
Philosophiques d travers
le
Moyen Age.
Paris, 1888.
Roger Bacon,
Kammel,
O.
Ermehung.
A
Kaufman,
G.
"Die
etc.
Universitaten
im
Mittelalter,"
i,
in
Schmid,
Geschichte
der
334-548.
Universitaten.
2 Vols.
Stuttgart,
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the
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Die
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Sitzungsherichte
98
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der Akademie
und
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summae
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Still
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peared which take the history of the subject from the beginning of the
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This pioneer work of the history of
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Roman
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ars
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This
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It is still
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134
and once again brought Alexander of Villedieu into notice after he had
It should be supplemented
by what the author has himself added or corrected in Notices et Extraits,
XXII, pt. 2. It cannot be wholly discarded even now that Reichling has
furnished such a fine study of Alexander in Das Doctrinale.
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1988
TORONTO LIBRARY