RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Basic Biology observations with the title Lazarro

Spallanzani Experiment. Which made by:
Name
: Muhammad Tri Prasetia Nua
ID
: 1512441003
Class
: ICP of Physics Education
Group
: 6th
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report accepted
Makassar, January 2016
Assistant Coordinator

Assistant

Rusdianto Nurman
ID: 1214041002

Kamaliah Guntur
ID : 1314440012

Known,
Lecture of Responsibility

Drs. H. Abdul Muis, M.Si

ID: 196409131990111001

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Where the life begins? is the question that become a problem for biology
scientist and difficult to answer it. From this question there are some theory
that was support and explain about the beginning of the life. It started from
Aristoteles (384-332 SM) who was explaining the theory about the
Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory). Its the first theory that
was explain about the beginning of life. In Abiogenesis theory (Generation
Spontaneous Theory), it said all of the life came with spontaneously or the
life came from the thing which is not life.
The other biology scientists havent belief with the Abiogenesis theory
(Generation Spontaneous Theory) and they had observed about the truth of
Abiogenesis Theory or Spontaneous Generation Theory. They are: Francisco
Redi, Lazarro Spallanzani (Italian), and Louis Pasteur (French). And their
theory had given the name is the Biogenesis theory This theory to make
collapse the Abiogenesis theory (Generation Spontaneous Theory). Beside
that, to convince the Biogenesis theory Louis Pasteur was given his theory.
That is : omne vivum ex ovo, omne ovum ex vivo, which means that the life
comes from egg, and the egg from comes from previous life (omne vivum ex
vivo) which means that the life comes from the previous life.
This experiment that will makes the university student know about the
beginning of life and make the university student understand about the steps
of observation that had been done by Lazarro Spallanzani to give the
evidence about the Biogenesis theory. So, the experiment report was given the
title Lazarro Spallanzanis Experiment.

B. Purpose
This experiment aims to give opportunity to students to follow the way of
thinking and steps that have been done scientists/researchers in solving the
biology problems, particularly to answer a question "where the origin of
life?".
C. Benefit
After conducting experiments ever conducted by Lazzaro Spallanzani students can
directly prove that living things come from living things before hand.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Theories about the origin of life are constantly evolving. Now has many known
about the theory of the origin of life, such as the Abiogenesis theory (Generatio
Spontanea), the Biogenesis theory, Kosmos theory, the theory of Chemistry
evolution and the theory of Biological evolution. Among some of these theory, the
biogenesis theory highly debated by scientists (Pratiwi, 2007).
General theory of the origin of life there are two, namely abiogenesis (living
organisms from dead matter) and biogenesis (brasal living creatures of living
things as well).
1. Abiogenesis Theory
Leaders understand this is a Greek nation, namely Aristotle (394-322 BC).
The theory says that the first living creatures inhabit this earth is coming from
inanimate objects. The emergence of the first living thing that happens
spontaneously because of the lifestyle. Therefore understand abiogenesis
called also understand Generatio Spontanea. This understanding survive long
enough, that since ancient Greece (hundreds of years BC) until the mid 17th
century. In the mid 17th century as if this understanding is reinforced by
Antonie van Leeuweunhoek, a Dutch nation. He found a simple microscope
that can be used to see the larva (living things) is very small in a drop of
water immersion straw. This is as if strengthening understand abiogenesis.
2. Biogenesis Theory
After last long enough, you see abiogenesis began to doubt. Some experts
then propose understand biogenesis. Some experts argued understand
biogenesis, among others:
a. Francesco Redi (Italian, 1626-1697)
Redi against abiogenesis theory by conducting experiments used jars and
meat. one jar filled with meat sealed. two jars filled with meat and
covered gauze. Canister three filled with meat and opened. The third jar
left a few days. From the results of these experiments he took the

following conclusion: Larvae (life) is not derived from rotting flesh but
came from flies that can be entered into the tube and lay eggs on keratin
meat.
b. Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian, 1729-1799)
Spallanzani disagrees with John Needham (Saxon abiogenesis), according
to which life occurs on heating the broth caused by imperfect. Spallanzani
experiment conclusion is: there is a life on the open tube from the air, in a
closed tube there is life, this proves that life instead of broth.
c. Louis Pasteur (French, 1822-1895)
Louis Pasteur conducted experiments that enhance Spalanzani experiment.
Pasteur conducted experiments using goose neck flask lid, aims to prove
that the microorganisms contained in the air with dust. The results of the
experiments are as follows:
1) Microorganisms that grow not from inanimate objects (fluid) but of
microorganisms contained in the air
2) Microorganisms contained in the air with dust. From this experiment,
fell off the Abiogenesis theory. Pasteur's famous motto "Omne vivum
ex ovo, Omne ova ex vivo" which implies: life comes from eggs and
eggs produced living creatures, living beings are now derived from
living things earlier, living things come from living things as well.
In addition to the above two theories, there are still several theories about
the origin of life. Some scientists developed theories include:
a. Typical creation theory, which states that life was created by a
supernatural agent (unseen) during the special.
b. Kosmozoan theory, which states that life on this planet come from
anywhere
c. Biochemical evolution theory, which claims that life emerged based on
the laws of physics, chemistry, and biology
d. Steady state theory, stating that life does not come proposal. Some
scientists who proved the theory of chemical evolution, among others,
Harold Urey, Stanley Miller, and Alexander Oparin

1. Theory of Harold Urey, according to the first living substance having

the composition resembles the current virus. The living substance
had been developed into various types of living things. Urey found
life occurs first in the air (atmosphere). At a certain moment in the
history of the atmosphere to form rich in molecules CH4, NH3, H2,
H2O. because of the stepping electricity due to lightning and cosmic
rays occur amino acid that allows the case of life.
2. Experiment Stanley Miller, Stanley Miller is a student of Harold
Urey were also attracted to the problem of the origin of life. He
conducted an experiment to test the hypothesis Harold Urey. From
the results of experiments Miller can provide clues that the units in
the complex life systems such as lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids,
proteins, nucleotides and others can form in abiotic conditions.
3. Theory of Evolutionary Biology Oparin, he argues that the first life
occurred in coastal basin with ingredients pile of organic compounds
from the ocean. Heaps of organic compounds is called primordial
soup or primordial soup.

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day/date

: Monday/December 28th 2015

Time

: 01.10 am 03.10 am

Place

: Laboratory of Biology, Mathematics and Science Faculty,

State University of Makassar.

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. 3 pieces of test tube
b. 1 piece of test tube rack
c. 2 pieces of cork stoppers that fit
d. 1 piece of light spirits
e. 1 piece of wood clamps
f. 1 piece glass of mineral water.
2. Materials
a. 30 ml of liquid broth
b. 1 piece of wax
c. Matches.
C. Work Procedures
1. Filled three test tube with broth each 10 ml.
2. Turned on the light spirits using matchsticks.
3. Clogged a tube 1 with a cork / rubber and etched with molten wax to
close the gap between the mouth, then provide the label number 1.
4. Boiled broth a tube 2 on the fire spirit lamp until it begins to boil, let it
open (without lid), then provide the label number 2.
5. Boiled broth in a tube 3 on the fire spiritus lamp until boiling,
immediately close the a tube with a cork and wax dripped between
intermouth jar with a lid, then provide the label number 3.
6. Put all the test tube rack a tube and keep it on workbench, seek in order
to avoid disturbance of animals, direct sunlight and other heat sources.

7. To conduct further observations, it is necessary to moved the a tube of

the rack into a glass of mineral water marks.
8. Observation and recording for 5 consecutive days.

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT
A. Result
Day
Tube

Color
I
Sediment
Smell
Color
II
Sediment
+
Smell
Color
III
Sediment
Smell
Note
:
Tube I
: Closed
Tube II
: Heated and opened
Tube III
: Heated and closed
Tube IV
: Unheated and opened (Control)
(-)
: Nothing
(+)
: Little, Muddy
( ++ )
: More, More muddy

+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
++
-

Picture
1st day

II

III

II

III

II

III

II

III

2nd day

3rd day

4th day

5th day

I
Note
Tube I
Tube II
Tube III

II

III

:
: Closed
: Heated and opened
: Heated and closed

B. Discussion
1.Tube 1
Broth in tube one is not heated and closed with a cork stopper and drip
with molten wax between the waiting mouth of the tube with a cork
stopper. On the first day and second day there has been no change in
anything. Thir day until the last day of the addition there are sediment.
Fourth and fifth day also has a smell broth. This is due to contaminated
tube with microorganisms from tube, so that the organism can get into the
tube which causes the broth has a smell.
2.Tube 2
Broth at tube two is heated but left open. On the first day did not change
anything in the broth, then the second day until last day there are
sediments. On third day, broth has bad scent. On fourth day, broth has
sediments color change and bed scent. In last day, broth has sediment,
color change and increased scent. The precipitate was also increased
slightly.
3.Tube 3
Broth in a test tube three is heated and closed and at the mouth of the tube
with a cork stopper spilled liquid wax. On first until last day, there are no
change both on sediment, scent and color. This is due to the tube was

closed and heated so that the organisms present in the water dead broth and
no contamination with the outside air.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Based on the observations that have been done, conclude that broth in an
open tube will be found organisms because of outside air that carries
microorganisms can more freely enter the water while the broth is heated and
sealed treatment did not reveal any changes in all variables, although there are
changes in some variables, is due for broth not directly related to the air from
the outside. Given these observations can be proved that living things come
from living things beforehand. Thus the theory of abiogenesis are supported
by Aristoteles can be broken.
B. Suggestions
1. Suggestions for Apprentice that Apprentice must be careful to use
laboratory equipment fragile or flammable. So that errors can be avoided
in practice.
2. Suggestions for laboratory equipments that are used in practice properly
maintained, for convenience. Health lab space is also maintained so
practical to walk comfortably.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, Neil A. 2009. Biology. California: Pearson.
Pratiwi, D. A. 2007. Buku Penuntun . Jakarta: Bima Aksara.
Tim Penyusun. 2015. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Universitas
Negeri Makassar.

ATTACHMENT
1. What are the causes that change in broth in the experiment above?
Answer: The cause changes in broth in the experiment are microorganisms
that live in the broth.
2. Where did the living organisms that cause changes in the broth?
Answer: Living things that cause changes in the broth derived from the
spores of living creatures that may be carried along with broth or may be
derived from the free air.
3. Changes in the broth occurs on the tube treated how? Why is this so?
Answer: Water broth broth change is located on the tube the broth not
sterilized or not insulated tube of free air or water sterilized broth but the
tube is not closed, or the tube is closed but not sterilized broth. So that the
microorganisms that had come into the tube can perform the activity.
4. On the tube is treated how the broth has not changed? Why not change
happen the color and scent?
Answer: The broth that does not change color and smell are located in
broth tubes are sterilized by means of heated and insulated from the
outside air with a cork stopper. This may be caused by microorganisms
that had come into the tube when the tube is heated die, and new
microorganisms can not develop because the tube is isolated from the
outside air.
5. Could the materials of broth spontaneous appearing new microorganisms?
Answer: No, because the real living things come from living things as
well, instead of inanimate objects.
6. The results of the above experiments can be used as strong evidence
refuting the theory of spontaneous generation?
Answer: Yes, as this can be proved by looking at the changes that occur in
each tube. In the first tube microorganisms that cause changes in broth are
microorganisms derived from the tube, the tube II that caused that

microorganisms from the air, while the tube 3 has not changed since the
tube is heated or terilized and isolated from the air.