COMPLETE REPORT OF

BASIC BIOLOGI
TITLE :
MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION

NAME

: MUHAMMAD TRI PRASETIA NUA

ID

: 1512441003

CLASS/GROUP

: ICP OF PHYSICS EDUCATION / 6TH

ASSISTANT

: RUSDIANTO NURMAN

LECTURER

: Drs. H. ABDUL MUIS, M.Si

BIOLOGY LABORATORY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE FACULTY
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR

2015
RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete Report of Basic Biology Practicum entitled "Microscopic Observation"
created by:
Name
ID
Class
Group

: Muhammad Tri Prasetia Nua

: 1512441003
: ICP of Physics Education
: VI (Sixth)

Has been examined and consulted with Assistant and Assistant

Coordinator, then declared acceptable.
Makassar, December
Assistant Coordinator

2015

Assistant

Rusdianto Nurman
ID: 1214041002

Rusdianto Nurman
ID: 1214041002

Know,
Responsibility Lecturer

Drs. H. Abdul Muis, M.Si

ID: 19640913 199011 1 001

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Structurally, the bodies of animals and plants are composed of various
organs and tissues that support each other to carry out the functions and
activities of life. Tissue in animals and plants have differences due to the
constituent organs of the body of animals and plants differ greatly. Tissue in
animals and plants have a function, shape, and location of different.
Living things in this world can not stand alone but there are preparing his
body to become one and intact so that everything was going to do all the
activities that can be run properly. All living beings in this world whether
human, animal, and plant has a body made up of organs - organs, from the
organ - this organ is composed by a tissue. In this tissue is not the same as
organs - organs of living things that can be seen by naked eye like the feet,
hands, leaves, stems, but making up the living body tissue can be seen through
a microscope.
Tissue is a collection of cells that form and function the same. Tissue on
plant body consists of two tissues that meristem tissue (tissue young) and adult
tissues. In addition, the plants divided into two groups, namely the class of
plant monocot and dicot plant group where, two types of classifications of
plants is characterized by the structure and layout of each organ tissues that
make up the plant.
Tissue in animals are also divided into several main tissue epithelial
tissue, connective tissue / tissue backer, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. The
main tissue is composed of other tissues and perform their function, have
characteristics, location, and different shapes. Based on the difference of the
tissue of plants and animals to learn more about the structure and kind of body
tissues of animals and plants we perform microscopic observation.
There are more than two hundred the different kind of the cell that built
our body, and we never aware that. This cell arranged and had controlled to
form in to four the basic of tissue for our body.
Tissue is a some of the cells collected that have tight relation with each
other of cell sand it has a same function and same structure for the certain
purpose. At the organism in low degree has that simple in the body have tissue,
as long as the life only one cell, and in the organism high degree develop
organism has so more appear for any arrange body organ. Science which is
study about tissue called histology.

The tissue cannot be looked with a naked eye, because it is too small or
we can say it including into the microscopic thing. So, we need the microscope
to enlarge it for observe the structure of tissue.
When we looking the tissue for the microscopic step, the capability to
knowing the existence and the location of four the basic of tissue that make
possible and enable to identification the organ that we found. The basic
knowledge about the basic characteristic and cell composition from the tissues
is important in the histology, that science or knowledge that study the tissues of
the microscopic step.
This experiment with the title is microscopic observation. In the
microscopic observation the university student will observation some of the
microscopic thing from the plant tissue and animal tissue. From this
experiment the university student will know about the structure of tissue that
built the plant body and the animal body.

A. Purpose
The purpose of this practicum, to make the university students can
explain and know about structure and a kind of tissue that built up the organ of
the plant and animal.
B. Benefit
Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum are:
1. The university student will know and understand the kind of the tissue that
built the plant and the animal.
2. The university student will know the function of the tissue that built the
plant and the animal.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The tissue is a cell collected which is connecting with one and other cell
that has the function and same structure. The knowledge that was studying or
learning about the structure of the tissue is a histology. (Lecture team, 2010).
The tissue that was built the plant body can be separated into pale tissue
(meristematic) and old tissue which is separated into protect tissue (epidermis),
basic tissue, transportation tissue, and cork tissue. The pale tissue (meristematic)
consist of the cell which is embryonic, the wall is to thin, rich in plasma, and has
smalls vacuole. This tissue has function to cleave and differentiation into old
tissue of the cell (Lecture team, 2003).
According to Lecture team, 2003, from the location and beginning of
meristematic tissue, it can be separated into:
1. Primer meristematic
2. Secondary meristematic
There was a primer meristematic in the growth point in the edge of stem
and root. So, it was said the apical growth point. Because there is the growth point
of apical so the apical of plant root and stem can be growing (Lecture team,
2003).
The shape of young tissue is bigger than a meristematic tissue, the plasma
only a few, the vacuole is bigger than the vacuole of meristematic tissue,
sometimes the young tissue had been died and was filled with air and water and
the cell wall has a kind of thickening. Based on the structure and the function of
young tissue was separated into four kinds: 1) basic tissue (parenkim), 2) cover
tissue (epidermis), 3) lasing tissue, and 4) transportation tissue (Lecture team,
2003).
Parenkim is a live cell, that has a thin wall, all kind of the cell shape.
Parenkim cells has functional activity like a photosynthesis, respiration, safe the
food reserve, and secretion. Parenkim cell has crystals, fat, oil and other secretion,
and plastid. Parenkim that has chloroplast be said a chlorenkim. Chlorenkim was
found in the leaf and stem surface which is still young (Lecture team, 2003).
Cover tissue (epidermis) is a cover that including all of the body of plant
before went into secondary growth. Actually epidermis cells only hav 1 cell. So,
sometimes it released like thin skin. The transportation of substance cant reach
with fast into the all of plant body if just use it the diffusion. So, it need the
special tissue that has function to make fast the transportation which is sad the
transportation tissue. The differentiation cells in the animal body was formed into
the tissue. Generally, the tissue consists of some of type of differentiation cells
(Lecture team, 2003).

Plant body consists of units of morphology, the cells are each covered by a
cell wall and adjacent to other cells in the presence of intercellular substance.
With the unification of the substance, a particular group of cells can be
distinguished from the others. The cell group is tissue. Variations in the structure
of tissue based on the differences in the components of the cell. And the type of
attachment to one another. Relative simple tissue structure is composed of a type
called a simple tissue. The others are made up of more than one type of cell called
a complex tissue (Suradinata, 1998).
Broadly speaking differentiated plant tissue over meristem tissue and adult
tissues. Meristem is a tissue whose cells remain embryonic means capable of
continuously dividing is not limited to increasing the number of cells of the body.
On the basis of the location of the body plant meristem tissue to differentiate into,
meristem apical meristem tissue that is found on the ends of the stems and
branches of principal and roots. Intercalary meristem tissue is meristem tissue that
exists between adult tissues, for example in the base of the stem segments. Lateral
meristem tissue is meristem tissue that is located parallel to the surface of the
organ, for example cambium and cork cambium (Sutarno, et al, 2001).
On the basis of origin meristem tissue is divided into primary meristem
tissue is meristem tissue cells are grown directly from embryonic cells so that a
continuation of the growth of the embryo. Then the secondary meristem tissue is
growing meristem tissue of a growing tissue of adult tissues that have held
differentiation (Sutarno, et al, 2001).
Phloem and xylem are carrier tissue in plants. Xylem tissue serves to
transport water and nutrients from the roots to other parts of the plant. Phloem
tissue serves to transport the photosynthesis of the leaves to a backup storage of
food and plant parts that need. Cells making thick-walled xylem tissue and hard,
whereas cells making phloem tissue is softer and thinner, primary xylem and
primary phloem prokambium formed by the end of the stem and roots, then
undergo differentiation (Wahyuningsih, 1999).
According to Philip E. Pack, 2007, there are four categories of tissue from
the animals:
1. Epithelium tissue
2. String tissue
3. Nerve tissue
4. Muscle tissue
Epithelium tissue was formed from the cells that was flatted or cube. This
tissue covering some of tube or canal. this tissue was forming the skin that
wrapping the body Epithelium tissue has function to carry the substance from and
into the tissue and cavity which it was separated (Lecture team, 2003).

Epithelium tissue has some general characteristic as follow: 1) Epithelium

consist with the cells which is so close, that form into a thin. 2) the tissue was
avascular or without blood vessel, the nutrient change was happened plough way
through the string tissue which is near it with diffusion. 3)the surface of
epithelium is free or opened for outside part of body or body space in outside. 4)
cell fission was continued to change a death cell (Philip, 2007).
Epithelial tissue consists of cells that are compact so that there is no space
between cells. Epithelial cell layer resting on a membrane which is called the
basement membrane. Based on the number of layers of epithelial tissue to
differentiate into epithelial layer and multilayer, while based on the shape can be
divided into flattened epithelium, cube and cylindrical (Wahyuningsih, 1999).
Bonding tissue is a tissue that consists of cells that are relatively far
apart and located in the intercellular space containing matrix. Connective tissue
serves to bind tissue or organ with tissue or other organs. Wrap-pepul organ,
replacing damaged tissue and neutralize toxins (Wahyuningsih, 1999).
String tissue consist of the cell which is planted with some of extracellular
that secretion by that cell from protein fiber had planted in the compound of amorf
protein-polisacaridamolecul (Anonym, 2010).
Nerve tissue had formed by the cell which is called a neuron, which the
function is to bring the nerve electrochemist nerve impulses. Each neuron consists
of cell body that has a nucleus, has two or more cytoplasm, nerve fiber that passed
by impulse. There are two kind of nerve fiber: 1) Nerve fiber Dendrite which is
bringing the impulse into the cell body, 2) Acson which is continuing to keep
away the impulse from cell body (Lecture team, 2003).
Nerve tissue consist of: 1) nerve cell which was called neuron, and 2) glial
cell. Central of nerve system has some of microglia- cellular cell (macrofag)
which is to response the damage (exp, from infection) by : 1) engulfing cell
debris, 2) secreting inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)
and interleukin-1 (IL-1)(Anonym, 2010).
Muscle tissue was separated into: 1) smooth muscle which is to cover the
hollow organ in the body, like intestines and venous. The contraction to shrunk the
size of the organ hollow, 2) skeletal muscle which is consist of long fiber that
contraction to make the movement and also the body motion, 3) cardiac (heart)
muscle which is making the heart. From the histology cardiac (heart) muscle same
with skeletal muscle, but from the physiology its too different (Lecture team,
2003).

CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A. Place and Date
1. Day/Date
2. Time
3. Place

: Monday/ December 21st 2015

: 01.10 p.m. until 03.10 p.m.
: Laboratory of Biology
Mathematics and Science Faculty
State University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1. For plant tissue
a. Tools
1) Microscope
2) Rough cloth and soft cloth
3) Object glass
b. Material
1) Preserved Preparate of root tissue, steam tissue, and leaf which is
from monocotylclass and dycotyle class.
2. For animal tissue
a. Tools
1) Microscope
2) Rough cloth and soft cloth
3) Object glass
c. Material
1) Preserved Preparate of monolayer cube ephitel on medulla renalis
2) Preparate of rub solid bone on pipe bone
3) Preserved preparate of blood with giemsa
4) Preserved preparate of smooth muscle, seletal muscle and cardiac
muscle
5) Preserved preparate of Purkinje cell on small brain
C. Work Procedure
1. For plant tissue
a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.
b. Preparate was taken which is the preparate represent with monocotyl
and dycotyle.
c. Observedthe characteristic of the structure and location from each
tissue which is built the root, stem and leaf.

d. The magnificent of objective lens is 4 X to see the totally of preparate,

and then change the magnificent 10 X to observe the part of tissue
clearly.
e. Drew the part of tissue.
f. Compared the observation result with picture.
g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the plant organ.
2. For animal tissue
a. Microscope had prepared based of the use procedure.
b. Took the lasting preparate of animal tissue.
c. Observed the characteristic of the structure of each animal tissue
d. Used of objective magnificent 4 x to see the totally of preparate to
observe the part of animal tissue clearly.
e. Drew the part of tissue.
f. Compared the observation result with picture.
g. Studied the function from each of the tissue that built the animals
organ.

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A Observation Result
Observation Picture of
Comparator Picture

Note

Zea mays ts stem

Xylem
Pith
Bundle sheath
Phloem
Epidermis
Vascular bundles
Observation Picture of
Monocot Corn

Comparator Picture

Note
Guard cells
Xylem
Stoma
Cuticle
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Bundle sheath
Phloem

Observation Picture of
Hibiscus sp. cs

Comparator Picture

Note

Pith parenchyma
Perisikel
Xylem
Phloem
Endodermis

Observation Picture of
Human Cardiac Muscle
Sect

Comparator Picture

Note
Isotropic
Anisotropic
Nucleus
Intercalated
Disk

Observation Picture of
Human Teased Muscle

Comparator Picture

Note
Muscle fiber
nucleus

B DISCUSSION
Based on the experiment about microscopic observation there some of the
animal function and plant function:
In this experiment we observed about the plant body especially for the
monocotyl and dycotyle plant. In the root of monocotyle we can found some
of tissue there are xylem and floem. The function of the xylem and floem
tissue to transport the mineral or food from the ground into the body of plant
so this tissue is the one of transportation tissue.
In the stem of monocotyle there some tissue we can found there are
epidermis, cortex, floem and xylem. And in the dycotyle plant there some
tissue that same character with monocotyle plantlike epidermis, cortex, floem
and xylem. But in the monocotyle plant there are some different position of
the transportation tissue, in the monocotyle plant the position of transportation
tissue was spread and in the dycotyle plant the transportation tissue was well
ordered.
For the animal tissue in this experiment we observe the human brown skin
which is in the human brown skin we can found laminar epithelium, in this
obsevation we observe the epithelium tissue. Beside of epithelium tissue we
observed the blood tissue. In this tissue we observe some kind of blood cell
there are monosite, eusinofite, limfosite, basophile and neutrosite. Each cell
has a different characteristic.
In the animal tissue we also observed the muscle tissue we will focused
the observe about cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle. In the
cardiac muscle we can found the nucleus and sinsitium, in the smooth muscle
we observe the nucleus and in the skeletal muscle we can found the myofibrin,
dark ribbon and nucleus. When we observed about the muscle tissue we found
some different of the muscle tissue, especially the position of the nucleus.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Based on the practicum about microscopic observation, the practicum
draw the conclusion as follows:
The tissue of each part of plant and animal has some different structure
and it has some different function. Like in the animal tissue it has Epithelium
tissue, String tissue, Nerve tissue and Muscle tissue. Each tissue has some
different structure and function
B. Suggestion
Based on the result of practicum and the conclusion, the suggestion as
follows:
1. Suggestion for Laboratory
I hope for next practicum about the microscopic observation. The
quality of the preserved preparate must be improve or take careless with
the preparate that we use it for observation.
2. Suggestion for Assistant
The Assistant who was guide for this practice is good. So, I hope for
the next practicum the assistant can guide excellently.
3. Suggestion for Friend
I hope for my friend in the next practicum, we can work together
again more than in this practicum and working seriously to get a good
result to get a good result.

REFERENCES
E. Pack, Phillip. 2007. Anatomi dan Fisiologi. Bandung: Pakar Raya.
Lecture team. 2003. Biologi Umum. Makassar : FMIPA UNM.
Lecture team. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Laboratorium
FMIPA UNM.
Nonno Sutarno, dkk. 2001. Biologi Umum Lanjutan 1. Makassar: FMIPA UNM
Susilo Handari, dkk. 1994.Anatomi Hewan. Makassar: FMIPA UNM
Tri Wahyuningsuh, dkk. 1999. Praktikum Biologi III. Makassar: FMIPA UNM
Tim penyusun. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Biologi Dasar. Makassar: Universitas
Negeri Makassar.

APPENDIX
Question:
1. What kind of smooth muscle cells, where it is located, how many in each
cell nucleus?
2. The set of fibers of skeletal muscle cells called what, how much of the
core which is attached to the fibers?
3. What is the fundamental difference between smooth muscle cells, skeletal
muscle cells and cardiac muscle are found?
4. What is called lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi?
5. What is the function of the Haverst channel?
Answer:
1. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped, large middle section and tapered
at the ends. Essentially there amid the sarcoplasmic amounted to one fruit
per cell, that are duct layout gastrointestinal smooth muscle, bladder, blood
vessels, etc.
2. The set of skeletal muscle cells called meat, and lots of each cell nucleus is
a lot to be at the core and edge of the sarcoplasmic.
3. The fundamental difference between smooth muscle cells, skeletal muscle,
and cardiac muscle is more to the cell nucleus, where the tissue in the body
smooth muscle has 1 core in the middle, skeletal muscle has a lot on the
edge and the core of the heart muscle has 1 or 2 core in middle. Smooth
muscle is in the organs in the body, skeletal muscles are on the outside of
the skeletal and cardiac muscle is in the heart.
4. The lamella is a circular band that is wrapped around the center of the
bone, there is a lacuna is part of the boundary between the lamella,
canaliculi is part osteocytes connect with each other.
5. Haverst channel function is as a place of blood vessels, lymph vessels and
nerves.

Observation Picture
a. Zea mays steam

b. Mammal striated muscle teased

c. Human muscle cardiac sect

d. Moncot corn leaf

e. Hibiscus sp. cs