Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Increasing
isobars
31 C
Two-phase
region
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-4]
Ship-board
Propulsion
respiration
respiration in
decomposers
respiration
non-energy
uses, oil+gas combustion
production
byproducts, etc.
photosynthesis
volcanic
activity
feeding
fossilization
Carbon compounds
in dead matter
(biomass)
Carbon compounds in
geological formations
Agriculture
Fire extinguishers
11
14
31C
Two-phase
region
Increasing
isobars
16
Btu
hr ft R
160
CO2
305K
140
120
307K
100
Thermal
Conductivity
[mW/m/K]
80
309K
60
350K
40
0.012
Btu
hr ft R
Critical density
300
500
700
900
Density [kg/m3]
REFPROP (2007)
22
CO2
8
8.0 MPa
6
Ratio of
Specific
Heats
12 MPa
4
4.0 MPa
16 MPa
20 MPa
0
200
Critical
temperature
300
400
500
600
Temperature [K]
Air = 1.4
REFPROP (2007)
23
40
Qin
Processes
(1-2) Isentropic compression
(2-3) Const. pres. heat addition
(3-4) Isentropic expansion
(4-1) Const. pres. heat reject.
HP-HE
Comp.
Turb.
Wnet
4
LP-HE
th,Brayton = 1 PR(1-k)/k
Qout
PR, k : th
Tmin
Entropy, S
Temperature, T
3
Tmax
Temperature, T
Open- or closed-loop
Optimal PR
for net work
Closed-loop
Qin
2
4
Qout
1
Entropy, S
43
Qin
Boiler
Processes
(1-2) Isentropic compression
(2-3) Const. pres. heat addition
Pump
(3-4) Isentropic expansion
WP,in
(4-1) Const. pres. heat reject.
Same processes as
Brayton; different
hardware
Phase changes
E.g., steam cycle
th = 1 Qin/Qout
WT,out
Condenser
Qout
Qin
Temperature, T
Turb.
Liquid+
Vapor
3
Liquid
2
Gas
4
Qout
Entropy, S
44
Rankine
46
Temperature, T
Supercritical
region
Pcrit
Tcrit
Liquid
region
Gas
region
Liquid + vapor
region
Entropy, S
55
106
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
107
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
109
110
Currently
5GW Worldwide
1.8GW US
Image source: [6-7]
111
Advanced power
cycles
Supercritical steam
Rankine
High temperature
air Brayton
Supercritical CO2
Cooling
650 gal H20/MWh
Dry-cooling technology
is needed in most
desert venues for CSP
43C Dry bulb
112
Heliostats
Dual-shaft, tower receiver S-CO2 Brayton Cycle solar thermal power
system with thermal energy storage, Zhiwen and Turchi (2011)
113
80%
Supercritical CO2
60%
Supercritical CO2 CC
Air Brayton CC
Supercritical H2O
Cycle
Efficiency
Subcritical H2O
40%
Air Brayton
Commercial
Lab/Pilot
Concept
Demonstration
20%
0%
0
250
500
750
1000
Cycle Temperature [C]
1250
1500
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
115
116
117
118
Direct Cycle
No primary and
secondary Na
loops
Lower Void
Reactivity
Indirect Cycle
No secondary
Na Loops
Smaller core
size
121
Con
New technology
122
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
123
124
Oxy-Fuel Combustion
Conventional Combustion
Air
(78% N 2 , 21% O 2 )
Fuel
Oxy-Fuel Combustion
O2
CO 2
Fuel
H 2O
125
O2
CO2 Turbine
CO2 Compressor
Oxy
Combustor
CO2
Power
Generator
Out
CO2
Electricity
Condenser
HRSG
CO2
Water
Steam
Rankine
Cycle
Generator
Electricity
Steam Turbine
126
127
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
128
129
Ship-board Propulsion
130
[6-3]
[6-1]
Concentrated
Solar Power
[6-2]
Geothermal
Fossil Fuel
[6-5]
[6-4]
Nuclear
Ship-board
Propulsion
131
Geothermal
Waste Heat
Recovery
Zhang (2005)
Non-Concentrated
Solar Power
133
134
Photovoltaic
e,exp = 8.2%
Zhang (2005)
Zhang (2007)
135
S-CO2 as a Refrigerant
136
Majority of entropy
generation in CO2
cycle was in the
expansion device
Brown (2002)
137
S-CO2 replaced as a
refrigerant in domestic heat
pump hot water heater in
Japan.
COP = 8, 90C (194F)
Compared to COPtyp=4-5
Qh + We
COP =
We
Machinery Program
sCO2 Related Projects
Pilot-scale
demonstration of an
internally cooled
compressor design
Isothermal compressor
and liquefaction / CO2
pump equipment design
Thermodynamic analysis
of CO2 separation,
compression, and
transport
CO2 liquefaction loop for
proof of concept
demonstration
143
144
Test Configuration
SwRI B278
Heater
Compressor
sCO2 Pump
Cooler
145
Test Configuration
Pipe Section
Pump to heater
Mixing line
Recuperator to heater
HT heater to expander
Expander to recuperator
Recuperator to existing
Existing piping to pump
Color
Dark blue
Yellow
Orange
Red
Dark
green
Light
green
Light blue
146
Project Scope
HXLOW
HXHIGH
P7a
P6
P7
Sequestration
Ready CO2
COMP1
P7b
P2
EXPANDER
COMP2
P5
P4
COOLING OUT
COOLING IN
BOOST
P8
C6
P4a
C5
P1
P4b
C2
PRECOOL
HXMAIN1
C1
O2
C7
BOOST
HXCLEAN
C3
Coal Slurry
C4
CYCLONE
Combustor
C1b
C0
Combustion Loop
Coal Fired Supercritical Oxy-Combustion
Power
Block
Thermal Loop
Overall
Efficiency [%]
48 Thermal
4887
4930 Recycle
P high / P low
[atm]
290 / 82
100 / 93
650 / 20
653 / 78
Combustion Loop
Coal Pulverizer
Slury Pump
Supercritical oxy-combustor
Pressure [atm]
Temperature [C]
Technology Type
Pressure [atm]
Component/Sub-system
Temperature [C]
Operating Conditions
Inlet
Outlet
Assumed or Specified Performance
Characteristics
Generic
Generic
New vertical flow swirl
combustor
25
25
450
1
1
95
25
30
93
1 < 9 kw-h/ton
92.25 60% Efficiency
92.25 98+% combustion efficiency
25
25
1
1
<450
<450
Lock-hopper
703
92
80
Cyclone Separator
Generic
703
93
703
91
98% Removal
3 atm dP
Recouperator (HXMAIN)
703
91
460
88
Pre-heater (HXCLEAN)
460
88
162
Sulfur Cleanup
162
85
Water Removal
162
Boost Pump
Generic
Cryogenic
Assumptions Regarding
Anticipated Application Issues
Combustor to be
demonstrated in Phase 2
Technology
Readiness
TRL 9
TRL 9
TRL 6 at the
completion of Phase
2 demonstration
TRL 2
TRL 4
TRL 4
TRL 9
5 C Pinch Point
3 atm dP
See Note 3
85
5 C Pinch Point
3 atm dP
See Note 3
TRL 5 - 9
depending on cleanup
conditions
85
TRL 5 - 9
depending on cleanup
conditions
150
80
95
TRL 9
30
450
93
Note 1: TRL 7 at the completion of a compantion DOE SunShot Project in 2016 (DE-EE0005804)
Note 2: TRL 7 at the completion of a compantion DOE SunShot Project in 2013 (FC26-05NT42650)
Note 3: Materials and manufacturing assumptions for cost and performance
Note 4: Turbomachinery layout and design is being adressed in other DOE sponsored programs (DEEE0005804)
TRL 9
Power Loop
Pressure [atm]
Temperature [C]
Technology Type
Pressure [atm]
Component/Sub-system
Temperature [C]
Operating Conditions
Inlet
Outlet
Assumed or Specified Performance
Characteristics
Assumptions Regarding
Anticipated Application Issues
Supercritical CO2
Recompression Cycle
sCO2 Turbo-expander
Technology
Readiness
290
509
86
90+% efficiency
See Note 4
Recouperator (HXHIGH)
509
86
213
84
5 C Pinch Point
3 atm dP
See Note 3
Recouperator (HXLOW)
213
84
70
83
5 C Pinch Point
3 atm dP
See Note 3
sCO2 Pump/Compressor
70
83
190
See Note 4
sCO2 Pump/Compressor
25
82
60
See Note 4
70
83
25
82
See Note 3
Pre-cooler
5 C Pinch Point
3 atm dP
Note 1: TRL 7 at the completion of a compantion DOE SunShot Project in 2016 (DE-EE0005804)
Note 2: TRL 7 at the completion of a compantion DOE SunShot Project in 2013 (FC26-05NT42650)
Note 3: Materials and manufacturing assumptions for cost and performance
Note 4: Turbomachinery layout and design is being adressed in other DOE sponsored programs (DEEE0005804)
Supercritical
Oxy-combustor
Water
Scrubber
Cyclone
Separator
Boost
Compressor
Underflow
Particulate
Separation
Water
Scrubber
Cyclone
Separator
Cooling Tower
Underflow
Particulate
Separation
Supercritical
Oxy-combustor
Major components
Recuperater
Water scrubber and cleanup
Operating Conditions
Cyclone separator
Oxygen feed
Coal slurry feed
Boost Compressor
Cooling Tower
Coal Fired Supercritical Oxy-Combustion Test Loop
C6
HXCLEAN
C1
O2
C5
CO2 Capture
and Disposal
BOOST
C2
Coal Slurry
Combustor
C0
C4
CYCLONE
C1b
CO2
H2O
Solids
Underflow Particulate
Removal
C7
H2O
FLUE GAS
CLEANUP
Recuperated CPOC
Add high temperature recuperator after expander, low temperature
recuperator after compressor
-963172
81204
B6
-830067
S8
183.57
th = 63.8%
175.00
1.00
1.00000
1.00
C-CL-T
CALCULATOR
0
1.00
1200.00
175.00
175.00
1.00000
1.00000
-19.22
S12
5.00
W=81204
1.00000
-30.83
1.00
1.00
175.00
COMBUST
1.00000
435.57
S2
S1
EXPANDER
T emperature (C)
0
S4
RECOUPH
1.00000
1
W=-963172
S14
S6
-31.34
Q=10103
S3
Power(Watt)
-62.27
5.00
5.00
1.00000
1.00000
0.00
RECOUPL
1.00
0
REFHX
S7
0.00
CRYOPUMP
S5
Q=-385489
51900
0.00
Q=451878
S10
175.00
1.00000
1.00
Pressure (bar)
-36.34
1.00
1.00
Q=1300359
C-CRYOP
CALCULATOR
COMP
S13
183.57
WNET
-20.83
1.00000
D-TINOUT
DESIGN-SPEC
S9
W=51900
Performance tweaks
Iso-thermal compressor
24847
S17
T emperature (C)
206.66
Pressure (bar)
85.26
1.00000
0.01017
1.00
Dut y (Wat t)
Power(Wat t)
-221798
B1
Vapor Fraction
S3
1220.00
73.07
203.66
204.00
958.57
293.84
293.84
293.84
293.84
293.84
0.65000
0.65000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
0.00189
0.00094
W=24847
WPOWER
HXLOW
1.00
Q=992454
S16
0.00291
1.00
0.01027
0.00858
33235
HXHIGH
1.00
1.00
1.00
DUMMY
MIXER1
COMP1
S14
S13
S1
S9
S8
Q=345891
Q=159430
204.65
80.11
83.96
293.84
1.00000
0.35000
0.00102
0.00598
30.00
80.11
82.96
S7
1.00
1220.00
1.00
1.00000
SPLIT1
0.65000
0.00111
204.65
0.00388
0.00
Q=-0
1.00
80.11
S11
83.96
1017.80
293.84
86.86
0.35000
1.00000
0.00102
S6
T-DUMMY
293.84
COOL
83.96
0.65000
S12
S4
CALCULAT OR
S10
-279879
0.01027
1.00
PHOT1
0.02874
1.00
S2
1.00
0.35000
PRECOOL
0.00209
DSPLIT
DESIGN -SPEC
S5
EXPANDER
COMP2
1.00
W=-279879
Q=-123554
T-PRES
TRANSFE R
W=33235
POST
CALCU LATOR
Efficiency Comparison
0.7
0.65
0.6
Thermal Efficiency
0.55
Efficiency
63.85%
64.00%
1200
1200
150
290
100
Recompression (290
bar)
0.45
Recuperated CPOC
(150/5 bar)
1.00
1.00
0.4
Recuperated CPOC
(150/10 bar)
W net (MW)
0.830
0.221
Baseline CPOC
(300/20 bar)
Q in (MW)
1.300
0.345
HX high (MW)
0.451
0.992
HX low (MW)
0.010
0.154
0.461
1.146
0.5
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
600
800
1000
Temperature (C)
1200
1400
Miniature pressure
transducer (pressure
wave detection)
Frequency / Pressure
Pulse Generation
(Using Internal-to-Gas
or External Speaker)
Gas
Temperature
Sensor
Additional Miniature
Pressure Transducer
159
17800 RPM
TRANSIENT#1
TRANSIENT#8
19800 RPM
TRANSIENT#2
MEASURED SURGE LINE
9000
8000
7000
6000
19800 RPM
5000
17800 RPM
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Major milestones
Test loops operational
Demonstrate process stability/control
CO2 mixtures
181
Le Pierres (2011)
182
Nehrbauer (2011)
183
3kW
19,21 kW
TokyoTech,
(S-Shaped Fins)
HEATRIC
(Zigzag Fins)
186
316 SS, 12% Cr alloy, 200-600C, 10 Mpa CO2, Kato et al. (2007)
188
UW - 650C, 27 MPa
Steels
Guoping (2009)
Geothermal Research
Explore the feasibility of operating enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) with CO2
as heat transmission fluid
Collaboration between LBNL (Pruess), UC Berkeley (Glaser), Central Research
Institute of the Electric Power Industry, Japan (Kaieda) and Kyoto University
(Ueda)
190
(Anderson, 2009)
191
Tupi - I
Tupi - III
(GT2012-70137)
192
Heat Exchangers
Improved heat transfer correlations near the critical region for varying geometries
Improve resolution of local heat transfer measurements
Heat exchanger durability studying effects of material, fabrication, channel geometry,
fouling, corrosion, and maintenance
Rotordynamics
Analysis of rotor-dynamic cross-coupling coefficients for S-CO2
Pulsation analysis
Development of transient pipe flow analysis models for S-CO2
194
Fluid properties
Mixture of S-CO2 and other fluids
Physical property testing of CO2 mixtures at extreme conditions with significantly reduced
uncertainties (i.e. < 1%)
195
Summary
197
Nuclear
Fossil Fuel
Ship-board
Propulsion
The combination of favorable property variation and high fluid density of SCO2 allows small footprint of machinery
1.50
PR = 1.4
PR = 2.0
Air
Air
S-CO2
S-CO2
1.25
1.00
Impeller Dia.
0.75
[m]
0.50
0.25
0.00
0
10000
20000
Shaft Speed [rpm]
30000
198
Questions?
199