INTRODUCTION

Heat transfer is the process of transfer of thermal energy from a body, which is having higher
temperature to another body having lower temperature. This can be occurred either steady or unsteady
conditions. When the temperature of a considered system doesnt change with the time, which is
consider as steady state heat transfer. Conversely, under unsteady state conditions the temperature
within the system does vary with the time.
It is rather difficult to analyze the unsteady heat transfer compared to the steady state heat transfer.
Therefore simulation technique is used to analyze the unsteady state heat transfer. Both flow in a
hydraulic system and temperature variation in a system under unsteady conditions are governed or
controlled by similar equations having common form. Therefore in here we are using hydraulic flow
simulation to find out the temperature variations and distributions in one dimensional heat conduction
under unsteady state conditions.
APPARATUS

Figure No. 01 - Apparatus

THEORY
The numerical solution to unsteady state heat transfer in 1-D is,
tn1 =
Where,

+ (1 ) +

()2
()

In the hydraulic analogy the tubes represent elements. If h1 is the height of the water after time interval
w, then the equation for mid tube,
(31 3 )

Where,

(2 3 )

(3 4 )

Cross sectional area of tube.

Length of connecting tube.

=

By rearranging we get,
hn1 = ()

( )

+ (1 ()

) 3 +

( )

4
()
( )

Compare with temperature equation,

()
( )
=
2
()
()
This can be demonstrated by experiment. After suddenly raising the pressure head tank on the left,
observe the rise in height of water in the mid tube (tube no 03) at equal intervals of time say half a
minute intervals.
If we define a non-dimensional quantity,
Where,

ts

= Temperature of surface after sudden change.

ti

= Initial temperature.

= Instantaneous temperature at a particular point within the block.

The corresponding non-dimensional quantity,

()
()2
Where,

= Half width of the block.

=

()
2

; n Number of tubes

() 1 2 2
=
( )
2

ie. 2 =

( )2

For the tube no. 03, the height of the liquid can be represent as,

Where,

hs

= Height of the liquid on left side tube

hi

= Datum height

= Instantaneous height of liquid of tube no. 03.

To demonstrate the correspondence,

Vs

()
2

From the experiment we plot,

Vs

Calibration of connecting tube:

=

CALCULATIONS
By considering the 3rd set of data of the Table no. 01,

2254

= 2754
= 1.1852

Calibration of connecting tube,

=

403 . 1 129.3
22

= 235.09093 . 1
235.09093 . 1 0.5
=

129.3 3.912
= 0.2325
Table No. 02: Calculations


1.1392

0.5683

1.1515

0.3197

1.1852

0.2325

1.0851

0.1795

0.9737

0.1441

1.0968

0.1382

1.0769

0.1279

1.0455

0.1204

1.0526

0.1163

1.0843

0.1137

1.0667

0.1112

1.1061

0.1095

1.0615

0.1086

1.0833

0.1077

1.0526

0.1066

1.2000

0.1066

1.1224

0.1055

1.1778

0.1050

1.2439

0.1046

1.3158

0.1044

1.3235

0.1033

1.4063

0.1033

DISCUSSION
Conduction is a heat transfer method which can take place in solids, Liquids or gases. In solids heat is
transferred due to the molecular vibration and energy transport by the free electrons is known as
conduction heat transfer. In liquids and gases that is due to collisions and diffusion of the molecules
due to their random motion.
Conduction heat transfer is an important process in our day to day applications. The rate of heat
transfer through the conduction of a medium depends upon its geometry, material, thickness and the
temperature difference across the medium.
When a material subjected to a heat source, the temperature of body is going to increase the time and
also it varies inside the body also. This nature is called as unsteady or transient heat transfer. Therefore
it is complicated to describe compares to the steady state heat transfer.
In this experiment it is using simulation technique to describe the one directional transient heat
transfer. The flow within a hydraulic system is used to describe the transient heat transfer through
conduction due to both of the systems are governed and controlled by a equations which are having
similar forms.
According to the experimental results, it shows temperature distribution from surface to the inside of
the body. The observed result is slightly deviated from the expected parabolic shape. However,
according to the observed result it can be clearly identify that highest temperature is occurred at the
surface of the body and it gradually decreases within the body. The instantaneous lowest temperature
is occurred in the middle of the body.

ERRORS

Human Errors, when obtaining and reporting the readings.

The ruler was fixed at the middle of the apparatus and errors can be occurred when obtaining
readings of water columns of tubes which are located away from the middle.
It is better to use a scaled glass tubes other than using a ruler.