FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Pile Foundation
Dr.Ir.Erizal,MAgr.

Departemen Teknik SipildanLingkungan

Fakultas Teknolog Pertanian
Institut Pertanian Bogor

Main References
Das,

B.M. (2002). Principles of

Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition,
Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning

Das,

B.M. (2004). Principles of Foundation

Engineering, 5th edition, Brooks/Cole
Thomson Learning

Part One

Typical Geotechnical Project

Geo-Laboratory
~ for testing

soil properties

construction site

Design Office
~ for design & analysis

Shallow & Deep

Foundations

FOUNDATION
load
Foundation

Soil
Condition

Shallow Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for firm soils or light loads

firm
ground
bed rock

Deep Foundations
~ for transferring building loads to underlying ground
~ mostly for weak soils or heavy loads

P
I
L
E

weak soil

bed rock

Perbedaan F. Dangkal & F. Dalam

F. Dangkal
D/B
Keruntuhan
Instalasi

F. Dalam

Kecil

Besar

Sampai
permukaan
tanah

Di dalam
tanah

Digali

Dipancang/
dibor

Analisis jenis fondasi

Shallow Foundations

Pile Foundations

Piles are relatively long and slender members used to

transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a higher
bearing capacity.

Pile resistance is comprised of

end bearing
shaft friction

For many piles only one of these components is

important. This is the basis of a simple classification

Use of pile foundations

When one or more upper soil layers are highly
compressible and too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure. Piles are used to
transmit the load to underlying bedrock or a
stronger soil layer

When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth

below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the
structural load to the soil gradually. The resistance to the
applied structural load is derived mainly from the
frictional resistance developed at the soil-pile interface

Use of pile foundations

When subjected to horizontal forces, pile
foundation resist by bending , while still
supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure

The foundations of some structures, such as

transmission towers, offshore platforms and basement
mats below the water table, are subjected to uplifting
forces. Piles are sometimes used for these foundations to resist
the uplifting force

Use of pile foundations

Bridge abutments and piers are usually are

usually constructed over pile foundations to
avoid the loss of bearing capacity that a
shallow foundation might suffer because of
soil erosion at the ground surface

Deep Foundations

Pile foundation

Tall buildings need

piles down to the
rock bed to transfer
the loads directly to
the solid part in the
earth to avoid
uneven settlement

Jembatan Suramadu

Sisi Surabaya

Sisi Madura
Total panjang jembatan 5438m
Cable Stayed 818m

Causeway

Approach

Approach

Causeway

PONDASI CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

20 m

15 m

100 m

100 m

56 Tiang

Diameter 2.4 m

Sutong Bridge - China

1088m

60m

Pondasi:
Panjang = 130m
Diameter = 3.2m - 60m pertama
2.8m - sisanya
Jumlah = 131 tiang

Piled Foundations

Pile

Jembatan Cikubang

Jembatan Suramadu

Ciujung

Type of Pile Foundations

Types of Piles

Concrete

Steel
Pipe

Timber

Steel H

Pre-cast
Concrete

Composite

Steel piles
Discription

Usual length 15-60 m

Usual load 300-1200 kN

Advantages

Easy to handle with respect to cut off and extension to the

desired length
Can stand high driving stress
Can penetrate hard layers
High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages

Relatively costly
High level of noise during driving
Subject to corrosion
H-piles may be damaged or deflected during driving through
hard layers

Concrete piles
Precast piles
Using

ordinary reinforcement

Prestressed

: using high-strength steel

prestressing cable

Cast-in-situ

piles

Concrete piles
Discription

Usual length 10-15m (press : 10-45m)

Usual load 300-3000 kN (press : 7500-8500 kN)

Advantages

Can be subjected to hard driving

Corrosion resistant
Can be easily combined with a concrete superstructure
High load-carrying capacity

Disadvantages

Difficult to achieve proper cutoff

Difficult to transport

Steps in Rational Pile Selection

Adequate
Soil

Subsurface Investigation

Profile Development

Appropriate
Selection

Lab/Field Testing

of Soil Design Parameters

Static Analysis
Applied

Experience

Load Magnitude
Deep foundation
type

Typical range of
nominal (ultimate)
resistance (kips)

Typical length
(feet)

Timber pile

75 200

20 40

Concrete pile

200 2,000

20 150

Steel H-pile

200 1,000

20 160

Pipe pile

175 2,500

20 100

Drilled shaft

750 10,000

20 160

What is a Driven Pile?

A Driven Pile is a deep
foundation that is constructed
by driving a concrete, steel or
timber pile to support the
anticipated loads in competent
subsurface material.

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Driven Low Displacement Piles

Driven High Displacement Piles

Reg : 1.2.500.2.31.09.03.02978

Drilled Shafts (bored piles)

Driven & Bored Pile

Jenis

Driven pile
(Precast pile)

Keunggulan
Kualitas terjamin
Dynamic pile capacity
Pelaksanaan singkat
Displacement pile

Kekurangan

Vibrasi saat driving

Human error kecil

Bored pile
(cast insitu)

Tanpa vibrasi
Non displacement pile

Kualitas perlu ketelitian

Non dynamic pile capacity
Pelaksanaan cukup lama
Human error relatif besar

Type of piles based on installation

Nondisplacement
Displacement
Extra

pile (bored pile)

pile ( driven pile)

displacement pile (franki pile)

Pile capacity

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Static Formula Method (Qu = Qp + Qs)

Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qs = fAs

Embedded
Length

=D

f = Unit Frictional
Resistance
AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP

Method of Support
End Bearing

Side Friction

Combined

Mekanisme trasfer beban

Tahanan

friksi (gesekan permukaan) termobilisasi penuh

jika telah terjadi displacement sebesar :
5-10 mm (0,2-0,3 inch)..B.M. Das
0,30 1% lebar/diameter tiang ..Tomlinson

Tahanan

ujung termobilisasi penuh jika telah terjadi

displacement sebesar
10-25% lebar/diameter tiang .B.M. Das
10-20% lebar/diameter tiang .Tomlinson

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Static Formula Method

Qu = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qu = Qp + Qs

Embedded
Length

Qs = fAs

=D

f = Unit Frictional
Resistance
AS = Shaft Area
qP = Unit Bearing
Capacity
AP = Area of Point

QP = qPAP

End Bearing Piles

PILES

SOFT SOIL

ROCK

Friction Piles

PILES

SOFT SOIL

Strength
increases
with depth

Mekanisme keruntuhan

Terzaghi

Meyerhof

Vesic

Skempton

Luthfi Hasan (1998)

Loads applied to Piles

V

Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment

loading may be applied at the soil surface from
the overlying structure
For the majority of foundations the loads applied
to the piles are primarily vertical
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers,
tall chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the
lateral resistance is an important consideration
The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and
moment loading is more complex than simple
vertical loading because of the soil-structure
interaction.

M
H

Estimation of Pile Capacity

Tahapan desain

Mengusahakan data tanah melalui soil investigation,

berupa :
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT = Sondir)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Boring (pengambilan sampel tanah)

Melakukan survei tentang kedalaman fondasi tiang pada

bangunan sekitarnya

Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

Melakukan

estimasi kapasitas fondasi tiang tunggal

menggunakan static formula, berdasarkan data:
- Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
- Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
- Hasil uji laboratorium
- Korelasi dari berbagai data diatas

Melakukan

estimasi kelompok tiang berdasarkan hasil

estimasi tiang tunggal dan beban kolom yang harus
ditahan

Tahapan desain (lanjutan)

Melaksanakan

pile driving dengan menggunakan

dynamic formula berdasarkan estimasi nilai static
formula. Menentukan kapasitas tiang yang digunakan

Melaksanakan

meragukan.

pile load test bagi fondasi tiang yang

Estimasi kapasitas tiang

Qu Qp Qs (W)

Qu Ap.qp As.qs
Ap.qp As.qs
Qall

SF 1
SF2
Qp
Qs

Tahanan ujung end bearing)

Tahanan friksi (friction resistance)

qp

Unit daya dukung

qs

Unit tahanan friksi

SF1 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan ujung

SF2 Angka keamanan untuk tahanan friksi

Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Qp Ap.qp

Menghitung tahanan ujung (end bearing)

Deep foundation

Tahanan ujung tiang pada tanah pasir

Cases

Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

Nilai K dan
Nilai K :

Metoda instalasi

Tiang pancang, displacement besar

(1-2)Ko

Tiang pancang, displacement kecil

(0,75-1,75)Ko

Bored pile

(0,75-1)Ko

Ko = 1-sin
Nilai :
Interface

Baja halus

(0,5-0,7)

Baja kasar

(0,7-0,9)

Precast concrete

(0,8-1)

Cast in place

Menghitung tegangan effektif (v )

v akan naik sejalan dengan kedalaman tiang

hingga mencapai kedalaman L = 15D (asumsi,
tergantung dari nilai , Cc dan Dr), selanjutnya
konstan.

Tahanan ujung tiang pada clay (lempung)

Menghitung tahanan friksi (friction)

Faktor penentu nilai

Konsolidasi
Dragdown

tanah selama pelaksanaan

lapisan diatasnya saat pemancangan

Cara

mendapatkan Su atau cu

Tipe

instalasi fondasi tiang

Menentukan

Menentukan

Nilai undrained shear strength (Su) :

Clay

Su (kPa)

Su (kg/cm2)

Very soft

0-12

0-0,12

Soft

12-24

0,12-0,24

Medium

24-48

0,24-0,48

Stiff

48-96

0,48-0.96

Very stiff

96-192

0,96-1,92

Hard

> 192

> 1,92

Case-4