Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SUPREME COURT
SECOND DIVISION
G.R. No. 167631 December 16, 2005
Jenette Marie B. Crisologo, Petitioner,
vs.
GLOBE TELECOM INC. and Cesar M. Maureal, Vice President for
Human Resources, Respondents.
RESOLUTION
AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.:
Petitioner was an employee of respondent company. When she was
promoted as Director of Corporate Affairs and Regulatory Matters, she
became entitled to an executive car, and she procured a 1997 Toyota
Camry. In April 2002, she was separated from the company. Petitioner
filed a complaint for illegal dismissal and reinstatement with the
National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC), which later dismissed
the complaint. Petitioner filed, on August 12, 2004, a petition
for certiorari with the Court of Appeals, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No.
85679 assailing the NLRCs dismissal.
Pending said petition, respondent company filed with the Regional Trial
Court of Mandaluyong (Branch 213) an action for recovery of
possession of a motor vehicle with application for a writ of replevin with
damages, docketed as Civil Case No. MC04-2480. Petitioner filed a
motion to dismiss on the ground of litis pendentia and forum shopping
but this was denied by the trial court. Thus, petitioner filed a petition
for certiorari with the Court of Appeals, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No.
85927.1 Petitioner also filed with the Court of Appeals a motion for the
issuance of a writ of prohibition to enjoin proceedings in the replevin
case before the trial court.
Thereafter, respondent company filed a motion to declare defendant in
default in Civil Case No. MC04-2480, which was granted by the trial
court. Respondent company was thus allowed to present its
evidence ex-parte. Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration of the
order of default but it was denied by the trial court. On April 5, 2005,
the trial court rendered a judgment by default, the dispositive portion of
which reads:
WHEREFORE, finding merit in all the foregoing uncontroverted facts
supported by documentary exhibits, judgment is hereby rendered
declaring plaintiff to have the right of possession over the subject
motor vehicle and ordering defendant plaintiff to pay plaintiff the
following:
(b) Petition for review. The appeal to the Court of Appeals in cases
decided by the Regional Trial Court in the exercise of its appellate
jurisdiction shall be by petition for review in accordance with Rule 42.
(c) Appeal by certiorari. In all cases where only questions of law are
raised or involved, the appeal shall be to the Supreme Court by petition
for review on certiorari in accordance with Rule 45. (Emphasis
supplied)
4. Costs of suit.
SO ORDERED.
Petitioner then filed with the Court a petition for review
on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, which was denied by
the Court in a Resolution dated May 16, 2005, for being the wrong
remedy under the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended.
Petitioner thus filed the present motion for reconsideration, alleging
that the filing of said petition is the proper recourse, citing Matute vs.
Instead, she came directly to this Court via petition for review
on certiorari, without setting forth substantial reasons why the ordinary
remedies under the law should be disregarded and the petition
entertained. Petitioner cannot even find solace in the Matute case as
the old Rules of Court then applicable explicitly laid down the remedy
of anordinary appeal to the Court of Appeals, and not appeal
by certiorari to this Court, by a defendant declared in default.
Petitioner further argues that the petition involved questions of law, and
the Court should have taken cognizance of the case. The grounds set
forth in her petition prove otherwise, viz.:
GROUNDS
I
THE COMPLAINT FOR REPLEVIN FILED BY RESPONDENTS
AGAINST PETITIONER SHOULD HAVE BEEN DISMISSED ON THE
GROUND OF LITIS PENDENTIA AND FOR RESPONDENTS
VIOLATION OF THE RULES AGAINST FORUM-SHOPPING
II
THE TRIAL COURT WENT AHEAD WITH THE EX-PARTE
PRESENTATION OF RESPONDENTS EVIDENCE DESPITE THE
PETITIONERS PENDING MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION
III
THE MONETARY AWARDS FOR DAMAGES AND ATTORNEYS
FEES ARE UNWARRANTED AND UNJUSTIFIABLE CONSIDERING
THAT SUCH ARE NOT SUPPORTED BY LAW AND
JURISPRUDENCE
IV
THE COURT A QUO ISSUED THE ASSAILED DECISION IN A WAY
THAT IT IS NOT IN ACCORD WITH LAW OR APPLICABLE
DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT AND HAS SO FAR
DEPARTED FROM THE USUAL COURSE OF JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS AS TO CALL FOR THE EXERCISE BY THE
SUPREME COURT OF ITS POWER OF SUPERVISION
The test of whether a question is one of law or of fact is not the
appellation given to such question by the party raising the same;
rather, it is whether the appellate court can determine the issue raised
without reviewing or evaluating the evidence, in which case, it is a
question of law; otherwise, it is a question of fact. 7 The issues on the
award of damages call for a re-evaluation of the evidence before the
trial court, which is obviously a question of fact. Cases where an
appeal involved questions of fact, of law, or both fall within the
MELO, J.:
The notices of sale under Section 3 of Act No. 3135, as amended by
Act No. 4118, on extra-judicial foreclosure of real estate mortgage are
required to be posted for not less than twenty days in at least three
public places of the municipality or city where the property is situated,
and if such property is worth more than four hundred pesos, such
notices shall also be published once a week for at least three
consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the
municipality or city.
Respondent court, through Justice Filemon Mendoza with whom
Justices Campos, Jr. and Aldecoa, Jr. concurred, construed the
publication of the notices on March 28, April 11 and l2, 1969 as a fatal
announcement and reversed the judgment appealed from by declaring
void, inter alia, the auction sale of the foreclosed pieces of realty, the
final deed of sale, and the consolidation of ownership (p. 27, Rollo).
Hence, the petition at bar, premised on the following backdrop lifted
from the text of the challenged decision:
The facts of the case as related by the trial court
are, as follows:
This is a verified complaint
brought by the plaintiff for the
reconveyance to him (and
resultant damages) of two (2)
parcels of land mortgaged by
him
to
the
defendant
Philippine
National
Bank
(Manila), which the defendant
allegedly
unlawfully
foreclosed. The defendant
then consolidated ownership
unto itself, and subsequently
sold the parcels to third
parties. The amended Answer
of the defendant states on the
other
hand
that
the
extrajudicial
foreclosure,
consolidation of ownership,
and subsequent sale to the
third parties were all valid, the
bank therefore counterclaims
for damages and other
equitable remedies.
SO ORDERED. (Decision, p.
B.; Amended Record on
Appeal, p. 100)
Not satisfied with the judgment, plaintiff interposed
the present appeal assigning as errors the
following:
I.
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN HOLDING IN
FOOTNOTE I OF ITS DECISION THAT IT IS
THEREFORE INCLINED TO BELIEVE THAT THE
DATE "JUNE 30, 1962" WAS A MERE CLERICAL
ERROR AND THAT THE TRUE AND CORRECT
DATE IS JUNE 30, 1958. IT ALSO ERRED IN
HOLDING IN THE SAME FOOTNOTE I THAT
"HOWEVER, EVEN ASSUMING THAT THE TRUE
AND CORRECT DATE IS JUNE 30, 1961, THE
FACT STILL REMAINS THAT THE FIRST TWO
PROMISSORY
NOTES
HAD
BEEN
GUARANTEED BY THE MORTGAGE OF THE
TWO LOTS, AND THEREFORE, IT WAS LEGAL
AND PROPER TO FORECLOSE ON THE LOTS
FOR
FAILURE
TO
PAY
SAID
TWO
PROMISSORY NOTES". (page 115, Amended
Record on Appeal)
II.
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT HOLDING
THAT THE PETITION FOR EXTRAJUDICIAL
FORECLOSURE WAS PREMATURELY FILED
AND IS A MERE SCRAP OF PAPER BECAUSE
IT MERELY FORECLOSED THE ORIGINAL AND
NOT THE AMENDED MORTGAGE.
III.
Private respondent, on the other hand, views the legal question from a
different perspective. He believes that the period between each
publication must never be less than seven consecutive days (p. 4,
Memorandum; p. 124,Rollo).
We are not convinced by petitioner's submissions because the
disquisition in support thereof rests on the erroneous impression that
the day on which the first publication was made, or on March 28, 1969,
should be excluded pursuant to the third paragraph of Article 17 of the
New Civil Code.
It must be conceded that Article 17 is completely silent as to the
definition of what is a "week". In Concepcion vs. Zandueta (36 O.G.
3139 [1938]; Moreno, Philippine Law Dictionary, Second Ed., 1972, p.
660), this term was interpreted to mean as a period of time consisting
of seven consecutive days a definition which dovetails with the
ruling in E.M. Derby and Co. vs. City of Modesto, et al. (38 Pac. Rep.
900 [1984]; 1 Paras, Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated, Twelfth
Ed., 1989, p. 88; 1 Tolentino, Commentaries and Jurisprudence on th
Civil Code, 1990, p. 46). Following the interpretation in Derby as to the
publication of an ordinance for "at least two weeks" in some
newspaper that:
. . . here there is no date or event suggesting the
exclusion of the first day's publication from the
computation, and the cases above cited take this
case out of the rule stated in Section 12, Code Civ.
Proc. which excludes the first day and includes the
last;
the publication effected on April 11, 1969 cannot be
construed as sufficient advertisement for the second week
SPMCs petition in the Court of Appeals did not indicate that the person
who signed the verification/certification on non-forum shopping was
authorized to do so. SPMC merely relied on the alleged inherent power
of its chief financial officer to represent SPMC in all matters regarding
the finances of the corporation including, among others, the filing of
suits to defend or protect it from assessments and to recover
erroneously paid taxes. SPMC even admitted that no power of
attorney, secretarys certificate or board resolution to prove the affiants
authority was attached to the petition. Thus, the petition was not
properly verified. Since the petition lacked proper verification, it was to
be treated as an unsigned pleading subject to dismissal.12
In PET Plans, Inc. v. Court of Appeals,13 the Court upheld the dismissal
by the Court of Appeals of the petition on the ground that the
verification and certification against forum shopping was signed by
PET Plans, Inc.s first vice-president for legal affairs/corporate
secretary without any certification that he was authorized to sign in
behalf of the corporation.
In BPI Leasing Corporation v. Court of Appeals,14 the Court ruled that
the petition should be dismissed outright on the ground that the
verification/certification against forum shopping was signed by BPI
Leasing Corporations counsel with no specific authority to do so.
Since the counsel was purportedly acting for the corporation, he
needed a resolution issued by the board of directors that specifically
authorized him to institute the petition and execute the certification.
Only then would his actions be legally binding on the corporation.15
In this case, therefore, the appellate court did not commit an error
when it dismissed the petition on the ground that it was signed by a
person who had not been issued any authority by the board of
directors to represent the corporation.
Neither can the Court subscribe to SPMCs claim of substantial
compliance or to its plea for a liberal application of the rules. Save for
the most persuasive of reasons, strict compliance with procedural rules
is
enjoined
to
facilitate
the
orderly
administration
of
justice.16 Substantial compliance will not suffice in a matter involving
strict observance such as the requirement on non-forum shopping, 17 as
well as verification. Utter disregard of the rules cannot justly be
rationalized by harping on the policy of liberal construction.18
But even if the fatal procedural infirmity were to be disregarded, the
petition must still fail for lack of merit.
As the CTA correctly ruled, SPMCs sale of crude coconut oil to
UNICHEM was subject to the 3% millers tax. Section 168 of the 1987
Tax Code provided:
Sec. 168. Percentage tax upon proprietors or operators of rope
factories, sugar central mills, coconut oil mills, palm oil mills, cassava
mills and desiccated coconut factories. Proprietors or operators of rope
factories, sugar central and mills, coconut oil mills, palm oil mills,
cassava mills and desiccated coconut factories, shall pay a tax
equivalent to three percent (3%) of the gross value in money of all the
rope, sugar, coconut oil, palm oil, cassava flour or starch, dessicated
coconut, manufactured, processed or milled by them, including the byproduct of the raw materials from which said articles are produced,
processed or manufactured, such tax to be based on the actual selling
price or market value of these articles at the time they leave the factory
or mill warehouse:Provided, however, That this tax shall not apply
to rope, coconut oil, palm oil and the by-product of copra from
which it is produced or manufactured and dessicated coconut, if
such rope, coconut oil, palm oil, copra by-products and
dessicated coconuts, shall be removed for exportation by the
proprietor or operator of the factory or the miller himself, and are
actually exported without returning to the Philippines, whether in
their original state or as an ingredient or part of any manufactured
article or products: Provided further, That where the planter or the
owner of the raw materials is the exporter of the aforementioned milled
or manufactured products, he shall be entitled to a tax credit of the
miller's taxes withheld by the proprietor or operator of the factory or
mill, corresponding to the quantity exported, which may be used
against any internal revenue tax directly due from him: and Provided,
finally, That credit for any sales, miller's or excise taxes paid on raw
materials or supplies used in the milling process shall not be allowed
against the miller's tax due, except in the case of a proprietor or
operator of a refined sugar factory as provided hereunder. (emphasis
supplied)
The language of the exempting clause of Section 168 of the 1987 Tax
Code was clear. The tax exemption applied only to the exportation of
rope, coconut oil, palm oil, copra by-products and dessicated coconuts,
whether in their original state or as an ingredient or part of any
manufactured article or products, by the proprietor or operator of the
factory or by the miller himself.
The language of the exemption proviso did not warrant the
interpretation advanced by SPMC. Nowhere did it provide that the
exportation made by the purchaser of the materials enumerated in the
exempting clause or the manufacturer of products utilizing the said
materials was covered by the exemption. Since SPMCs situation was
not within the ambit of the exemption, it was subject to the 3% millers
tax imposed under Section 168 of the 1987 Tax Code.
SPMCs proposed interpretation unduly enlarged the scope of the
exemption clause. The rule is that the exemption must not be so
enlarged by construction since the reasonable presumption is that the
State has granted in express terms all it intended to grant and that,
unless the privilege is limited to the very terms of the statute, the favor
would be intended beyond what was meant.19
Where the law enumerates the subject or condition upon which it
applies, it is to be construed as excluding from its effects all those not
expressly mentioned. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius. Anything
that is not included in the enumeration is excluded therefrom and a
meaning that does not appear nor is intended or reflected in the very
language of the statute cannot be placed therein. 20 The rule proceeds
from the premise that the legislature would not have made specific
enumerations in a statute if it had the intention not to restrict its
meaning and confine its terms to those expressly mentioned.21
The rule of expressio unius est exclusio alterius is a canon of
restrictive interpretation.22 Its application in this case is consistent with
the construction of tax exemptions in strictissimi juris against the
taxpayer. To allow SPMCs claim for tax exemption will violate these
established principles and unduly derogate sovereign authority.
WHEREFORE, the petition is hereby DENIED.
Costs against petitioner.
SO ORDERED.
RENATO C. CORONA
Associate Justice
W/N the CA erred in affirming the decision of the RTC based on the
Stipulation of Facts that was not signed by the Petitioner nor his
counsel.
HELD:
REP. OF THE PHILIPPINES vs. HON. MIGRINIO AND TECSON
FACTS:
Acting on information received, which indicated the acquisition of
wealth beyond his lawful income, the Philippine Anti-Graft
Board required Private Respondent to submit his explanation or
comment, together with
his supporting evidence.
Private
Respondent, a retired lt. colonel, was unable to produce his
supporting evidence, despite several postponements, because they
were allegedly in the custody of his bookkeeper who had gone abroad.
The anti-graft Board was created by the PCGG to investigate the
unexplained wealth and corrupt practices of AFP personnel, both
retired and in active service.
ISSUE:
W/N Private Respondent may be investigated and prosecuted by the
Board, an agency of the PCGG, for violation of RA 3019 and 1379.
HELD:
No. Applying the rule in statutory construction, the term subordinate
as used in EO 1 and 2 would refer to one who enjoys a close
association or relation with former President Marcos and/or his wife,
similar to the immediate family member, relative, and close associate
in EO 1 and the close relative, business associate, dummy, agent, or
nominee in EO 2.
LOYOLA GRAND VILLAS HOMEOWNERS (SOUTH)
ASSOCIATION, INC. vs. COURT OF APPEALS
FACTS:
The Loyola Grand Villas Homeowners Association Inc. (LGVHAI) was
registered with Respondent Home Insurance and Guaranty
Corporation (HIGC) as the sole homeowners organization in the said
subdivision but it did not file its corporate by-laws.
Later, it was
discovered that there were two other organizations within the
subdivision: the North and South Associations. Respondent HIGC
then informed the president of LGVHAI that the latter has been
automatically dissolved because of non-submission of its by-laws as
required by the Corporation Code. This resulted in the registration of
Petitioner association. LGVHAI complained and got a favorable result
from Respondent HIGC declaring the registration of Petitioner
association cancelled and Respondent CA subsequently affirmed the
said decision. Hence, Petitioner association filed a petition for
certiorari.
ISSUE:
W/N the failure of a corporation to file its by-laws within one month
from the date of its incorporation results in its automatic dissolution.
HELD:
No. The legislatures intent is not to automatically dissolve a
corporation for its failure to pass its by-laws. The word must in a
statute is not always imperative but it may be consistent with an
exercise of discretion. The language of the statute should be
considered as a whole while ascertaining the intent of the legislature in
using the word must or shall.
FULE vs. COURT OF APPEALS
FACTS:
Petitioner, an agent of the Towers Assurance Corporation, issued and
made out check No. 26741 in favor of Roy Nadera. Said check was
dishonored for the reason that the said checking account was already
closed, thus in violation of BP 22, the Bouncing Checks Law. Upon the
hearing, prosecution presented its evidence and the Petitioner waived
his right. Instead, he submitted a memorandum confirming the
Stipulation of Facts. He was convicted by the trial court, and on appeal,
the Appellate Court.
ISSUE: