2 - Risk Management & Assessment

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Chapter 2
RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT
Presented by
Dr. Musli Mohammad
BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health
Sub topics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT
2.1
Introduction to Risk Management
2.2 Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3 HIRARC
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2.1
Introduction to Risk Management
What is risk?
OHSAS 18001:1999
It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence of a

specified hazardous event occurring.
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Definition of the Risk

Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified circumstances and
the severity of injury or damage to
the health of people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.
Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.
Consider the activity of driving.

On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily
activity?
For a Grand Prix Driver?
A Taxi Driver?
My 88 year old grandmother?
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Risk
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.
Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as
familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a
specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk
can be calculated by the equation
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Where,
Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or
in specified circumstances and,
Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or
health of people, or damage to property, or insult to environment,
or any combination of those caused by the event
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Risk Assessment
Risk assessment means the process of
evaluating the risks to safety and health
arising from hazards at work.
Risk Assessment
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Hazard Identification
Risk Management
Risk management means the total procedure
associated with
identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk,
putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.
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Hazard Definition
It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of
injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the
workplace environment, or a combination of both.
OHSAS 18001:1999
How can a person be a walking

hazardous condition?
Hazard Control
Hazard control means the process of implementing
measures to reduce the risk associated with a
hazard.
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Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of control means the established priority
order for the types of measures to be used to
control risks. Hazard identification means the
identification of undesired events that lead to
the materialization of the hazard and the
mechanism by which those undesired events could
occur.
Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the
materialization of the hazard and the mechanism
by which those undesired events could occur.
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2.2
Risk Assessment Techniques
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The most fundamental risk assessment activity,
called an informal risk assessment, occurs when
workers are asked to think about the hazards in
the workplace
before work commences,
determine what could go wrong, and
report or fix the hazards.

More formal risk management activities require
structured procedures, often focusing on work
processes that involve multiple levels of an
organization.
These activities are practiced at some industries
and are typically organized by an operations safety
official and developed with the help of individuals
familiar with the work practice in question.
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Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

Most informal risk assessment techniques consist
of multiple steps where the worker is asked to look
for hazards, determine the significance of the
hazard, and take some action to mitigate the risk.
Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in
industries. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop

and consider the work process before it is started, examine
the work environment, analyze the work process, and
manage the risk.
Take-Two for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes to
think through a job before it starts
Five-Point Safety System compels employees to take
responsibility for the safety within workplace
Take Time, Take Charge requires miners to stop, think,
assess and respond to hazards in their workplace.
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Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques are
characterized by the requirement to follow a
structured process that occurs prior to performing
specific higher risk work activities.
These techniques also require documentation that
allows management to monitor and audit individual
risk assessment activities.

The most commonly used basic-formal risk
assessment technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA).
A JSA typically leads to development of Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) that define how to best
approach a task considering the hazards identified in
the JSA.
A JSA is a technique used to identify, analyze and
record the specific steps involved in performing a work
activity that could have hazards associated with it.
JSAs are typically performed on work processes with
the highest risk for a workplace injury or illness.
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Other techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard
Analysis (JHA), Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job Hazard
Breakdown (JHB).
An SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive,
covering those features of operations that lend themselves
to a standardized procedure.
An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a worker
follows to complete a job safely and in a way that
maximizes operational and production requirements.
SOPs can be written for work processes by the individual or
group performing the activity, by someone with expertise in
the work process, or by the person who supervises the work
process.
Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools

When conducting an Major Hazards Risk
Assessment (MHRA) several risk analysis
techniques and tools may be needed. A brief
description of the most common tools follows.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)
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1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)
The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach, allowing
the user to focus on the highest risk.
As applied to a MHRA, this structured preliminary
analysis begins by breaking down the process
associated with the potential major hazards in some
logical manner.
This is often accomplished using a flow chart or
process mapping technique where the potential major
hazards of each step in a work process are identified.
For example, in the mining process could be a

breakdown of a major project or a geographical
breakdown of the underground mine.
JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for the
WRAC analysis.
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An example of a WRAC risk ranking form
After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment of
the mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events associated with
the identified hazards (Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of each
stage are determined
using some variation
of a risk matrix,
followed by a risk
rating calculation.
2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another

broad-brush risk ranking approach.
Like the WRAC, this tool identifies all potential hazards
and unwanted events that may lead to miner injuries
and ranks the identified events according to their
severity.
Its main purpose is to identify those unwanted events
that should be subjected to further, more detailed risk
analysis. Once the potential unwanted events are risk
ranked by the team, they can be prioritized so that the
highest risk unwanted event is listed first and so on.
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2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form
3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where

failures can occur within hardware and process
systems and to assess the impact of such failures.
For each item, the failure modes of individual items
are determined, effects on other items and
systems are recognized, criticality is ranked, and
the control is identified
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3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEA
4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are systematic,

logical developments of many contributing factors
to one unwanted event.
The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event while
the LTA evaluates a wanted outcome.
With both tools it is necessary to first clearly define
the top event, followed by an analysis of the major
potential contributing factors. Each contributing
factor is broken down into discrete parts.
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4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Hazard and Operability Studies or HAZOPs have been

used extensively in the chemical industries to examine
what impact deviations can have on a process.
The basic assumption when performing a HAZOP is
that normal and standard conditions are safe and
hazards occur only when there is a deviation from
normal conditions.
A HAZOP can be conducted during any stage of a
project although it is most beneficial during the later
stages of design.
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5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Process analysis form for a HAZOP
Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties of

materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process node by node
The properties can be flow, level, pressure, concentration or temperature. What-if

guidewords are used to identify possible deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a risk
calculation.
6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in the
1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and tools
for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
The Top Event in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified
and recovery control measures examined to reduce or
minimize the loss (right side of the bow tie).
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6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) method
2.3
HIRARC
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Introduction to HIRARC
In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk
Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has
become fundamental to the practice of planning,
management and the operation of a business as a
basic of risk management.
The organizations that have carried out risk
assessment at the work place have noted
numerous changes in their working practice.
Introduction to HIRARC
Those who have already carried out risk assessment in
their work, have reported positive changes in their
working practice, they recognize substandard act and
working condition as they develop and take necessary
corrective action.
Legislation requires that this process should be
systematic and be recorded so that the results are
reliable and the analysis complete.
The risk assessment process should be continuous
and should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.
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What does HIRARC means?

Hazard Identification (HI) the identification of
undesired event that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
event could event
Risk Assessment (RA) The process of evaluating the

risk to safety and health arising from hazards at work
Risk Control (RC) the methods used to reduce the
amount of inherent risk or to manage the risk
Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:1. To identify all the factors that may cause harm
to employees and others (the hazards);
2. To consider what the chances are of that harm
actually be falling anyone in the circumstances of a
particular case and the possible severity that could
come from it (the risks); and
3. To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor
preventive measures to ensure that the risks are
adequately controlled at all times.
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Planning of HIRARC Activities

HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted
1. For situation
i. where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are
adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or
preventive measures.
2. By organization intending to continuously improve
OSH Management System.
Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps
1. classify work activities;
2. identify hazard;
3. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate
risk from each hazard), by calculating or
estimating i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
4. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control
measures (if necessary).
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Flowchart of HIRARC Process
Step 1 - Classify Work Activities

Classify work activities in accordance with their
similarity, such as i. geographical or physical areas within/outside
premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the
door.
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Step 2 - Identify Hazard

The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight
the critical operations of tasks, that is, those
tasks posing significant risks to the health and
safety of employees as well as highlighting
those hazards pertaining to certain equipment due
to energy sources, working conditions or activities
performed.
Hazards can be divided into FIVE (5) main groups,
physical hazards, chemical hazards, ergonomic
hazards, psychosocial hazards and biological
hazards.

Physical hazards are the most common and will be
present in most workplaces at one time or another.
They include unsafe conditions that can cause injury,
illness and death.
They are typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too often
overlooked because of familiarity (there are always
cords running across the aisles), lack of knowledge
(they aren't seen as hazards), resistance to spending
time or money to make necessary improvements or
simply delays in making changes to remove the
hazards (waiting until tomorrow or a time when "we're
not so busy").
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Examples of physical hazards include:
electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper

wiring
unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts: guards
removed or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch
constant loud noise
high exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold
working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or
any raised work area
working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of
fork lifts and similar mobile equipment in the workplace
requires significant additional training and experience)
spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or
cords running across the floor.

Chemical hazards are present when a worker is
exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). Some
are safer than others, but to some workers who are
more sensitive to chemicals, even common
solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or
breathing problems.
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Beware of:
liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents
especially chemicals in an unlabelled container
(warning sign!)
vapours and fumes, for instance those that come
from welding or exposure to solvents
gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and
helium
flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and
explosive chemicals.

Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work,
body position and working conditions put strain on
your body. They are the hardest to spot since you
don't always immediately notice the strain on your
body or the harm these hazards pose. Short-term
exposure may result in "sore muscles" the next day
or in the days following exposure, but long term
exposure can result in serious long-term injuries.
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Ergonomic hazards include:
poor lighting
improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
frequent lifting
poor posture
awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
repeating the same movements over and over
having to use too much force, especially if you have
to do it frequently.

Psychosocial hazards include but arent limited to
stress, violence and other workplace stressors.
Work is generally beneficial to mental health and
personal wellbeing. For example;
Alcohol in the workplace

Bullying in the workplace
Customer aggression
Driver fatigue
Remote or isolated work
Work-related mental stress
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Biological hazards come from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning,
laboratories, veterinary offices and nursing homes may
expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:
blood or other body fluids

fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.

Biological hazards come from working with animals,
people or infectious plant materials. Work in day care,
hospitals, hotel laundry and room cleaning,
laboratories, veterinary offices and nursing homes may
expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:
blood or other body fluids

fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.
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Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification
and assessment methodology taking into account
the following documents and information i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
Continue

v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi. any government or employer reports, studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of
employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of
Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.
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Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk is the determination of likelihood and
severity of the credible accident/event
sequences in order to determine magnitude and to
priorities identified hazards.
It can be done by
qualitative,
quantitative or
semi quantitative method.

A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the
magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood
that those severity will occur.
These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit
the circumstances and different descriptions may
be used for different risks.
This method uses expert knowledge and
experience to determine likelihood and severity
category.
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In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales
such as those described above are given values.
The objective is to produce a more expanded
ranking scale than is usually achieved in
qualitative analysis, not to suggest realistic
values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.

Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather
than the descriptive scales used in qualitative and
semi-quantitative analysis) for both severity and
likelihood using data from a variety of sources such as
past accident experience and from scientific research.
Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of
an event or set of events, or by extrapolation from
experimental studies or past data.
The way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and
the ways in which they are combined to provide a level of
risk will vary according to the type of risk and the purpose
for which the risk assessment output is to be used. In this
note qualitative and semi quantitative method uses as an
example.
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Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event
occurring.
You may ask the question How many times has
this event happened in the past?
Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
Likelihood levels range from most likely to
inconceivable.

Table below indicates likelihood using the following
values.
Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK
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KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)
5 : KERAP
KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU
4 : SELALU
KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU
3 : PERNAH BERLAKU
PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI

TIDAK BESAR
2 : SEKALI-SEKALI
JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI

YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA
1 : JARANG
JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA

LAIN
Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIK

Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are
based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individuals health, the environment, or to property.
Table below indicates severity.
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Severity of hazard
KESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)

5: BENCANA
KEMATIAN
4: BESAR
HILANG UPAYA KEKAL
3: SEDERHANA
KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT
2: KECIL
KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT
1: SEDIKIT
FIRST AID
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Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate
the results of analysis to make decision on risk control. For
risk analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative
method, presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective
way of communicating the distribution of the risk
throughout a plant and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:
L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity

Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs. Severity)
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MATRIK RISIKO
RPN : RISK PRIORITY

NUMBER,
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)
25 (SANGAT TINGGI)
1
JARANG
2
SEKALISEKALI
3
PERNAH
BERLAKU
4
SELALU
5
KERAP
1: SEDIKIT
2: KECIL
10
3: SEDERHANA
12
15
4: BESAR
12
16
20
5: BENCANA
10
15
20
25
Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat

Risk & Action Level
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Menetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan RPN)

RISIKO
TINDAKAN
SANGAT
TINGGI
(15-25)
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA

HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH DIBIARKAN;
PERLU KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG
YANG LEBIH BERKESAN
TINGGI
(8-14)
BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN

SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
BERKESAN
SEDERHANA
(4-7)
RENDAH
(1-3)
BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;

TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN
RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU
TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA
Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control

measures (Risk Control).
Risk control is the elimination or inactivation of a
hazard in a manner such that the hazard does not
pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an
area or work on equipment in the course of
scheduled work.
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Risk Control
Risk Assessment
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Hazards should be controlled at their source
(where the problem is created). The closer a
control to the source of the hazard is the better.
This method is often referred to as applying
engineering controls.
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If this does not work, hazards can often be

controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be
controlled at the level of the worker through the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.

If this does not work, hazards can often be

controlled along the path to the worker,
between the source and the worker. This
method can be referred to as applying
administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be
controlled at the level of the worker through the
use of personal protective equipment (PPE),
although this is the least desirable control.
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Selecting a suitable control

Selecting a control often involves
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers until
permanent controls can be put in place; and
c. implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.
Short-term controls might require workers to use hearing
protection.
Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate
the noise source.
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment .
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(1) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process,
machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting
workers. For example, a salvage firm might decide to stop
buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel tanks due to
explosion hazards.
(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a less
hazardous way is possible. For example, a hazardous
chemical can be replaced with a less hazardous one.
Controls must protect workers from any new hazards that
are created.
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(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect
operators from a toxic chemical.
(4) Engineering control
Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked to make
them safer. For example, containers can be made easier to
hold and lift.
Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated or
mechanized. For example, computer-controlled robots can
handle spot welding operations in car plants. Care must be
taken to protect workers from robotic hazards.
Continue..
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(4) Engineering control
Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches
workers. For example, special curtains can prevent eye
injuries from welding arc radiation. Proper equipment
guarding will protect workers from contacting moving parts.
Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.
(5) Administrative controls
Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use

standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to
ensure that workers follow these practices. Work procedures
must be periodically reviewed with workers and updated.
Supervision and training Initial training on safe work procedures
and refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision
to assist workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating
work procedures.
Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that
workers are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be
rotated through jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle
movements to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy
processes can be scheduled when no one is in the workplace.
Continue..
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(5) Administrative controls
Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause
injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials
being absorbed by workers or carried home to their families.
Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to avoid being
contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must be segregated
from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden in toxic work
areas. Where applicable, workers should be required to shower
and change clothes at the end of the shift.
(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to
use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
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(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained to
use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.
Principle of Control
Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
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PENGAWALAN RISIKO
RISIKO
Semua risiko
perlu di
SangatTinggi
kurangkan
TIDAK BOLEH
DITERIMA
Tinggi
As
Sederhana
Low
As
KURANGKAN
SERENDAH YANG
MUNGKIN
Rendah
Reasonably
BOLEH DITERIMA
Practicable.
HIRARKI LANGKAH KAWALAN

1. Hapuskan hazard
BDD 31302
Occupational
Safety & Health
Contohnya, menukar
peralatan
yang bising, elakkan
menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian
2. Tukar sesuatu kepada yang

kurang berisiko
Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan, gunakan bahan

kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari forklift petrol kepada
elektrik, gunakan penyedut hampagas dari penyapu
3. Asingkan hazard
Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling tumpahan

sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di bilik
berpengundaraan
4. Guna kawalan
kejuruteraan
Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,

memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar
5. Guna kawalan
pentadbiran
Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,

pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat, arahan
dan latihan.
Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya
6.Guna peralatan
perlindungan diri
Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata, helmet

keselamatan, sarung tangan
Hendaklah selalu sedar terhadap peluang untuk mendapatkan kaedah kawalan yang
lebih baik
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Monitoring controls
The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly.
Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during inspections,
routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?
Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if

necessary re-evaluate hazards and implement new control
measures.
MONITORING AND REVIEW

KEY POINT
A review follow-up is always essential.
Review is an important aspect of any risk management
process.
It is essential to review what has been done to ensure

that the controls put in place are effective
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CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations
Risk assessment should include a careful assessment
of both likelihood and severity/consequence.
Control measures should conform to the recommendations of
the hierarchy of control.
The risk management process is an on going one.
Contoh 1 (Hirarc)
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
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29/09/2015
Kerja formworkacuan (satu contoh)

Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka
Kerja formworkacuan (satu contoh)

Aktiviti
Hazard
1.Mengangkat Objek jatuh,
sling gagal,
kren gagal,
komunikasi
gagal
Akibat
K KA R
Kawalan
Kematian,
3 1
3 Pemandu/signalman
kecederaan
yang kompeten,
/ kerosakan
penyelenggaraan/
harta
pemeriksaan berkala,
benda
CF sah, Mengangkat
beban berlebihan
2. Menyimpan Kegagalan
sementara
penyokong,
Sudut yang
salah
Tidak teguh
Objek jatuh
Angin
3. Mencuci
Pekerjataufan
jatuh,
Objek jatuh
Kematian,
kecederaan
/ kerosakan
harta
benda
4 2
Kecederaa
n
3 3
8 Anchored'
Sudut penyokong
<80o
Kawasan khas
Penyelenggaraan/
pemeriksaan
9 Memasang
perancah/Memakai
PPD
K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko
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29/09/2015
Kerja formworkacuan (satu contoh)

Aktiviti
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Merombak
Hazard
Akibat
K KA R
Kawalan
Objek jatuh
Kegagalan
sling
Kegagalan
kren
Kegagalan
Pekerja jatuh
Mati,
4
cedera,
kerosakan
harta benda
20 Seperti kawalan
mengangkat.
Mengadakan pelantar
kerja
Gunakan 'life line'
Pakai PPD
6 Mengadakan pelantar
kerja, Gunakan 'life
line'
Pakai PPD
Mati,
3
Kecederaan
Acuan
tumbang,
Kegagalan
kren, Objek
Acuan
tumbang,
Kegagalan
kren, Objek
jatuh, Pekerja
jatuh
Mati,
2
Kecederaan
4 Kawalan,
Pemeriksaan struktur
form work, PPD
Mati,
4
Kecederaan
20 Seperti kawalan
mengangkat.
Mengadakan pelantar
kerja
Gunakan 'life line'
Pakai PPD
Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process
A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw
machine. Their work includes loading wood panel onto
the machine, cutting the wood and unloading the cut
wood. They also need to repair and maintain the
machine regularly as well as to change the blades of
the machine.
(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar
work in your workplace).
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29/09/2015

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Introduction to Risk Management

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence of a

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Definition of the Risk

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Consider the activity of driving.

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

How can a person be a walking

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment Techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment Techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Assessment Techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools

Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

For example, in the mining process could be a

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

BDD 31302 Occupational Safety & Health