Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
a
Scientists, En6ironmental Management Group, Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad 826 -001, India
Department of Mining Engineering, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu Uni6ersity, Varanasi 221 -005, India
Abstract
An integrated study on biological stabilisation of the dump slope has indicated that biological reclamation should
be considered for long term stability of dump. The grasses have good soil binding capacity and help to control soil
erosion and improve dump stability. Native grasses viz. Bamboo (Dendrocalmus strictus) and Kashi (Saccharum
spontaneum) are the important constituents of grass species which can stabilise the dump slopes. Field observation of
root development of these grass species has indicated that the roots can proliferate upto 0.5 m depth on a coal mine
overburden dump after three years of vegetation. From the numerical modelling it has been analysed that roots of
these grasses which significantly enhance the factor of safety of dump slope from 1.2 to 1.4 have a positive role in
maintaining long term stability. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Revegetation; Modelling; Overburden dump; Slope stability
1. Introduction
Opencast mining operations involve huge quantities of overburden removal, dumping and backfilling of excavated area. Substantial increase in
rate of accumulation of waste materials in recent
years has resulted in greater height of dumps to
0304-3800/99/$ - see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 0 4 - 3 8 0 0 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 1 5 7 - 4
276
2. Study site
2.2. Climate
The climate of the area is dry tropical and a
year can be divided into the cold winter (DecemberFebruary), a very hot summer (AprilJune)
277
and a rainy season (July September). Mean minimum daily temperature within the annual cycle
ranges from 10-28C and mean daily maximum
temperature varies between 26 and 45C. The
average annual rainfall is 1376 mm of which 1107
mm occurs between late June and September.
3. Methodology
278
Procedures
Sieve analysis
Calcium carbide method
Measurement of weight and
volume
Constant weight method
Pycnometer
Measurement of weight and
volume
Measurement of weight and
volume
Liquid limit test apparatus
Thread (3 mm) test
Falling head test
Direct shear and triaxial
tests
Dry density
Specific gravity
Void ratio
Porosity
Liquid limit
Plastic limit
Permeability
Shear strength parameters
(c and f)
279
280
Fig. 5. Geometry of the dump used for numerical modelling with boundary conditions.
De2 = De e2 + De p2
1/2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
e p2 = l (g/(s 2 = lNc
(6)
280
(7)
2
282
Table 2
Index and shear strength properties of dump material
Parameters
Values
71.00
22.00
7.00
3.95
1.76
1.72
2.44
0.52
34.21
0.042
0.60
31.50
Unit
to the shear resistance required to maintain equilibrium. The FOS is then expressed as:
FOS
=
Table 3
Results of in-situ (jack) shear test
Parameters
Unit
Cohesion (c)
Angle of internal friction (f)
kg/cm2
0.65
32
1.10
33.5
283
(9)
W= %wn
i
(10)
284
(11)
(12)
Where,
m =Pmax/(bW)
A= W cos un
B= W sin un
n
X= %xn
i
285
6. Conclusions
It may be concluded from the analysis that
grass roots play a very crucial role in the stabilisation of coal mine overburden dump slopes. It
creates mechanical reinforcement of dump material by the proliferation of roots. Shear strength of
dump material is also enhanced by the root matrix which in turn increases the long term stability
of dump slopes. On most of the occasions mine
dump failure occurs after significant deformation
with prior warning signals. Results of numerical
modelling analysis of slope stability have indicated that the maximum deformation occurs near
the crest region. Therefore, any deformation monitoring programme should be conducted near the
crest of dumps. In case of steep and high faces of
286
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to T.N. Singh, Director,
Central Mining Research Institute (CMRI),
Dhanbad, for giving permission to publish this
paper. Thanks are also due to B.K. Tewary, M.
Prasad and V.K. Singh, Scientists, CMRI, Dhanbad, for their immense support during the field
study and laboratory analysis. Grateful acknowledgment is also due to the Ministry of Coal,
Government of India, New Delhi, for sponsoring
this research work under the project entitled Environmental
Management
of
Overburden
Dumps. Finally, the help and cooperation extended by the management of Mudidih mine during the field study is sincerely acknowledged.
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