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Nutritional profile of Quorn mycoprotein

July 2009

Contents

What is mycoprotein?
Nutritional composition
Protein
Fibre content
Sodium content
Fat profile
Mineral and vitamin profile
Health benefits:

Cholesterol reduction
Satiety
Glycaemic response

Production process
References
www.mycoprotein.org

What is mycoprotein?

Mycoprotein is the ingredient common to all Quorn products


A completely meat-free form of high quality protein
A good source of dietary fibre
Low in fat and saturates
Contains no cholesterol and no trans fats
Made in fermenters by adding oxygen, nitrogen, glucose and
minerals to a fungus called fusarium venetatum

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Nutritional composition of mycoprotein


Nutrient

Amount per 100g*

Amount per 100g*

Energy (kcals)

85

Biotin (mg)

0.02

Protein (g)

11

Phosphorous (mg)

260

Carbohydrate (g)

Copper (mg)

0.5

Manganese (mg)

Selenium (ug)

20

0.7

Chromium (ug)

15
<25

Sugars (g)
Fat (g)**
saturates (g)
Fibre (g)

Molybdenum (ug)

b-glucan (g)

Sodium (mg)

w-3 Linolenic acid (g)

0.4

Calcium (mg)

42.5

Magnesium (mg)

45

Zinc (mg)

Iron (mg)

0.5

Potassium (mg)

100

Vitamin B1 Thiamin (mg)

0.01

Vitamin B2 Riboflavin (mg)

0.23

Vitamin B3 Niacin (mg)

0.35

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid (mg)

0.25

Salt (g)

5
0.0125

Table 1: Nutritional composition of mycoprotein


Source; Marlow Foods
* Wet weight; ie as consumed. For conversion to dry weight, multiply by 4
** AOAC method used

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Protein content of Mycoprotein

Mycoprotein is an excellent source of high quality protein


Contains all nine essential amino acids for adults
Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) for
mycoprotein is 0.99, better than beef at 0.92
Because of the other protein source in Quorn pieces (egg albumen)
the PDCAAS for Quorn pieces is 1.0
Table 2 compares the PDCAAS of selected food proteins

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Protein content of mycoprotein


Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
(PDCAAS) of Selected Food Proteins
Protein Source

PDCAAS

Data Source

Quorn pieces

1.0

(iv)

Casein

1.0

(i)

Egg white

1.0

(i)

Chicken (light meatroasted)

1.0

(iii)

Mycoprotein

0.99

(iv)

Turkey (groundcooked)

0.97

(iii)

Fish (Cod-dry cooked)

0.96

(iii)

Soybean protein

0.94

(ii)

Beef

0.92

(i)

Pea flour

0.69

(i)

Kidney beans (canned)

0.68

(i)

Rolled oats

0.57

(i)

Lentils (canned)

0.52

(i)

Peanut meal

0.52

(i)

Whole wheat

0.40

(i)

Wheat gluten

0.25

(i)

Table 2: Protein Digestibility Corrected


Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) of Selected
Food Proteins
Sources:
(i) FAO/WHO Joint Report 1989;
(ii) Sarwar and McDonough, 1990.
(iii) Calculated from amino acid data in
USDA Nutrient Data Base for Standard
Reference, March 12, 1998 (assumes
a digestibility equivalent to beef = 94%).
(iv) Calculated from Marlow Foods data.

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Fibre content of mycoprotein

Mycoprotein contains 6g of dietary fibre per 100g

Mycoprotein contains more fibre per 100g than potatoes, baked beans,
brown bread and brown rice
The fibre in mycoprotein is primarily polymeric n-acetyl glucosamine
(chitin) and beta1,3 and 1,6 glucan

12% soluble
88% insoluble

35% chitin
65% B-glucan

Table 3 compares the fibre content of mycoprotein with selected foods

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Fibre content of mycoprotein


Food

Approximate fibre per 100g

Mycoprotein

6.0g

Baked beans in tomato sauce

3.7g

Boiled potatoes

1.2g

Brown bread

3.6g

Brown rice

0.8g

Table 3: Fibre content per 100g of selected foods


Data source for mycoprotein, Marlow Foods
Data source for other foods; MeReC Bulletin Vol. 14 No 6, 2004

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Fat profile of mycoprotein

Mycoprotein contains 3g of fat per100g

Lean rump steak contains 5.9g fat per 100g


Rump steak with fat on contains 12.7g per 100g

Mycoprotein contains 0.4g of saturated fat per100g


It provides both of the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic
acid belonging to the n-6 series and -Linolenic acid belonging to the n3 series
It contains no trans fats or cholesterol
There are very small amounts of cholesterol and trans fats in some
Quorn products, the cholesterol being present in tiny amounts in the
egg white used in production and the trans fats as a trace component of
other ingredients used
Table 4 compares the fat profiles of selected Quorn products wirth their
meat equivalents

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Fat in Quorn products

Food

Cals/100g

Total Fat
(g/100g)

Sat Fat
(g/100g)

Cals from
Total Fat

Cholesterol
(mg/100g)

Quorn
Mince
(frozen)

94

0.5

19%

Beef Mince
(Raw)*

225

16.2

6.9

65%

60

Quorn
Burger
(frozen)

146

4.8

0.5

30%

Beefburger
(raw)*

291

24.7

10.7

76%

76

Quorn
Southerrn
Style
Nuggets

207

11

1.3

48

Breaded
Nuggets *

265

13

3.3

44

54

Table 4; Fat profile of selected Quorn products compared with meat equivalents
* Source: McCance and Widdowson The Composition of Foods Sixth Edition.

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Sodium content of mycoprotein

Mycoprotein contains 5mg of sodium per 100g


Sodium content of Quorn Mince is 0.2g (0.5g salt) per 100g
For Quorn pieces the sodium content is 0.3g (0.75g salt) per 100g
For comparison, sirloin steak contains approximately 0.2g of sodium
(0.5g salt) per 100g

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Vitamin & mineral content of


mycoprotein
Nutrient
Vitamin A (retinol)
(ug/100g)

Beef Mince (raw)

Chicken Meat
(raw average)

Mycoprotein

Tr

11

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

0.06

0.14

0.01

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

0.13

0.18

0.23

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

5.8

7.8

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic
acid)

0.53

1.16

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

0.37

0.38

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
(ug/100g)

0.02

Vitamin B9 (Folate)
(ug/100g)

17

`9

10

Vitamin B12
(cyanocobalamin)
(ug/100g)

Tr

Vitamin C

Vitamin D (ug/100g)

0.7

0.1

No data

Vitamin E

0.17

0.15

Table 5 Vitamin and mineral content of beef mince, chicken meat and mycoprotein
Source: McCance and Widdowson The Composition of Foods Sixth Edition.
All data mg/100g raw unless otherwise stated

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Vitamin & mineral content of


mycoprotein
Nutrient

Beef Mince (raw)

Chicken Meat
(raw average)

Mycoprotein

Sodium

80

77

Potassium

260

380

100

42.3

160

160

260

Selenium (ug/100g)

13

20

Magnesium

17

26

45

Zinc

3.9

1.2

Calcium
Phosphorous

Table 5 Vitamin and mineral content of beef mince, chicken meat and mycoprotein
Source: McCance and Widdowson The Composition of Foods Sixth Edition.
All data mg/100g raw unless otherwise stated

www.mycoprotein.org

Health benefits of mycoprotein


Cholesterol reduction

A number of studies suggest that mycoprotein is associated with a


reduction in LDL cholesterol levels
Further research is required before any claim could be made for the
cholesterol lowering properties of mycoprotein but the results of those
studies which have been conducted are promising
Turnbull and colleagues(1) carried out a three week non-blinded randomised
controlled metabolic study investigating the effects of consuming mycoprotein daily
on the cholesterol levels of 17 healthy adults with a baseline total cholesterol
concentration of 5.26.2 mmol/L
The authors reported a 13% reduction in plasma cholesterol in the intervention
group, a 9% reduction in LDL cholesterol and a 12% increase in HDL cholesterol,
compared with a 12% increase in LDL cholesterol in the control group and an 11%
decrease in HDL cholesterol
When comparing the intervention group with the control group, the overall
reduction in total cholesterol was 14.3%
The authors concluded "it is clear from these results that lipid variables are
advantageously altered by mycoprotein consumption
1. Turnbull WH, Leeds AR, Edwards GD. Effect of mycoprotein on blood lipids, Am J Clin Nutr
1990;52:646-50

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Health benefits of mycoprotein


Cholesterol reduction

In a second study(2) researchers investigated the effects of mycoprotein on blood


lipid profiles of free living subjects consuming their normal diets, supplemented
with mycoprotein
In this single-blind randomised placebo-controlled study, 21 subjects with a
baseline total cholesterol concentration of >5.2 mmol/L followed a diet
supplemented with either mycoprotein-containing or soya-containing cookies
No significant changes in HDL cholesterol concentrations were observed in the
study but LDL cholesterol decreased by 21.5% in the intervention group,
compared with an 8.9% reduction in the control group, giving an overall reduction
in LDL cholesterol of 12.8% when compared with the control group
The authors concluded: "we are relatively confident that mycoprotein exerts a
beneficial effect on blood lipids"
2. Turnbull WH, Leeds AR, Edwards DG. Mycoprotein reduces blood lipds in free-living subjects,
Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:415-9

For more information and other studies visit www.mycoprotein.co.uk

www.mycoprotein.org

Health benefits of mycoprotein Satiety

A number of studies have investigated the effect of mycoprotein on


satiety compared with other protein sources, generally chicken
Further research is required to understand the satiating benefits of
mycoprotein
Burley et al (1993) investigated the effects of mycoprotein versus chicken on
satiety in eighteen lean healthy male and female subjects. The two lunches were
matched for energy and protein content, but the mycoprotein meal was higher in
fibre (11g compared with 3g in the chicken meal)
Subjects consumed the test lunch, then a meal in the evening. The study had a
cross over design, so that all subjects completed two study days, one each for the
mycoprotein and chicken test meals
Energy intake at the evening meal was reduced by 18% following the mycoprotein
meal. Self reported food intake indicated that subjects did not compensate for the
decreased energy intakes by consuming more
The authors speculated that, as mycoprotein appeared to have a greater satiating
power than other foods with a similar fibre content, the specific types of fibre
present might have strong effects on satiety (Burley et al 1993)

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Health benefits of mycoprotein Satiety

Turnbull et al (1993) conducted a similar study in thirteen lean healthy female


subjects, also using a crossover design. Subjects were given either a chicken or
mycoprotein test lunch
Ratings of appetite were taken just before the test meal and at intervals for three
hours following. Palatability of the two meals was also measured and the ratings
did not vary significantly between the mycoprotein and chicken lunches. Energy
intake was recorded by subjects using a food diary for the days before, during and
after the study
According to the food diaries, energy intake was reduced by 24% and 16.5% on
the day of the study and the following day, respectively, after eating the
mycoprotein lunch compared with the chicken lunch
Measures of subjects desire to eat and prospective food consumption were also
reduced when measured three hours after the mycoprotein versus the chicken
lunch.
Authors suggested that mycoprotein fibre seemed to be particularly satiating
compared with studies using different types of fibre, particularly as the majority of
fibre in mycoprotein is insoluble and the strongest satiating affects tend to be seen
with soluble fibres (Turnbull et al 1993)

For more information visit www.mycoprotein.co.uk

www.mycoprotein.org

Health benefits of mycoprotein


Glycaemic response

There is evidence to suggest that mycoprotein may be useful in the


management of obesity and type 2 diabetes as it appears to show
beneficial effects on glycaemia (glucose in the blood) and insulinaemia
(insulin in the blood)

Turnball & Ward (1995) investigated the glycaemic response in 19 healthy


subjects. The study was a randomised crossover design with each subject
receiving either a test meal (20g mycoprotein) or control meal, in random order,
with a 7-day washout period between the two meals
They observed that the serum glucose response was lower throughout the entire
120 minute post-prandial period following the mycoprotein meal compared to the
control. The insulin response was also lower. The only nutritional difference
between the test meals was the dietary fibre content (the mycoprotein meal
contained 11.2g more dietary fibre) so the authors suggest that it is the viscous
polysaccharides that are reducing postprandial glycaemia and insulinaemia
The mechanisms by which mycoprotein reduces the rise in postprandial blood
glucose are thought to be associated with its high fibre content. Fibre delays the
passage of food into the small intestine (Leclre et al. 1994)
As a result, the glucose is absorbed more slowly. Additionally, the presence of
soluble, viscous fibre slows the diffusion of glucose across the small intestinal wall
bringing about an improved glycaemic response (Edwards et al. 1988)

For more information visit www.mycoprotein.co.uk


www.mycoprotein.org

How mycoprotein is made

Mycoprotein is made in 40 metre high fermenters


The fermenter is sterilised and filled with a water and glucose solution
Then a batch of fusarium venenatum, the fungi at the heart of
mycoprotein, is introduced
Once the organism has started to grow a continuous feed of nutrients,
including potassium, magnesium and phosphate as well as trace
elements, is added to the solution
The organism and nutrients combine to form mycoprotein solids and
these are removed from the fermenter every five to six hours
Once removed, the mycoprotein is heated to 65C in order to
breakdown the nucleic acid
Water is then removed in huge centrifuges, leaving the mycoprotein
looking rather like pastry dough
The mycoprotein is then mixed with a little free range egg and
seasoning to help bind the mix. It is then steam cooked for about 30
minutes and then chilled and chopped into pieces or mince
The product is then frozen. This is a crucial step in the process because
the ice crystals help to push the fibres together, creating bundles that
give mycoprotein its meat-like texture
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How mycoprotein is made


Centrifuges
Raw Materials

Chillers

Services

Fermenter

RNA Units
Units

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References

Turnbull WH, Leeds AR, Edwards GD. Effect of mycoprotein on blood lipids, Am J Clin Nutr
1990;52:646-50
Turnbull WH, Leeds AR, Edwards DG. Mycoprotein reduces blood lipds in free-living
subjects, Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:415-9
Nakamura et al; Effect of mycoproteins intake on serum lipids of healthy subjects; Progress
in Medicine, Vol 14 No 7, page 1972 1976, 1994
Homma et al, Effect of 8 week ingestion of Mycoprotein in Plasma levels of lipids and
Apo(Lipo) Proteins; Progress in Medicine, 15, 183 195, 1995
Burley et al, Influence of a high-fibre food (myco-protein) on appetite: effects of satiation
(within meals) and satiety (following meals); European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1993) 47,
409 418
Turnbull et all; Acute effects of mycoprotein on subsequent energy intake and appetite
variables; Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 507
Mycoprotein reduces glycemia and insulinemia when taken with an oral-glucose-tolerance
test; Turnbull and Ward; Am J Clin Nutr, January 1995 Volume 1 Number 1
Mycoprotein as a Functional Foods; Effects on Lipemia, Glycemia and Appetite Variables;
W.H Turnbull, 16th International Congress of Nutrition
Effects of consuming mycoprotein, tofu or chicken upon subsequent eating behaviour,
hunger and safety; Williamson et al; Appetite 46 (2006) 41-48

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