CONTENTS

1.

PREFACE...........................................................................................................................2

2.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO EXCITATION SYSTEM.......................................2

3.

CHAPTER 2: FUNCTIONS AND MODELING OF EXCITATION SYSTEM................7

4.

CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL IN DCPS.............................................8

5.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION.................................10

6.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................10

7.

REFERENCES.................................................................................................................10

PREFACE

Power system control and stability involves voltage stability where a constant voltage can
be restored and maintained even though there are changes in load. Furthermore, it also
comprises of power stability in which slight change of power arises between generators that
are operating in parallel is suppressed to maintain its constant power. It is important to
consider both types of stability conditions while taking some approaches to improving power
system stability. Some methods of improving power system stability are improving the main
circuits by increasing the system voltage, installation of series capacitor as well as improving
generator excitation control.
Although the main circuit improvement approach is a fundamental measure, the scale of
reconstruction is very large. However, the excitation control may be an approach that is
possible to extract the maximum capability of the generator which will result in a large
economical effect.
This project requires the student to design and implement a specific excitation control as
well as governor control using DCPS-TS and Visual C++. The student is also required to
analyze the response of the exciter and governor system for generator control under dynamic
condition.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EXCITATION SYSTEM

Large-scale power is generated by three-phase synchronous generators, known as

alternator driven either by steam turbines, hydro turbines or gas turbines. The armature
2

windings are placed on the stationary part namely stator which are designed for generation of
balanced three-phase voltages. The field winding which requires small power for its
excitation is usually placed on the rotor. The rotor is equipped with one or more shortcircuited windings namely damper windings. The rotor is driven by a prime mover at
constant speed and its field circuit is excited by direct current. The excitation may be
provided through slip rings and brushes by means of DC generators mounted on the same
shaft as the rotor of the synchronous machine.

Figure 1: Relationship between machine states and controller quantities

The exciter is one of the main components of the generator control system. It is the power
source that supplies the DC magnetizing current to the field windings of a synchronous
generator thereby ultimately inducing AC voltage and current in the generator armature. Two
main types of exciters are:
1) Rotating exciters
Brush exciter
Does not require slip-rings, commutators, brushes and is practically maintenance free.
Brushless exciter
Requires slip-rings, commutators and brushes and require periodic maintenance.
2) Static exciters
Shunt exciter
Operating field power from generator output voltage.
Series exciter
Operating field power from generator output voltage & current

The amount of excitation required to maintain the output voltage constant is a function of the
generator load. As the generator load increases, the amount of excitation increases.
1) Reactive lagging power factor loads require more excitation than unity power factor
loads.
2) Leading power factor loads require less excitation than unity loads.
Examples of different types of exciter are shown below:

Figure 2: Conventional exciter

Figure 3: Static exciter

Figure 4: Brushless exciter

Figure 5: Brushless without pilot exciter

Figure 6: Brushless with pilot exciter

CHAPTER 2
FUNCTIONS AND MODELING OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

Figure 7: IEEE Type II excitation system

The excitation controller used for this project, IEEE Type II excitation system is shown in
Figure 6 and the system is named as ieee2.
Step 1 Model constants and data file
The first step is to identify model constants in exc10. Examples of the constants are T r, KA,
Efdmax and Efdmin. TR is the transducer time constant and typical value used is 0.05. K A is the
amplifier gain and can have any value between 50 and 1000. The voltage output V out is
limited typically to between -10.0 p.u. and +10 p.u as the field voltage input to the machine
excitation winding, Efd.
Excitation controller data input format in DCPS has the form of;
6

exc#, bsno, ieunit, Ta, Tb, Tc, Te, Tf1, Tf2, Tr, Ka, Ke, Kf, aex, bex,
vrmax , vrmin, efdmin, efdmax

Next, we specify the input data for ieee2 that must be placed in the dynamic data file,
*.mac;
ieee2, 190, 1, 0.2, 1, 5, 0.1, 0.5, 0.5, 0.05, 50, 0.5, 0.4, 0.0, 0.0, 8,
-8, -10, 10

Step 2 Reading model data

Second step is to add code in Redm_2.c to read in data for ieee2.
Add the count number for ieee2;
//ieee2
if (strcmp(_strlwr(LineWords[0]),"ieee2") == 0) ne = ne+1;

Read the data for ieee2 like other existing excitation controller model;
//ieee2 - exciter with amplifier gain only
if (strcmp(_strlwr(LineWords[0]),"ieee2") == 0)
{
ne = ne + 1;
ety[ne] = 14;
ibe[ne] = atoi(LineWords[1]);

.
.
if (ety[ne] > 0) iexcno += 1;
}

Step 3 Calculate initial conditions

Calculate initial conditions for the excitation controller states and controls. A template for

calculating initial values for the model ieee2 is added using template of previous model;
//Add Exciter with Amplifier Gain Only IEEE Type II
if (ety[i] == 14) {
//IEEE Type II exciter
.
.
}

The first order differential equations and other equations describing ieee2 need to be
identified first (refer to Inie.c).
VT is the terminal voltage of the unit obtained from;
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);

where i is the excitation controller index, j is the machine index and network index with
reference to machine index is imn[j].
The first order differential equations are:
Lag block

es1

es1/vt = 1/(1 + str)

es1str = vt es1
des1/dt = (vt - es1)/tr

Wash-out block
es8
VFB

sK F
1 sTF 1

es5

1
1 sTF 2

es9

es5/es4 = 1/(1 + stf2)

des5/dt = (es4 - es5)/tf2
es8/es5 = kf/tf1
des8/dt = 0
es9/es5 = kf/tf1(1 + stf1)
des9/dt = ((kf*es5/tf)-es9)/tf
vfb = es8 es9
dvfb/dt = des8/dt - des9/dt

Lead-lag block
es3

es2

tc/tb = tbtc
vs1/es2 = tbtc
dvs1/dt
vs2/es2
dvs2/dt
des3/dt

=
=
=
=

0
(1 - tbtc)/(1 + stb)
(es2*(1.0-tbtc) - vs2)/tb
dvs2/dt + dvs1/dt

Proportional controller/ proportional lag block

es3

es4

es4

es4/es3 = ka/(1 + sta)

des4/dt = (ka*es3 - es4)/ta

Integral block
es6

Efd

efd/es6 = 1/(ste)
defd/dt = es6/te

Initial values of the states in the control block are given by:
des8/dt = 0;
dvs1/dt = 0;
es1[i] = vt;
se = (bex[i] *(efd[j] - aex[i])*(efd[j] - aex[i])) / efd[j];
es7[i] = efd[j] * (se + ke[i]);
es4[i] = es7[j];
es3[i] = es4[i] / ka[i];
es5[i] = es4[i];
ktf = kf[i] / tf1[i];
es8[i] = es5[i] * ktf;
es9[i] = es5[i] * ktf;
vfb[i] = es8[i] - es9[i];
es2[i] = es3[i];
verr[i] = es2[i] - vso[i] + vfb[i];
vref[i] = verr[i] + es1[i];
es[i] = vref[i];
tbtc = tc[i]/tb[i];
es2[i] = vso[i] + es[i] - es1[i] - vfb[i];
vs1[i] = es2[i]*tbtc;
vs2[i] = es2[i]*(1 - tbtc);
es3[i] = vs1[i] + vs2[i];
es4[i] = es3[i] * ka[i];
es6[i] = es4[i] - es7[i];

10

Step 4 Euler method initial estimates

Initial estimates are obtained from current derivatives or from initial condition derivatives
using:

xn x t dx dt
The objective here is to determine initial estimate of E fd from the control block (refer to
Eue1.c).
////Exciter with LAG Amplifier Gain and Time Constant and Transient Gain
Reducer - IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (ety[i] == 14)
{
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);
des1dt[i] = (vt - es1[i])/tr[i];
es1n[i] = es1[i] + des1dt[i] * dt;
es2n[i] = vso[i] + vref[i] - es1n[i] - vfb[i];
//lead-lag block
tbtc = ke[i] / te[i];
vs1n[i] = es2n[i] * tbtc;
dvs2dt[i] = (es2[i] * (1.0 - tbtc) - vs2[i]) / tb[i];

11

des3dt[i]
vs2n[i] =
es3n[i] =
.
.
.
defddt[i]
efdn[j] =

= dvs2dt[i];
vs2[i] + dvs2dt[i] * dt;
vs1n[i] + vs2n[i];

= es6n[i] / te[i];
efd[j] + defddt[i] * dt;

Terminal voltage for the machine must be obtained using network index (imn[j] or ibe[j]). All
states must use controller index, i. Output for machine must use machine index, j.

Step 5 Euler method final estimates

Final estimates are obtained from derivatives and values of initial estimates using:

x f x 0.5t dx dt dxn dt
The objective of this part is to determine Efd from the control block (refer to Eue2.c)
////Exciter with LAG Amplifier Gain and Time Constant and Transient Gain
Reducer - IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (ety[i] == 14)
{
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);
des1dtn = (vt - es1n[i]) / tr[i];
es1[i] = es1[i] + 0.5 * (des1dt[i] + des1dtn) * dt;
es2[i] = vson[i] + vref[i] - es1[i] - vfbn[i];
//lead-lag block
tbtc = ke[i] / te[i];
dvs2dtn = (es2[i] * (1.0 - tbtc) - vs2n[i]) / tb[i];
des3dtn = dvs2dtn;
.
.
.
//saturation
se = (bex[i] * (efd[j] - aex[i]) * (efd[j] - aex[i])) / efd[j];
es7[i] = efdn[j] * (se + ke[i]);
es6[i] = es4[i] - es7[i];
defddtn = es6[i] / te[i];
efd[j] = efd[j] + 0.5 * (defddt[i] + defddtn) * dt;
}

12

Terminal voltage for the machine must be obtained using network index (imn[j] or ibe[j]). All
states must use controller index, i. Output for machine must use machine index, j.

CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTATION OF MODEL IN DCPS AND C++

3.1 Implementation of model in DCPS

3.1.1 Simulation of Excitation Control Type 10

Figure 8: 17-bus system for testing the implemented excitation system

The simulation is performed using the previously solved load flow data (*.sol) for
100% load by simulating a three-phase fault by suddenly placing a shunt reactor at a selected
bus which is bus 230 for a certain time. Fault clearance is also simulated following removal
of one branch connected between bus 230 and bus 130. Furthermore, the machine data
(*.mac) file uses data from excitation system type 10.

Table 1: The solved load flow data for 100% load (17b1aS.sol)
13

Table 2: Machine data using Excitation Type 10 (17ba.mac)

Table 3: Simulation commands to apply disturbances to the network (ieee_2.aps)

redn,17b1aS.sol,dcps
redm,17ba.mac
orde;
ybus;
bpow
iniv
inie
inig
moym
cinj
ginj
fac2,syb,1
CAPSALL,2,4
CAPSALL,1,1
CAPSALL,1,2

14

CAPSALL,2,9
CAPSALL,2,3
CAPSALL,2,5
CAPSALL,2,6
tsol,1,0.0,1.0,0.005,0
asht,syb,230,0,1000
fac2,syb;
nsol;
dqtr;
tsol,1,1.005,1.105,0.005,0
rsht,syb,230,0
rvln,230,130,1,0
fac2,syb;
nsol;
dqtr;
tsol,1,1.11,5.0,0.005,0
svou,ieee_2.gpf

3.1.2 Simulation of IEEE Excitation Control Type II

The simulation is performed using the previously solved load flow data (*.sol) for
100% load by simulating a three-phase fault by suddenly placing a shunt reactor at a selected
bus which is bus 230 for a certain time. Fault clearance is also simulated following removal
of one branch connected between bus 230 and bus 130. Furthermore, the machine data
(*.mac) file uses data from IEEE excitation control type II.

Table 4: The solved load flow data for 100% load (17b1aS.sol)

15

Table 5: Machine data using IEEE Excitation Control Type II (ieee2.mac)

Table 6: Simulation commands to apply disturbances to the network (ieee2.aps)

redn,17b1aS.sol,dcps
redm,ieee2.mac
orde;
ybus;
bpow
iniv
inie
inig
moym
cinj
ginj
fac2,syb,1
CAPSALL,2,4
CAPSALL,1,1
CAPSALL,1,2
CAPSALL,2,9
CAPSALL,2,3
CAPSALL,2,5
CAPSALL,2,6
tsol,1,0.0,1.0,0.005,0
asht,syb,230,0,1000
fac2,syb;
nsol;
dqtr;
tsol,1,1.005,1.105,0.005,0
rsht,syb,230,0
rvln,230,130,1,0
fac2,syb;
nsol;
dqtr;
tsol,1,1.11,5.0,0.005,0
svou,ieee2.gpf

3.2 Implementation of model in Visual C++

3.2.1 Modeling of IEEE Excitation Control Type II
Declaration of variable (Header.h and Header2.h)
/* exciter+pss data */

16

int
double

*ibe, *ety, *ieunit;

*tr, *ka, *ta, *ke, *te, *aex, *bex, *kf, *tf, *vrmax, *vrmin,
*efdmin, *efdmax, *tb, *tc, *td, *tf1, *tf2;
*ibp, *ipsty, *ipsin, *ipsunit;
*ks, *ts5, *ts1, *ts2, *ts3, *ts4, *vsmax, *vsmin;

int
double
//Exciter
double
int
shdefddt,

*vsi, *des12dt, *es1n, *es12n, *des22dt, *es2n, *es22n,

*dvso2dt, *vso2n, *vson, *devdt, *deiiidt, *deiv2dt, *defddt,
*evn, *eiiin, *efdn, *eiv2n, *eivn, *des1dt, *dvfbdt, *dkfdt;
shvsi, shdes12dt, shes1n, shes12n, shdes22dt, shes2n, shes22n,
shdvso2dt, shvso2n, shvson, shdevdt, shdeiiidt, shdeiv2dt,
shevn, sheiiin, shefdn, sheiv2n, sheivn;
*vsin, *es12, *es22, *vso2, *es1, *es2, *vso, *ev, *eiii, *efd,

double
*vfbn,

*eiv2, *eiv, *es, *vs1, *vs2, *dvs1dt, *dvs2dt,*vs1n, *vs2n,

*se, *vfb, *verr;
int
shvsin, shes12, shes22, shvso2, shes1, shes2, shvso, shev,
sheiii, shefd,
sheiv2, sheiv, shes;
double
*vref;

Reading model data (Redm_2.c)

// IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (strcmp(_strlwr(LineWords[0]),"ieee2") == 0) ne = ne+1;
// Allocate memory for exciter
ibe = (int *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(int));
ety = (int *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(int));
ieunit = (int *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(int));
tr = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
ka = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
ta = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
ke = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
te = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
aex = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
bex = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
kf = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
tf = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
vrmax = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
vrmin = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
efdmin = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
efdmax = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
//Allocate memory for IEEE Excitation System Type II
tb = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
tc = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
te = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
tf1 = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
tf2 = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
se = (double *) malloc (nm1 * sizeof(double));
// IEEE Excitation System Type II - exciter with amplifier gain only
if (strcmp(_strlwr(LineWords[0]),"ieee2") == 0)
{

17

ne = ne + 1;
ety[ne] = 14;
ibe[ne] = atoi(LineWords[1]);
ieunit[ne] = atoi(LineWords[2]);
ta[ne] = atof(LineWords[3]);
tb[ne] = atof(LineWords[4]);
tc[ne] = atof(LineWords[5]);
te[ne] = atof(LineWords[6]);
tf1[ne] = atof(LineWords[7]);
tf2[ne] = atof(LineWords[8]);
tr[ne] = atof(LineWords[9]);
ka[ne] = atof(LineWords[10]);
ke[ne] = atof(LineWords[11]);
kf[ne] = atof(LineWords[12]);
aex[ne] = atof(LineWords[13]);
bex[ne] = atof(LineWords[14]);
vrmax[ne] = atof(LineWords[15]);
vrmin[ne] = atof(LineWords[16]);
efdmin[ne] = atof(LineWords[17]);
efdmax[ne] = atof(LineWords[18]);
if (ety[ne] > 0) iexcno += 1;
}

Initial conditions calculation (Inie.c)

// Exciter with LAG Amplifier Gain and Time Constant and Transient Gain
Reducer - IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (ety[i] == 14)
{
vfb[i] = 0;
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);
//ev[i] = vt;
es1[i] = vt;
des1dt[i] = (vt - es1[i])/tr[i];
se = (bex[i] *(efd[j] - aex[i])*(efd[j] - aex[i])) / efd[j];
es7[i] = efd[j] * (se + ke[i]);
es4[i] = es7[j];
es3[i] = es4[i] / ka[i];
es5[i] = es4[i];
des5dt[i] = (es4[i] - es5[i])/tf2[i];
ktf = kf[i] / tf1[i];
es8[i] = es5[i] * ktf;
es9[i] = es5[i] * ktf;
vfb[i] = es8[i] - es9[i];
es2[i] = es3[i];
des8dt[i] = 0;
des9dt[i] = ((kf[i]*es5[i]/tf[i])-es9[i])/tf[i];
dvfbdt[i] = des8dt[i] - des9dt[i];
verr[i] = es2[i] - vso[i] + vfb[i];
vref[i] = verr[i]+es1[i]; //VREF
es[i] = vref[i];
tbtc = tc[i]/tb[i];
//
Tc/Tb
es2[i] = vso[i] + es[i] - es1[i] - vfb[i];

18

vs1[i] = es2[i]*tbtc;
vs2[i] = es2[i]*(1-tbtc);
es3[i] = vs1[i]+vs2[i];
dvs1dt[i] = 0;
dvs2dt[i] = (es2[i]*(1.0-tbtc) - vs2[i])/tb[i];
des3dt[i] = dvs2dt[i] + dvs1dt[i];
es4[i] = es3[i] * ka[i];
des4dt[i] = (ka[i]*es3[i] -es4[i])/ta[i];
es6[i] = es4[i] - es7[i];
defddt[i] = es6[i]/te[i];
//printf ("des8dt = %f \n", des8dt[i]);
//printf ("des9dt = %f \n", des9dt[i]);
//printf ("dvfbdt = %f \n", dvfbdt[i]);
//_getch();
}

Euler method initial estimates (Eue1.c)

////Exciter with LAG Amplifier Gain and Time Constant and Transient Gain
Reducer - IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (ety[i] == 14)
{
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);
des1dt[i] = (vt - es1[i])/tr[i];
es1n[i] = es1[i] + des1dt[i] * dt;
es2n[i] = vso[i] + vref[i] - es1n[i] - vfb[i];
//lead-lag block
tbtc = ke[i] / te[i];
vs1n[i] = es2n[i] * tbtc;
dvs2dt[i] = (es2[i] * (1.0 - tbtc) - vs2[i]) / tb[i];
des3dt[i] = dvs2dt[i];
vs2n[i] = vs2[i] + dvs2dt[i] * dt;
es3n[i] = vs1n[i] + vs2n[i];
// lag block
des4dt[i] = (ka[i] * es3[i] - es4[i])/ta[i];
es4n[i] = es4[i] + des4dt[i] * dt;
if (es4n[i] >= vrmax[i] && des4dt[i] > 0.0)
{
es4n[i] = vrmax[i];
des4dt[i] = 0.0;
es4n[i] = es4[i] + des4dt[i] * dt;
}
if (es4n[i] <= vrmin[i] && des4dt[i] < 0.0)
{
es4n[i] = vrmin[i];
des4dt[i] = 0.0;
es4n[i] = es4[i] + des4dt[i] * dt;
}
//feedback

19

des5dt[i] = (es4[i] - es5[i]) / tf2[i];

es5n[i] = es5[i] + des5dt[i] * dt;
ktf = kf[i] / tf1[i];
des9dt[i] = ((kf[i] * es5[i] / tf[i]) - es9[i]) / tf[i];
es8n[i] = es5n[i] * ktf;
es9n[i] = es9[i] + des9dt[i] * dt;
vfbn[i] = es8n[i] - es9n[i];
//saturation
se = (bex[i] *(efd[j] - aex[i])*(efd[j] - aex[i])) / efd[j];
es7[i] = efd[j] * (se + ke[i]);
es6n[i] = es4n[i] - es7[i];
defddt[i] = es6n[i] / te[i];
efdn[j] = efd[j] + defddt[i] * dt;
//printf ("******** = %f
%f
%f
%f
%f\n",efdn[j],efd[j],es1n[i],es1[i],vso[i]);
//_getch();
}

Euler method final estimates (Eue2.c)

////Exciter with LAG Amplifier Gain and Time Constant and Transient Gain
Reducer - IEEE Excitation System Type II
if (ety[i] == 14)
{
vt = sqrt(vr[imn[j]] * vr[imn[j]] + vx[imn[j]] * vx[imn[j]]);
des1dtn = (vt - es1n[i]) / tr[i];
es1[i] = es1[i] + 0.5 * (des1dt[i] + des1dtn) * dt;
es2[i] = vson[i] + vref[i] - es1[i] - vfbn[i];
//lead-lag block
tbtc = ke[i] / te[i];
dvs2dtn = (es2[i] * (1.0 - tbtc) - vs2n[i]) / tb[i];
des3dtn = dvs2dtn;
vs2[i] = vs2[i] + 0.5 * (dvs2dt[i] + dvs2dtn) * dt;
vs1[i] = es2[i] * tbtc;
es3[i] = vs1[i] + vs2[i];
// lag block
des4dtn = (ka[i] * es3[i] - es4n[i]) / ta[i];
es4[i] = es4[i] + 0.5 * (des4dt[i] + des4dtn) * dt;
if (es4[i] >= vrmax[i] && des4dtn > 0.0)
{
es4[i] = vrmax[i];
des4dtn = 0.0;
es4[i] = es4[i] + 0.5 * (des4dt[i] + des4dtn) * dt;
}
if (es4[i] <= vrmin[i] && des4dtn < 0.0)
{
es4[i] = vrmin[i];

20

des4dtn = 0.0;
es4[i] = es4[i] + 0.5 * (des4dt[i] + des4dtn) * dt;
}
//feedback
des5dtn = (es4[i] - es5n[i]) / tf2[i];
es5[i] = es5[i] + 0.5 * (des5dt[i] + des5dtn) * dt;
ktf = kf[i] / tf1[i];
des9dtn = ((kf[i] * es5[i] / tf[i]) - es9n[i]) / tf[i];
es8[i] = es5[i] * ktf;
es9[i] = es9[i] + 0.5 * (des9dt[i] + des9dtn) * dt;
vfb[i] = es8[i] - es9[i];
//saturation
se = (bex[i] * (efd[j] - aex[i]) * (efd[j] - aex[i])) / efd[j];
es7[i] = efdn[j] * (se + ke[i]);
es6[i] = es4[i] - es7[i];
defddtn = es6[i] / te[i];
efd[j] = efd[j] + 0.5 * (defddt[i] + defddtn) * dt;
}

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF SIMULATION
5.1 Simulation using IEEE Type 2 excitation system (Modelled)

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Figure 9: Field voltage (Efd) for all buses

Figure 10: Field voltage (Efd) for bus 190

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Figure 11: Field voltage (Efd) for bus 398

Figure 12: Electrical power (Pelec) for all buses

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Figure 13: Electrical power (Pelec) for bus 190

Figure 14: Electrical power (Pelec) for bus 398

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Figure 15: Frequency response for all buses

Figure 16: Frequency response for bus 190

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Figure 17: Frequency response for bus 398

Figure 18: Rotor angle for all buses

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Figure 19: Rotor angle for bus 190

Figure 20: Rotor angle for bus 398

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Figure 21: Speed for all buses

Figure 22: Mechanical power (Pmech) for all buses

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Figure 23: Mechanical power (Pmech) for bus 190

Figure 24: Mechanical power (Pmech) for bus 398

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Figure 25: Voltage magnitude for all buses

Figure 26: Voltage magnitude for bus 190

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Figure 27: Voltage magnitude for bus 398

Figure 28: Voltage magnitude for bus 230

5.2 Simulation using excitation system type 10 (Assignment)

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Figure 29: Field voltage (Efd) for all buses

Figure 30: Field voltage (Efd) for bus 190

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Figure 31: Field voltage (Efd) for bus 398

Figure 32: Electrical power (Pelec) for all buses

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Figure 33: Electrical power (Pelec) for bus 190

Figure 34: Electrical power (Pelec) for bus 398

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Figure 35: Frequency response for all buses

Figure 36: Frequency response for bus 190

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Figure 37: Frequency response for 398

Figure 38: Rotor angle for all buses

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Figure 39: Rotor angle for bus 190

Figure 40: Rotor angle for bus 398

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Figure 41: Speed for all buses

Figure 42: Mechanical power (Pmech) for all buses

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Figure 43: Mechanical power (Pmech) for bus 190

Figure 44: Mechanical power (Pmech) for bus 398

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Figure 45: Voltage magnitude for all buses

Figure 46: Voltage magnitude for bus 190

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Figure 47: Voltage magnitude for bus 398

Figure 48: Voltage magnitude for bus 230

5.3 Improved Euler method

In DCPS, explicit integration method used is the Improved Euler Method. In this method a
Predictor Formula is first applied using:
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xpn+1 = xn + hf(xn, tn)

Using the previous result, the Corrector Formula is applied to get the final value
xcn+1 = xn + 0.5h(f(xn, tn) + f(xpn+1, tn+1))
The purpose of using predictor and corrector formula is to obtain the solutions of the
differential equations of the control system. Differential equations are solved using improved
Euler Method and the algebraic solution of linear equation with iteration.
5.4 Analysis response of states and controls

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

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