Feedsforpoultry

Poultry feeding is one

of the important aspect

ofpoultryscience.Poultryfeedsareofthreetypes

1.Startingpoultryfeed:Anallmashrationtobefedtochicksuptotheageof8weeks.
2.Growing poultry feed: A ration to be fed to growing chickens after 8 to 20 weeks or until
layingcommences.

3.Layingpoultryfeed:Arationtobefedtolayingbirdsafter20weeksonwardsorafterlaying
commences.
Followingarethenutrientconstituentsofpoultryfeeds
Proteins: Inpoultry,theproductsproducedconsistsmainlyofprotein.Onadryweightbasisthe
carcass of an 8 weeks old broiler is more than 65% protein and the egg contents are about 50%
protein.Typicalbroilerrationswillcontainfrom22to24%proteinandinlayersrationtheamount
variesbetween1617%.
Source:Meatscraps(lysine),fishmeal(lysine,methionine),poultrybyproductmeal(tryptophan,
lysine), blood meal, liver and glandular meal, feather meal (hydrolyzed), animal tankage, milk
products,cottonseedmeal,peanutmeal,soybeanmeal,sesamemeal,sunflowerseedmeal.
Carbohydrates: The main function of carbohydrates in the diet is to provide energy to the animal.
The polysaccharides of major importance are starch, cellulose, pentosans and several other
complex carbohydrates. Although cellulose and starch are composed of glucose units, chickens
possess enzymes that can hydrolyze only starch. Cellulose, therefore, is completely indigestible.
Cereal grains and their byproducts are excellent source of starch and thus constitutes a bulk of
poultryration.
Source:Corn,sorghumgrains(milo)barley,rye,oats,wheat,wheatmiddlings,variousgrainby
products.
Fats:Fatsmakeupover40%ofthedryeggandabout17%ofthedryweightofabroiler.Although
fats supply concentrated form of energy (2.25 times more energy than carbohydrate and protein)
theirinclusionastruefatsoroilsintherationisseldompractisedbecauseofhighcostandtherisk
of rancidity which develops on prolong exposure to air, heat, sunlight, etc. Most feed ingredients
(maize,barley,safflower,milo,wheat,rice,bran,etc.)contain25%fatandthatisenoughforthe
inclusion of one essential fatty acid (Linoleic acid), which must be present in the young growing
chicks or they will grow poorly, have an accumulation of liver fat and be more susceptible for
respiratoryinfection.Layinghenswithdietsdeficientinlinoleicacidwilllaysmalleggsthatwillnot
hatchwell.

Source:Animaltallow(beef),lard,cornoil,othervegetableoils.
Minerals: The body of the chicken and the egg excluding shell contain nearly 4 and 1% mineral
matter respectively. The elements known to be required in the diet of poultry are calcium,
phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, iodine, iron, manganese, copper,
molybdenum,zincandselenium.Usuallythegrainsandvegetableproteiningredientsarerelatively
poor in mineral contents when compared with those of animal protein feed stuffs. The common
mineralsupplementsinpoultryfeedareasfollows:

i.Limestone
ii.Bonemeal
iii.Oystershell
iv.Sodiumchloride
v.Dicalciumphosphate
vi.Manganesesulphate
vii.Potassiumiodide
viii.Superphosphate.
Source: Meat scraps, fish meal, milk products, ground limestone (calcium), ground oyster shells
(calcium), dicalcium phosphate (calcium, phosphorus), defluorinated rock phosphate (phosphorus,
calcium), steamed bone meal (phosphorus, calcium), salt (sodium, chlorine, iodine), manganese
sulfate(manganese),manganeseoxide(manganese),zinccarbonate(zinc),zincoxide(zinc).
Vitamins:
Vitamins most commonly function as coenzymes and regulators of metabolism. The 13 vitamins
requiredbypoultryhavebeensummarisedintabularform.Apartfromnaturalsources,commercial
vitamin mixture suitable for poultry are also available. One point to remember, of course, is that
the natural vitamins are likely to have other factors associated with them. These may be other
recognisednutrientsortheymaybeunidentifiedfactors.Dietscontinuouslydeficientinanyoneof
the required vitamins will seriously tell initially upon the egg production and then the life of the
chickens.
Source:Yeasts,fishsolubles,distillerssolubles,livermeal,alfalfameal,milkbyproducts.
Feedadditives:Additivesarenevernutrients.Theyeithersinglyorincombinationsareaddedtoa
basic feed, usually in small qualities for the purpose of fortifying these with certain nutrients or
stimulantsormedicines.Oftentheyarecalled"nonnutrient"feedadditives.

Followingaresomemodernfeedadditivesusedforpoultry
Additivesthatpromotefeedintakeorselection
1. Antioxidants
BHT(Butylatedhydroxytoluene)Santoquin:Ethoxyquin:BHA(Butylatedhydroxyanisode)
DPPD(Diphenylparaphenyldiamine).
2. Flavouringagents
PoultryNector
3. Pelletbinders
SodiumBentonite(clay),liquidorsolidbyproductsofthewoodpulpindustry,molasses,
guarmeal
AdditivesthatEnhancethecolourorqualityofthemarketedproduct

1. Xanthophylls,syntheticcarotinoid,canthaxanthin
Additivesthatfacilitatedigestionandabsorption

1. Grit oystershell,limestones,gravelandpebbles
2. Chelates :EDTA
3. Enzymes
Agrozyme,Diazyme,Zymopabst,ProzymeandAvizyme.
4. Probiotics
strainsoflactobacillusandstreptococcus.
5. Antibiotics penicillin,steptomycin,tetracyclines,aureomycin
Additivesthataltermetabolism

1. Hormone Progesterone,Dienestroldiacetate.
Additivesthataffectshealthstatus

1. Antifungaladditives,
AflatoxinbyAsperfillusflavus,sodiumpropionate,sodiumbenzoate,quaternaryammonium
compounds
2. Anticoccidial:
Bifuransupplement,Amprol25%,Embazin,Zonamix,Nitrofurazone,Furazolidone.
3. Antihelminticdrugs

Recommendedrangeofproportionofpoultryfeeds
Ingredients

Proportion(%bywtof
materials)

GrainandSeeds

Bajra,bajra(Pennisetumtyphoides)

1015

Barley(Hordeumvulgare)

510

Blackgram(Phaseolusmango)

1015

Chinna,cheena(Panicum

1015

miliaceum)
Kulthiorhorsegram(Dolichos
biflorus)

1020

Jowar,Cholam(Sorghumvulgare)

1015

Oat(Avenasativa)

520

Arhar(Cassiatora)

510

Ragi(Eleusinecoracana)

1020

Yellowmaize

1550

Grainbyproducts

Arharchuni

1015

Gramchuni

1015

Blackgramchuni

1015

Maizegrit

1015

Maizeglutenmeal

1020

Ricebranandpolishings

1030

Wheatbran

1015

Minerals,Vitaminsandantibiotics

Commonsalt

0.30.5

Dicalciumphosphate(fluorinecontentnot
exceeding0.5%)

12

Limestone

13

Oystershells

13

Vitamins(mineralstabilised)

Asrecommendedbythe
manufacturer

Manganesesulphate

0.020.3

Antibioticfeedsupplement

0.10.5

Oilcakesandmeals

Copracake,coconutcake

510

Cottonseedoilcake(decorticated)

Upto5%byweight

Groundnutoilcake(decorticated)

153

Guar(Cyamopsistetragonoloba)meal

Upto5%byweight

Safflower(Carthamustinctorious)cake

1015

Mustardcake:Expeller

1020

Deoiled

2550

Salseedcake(Shorearobusta)

05

Sesamum(Sesamumindicumorientale)cake

1020

Soyabeanmeal

1020

Karanjadeoiledcake(Pongamiaglabra)

78

Tubersandroots

Tapiocaflour

1025

Greens

Berseem(Trifoliumalexandrinum)leafmeal

35

Lucerne(Medicagosativa)leafmeal

35

Wastematerialsandindustrialbyproducts

Brewersgrains

25

Driedyeastandyeastsludge

25

Mangoseedkernel

510

Molasses

510

Penicillinmyceliumresidue

515

Silkwormpupae(freedfrommembranouscovering)

510

Bloodmeal

35

Animalproducts

Fishmeal

510

Liverresidue

510

Meatmilkandmeatscarp

510

Skimmilk(dried)

510

Bloodmeal

35