Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
semiotika
samecniero Jurnali
XVI
SEMIOTICS
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL
VII INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SEMIOTICS CONFERENCE
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
2016
UDC 8122
mTavari redaqtori
cira barbaqaZe
Editor-in-Chief
Tsira Barbakadze
redaqtorebi:
Editors
Tamar berekaSvili
guram Yyifiani
marina giorgaZe
gia joxaZe
daviT andriaZe
Tamar Berekashvili
Guram Kipiani
Marina Giorgadze
Gia Jokhadze
David Andriadze
dagvikavSirdiT:
E-mail: semiotics@iliauni.edu.ge
Sinaarsi
qaosisa da kosmosis semiotika
Jolanta Zabarskait (Prof. dr., Institute of the Lithuanian
Language, Kazimieras Simonaviius university, Lithuania),
Mariam Manjgaladze (Prof. dr., Arn. Chikobava Institute
of Linguistics, TSU; International University of Georgia)
The Lexical Unit Space/Cosmos in Georgian and
Lithuanian Contexts of Economic Linguistic ............................ 9
nino abakelia (ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, asoc.
profesori)
ori simboluri modalobis - qaosisa da kosmosis korelaciis SeswavlisaTvis qarTul xalxur
sakralur poeziaSi .............................................................. 23
cira barbaqaZe (ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,
profesori)
sinergia, sinergetika da semiotika ................................... 31
Tamar berekaSvili (ilias saxelmwifo unversiteti,
profesori)
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, rogorc kosmosis
simulakri ............................................................................. 37
zina gabiCvaZe (niutonis Tavisufali skola,
doqtoranti)
enobrivi kosmosi _ Verba habendi-sa da sentiendi-s
qarTuli SemTxveva .............................................................. 49
4
eka CikvaiZe (Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis
instituti, mecnier-TanamSromeli)
samyaros suraTi sulxan-sabas sityvis konaSi ............... 57
elizbar elizbaraSvili (Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis
universiteti, doqtoranti)
informaciis qaosi da wesrigi............................................ 73
eTer inwkirveli (Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis
instituti, mecnier-TanamSromeli)
dualistur rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali qarTul
kosmogoniur gadmocemebSi................................................. 80
maia kikvaZe (baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo
asoc. profesori)
`fsiqes~ semiotika: qaosidan-kosmosisaken ....................... 96
nana mrevliSvili (saqarTvelos universiteti,
asoc. profesori)
samyaros kosmologiuri mTlianoba, rogorc
agiografiuli teqstis semiotikuri sistemis
erTgvari maxasiaTebeli..................................................... 102
5
nino gogiaSvili (Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis
filologiis doqtori)
qaosisa da kosmiuri wesrigis semiotika
vefxistyaosanSi................................................................. 124
marina qavTaraZe (v. sarajiSvilis saxelobis
6
laSa CxartiSvili (ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,
asoc. profesori)
simdidre: qaosis mizezi Tu kosmosis safuZveli? ....... 180
gia joxaZe (ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,
asoc. profesori)
`evraziuli wesrigi da qarTuli mwerloba ................... 186
qeTevan mayaSvili, ivane murusiZe (ilias saxelmwifo
universiteti, profesorebi)
qaosi antikuri berZnuli miTologiidan Tanamedrove
maTematikur Teoriamde...................................................... 195
semiotika da sxva
luiza xaWapuriZe, lela avaliani (akaki wereTlis
universiteti, doqtoranti)
axali qarTuli kinoenis Taviseburebani ......................... 207
7
Sorena barbaqaZe (akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo
mecn. doqtori)
olamuri sulTa sira(samyaros bibliur-qristianuli
modeli) ................................................................................ 241
nino WalaganiZe (ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
progresi, quTaisi)
qebais teqstis citirebis, recipirebisa da komentirebis
algoriTmuli analizi qarTuli perioduli presis
mixedviT (sakiTxis dasmisaTvis) ........................................ 257
8
nona kupreiSvili (Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis literaturis
instituti, mecnier-TanamSromeli)
beqa qurxulis romani samoTxidan gaqceulebi,
rogorc kulturuli travmis reprezentacia.................. 263
irine maniJaSvili (sdasu, asoc. profesori)
ena, rogorc eris kulturis realizacia......................... 272
mariam marjaniSvili (quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli
universiteti, doqtoranti)
foto, araverbaluri mediakodi, Tanamedrove qarTul
beWdviT mediaSi _ 2012 - 2014 wlebis gamocdileba ...... 287
ana WankvetaZe (quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo
universiteti, profesori)
koncepti ,,dro inglisuri enis frazeologiaSi
qarTulTan SepirispirebiT freimi _ drois
cikluri struqturuli organizacia ............................... 293
maia jaliaSvili (Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
10
11
I.2. Extra-linguistic factors. The shift in the role that language plays in
the 21st century is driven by the following extra-linguistic factors:
1.
Every national language is virtualised in the global space
(Vainien, Zabarskait: 2012).
2.
The functions of language expand as it becomes a tool of creativity
and not just communication (Augustinaitis, Zabarskait: 2015).
3.
National language has started to create added value in sociocultural
life and economy (Augustinaitis, Zabarskait: 2015).
Factor number one the virtualisation of national language allows
analysing linguistic resources in different dimensions and in a practical
manner, creating contemporary linguistic monolingual and multilingual
infrastructures, such as multilingual terminological resources (cf.
www.eurotermbank.com), parallel corpuses, multimodal dictionaries (cf.
www.lkiis.lki.lt), tree banks, semantic web nets, and others.
By allowing us to simultaneously investigate different linguistic data,
contemporary linguistic infrastructures also provide for a certain degree
of certainty when it comes to determining what lies, from the cognitive
point of view, on the semantic level of language, and its higher-order
level of meaning. National language is a black box, but users intuitively
grasp all aspects of its semantic features and are able to generate the
highest level of natural language comprehension the field of senses of
worldview of national language. Advocates of cognitivism argue, and
neuroscientists confirm, that every lexeme is related through many
semantic and associative ties with other words, meanings, metaphors,
social and individual associations that we feel by intuition, unconsciously
and/or semi-consciously. In other words, every word carries its semantic
dowry that it brings to communication, linguistic creative work, and
worldview. We can reconstruct this semantic dowry by analysing the
polysemy, synonymy, antonymy of a word, its semantic fields,
derivations, metaphors, collocations, phraseology, associations
(individual and social), and so on.
Factor number two the turn that language takes towards creativity has
to do with virtual linguistic infrastructures an altered logic of modern-day
knowing, when the latest media and digital technologies allow us to
simultaneously analyse and reconstruct various contexts with which
every word in a national language relates. In other words, every word is
rooted in language through the nations history, culture and ethnic
culture, and social processes (such as daily life) (see Pic. 2):
12
13
14
Cosmos
ksmosas
visata: Skridimas universe: To
fly to cosmos
kosmos
visata kosmini
kn ir sistem
visuma:
em vistos
erdvje. Sauls
sistema tai
vistos dalel.
Dictionary of
Example in
English
Ksmosas
Universe: the
whole of
heavenly bodies
and systems:
The Earth in the
universe. The
solar system is a
part of the
universe.
Cosmos
Element of
semantic
dowry
Synonymy. The
meaning of the
word kosmosas
is explained
through
synonymy.
The MLD
interprets
universe from
the astronomical
point of view.
Synonymy.
Conclusions
A neutral
astronomical
meaning of the
word.
Has the
semantic
attribute of
very big.
The synonymic
visata
Dictionary of
Phraseology
(DPh)
Modern
Lithuanian
Dictionary
(MLD)
Dictionary of
Antonyms
(DA)
Corpus of
Lithuanian
Language
Universe
The sea
reaching to
ones knees
(lit.), when
referring to
someone who
likes to brag: He
(a good
character) has
the sea reaching
to his knees,
cosmos to his
ankles, any
obstacle is but a
leap tall.
Chasas senovs Chaos in the
graik ir romn
Greek and
filosofijoje
Roma
pirmin beform
philosophy, the
mediaga, i
mater that gave
kurios atsirads
birth to the
kosmosas, pasaulio Cosmos, the
darna. (DLK)
harmony of the
world (MLD).
m planeta,
kurioje gyvenama
ksmosas kosmini
kn ir sistem
visuma: Jokios
ries medis ar
augalas
tarpininkas tarp
kosmoso ir ems
savo vaisiais ar
atliekomis neteria,
nenaikina
gimtosios, j
iauginusios
ems r.
Kosmosas kas
labai didelis :
kieta kaip titnagas
ir didel kaip
15
Based on
astronomical
semantic ties.
relationship
does not reveal
any new
semantic and
associative
elements of
semantic dovry.
Metaphor.
A metaphorical
A phraseological meaning of
unit based on
very big.
metaphoric
translation of
very big.
Indirect
polysemy.
Mater
originating from
chaos.
A meaning
embedded in
the classical
Greek
philosophy.
Earth an
inhabited planet
Cosmos the
whole of
heavenly bodies
and systems
(Dictionary of
Antonyms)
Antonymy. A
cognitive
contraposition:
the cosmos is
alien.
The antonymic
contraposition
contradicts
scientific logic
that the earth is
also part of the
cosmos.
Cosmos smth.
very big
Collocation
comparison.
The semantic
attribute of very
The semantic
attribute of
very big gives
the word
16
http://tekstyna kosmosas
s.vdu.lt/teksty Aminybs
nas/
piramid.
Database of
Kosmosas
Lithuanian
protu
nesuvokiamas,
Neologisms
nesuprantamas
http://naujazodzi dalykas
ai.lki.lt/?
Cosmos smth.
inconceivable
big.
cosmos a
connotation.
Metaphor.
A new meaning.
Recorded in
2007.
The Corpus data show that not all meanings are recorded in dictionaries
and databases; see Table 2:
Table 2
Missing meanings in dictionaries
The meanings recorded in the
The meaning according to the
dictionary/database
Corpus
The whole of heavenly bodies and
Aeronautic activities field
systems
What was born out of chaos
Harmony/order
Something very big
Something inconceivable; an
incomprehensible thing
We can draw a conclusion that in the Lithuanian language the semantic
dowry of the word kosmosas tends to diminish as a result of the new
figurative meaning of something inconceivable; an incomprehensible
thing that can be traced down to the contraposition of Cosmos equals
Earth, which contradicts the rules of logic (and astronomy) yet exists in
the Lithuanian language nonetheless. Hence the deep semantic attribute of
the word: cosmos is not something that should be seen as a practical part of
the mans life, one that has to do with latest technology, astronautics,
satellites, and so on. It is a weird tendency, especially considering that
many latest technologies relate to space (such as various satellite
communication systems, etc.). Could be that as a field of practical activity,
cosmos stirs in a Lithuanians mind memories of the Soviet occupation
when space conquest had a strong ideological meaning and a purpose of
display of the Soviet Unions military power. The word cosmos within
the meaning of a field of activity of a person (such as a scientist, engineer,
programmer) is not present in the terminological bank of the Republic of
Lithuania (http://terminai.vlkk.lt/pls/tb/tb.search) either.
17
18
19
20
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=srch&d=8&id_srch=86df35
d69916d039f11b63da836eba24&il=en&p=1
As for the historical contexts the lexeme universe, it can be found in
the religious as well as in the literary texts, e.g. for example the beginning
of the poem The Knight in the Panthers Skin by Shota Rustaveli:
One who created the universe with its powers...
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/shota_rustaveli/vefxistyaosani.pd
f
Phraseologisms: 1. He / She has a universal calm! 2. He / She conquered
the universe He became significantly popular.
Jargon meaning: Cosmos: unclear, ambiguous; I will fly you to the
space = I will get rid of you.
Cultural context (Cosmos in art): - the space is a source of inspiration
for modern artists. A number of interesting works have been created in
this regard.
Cosmos in economic linguistic: concept of cosmos as in Lithuanian
is not expanding and it is not popular for the purposes of constructing
new ideas, brands, marketing strategies. Even in Soviet Georgia as well
as in other republics the cigarette brand Cosmos was most of popular.
Existing meanings in Georgian: Terminological meaning (astronomy,
physics); Philosophical meaning (Chaos Cosmos in the Greek and
Roma philosophy); Harmony / order; Metaphorical meaning
incomprehensible.
Missing
meanings
in
Georgian:
The world/universe considered as ordered system; Aeronautic activities
field; Ordered system.
Conclusions
1. The method of semantic dowry and contextual roots permits
reconstructing the deepest structure of sense of the lexical unit
cosmos;
2. The sense of the lexical unit cosmos clears the level of the concept
of cosmos existing in the national worldview and in sociocultural
and economic contexts of real life;
3. The Georgian and the Lithuanian sense of the lexical unit cosmos
have a lot in common: the contemporary practical meaning is absent
in both languages;
4. The missing meaning aeronautic activities field has eliminated the
active demand to be a country engaged in space exploration;
5. Cosmos is not a popular concept to be found in national brands in
Lithuania and Georgia;
21
22
8. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=srch&d=3&id_srch=d7
d63d2261d84ca4f6f2afdee68fa27b&il=en&p=1
9. The Georgian Dictionary, by Sulxan-Saba Orbeliani , Internet
accesss:
http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=srch&d=8&id_srch=86
df35d69916d039f11b63da836eba24&il=en&p=1
10. The Georgian Explanatory Dictionary, by Arn. Chikobava, Tbilisi,
1950-1964, Internet accesss: http://ena.ge/explanatory-online
Other Internet Resources:
1. http://www.ciurlionis.lt/
2. http://www.delfi.lt/video/aktualijos/prezidente-pirmoji-lietuviskanuotrauka-is-kosmoso-primena-m-k-ciurlioniopaveiksla.d?id=64847137)
3. www.ice.ge
4. www.ena.ge
5. http://www.esa.int/ESA
6. www.ksu.lt
iolanta zabarskaite,
litvuri enis instituti, kazimiras
simonaviCiusis universiteti, litva
mariam manjgalaZe,
Tsu arn. Ciqobavas saxelobis enaTmecnierebis
instituti, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
universiteti, saqarTvelo
semantema kosmosi litvursa da qarTulSi ekonomikuri
lingvistikis konteqstSi
moxsenebaSi ganxilulia semantema kosmosis istoriuli,
socialuri, kulturuli da enobrivi aspeqtebi litvuri
da
qarTuli (ori gansxvavebuli enobrivi ojaxis, magram uZvelesi
leqsikuri fondis mqone)
magaliTebis safuZvelze. naCvenebia,
Tu rogor cocxlobs eris kuturul, enobriv garemoSi semantikuri koncepti da gadmoicema sinonimebis, antonimebis, metaforebis, asociaciebis da sxva enobrivi saSualebebiT. naSromis siaxlea semantema kosmosis ganxilva ekonomikuri lingvistikis
konteqstSi.
nino abakelia
ori simboluri modalobis
qaosisa da kosmosis
korelaciis
SesawavlisaTvis
qarTul xalxur sakralur
poeziaSi
winamdebare statia exeba qarTul sakralur poeziaSi dacul erT-erTi saweso
simReris _ mze Sina da mze gareTa-s _
teqstis analizs. saweso simRera _ mze
Sina da mze gareTa _ romlis dafiqsireba garkveul konteqstSi jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyo meoce saukunis adreul
wlebSi, Tavis sakulto daniSnulebaze
migvaniSnebs; is mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobda maRali religiis gverdiT, romlis safuZvelic wigniereba iyo.
aRniSnul saweso simReras Tavis
droze, sakvlevi Temidan gamomdinare,
gakvriT Seexnen d. janeliZe da l. gvaramaZe, xolo musikaluri teqstis analizidan gamomdinare, eTnomusikologebma
is qarTvelTa musikaluri azrovnebis
uZveles safexurebs daukavSires (WiTanava: 1987).
Cveni kvleva fokusirdeba aRniSnuli
saweso simReris verbalur teqstze, mis
Tanmdev ritualze da masTan asocirebul konteqstze, romlebic mravalfero-
24
nino abakelia
25
romelsac ia-vardi ayria. akvans lalis CanCxura, CanCxura margalitisa ubia (bardaveliZe: 1957, 100-109).
miTologiur doneze aRniSnuli teqsti SeiZleba davakavSiroT solarul miTologiur ciklebSi mziuri yrmis dabadebis
uZveles motivTan.
vaxtang batoniSvilis istoriebr aRweraSi dadasturebulia Zeobis wes-Cveuleba, romlis drosac samaias rituali
sruldeboda. aRniSnuli wyaros mixedviT, mSobiarobidan mesame
dRes maxarobeli midioda naTesavebTan, megobrebsa da nacnobebTan erTad. mologinebul dedas awvendnen mdidruli farCebiT
dafarul taxtze. modiodnen momlocvelebi.
l. gvaramaZis TqmiT, ufro adre Zeobis wes-Cveulebebs Teimuraz II-is leqsebSi vxvdebiT. mis mier aRwerili wes-Cveuleba
maRali sazogadoebis ojaxebs exeba, magram TviTon ritualis
Sesruleba mkvlevars avaraudinebs, rom igi xalxSic sruldeboda da dakavSirebuli iyo nayofierebis kultTan. aq Zeobis monawileni. gadaxlarTuli xelebiT, cekviTa da simReriT Sediodnen
SenobaSi, iq, sadac axalSobilis deda iwva.
mze Sina da mze gareTa-s CamTavrebis Semdeg monawileni musikosebs saxlSi epatiJebodnen ukve musikis TanxlebiT da simRerisas asrulebdnen cekva samaias, anu samis cekvas gadawnuli xelebiT saxlSi anu SinaSi. xazgasasmelia, rom aRniSnuli wesis
dros ferxulebi sruldeboda rogorc Sin, ise _ gareT.
saweso simReris (romelic mTlianad mzis monotonuri Sin
moxmobaa) pirvelive pwkarSi mzis ori mdgomareoba _ Sina da
gare _ aris dafiqsirebuli. misi perioduli Sina da gare samyaroebSi yofna da qarTvelTa kosmologiur rwmena-warmodgenebze
mianiSnebs: uxilavi, gaumJRavnebeli mdgomareobis gamJRavnebaa,
Sesabamisad, mikrokosmosSi / sacxovrebelSi /SinaSi Semosvlaa.
mzis SinaSi Semosvla droSi Semosvlaa. SinaSi igulisxmeba ara
marto aq, aramed rogorc es arqauli cnobierebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli _ aq da axla. Sinas da gares Sesabamisi binaruli
opoziciebi Seesabameba: aRmavloba / daRmavloba, naTeli / bneli,
sikeTe / boroteba, dRe / Rame, sicocxle / sikvdili, TeTri /
Savi, buneba / kultura da sxv.
teqsti aqcentirdeba mzeze, mis moZraobaze da, Sesabamisad, gzaze, romelic mzem unda gaiaros (da, rogorc Cans, Cvilmac masTan erTad, romelic sxva teqstebs Tu SevadarebT, TviTon xan
mzea, xan mzes mihyveba), sazRvarze (sazRvris semiotizacia); gza
26
nino abakelia
27
rodesad kari miRmur samyaroSi mTlianad ara, magram mainc daketilia, daGgardacvliliTsTvisac. aRniSnulis sailustraciod
SeiZleba xalxuri leqsi gavixsenoT, romelic ra vqnisas saxeliT aris cnobili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi. masSi dasturdeba rwmena-warmodgenebi imgvari cixis Sesaxeb, romelic,
Cveni azriT, saaqaosa da saiqios zRurblze moiazreba. aRniSnuli leqsis mixedviT, cixis karebi mxolod maSin iReba, rodesac
dro modis:
ra vqnisa cixe avage,
javri Sevabi karada,
saiqiodan moidnen
am cixis sanaxavada.
bevri uares cixesa,
kar ver gastexes Zalada,
memre Tqves: dro ro moalis
kar gaiRebis Tavada (qarTuli xalxuri poezia: 1974, 52).
aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT s. makalaTias erTi cnoba, romlis moxedviT, samegreloSi mZime mSobiarobis dros bebia qali miwas
usvamda fexebs sityvebiT: gamiRe jixas kario, xolo vinc Semodioda, ixsnida qamars da saltes mSobiarobis gasaadvileblad.
gare samyarosgan SemozRuduli, Semofargluli saxli Caketili
sivrcea da amgvari sivrce mSobiarobis dros unda gaxsniliyo.
unda gaxsniliyo realurad karebis, fanjrebis da yvelafris
CaTvliT, rac Caketili iyo da, aseve, ritualuri ferxulis
SesrulebiT, romelic simbolur doneze, Cveni azriT, garTulebul gzas labirinTs warmoadgenda.
mzesTan, aseve, dakavSirebulia ylapvis/STanTqmis motivi. fizikur samyaroSi (bunebaSi) miwa ylapavs, STanTqavs gvams, dro _
sicocxles. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, uadresi mziuri miTebi, SesaZloa, is miTebi iyos, romelic mis amosvlasa da
Casvlas emyareba. zogadad, zRvispireTis uZveles mosaxleobas
swamda, rom RamiT, rodesac mze uCinardeboda zRvaSi mas monstri ylapavda, romelic Tavis msxverpls diliT aRmosavleTis
caze gadmoanTxevda (CeTvaindi: 1982).
gamoTqma Ramis mier gadaylapuli axla SeiZleba mxolod metaforad aRiqmebodes, magram idea, romlesac igi Seicavs da,
kerZod, mzis Casvlas didi mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli xalxebisTvis da maT Soris qarTvelebisTvisac.
nino abakelia
28
xateba, romelSic mze Sinasa da gareSi (aq sknelebi igulisxmeba) moZraobs, qarTvelTaA kosmologiuri Sexedulebebis amsaxvelia.
samyaros zogad suraTSi cnobilia, rom saxls (sacxovriss),
rogorc sxvadasxva donis SemaerTebel rgols, gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. erTi mxriv, saxli ekuTvnis adamians, romelic
adamianis sagnobriv samyaros warmoadgens, meore mxriv, saxli
adamians akavSirebs garesamyarosTan (civiani: 1973).
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom adamiani sacxovreblis orientirebs sakuTar rwmena-warmodgenebTanAakavSirebs, romelic samyaros organizacias exeba, afardebs mas samyaros suraTis ZiriTad parametrebTan (baiburini: 1983, 127).
sacxovreblis topografiuli Rirebuleba zedmiwevniT naTelia. saxls specifikur konstruqciul funqciebTan erTad sazRvris funqciac aqvs (iqve, 127). aqedan gamomdinare, arsebiTad
miiCneva saxlis, rogorc sazRvarTa sistemis, ganxilva da misi
meSveobiT lokusebis gamoyofa (iqve 127).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mze Sina-s teqsti erTi SexedviT
martivia, Cveni azriT, masSi ideaTa mTeli kompleqsia Camaluli,
romelic qarTvelTa religiuri gancdis uRrmesi fenis gamomxatvelia. mzis amosvla miTologiur doneze TavisTavad dabadebasTan aris dakavSirebuli: qaosidan kosmosSi, uformobidan
formaSi, gaumJRavnebeli mdgomareobidan gamJRavnebulSi, uxilavidan xilulSi Semosvlaa. magiuri Zalebi, romlebic mzis moxmobiTa da ritualuri qmedebebiT aqtiurdebian (izrdebian), rogorc Cans, axlad dabadebulis bunebis did ciklur moZraobaSi
CarTvas isaxavda miznad. aqvea faruli imedic kvlav dabadebisa
da, Sesabamisad, ukvdavebisac.
naSromSi SevecadeT, gagveanalizebina xalxur sakralur poeziaSi kosmologiuri mniSvnelobis mqone xatebis _ gares da Sinas, Sesabamisad, kosmosisa da qaosis _ Tanmimdevroba, rogorc
ori simboluri modalobis doneebi korelaciaSi, romelTa aRwerilobebi dasabams iReben qarTul warmosaxvaSi da miTad qceulni gvxvdebian kosmologizebul ritualTan erTad gansazRvruli
drois CarCoSi. naCvenebia, Tu rogor vlindeba qarTul sakralur
poeziaSi dro sivrcis meSveobiT da sivrce drois meSveobiT.
L
29
literatura
abakelia 2001: teluriuli da xTonuri Teofaniebi qarTul miToritualur sistemaSi, kavkasiur-aRmosavluri krebuli,
X, Tbilisi.
baiburini 1983: ..
. .
bardaveliZe 1957: ..
, .
gvaramaZe 1987: ., ,
.
qarTuli xalxuri poezia, Tb., 1972.
qarTuli xalxuri poezia , Tb., 1974.
civiani 1999: . .,
( ) ,
, .
CeTvaindi 1982: Chetwynd T., A Dictionary of Symbols, Paladin,
London.
WiTanava 1987: .,
.
,
.
30
nino abakelia
Nino Abakelia
Tbilisi Ilia State University
Concerning the Correlation of the Two Symbolic Modalities Chaos and Cosmos in the Georgian Sacred Poetry
The paper analyzes cosmological images - the sequences of cosmos
and chaos as two correlated symbolic modalities - in the Georgian sacred
popular poetry. Their descriptions are found in Georgian perception
which are transformed in certain myths and are found together with the
associated with them rituals at a definite time framework.
The paper demonstrates how time is revealed by means of space in
the round dance song called mze shina da mze gareta (lit. the sun inside
and outside of the dwelling) performed during the childbirth customs.
The paper also discusses the patterns of sacred poetry in which the
concept of border is preserved, which in turn is based on the oldest
universal cosmological spatial concepts. The paper analyzes the
actualization of border concept by means of demonstration of the definite
examples of the folk sacred poetry; it is supposed that beliefs and inner
language of symbols to which the specific human activities are related
could be seen as the models for acting, which are manifested in schemes
and correspondingly it becomes possible to reveal some expressions of
cosmological patterns in the local cult religion which peacefully existed
side by side and inside the high religion approximately until the
twentieth of 20th century.
cira barbaqaZe
sinergia, sinergetika da
semiotika
peplis efeqti
pepelam, romelic frTebs aiqnevs aiovaSi,
SeiZleba gamoiwvios efeqtebis zvavi
indoneziaSi, wvimebis sezonze...
Cven ise miveCvieT struqturebs, xSirad ver
vacnobierebT, ra saswaulia maTi arseboba...
hakeni
cira barbaqaZe
32
33
34
cira barbaqaZe
35
ganaTleba
semiotikuri da sinergetikuli Teoriebis aqtualizeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi imaze mianiSnebs, rom icvleba adamianis cnobiereba, rac vlindeba yvela mimarTulebiT qaosur procesebSi; es
ar aris ubralod cvlilebebis moTxovnileba, esaa - Cveni cnobierebis gadawyoba da aRqmisa da Semecnebis parametrebis sruli
Secvla, azrovnebis axali paradigmis Camoyalibeba. amis niSnebi
SegviZlia yvelgan vipovoT: piradi da intimuri urTierTobebidan
dawyebuli _ socialuri movlenebiT damTavrebuli. yvelgan gacvda Zveli struqturebi, arsebuli ganaTlebis sistema CamorCeba
epoqis moTxovnebs, is codna, romelsac skola da universiteti
iZleva, arasakmarisia. ganaTlebis sistemam SeaCvia adamiani niSnebis, faqtebis, movlenebis calsaxa gagebas: anu romelime erTi
axsna ufro prioritetulad iqna miCneuli da yvela eZebs, Caswvdes, risi Tqma undoda mwerals. aRqmis am paradigmidan unda
gadavideT sxva fokusze: rogor gavigeT is, rac mweralma
Tqva...? amas mohyveba kiTxva: is, rac me gavige, namdvilad is aris
netav, rac mweralma Caifiqra? da vin icis, namdvilad risi
Tqma undoda mwerals, an ra aris sinamdvile?
Tu teqstma fiqrisTvis gangvawyo da refleqsia gamoiwvia,
amaze didi gageba ar arsebobs. sul ar aris mniSvnelovani, vin
rogor gaigo komble an vefxistyaosani, mniSvnelovania, Sen
rogor gaige? isic faqtia, rom sxva konteqstiT da sxva dros
Cveni aRqma aucileblad Seicvleba imave teqstis an personaJis
mimarT, rac niSnavs, rom kargi teqstebi arasdros sruldebian
da cocxldebian mxolod maSin, rodesac Cven vkiTxulobT mas...
samyaro ki gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa da es mSvenieria. koleqtiur azrovnebaze orientiebuli sistemebi unda Seicvalos individualur azrovnebaze orientirebuli ganaTlebis sistemis SeqmniT.
mokled, adamiansac da teqstebsac aqvT kvanturi SesaZleblobebi. sinergetikuli gaazreba ki gvaZlevs saSualebas, gavxsnaT sazRvrebi da jer davinaxoT es SesaZleblobebi, xolo
Semdeg gavakeToT arCevani. sistemis Riaoba aucilebelia axali
paradigmis CamoyalibebisTvis, radgan Caketil sistemaSi cvlilebebi iseTive SeuZlebelia, rogorc daxurul WurWelSi maWris
daduReba...hakeni 1996
cira barbaqaZe
36
literatura
Tsira Barbakadze
Synergy,Synergetic and Education
Chaos and cosmos - the two opposite categories are the organized
bases of all sorts of existence.Chaos and cosmos in the light of semiotics
appears to be particular synergetic of modern sciences,that establishes
regularity in systems consisting of various subsystems and creates selforganizing theoretical models for different systems.Synergetic is the birth
of cosmos (order) from chaos.It resembles quantum physics while the
unity of various possibilities and structures exist inside the system.The
frontiers of separate sciences dezorganize,merge and mixParticular
chaos is formed,that should give the birth to the new order.The
contemporary world is described as synergetic condition,that creates new
cosmos.It totally deals with transformation of private,social and other
relational systems as well as appearance of new parameters in
consciousness, formation of cognition and perception of the new
paradigm.
Tamar berekaSvili
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba,
rogorc kosmosis simulakri
me-20 saukunis samociani wlebidan
dasavlurma sazogadoebam, da ara marto
dasavlurma, didi cvlilebebi ganicada.
es Zireuli gardaqmnebia, rac masobrivi
moxmarebis sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas
ukavSirdeba. cxovreba gacilebiT ufro
mravalferovani gaxda _ Seicvala mimarTeba kerZo cxovrebisadmi, gaizarda pirovnebis roli, gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos kontrolis formebi, didi mniSvneloba SeiZines socialurma Rirebulebebma da a.S.
is, rasac uwodeben postmodernistul epoqas, swored am axali tipis damokidebulebebs ukavSirdeba da Sefasebis
sruliad gansxvavebul kriteriumebs efuZneba.
erTi SexedviT, Rirebulebebi, romelTac liberaluri demokratiis Rirebulebebs vuwodebT da romlebic Camoyalibdnen e.w. modernis epoqaSi, igivea:
demokratia iqneba es Tu pirovnebis uflebebis dacva, tolerantoba Tu Tavisufleba, magram Sinaarsobrivad isini
xSirad sruliad gansxvavebulia, zogjer
sapirispiro mniSvnelobasac ki iZenen.
moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
Tu modernis dros Tavisufleba
38
Tamar berekaSvili
faqtobrivad efuZneboda hegeliseul gansazRvrebas - gacnobierebuli Tavisufleba an Tavisi sasicocxlo saSualebebis floba,
postmodernSi Tavisufleba aRar izRudeba mxolod sasicocxlo
saSualebebis flobiT, is gulisxmobs am saSualebebis gankargvasac; pragmatizmi modernis SemTxvevaSi konstruqciulia, es qmediTi praqtikaa, postmodernSi ki damangreveli praqtikaa, is qaosuria da SemoqmedebiTi formis iers iRebs. modernis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi moraluri moTxovna socialuri pasuxismgeblobaa, postmoderni movaleobebs asustebs an sruliadac xsnis, ris Sedegadac moraluri xdeba TviTneboba. modernuli voluntarizmi
socialurad mniSvnelovani qmedebiT vlindeba, postmodernuli
voluntarizmi ki materialuri da kulturuli moxmarebiT, ris
Sedegadac morCileba kanonisadmi, rac aucilebeli moTxovnaa modernSi,
gardaiqmneba
SeTanxmebad
gansazRvrul
wesebs
daemorCilo da ara _ kanons. aseTi CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba
didxans SeiZleba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, es dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis kardinalur cvlilebasTan. sazogadoeba modernis epoqaSi TandaTanobiT
icvleboda moxmarebis sazogadoebiT, rac ueWvelad dakavSirebulia mecnierebis da teqnikis swraf ganviTarebasTan, progresTan,
romelic adamianebs met materialur saSualebebs aZlevda da amasTan, uTavisuflebda dros, romelsac isini xarjavdnen garTobisa
da sakuTari siamovnebisTvis. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es procesi kidev ufro aCqarda da gaizarda, ris Sedegadac ukve 60-70ian wlebSi dasavlur samyaroSi Camoyalibda ara mxolod moxmarebis sazogadoeba, aramed masobrivi moxmarebis sazogadoeba.
sxvadasxva sagnis, produqtis, gasarTobi saSualebis siWarbea dRes. mewarmeebis, komersantebis da politikosebis mTavari
Zalisxmevac mimarTulia aseTi sazogadoebis dasakmayofileblad.
metic: didi Zalisxmeva ixarjeba axali moTxovnilebebi Camosayalibeblad, moxmarebis procesSi adamianebis kidev ufro aqtiurad CasarTavad.
Tu dasavluri sazogadoebisTvis momxmareblobis es bumi
Sromis, istoriuli socialuri ganviTarebis Sedegia, sxva samyarosTvis, romelic, ase Tu ise, xdeba am siuxvis momxmarebeli,
an mowme mainc, es ganicdeba saswaulebriv movlenad, romelsac
afrikis da aziis bevr qveyanaSi xsnian imiT, rom evropelebma da
amerikelebma miisakuTres maTi simdidre, maTTvis gankuTvnili
madli... isini siamovnebiT sargebloben dasavluri sazogadoebis
39
40
Tamar berekaSvili
41
faqtobrivad, am personalizaciis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia kidec is qaosi, romelic warmogvidgeba, rogorc Zveli ideologiebis msxvreva, erTi ZiriTadi paradigmis Sesusteba sxva mravali
paradigmis Camoyalibebisa da gaZlierebis kvaldakval. es procesi daiwyo dasavlur samyaroSi _ SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi, da man TandaTanobiT moicva mTeli msoflio. Tu
dasavlur sazogadoebaSi mas aqvs pluralizmis, sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis diversifikaciis, humanizaciis saxe, aziis da afrikis, gansakuTrebiT ki _ islamur sazogadoebebSi is warmoCnda
aqamde nivelirebuli eqstremistuli ganwyobebis gaZlierebad,
rac ueWvelad Sedegia imisa, rom am sazogadoebebSi ar arsebobda iseTi politikuri kultura, romelic efuZneboda demokratiul da liberalur Rirebulebebs.
Tu dasavlur samyaroSi ganviTarebuli kibernetikuli da
teqnologiuri progresi xels uwyobs kidev ufro met pirovnul Tavisuflebas da TviTidentobis ganmtkicebas, aRmosavleTis
bevr regionSi es iwvevs yvelaze ufro pasionaluri, agresiuli
da xSirad fanatikurad ganwyobili jgufebis kidev ufro met
gaaqtiurebas, brZolas Tavisi ideologiis, moTxovnebisa da interesebis aRiarebisa da damkvidrebisTvis.
es qaosia, qaosi, Zveli berZnebis gagebiT, romlebic mas gansazRvravdnen rogorc uwesrigobis princips, an Tu empedokles
davesesxebiT, es aris universaluri principi: uwyveti da usasrulo, usazRvro qmnadoba. amasTan qaoss, bevri berZenis xedviT,
gansakuTrebiT _ antikuri saberZneTis bolo periodSi, erT-erT
maxasiaTeblad sicarielec aqvs.
Tanamedrove viTarebaSi, rodesac bolomde da mkveTrad ar
Camoyalibebula midgomebi, meTodebi, gansazRvrebebi, aseTi sicarieleebi blomad aris. faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs paradigma
imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos sayovelTao sikeTe, sazogadoebis saerTo keTildReoba. im dros, rodesac wamyvani dasavluri sazogadoeba orientirebulia calkeuli adamianis, moqalaqis pirovnebis survilebis, miswrafebebis, interesebis, ocnebebis dakmayofilebaze, mTeli sazogadoeba daucvelia, mis mTlianobas, mis simtkices araferi icavs. Zalian xSirad calkeuli adamianebis interesebi ar emTxveva an sulac ewinaaRmdegeba saerTo interesebs.
Tanamedrove postmodernuli kultura decentralizebulia,
is orientirebulia moxmarebaze. mis yvelaze mTavar miznad cxad-
Tamar berekaSvili
42
deba pirovnebis bedniereba. cneba `bedniereba~ ki metad efimerulia, ganusazRvrelia, is efuZneba grZnobebs, amasTan pirovnul
grZnobebsa da gancdebs. bednierebis SegrZnebiT dasavluri sazogadoeba axasiaTebs adamianebis mniSvnelobas, maT potencials.
ramdenadac bedniereba, kmayofileba, nebismieri wvrilmani yofiTi
survilis Sesruleba xdeba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Rirebuleba, is miznebi da amocanebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv, sayovelTao xasiaTs atarebs, kargaven aqtualobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi
calkeuli pirovnebebis TvalSi isini aRar ganicdeba sasicocxlod aucileblad. rasakvirvelia, zogadi, `absoluturi Rirebulebebi: demokratia, Zlieri saxelmwifo, liberalizmi, Tavisufleba da a.S. kvlavac JRers da maT aravin upirispirdeba dasavlur samyaroSi, magram am Rirebulebebis dacvisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnebi, SezRudvebi, valdebulebebi idRabneba da naklebad qmediTia, piradi interesi sjabnis maT, Tu am pirad interess sazogadoebrivi sikeTe SeiZleba daemuqros an SezRudos.
TandaTanobiT dasavluri principebisa da Rirebulebebis safuZveli iryeva, iqceva simulakrad, raRac nacnob da, TiTqosda,
bunebrivad arsebul dekoraciad, romelSic yvela Tavis sixarulze zrunavs da srulebiTac ar miaCnia aseTi viTareba saSiSad. da Tu daudgeba arCevani, sakuTari simSvide, keTildReoba,
bedniereba, Tu qveynis sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba da siZliere,
savsebiT savaraudoa, is sakuTar siamtkbilobas airCevs.
literatura
Bruckner Pascal LEuphorie perpetuelle. Essai sur le desir de
Bonheur; Bernard Grasset, Paris, 2000
Lipovetsky Gilles Lere du vide. Essais sur lindividualisme
contemporain; Gallimard, Paris, 1993
Baudrillard Jean La societe de consummation. Ses mithes, ses
structures; Paris: S.Y.P.P, 1970
43
Tamar Berekashvili
zina gabiCvaZe
qaosi da kosmosi
vefxistyaosanSi
(prologis or strofSi
mocemuli koncefcia)
yvela saxelebSi mxolod rusTaveli ixsnis
gansacdeliT mraval saukunes...
galaktioni
rusTvelologia
vefxistyaosnis
mraval kuTxesa da waxnags Seiswavlis.
radgan SoTa poemaSi enciklopediur codnas amJRavnebs, TiTqmis ar darCenili
mecnierebis arcerTi dargi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac rusTveli da misi poema
ar ekvlioT. erT-erTi aseTi dargia kosmologia, romelsac vefxistyaosnis
mxatvrul-esTetikur koncefciaSi umniSvnelovanesi datvirTva akisria. met-naklebad Seswavlilia rusTvelis astronomiuli da astrologiuri Sexedulebani. am problemas araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia da bevrs gamouTqvams Tavisi mosazreba.
vefxistyaosani wignia, romelic
saTauriTac da siuJeturi TvalsazrisiTac aris aluzia, simbolo, metafora,
alegoria. es aris wigni, romelSic arapirdapiri miTiTebaa multisamyaros koncefciisaken(arabeTi, indoeTi, mulRazanzari,gulanSaro, qajeTi sxva araferia
45
Tu ara samyaroTa mravalferovneba). poeti igavuri eniT gvesaubreba, saukuneebia xeli-xel sagogmanebi..., saWoWmano saqme mosvenebas ar gvaZlevs, vfiqrobT, vmsjelobT, raRacas vaskvniT da
ra? amouwuravi literaturuli madani, albaT, arasdros moasvenebs adamians. amjerad vcdiT ara rusTvelis kosmologiasa da
qaosze saubars, aramed poemis SesavalSi qaosisa da kosmosis
simbolikasTan dakavSirebul paradigmebze mivuTiTebT, Cveneba,
radgan migvaCnia, rom vefxistyaosani is poemaa, romelSic qaosisa da kosmosis urTierTdamokidebulebaa aRwerili.im qaosisa
da kosmosis, romlebsac wesrigi da uwesrigoba Seesabameba. rogorc cnobilia, Zveli berZnuli filosofia kosmoss uwodebs
mowesrigebul, organizebul samyaros qaosis, uwesrigod daxrovebuli materiis, sapirispirod. qaosisa da kosmosis urTierTmimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT poemaSi iSleba siuJetuli qarga,
romlis mixedviTac gmirTa garemoSi viTardeba moqmedeba. im
multisamyaroSi, romelzec zemoT visaubreT (arabeTi, indoeTi,
mulRazanzari,gulanSaro, qajeTi), erTmaneTs enacvleba qaosi da
kosmosi, xSir SemTxvevaSi qaosia im interpretaciisa da SesaZleblobaTa usasrulo sivrce, romelic avtors aZlevs saSualebas, daangrios azrovnebis tradiciuli formebi, waSalos Zveli
da mogvces axali, dasabami misces axal azrovnebas, romelic daexmareba adamians, datkbes samyaroTi da Seicnos sakuTari me.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, SevecdebiT, mokled warmovadginoT
qaosisa da kosmosis Sesaxeb prologis pirvel or strofSi
warmodgenili koncefciebi, romlebic, Cveni azriT, poemis Temis
ZiriTadi motivebis safuZvelia. yvelaferi, rac prologSia mocemuli, ganfenilia teqstSi. samyaroSi yvelaferi harmoniulad
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, es ki gansazRvravs wesrigs, kosmiur
wyobas, radgan yvelafers Tavisi adgili aqvs. xSirad kosmoss
qaosi cvlis, Semdeg isev _ kosmosi da ase maradiulad, samyaroSi mudmivad qaosisa da kosmosis Widilia, amis gamo ki samyaro
mudmivad icvleba.
prologis pirvel strofSi kosmosia _ wesrigi:
romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,
zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,
Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,
misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa.
Semoqmedi- samyaro- zegardmo arsni - kacni - qveyana- xelmwife, viT margaliti oboli isea asxmuli, yvelaferi Tavis
46
zina gabiCvaZe
47
zina gabiCvaZe
48
literatura
Zina Gabichvadze
Rustvelology studies Shota Rustavelis Vepkhistkhaosani from
different angles. This article, The chaos and cosmos in
Vepkhistkhaosani addresses concept of the cosmology and chaos
symbolism in prologue of the poem. Everything in the world is
connected. The battle between chaos and cosmos gives people unlimited
possibilities to think and learn. As the result of this battle human reaches
new level of the natural phenomena. We think that, Rustaveli helped
people to overcome the fear of chaos and in first two stanzas of the
prologue he offers a road map to enlightenment of a human, which drives
men to rule the universe and this is the same journey which heroes of the
poem took.
mariam goduaZe
50
mariam goduaZe
51
52
mariam goduaZe
da sxv.], garda amisa, qarTulSi I-sa da II TurmeobiTSi warmodgenilia ZiriTadad aRqmis an cnobierebis, xolo III kavSirebiTSi
survilis zmnebi [goduaZe 2013g, 126] da yvela maTganSi subieqti dativSia, iseve, rogorc bazisur ileistur frazebSi. swored amitom SeiZleba iyos morfologiuri inversiis gasaRebi
ileizmi, rogorc sakuTriv movlena, romlis eqstralingvisturi
safuZveli aris obieqtivacia da romelic molaparake pirvel an
meore pirTaTvis dativSi mdgom subieqts iTxovs. [goduaZe
2015e, 89]. bavSvTa sxeulis enasa da qarTuli enis aTvisebis
sawyis etapze myof pirTa metyvelebaze dakvirveba cxadyofs,
rom isini,upirveles yovlisa, migvaniSneben maTTvis sasurvel
obieqtebze, romlebic enaSi mesame piris nacvalsaxelebiTaa gamoxatuli. piris nacvalsaxelebis zmnebze Sezrdis dausrulebeli procesi dResac cocxalia da mimdinareobs enaSi, magaliTad, mSven-is, mixar-is, imwar-is, megulv-is, medagv-is, menukv-is,
mel-is... (barad rom viyo laRada, suli mTisaken ixaris... barSi
sicocxlec imwaris! (erisT.)2; mixaris gimzer, vhswuxvar
da gimzer...(orb.)). xolo me pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli, realuri subieqtis piris niSnad bevrad adre Sexorcebia zmnas.
niko maris tabulebSi [mari 1908], sadac e.w. moqmedebiTi
gvaris I uRlebis warsuli, usruli drois II natvriTis jgufSi
gamokveTilada Cans III piris niSanTa nacvalsaxeluri genezisi:
mrwamdis/, grwamdis/a, hrwamdis/a... rogorc vxedavT, -s>-is/es/-a
markeruli monacvleoba TvalsaCinoa. aSkaraa, rom sxvadasva
zmnur Zirze is/es CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa SezrdiT xorcieldeba saganTa obieqtivacia. gamodis, am zmnebSi obieqtebi gamoixateba -s sufiqsiT, da ara subieqtebi.
rozenis [1847:411-421], Smidtis [1962:123] da sarjvelaZefenrixis [1990:213] etimologiur kvlevebze dayrdnobiT, zmnaSi
gamoxatuli da obieqtis niSnis genezisi ase warmovidgineT:
I piris mx. ricxvisTvis _ me>m; mr. ricxvisTvis Cven// Cqi//
Sgu>gv; II pirisTvis Sen (Tqven)//si//sgai>g;
Tuki aRvadgenT formebs pirveli da meore piris formebisaTvis, alofonTa poziciuri variantulobisa Tu fakultatu-
53
mariam goduaZe
54
literatura
baliaSvili 2002: baliaSvili m. 2002, me-s obieqtivaciis roli qcevis regulaciaSi, fsiqologiis mecn. doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili disertacia, Tbilisi.
bardali 2001: Bardal, J. 2001, The perplexity of Dat-Nom verbs in
Icelandic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics, 24.
Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 4770.
benvenisti 1974:
, , , , 192-225.
geldereni 2014: Gelderen, E. van 2014, Changes in Psych-verbs: A
reanalysis of little , Catalan Journal of Linguistics 13, 99-122.
goduaZe: a. goduaZe m. 2013, flobis zmnebis semantikuri markirebis sakiTxisaTvis, II saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis ena da kultura Sromebis krebuli, quTaisi, 122128. b. goduaZe m. 2015, ileizmi da me-s obieqtivacia, II
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis Tanamedrove interdisciplinarizmi da humanitaruli azrovneba Sromebis krebuli, quTaisi, 87-91. g. goduaZe m. 2014, fsiqikur
zmnaTa universaluri modelisadmi qarTuli zmnebis mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, humanitaruli kvlevebi, weliwdeuli,
5, Tbilisi. 108-123. d. ileizmi da inversiis sakiTxi
qarTulSi, (gagzavnilia humanitarul kvlevaTa weliwdeulis 7-Si dasabeWdad).
valkedini 2016: Walkden, G. 2016, Syntactic Change (Course handouts
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56
mariam goduaZe
eka CikvaiZe
samyaros suraTi
sulxan-sabas `sityvis konaSi~
(kosmosi, samoTxe, jojoxeTi, caTa da
varskvlavTa sistemebi)
sulxan-sabas ganmartebiTi leqsikoni axali sityva da axleburi saazrovno
sistemis produqtia kulturul-politikuri Ziebis procesSi myofi qarTveli
erisTvis.
is zedmiwevniT warmodgenas
gviqmnis ara mxolod me-17 saukunis qarTvelTa yofis, ganviTarebisa da ganaTlebis siRrmis, urTierTobebis, leqsikuri formebis, aramed kulturuli paralelebisa Tu gzajvaredinebis Sesaxebac.
,,qarTveli eris mamad wodebuli avtori aqve uTiTebs wyaroebs, romelTac eyrdnoboda leqsikonis Sedgenisas. esenia:
,,werilni (Zveli da axali aRTqma),
RrmaTa filosofosTa (prokle diadoxosis, porfiris, nemesios emeselis, ioane
damaskelis) Sromebi (leqsikoni 1991:
28). amave dros, `qarTuli leqsikonis~
avtograful nusxebs ilustraciebic moepoveba Semdegi sityvebisa: naTesavi,ca,
jojoxeTi... ucnobia wyaro Tu wyaroebi
sityvebTan: qveyana, ca, jojoxeTi, safiqrebelia... ilustraciebi laTinuridan
iyvnen aRebulni~ (leqsikoni 1991: 8).
mniSvnelovania, rom sulxan-saba xsnis
qarTul ZeglebSi dadasturebul leqse-
58
eka CikvaiZe
59
60
eka CikvaiZe
lozTa da wmidaTa, xolo mxolod RmerTi ars yovelTa Semcveli da gareSemouwereli. cisasa romelnime oTxTa kavSirTagan
(asoTagan, CA) ityvian Semzadebasa; xolo romelnime gareSe oTxTa kavSirTasa (asoTasa, CA) qmnilsa Semoqmedisa mier (+xolo
saRmrTo basili kuamlis saxed ityvis CAQ). qveyana ars mrguali da gareSeculi haerisagan, xolo haeri gareSeculi eTerisa
mier da eTeri_mTovarisa cisa mier, romelsa saxel-edebis Wirano, da merme ermis ca, romelsa ewodebis corano; merme afroditis ca, romelsa ewodebis meltaro; merme mzis ca, romelsa
ewodebis koWimeli; merme arias ca, romelsa ewodebis WimWimeli,
merme dias ca, romelsa ewodebis kimkimeli, merme kronosis ca,
romelsa ewodebis arbastro; merme (merve CA) varskvlavTa ca,
romeli aRmosavaliT dasavalad miiqcevis; merme meore mZvreli
ca da mermePpirveli mZvreli ca, romeli yovelTa caTa aRmosavliT dasavlad gardabrunebs da msgavsi ars brolisa. xolo garegani ca ars samyaro, romeli Secul ars sasufevlisgan
(ZA)~. igive statia gansxvavebuli versiiT aris daculi B da
CA jgufis xelnawerebSi. Tavis mxriv, gansxvavebani Zalze mniSvnelovania. caTa sistema CA jgufis xelnawerebSi ukeT aris
sistematizirebuli da advilad aRsaqmeli: `qveyana ars mgrguali
da gareSeculi haerisagan, xolo haeri gare Seculi eTerisa mier da eTeri Seculi caTa mier, romelTa Sina arian Svidni
cTomilni TviTosa sartyelsa zeda, merme varskvlavni da samyaro. da dasasrulsa sasufeveli. viTarca qveyanisa zeda kerZo
arian cani, egreTve da yovliT kidiT qveda kerZo da igurdiv da
slvani varskvlavTanica egreTve, romelni uqvemoesTa caTa zeda
arian, umswraflesad movlian da romelni mas zedeT_ugvianesad.
viTarca axlos mavali da SoriT momarTebeli. da urTierTisa
ganSorebisa da siaxlisa, gansworebisa da pirispir Wvirobisa mier iqmnebian mzisa da mTovarisa moklebani, gina wvima, Tovli,
qari, setyva, gina gvalva da notiobani, yovelive varskvlavTagan
ars~ (CA). am aRwera-ganmartebaSi sulxan-saba CaurTavs naxazs,
ilustracias, sadac warmodgenilia sqematuri gamosaxuleba, romelic `yrmebs~, swavlis mosurne ymawvilebs (rogorc Tavad avtori brZanebs), warmodgenas Seuqmnis caTa sistemaze. aseTi sqema TviT leqsikonSic ramdenimea, miuTiTeben, rom qarTuli xelnawerebisTvis es sqemebi ucxoa da arc damaskelis SromaSi ar
Cans. xolo rakiRa leqsikoni sabas evropaSi mogzaurobis produqtia, safiqrebelia, rom sqemebi da naxazebi romelime laTinu-
61
62
eka CikvaiZe
63
moTxe ars queyanasa zeda aRmosavalsa, saSuebeli, yvavilT mtili; samoTxe ewodebis msofliosa walkotTa SuenierTa. rogorc
Cans, saba uTiTebs adgils dedamiwis aRmosavleT nawilSi da,
savaraudod, gulisxmobs, rom am konkretul geografiul arealSi mdebareobda edemi, sadac ufalma Seqmna da daasaxla adami da
eva. xolo edems ganmartavs leqsemuri da ara egzegetikur-Teologiuri mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
`caTa Sesaxeb~ ganmartebas vxvdebiT ioane damaskelTanac.
ioane damaskelis `gardamocemisa~ (`marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis zusti gardamocema~) da sulxan-sabas kosmografiuli suraTis Sedarebam cxadyo sulxan-sabas muSaobis principi. igi ramdenime wyaroTi sargeblobs, ajerebs cnobebs da aerTianebs ganmartebebSi. ase, magaliTad damaskelis gardamocemis ori Tavi
(`cisaTvis~ da `naTlisaTvis da cecxlisa da mnaTobTa, mzisaTvis da mTovarisa da varskulavTa~) ramdenime komentarad gadanawilda. saba komentars amoklebs, amcirebs gamokrebiT, ise, rom
ZiriTadi, mniSvnelovani ar daikargos (am SemTxvevaSi, sulxan-sabas muSaobis meTodi axloa eqvTimes `kleba-Sematebis~ principTan). Sedareba naTelyofs msgavseba-gansxvavebasac: `ca ars gareSemcveli xilulTa da uxilavTa dabadebulTa. rameTu Sinagan
missa goniernica Zalni angelozTani da yovelni grZnobadni gareSeicvian. mxolo RmerTi ars gareSeuwereli, yovelTa gareSemcveli, viTarca zesTa myofi da dambadebeli yovelTa... amissa
bunebasa wmida basili wuliladad ityvis, msgavsad kuamlisa,
sxuani oTxTa nivTTagan Sezavebulad da sxuani mexuTed guamad
sxuad, Tvinierad oTxTa nivTTasa ityvian mas...~ `xolo SvidTa
sartyelTa ityvian zecisaTa, erTsa umaRles meorisa da bunebasa
maTsa wuliladad uwoden saxed kuamlisa da TiToeulsa maT
sartyelTagansa erTsa xuedrebulad varskulavTa maTgan, cTomilad saxel-debulTa, rameTu Svidad uwoden cTomilTa maT varskulavTa, ese igi arian: mze, mTovare, dia, ermi, area, afroditi,
kronon... cTomil amisTvis uwodian, rameTu winaaRmdgomad cisa
hyofen Zrvasa...~ amgvarad, kavSiri aSkaraa. kavSiri ikveTeba ara
mxolod azris ganviTarebaSi, msjelobis TanmimdevrobaSi, aramed
leqsikur qsovilSi. gardamocemis teqstebTan lamis zedmiwevniTi msgavseba konkretul statiaTa damuSavebisas laTinuri wyaroTi sargeblobas gamoricxavs. Tumca zogierTi statiis konkretuli detali (sazomTa miTiTeba, terminologia), metad materializebuli warmosaxvebi samoTxisa Tu jojoxeTis mdebareobis
64
eka CikvaiZe
65
literatura:
axali aRTqma 1979: qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia, gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo iv. imnaiSvilma, Tb., 1979.
ioane damaskeli, dialeqtika, qarTuli Targmanebis teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo m. rafavam, Tb.,
1976.
ioane damaskeli 2000: marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zusti
gadmocema, gamosacemad moamzades r. miminoSvilma da m.
rafavam, Tb. 2000.
leqsikoni qarTuli 1991: moamzada... ilia abulaZem; [red.: el.
metreveli, c. qurcikiZe]; saq. mecn. akad., xelnawerTa inti. - Tb.: merani, 1991. - 20sm. t.1, t. 2.
meliqiSvili d. 1975: ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena
da stili, Tb., 1975.
saqme mociqulTa 1950: gamosca i. abulaZem, Tb., 1950.
fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi: X-XIII saukuneTa xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca mz. SaniZem.
Zveli aRTqmis teqstebi: mcxeTuri xelnaweri, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo el. doCanaSvilma,
Tb., 1961-1986, aseve: wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, nakveTi
I, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da c. kikviZem,
1989; nakv. II, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma, n.
goguaZem da c. qurcikiZem, 1990.
Eka Chikvaidze
Shota Rustaveli Institute
of Georgian Literature
The Depiction of Universe in Sulkhan-Saba Dictionary
(World, Heaven, Hell, Firmament and Star Systems)
Sulkhan-Saba Explanatory Dictionary is interesting in many ways.
Along with many other issues, it gives us an idea of the Biblical
conceptions about universe, cosmos, chaos, creation. Universe,
firmament are fully defined in Sabas dictionary, and definition is even
reinforced with Hence, on the one hand, definitions of the Sky, the
heavens, celestial bodies, hell, and general cosmographic picture in
Sabas work are interesting; and secondly, lexical and terminological
66
eka CikvaiZe
elizbar elizbaraSvili
kosmosis da qaosis
gagebebis iluzoruloba
f. nicSes filosofiis
mixedviT
pirvel rigSi, saWiroa CamovayaliboT kosmosisa da qaosis klasikuri da
postklasikuri gagebebi.
hesiode Tavis TeogoniaSi qaoss
ganixilavs, rogorc usasrulo sivrces,
bnel ufskruls, samyaros elementebis
uwesrigo grovas, romlisganac warmoiSva yvelaferi. kosmoss ki ganixilavs,
rogorc samyaros, romelic elementebis
mowesrigebuli mTlianobaa. qaosSi gaRvivda siyvarulis Zala da amoizarda
misgan kosmosi. kosmosi modis qaosidan
da Semdgom sabolood isev qaoss ubrundeba, rodesac igi daiRupeba da isev daiSleba Semadgenel elementebad.
demokritesTan qaosi atomTa uwesrigo moZraobaa, qaosi aris usasrulo,
mouwesrigebeli kosmosis winaresafexuri, sanam atomTa moZraoba araviTar konfiguracias ar warmoqmnis. kosmosi ki
atomTa mowesrigebuli da kanonzomieri
moZraobaa, moZravi materiis struqturulad organizebuli mTlianoba. kosmosi
TavisTavad warmoiSoba da amoizrdeba qaosidan atomTa grigalebis CamoyalibebiT
da zrdiT. xolo Semdeg isev iSleba
68
elizbar elizbaraSvili
70
elizbar elizbaraSvili
elizbar elizbaraSvili
72
Elizbar Elizbarashvili
The Illusiveness of concepts of Cosmos and Chaos according to
Nietzsches philosophy
The article discusses the topics of the philosophy of Friedrich
Nietzsche, such as the regularity and non-regularity of the universe, order
and disorder issues of the universe. We analyze the understanding of the
cosmos and chaos. According to the postmodern tradition we have
shown the relation of the chaos and cosmos. Along the confrontation light
of the existence and creation both understandings of the action field
are described and the direction in which they are "canceled.
Nietzsches "doctrine" of the eternal return of the same De/Re
Construction has been carried out. As a result, we get a broader picturespace called Silvaplana lake myth.
Nietzsche through the myth of the Silvaplana lake joins such
doctrines of the philosophy, science and the occultism which is known by
the name of the Time Static Theory. The presented myth in the
Nietzsche's philosophy establishes the non-creative structure of the
universe. As a result the understandings of the cosmos and chaos lose its
ontological sense.
natalia ingoroyva
informaciis qaosi da
wesrigi
Cven informaciis epoqaSi vcxovrobT. 21-e saukuneSi TiToeuli Cvengani
gamudmebiT iRebs uzarmazari moculobis
informacias. teqnologiebis ganviTareba
TiToeul adamians, erTsa da imave dros,
gvaqcevs rogorc mediamomxmareblad, ise
mediaproduqtis avtorad.
dRes problema informaciis moZieba
ki ara, ukve informaciis uzarmazar nakadSi garkvevaa. faqtisa da mosazrebis
gamijvna erTmaneTisagan Cveni drois
erT-erT yvelaze did gamowvevad iqca.
swored am gamowvevam gaaCina Tanamedrove, 21-e saukunis adamianisaTvis aucilebeli, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mediawignierebis kompetencia. is, Tu rogor
axerxebs adamiani zRva informaciasa da
am informaciis gamavrcelebel uamrav
wyarosTan urTierTobas, gansazRvravs
mis warmatebas, mis adgils sazogadoebaSi, sargebelsa da zians pirad cxovrebasa da yoveldRiurobaSi.
informaciis nakadidan saWiro da
sasargeblo informaciis gamocalkeveba,
misi gageba da analizi, mediasTan urTierTobisas meti sargeblisa da naklebi
zianis miReba, mediawignierebisa da informaciis kritikulad gaazrebis unare-
74
natalia ingoroyva
bis ganviTareba, mediaproduqtis SeqmnaSi gawafuloba dRevandelobis erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamowvevaa.
informaciis menejmenti anu misi mowesrigeba, romelic adamianSi mediawignierebis unars ukavSirdeba, Tanamedrove samyaros
moqalaqis mniSvnelovani unaria. mediawignier adamianebs gacilebiT ukeT SeuZliaT im mravalferovani gzavnilebis gaazreba, romelTac viRebT televiziis, radios, gazeTebis, Jurnalebis, wignebis, sareklamo abrebis da banerebis, marketinguli masalebis,
videoTamaSebis, klipebis, internetis da sxva mediasaSualebebidan. maT SeuZliaT am mediagzavnilebis struqturis danaxva da
dadgena, Tu rogor qmnian es gzavnilebi Sinaarss erTi SexedviT uCinari meTodebiT. mediawignieri adamianebi aseve Tavad qmnian sakuTar medias da xdebian mediakulturis aqtiuri monawileebi.
TiToeuli Cvengani, ra saqmianobasac unda eweodes dRes, mainc informaciuli muSakia. amdenad, media, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
monawileobs imaSi, rom Seqmnas Cveni kultura, imoqmedos Cvens
fiqrebsa da damokidebulebebze, gamoiyenos amisTvis darwmunebis
ena, Segviqmnas warmosaxviTi samyaro, mogvawodos informaciis
nawili da Cven Segvatovos misi interpretireba, an Semogvaparos
misTvis sasurveli interpretacia, gzavnilebSi gabneuli teqstebiTa da qveteqstebiT.
media qmnis Cvens kulturas. Cveni sazogadoeba da kultura,
realobis Cveneuli aRqmac ki yalibdeba im informaciiT da suraTebiT, romelTac mediidan viRebT. ramdenime Taobis win kulturis ambebs adamianebi ojaxis wevrebi, megobrebi da Temis
sxva wevrebi pirdapir gadascemdnen erTmaneTs. dRes bevri adamianisTvis mTavari mTxrobeli televizia, kino, musika, videoTamaSebi da internetia.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mediis did nawils marTavs komerciuli interesebi. Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi bazari metwilad gansazRvravs, ras vxedavT televizorSi, ras
vismenT radioSi, ras vkiTxulobT Jurnal-gazeTebSi. mediis gamoyenebisas unda vacnobierebdeT mediis Semqmnelebis interesebs.
marTla zrunaven isini Cvens janmrTelobaze? miznad isaxaven,
Wkviani an kargad informirebuli viyoT? surT Tu ara maT sazogadoebis da kulturis aqtiuri monawileebis Seqmna, Tu ubra-
75
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natalia ingoroyva
77
wigniereba, Cveni Cveva gvexmareba avtomaturad mviRoT gadawyvetilebebi da amis sailustraciod supermarketis magaliTi
mohyavs: davuSvaT, SedixarT maRaziaSi minimum 10 produqtis sayidlad da 20 wuTis Semdeg gamodixarT SeZenili 10 produqtiT. am scenaris mixedviT, ramdeni gadawyvetileba miiReT? cduneba gvkarnaxobs, vTqvaT, rom _ 10, radgan aseTia SeZenili produqtebis da, Sesabamisad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis raodenoba.
magram gvaviwydeba yvela is danarCeni produqti, romelic gadavwyviteT, ar gveyida. dRes saSualo zomis supermarketis daxlebze daaxloebiT 30,000 produqtia. Sesabamisad, im mokle
droSi, romelic supermarketSi davyaviT, Cven daaxloebiT
30,000 gadawyvetileba miviReT: kerZod, gadavwyviteT, SegveZina
10 da ar SegveZina danarCeni 29,990 produqti.
media ara mxolod sakuTari gzavnilebis Sedgenis Sanss
gvaZlevs, aramed moiTxovs kidec amas, risi saukeTeso magaliTic
socialuri qselia. magaliTad, rodesac feisbuqis angariSs
vxsniT, sakuTari gverdi unda SevqmnaT. Cvengan moelian, rom
gverds mudmivad ganvaaxlebT. rogoria Cveni feisbuqis gverdi,
Cveni megobrebis gverdebTan SedarebiT? ramdenad kargia misi dizaini? gvaqvs Tu ara fotoebi da grafikebi, teqstTan erTad?
moundeba Tu ara adamians Cveni gverdis naxva mxolod imitom,
rom misi dizaini daaTvalieros?
ramdenad kargia Cveni feisbuqis gverdis dizaini piradi informaciis TvalsazrisiT? ra gvaqvs gaziarebuli Cven Sesaxeb?
ra gavlenas moaxdens gverdze warmodgenili informacia Cvens
megobrebze? Tqvens mSoblebze? momaval damqiraveblebze? rodesac Cveni gzavnili cifruli formiT aris gamoqveynebuli, SesaZlebeli xdeba misi kopireba, Senaxva da nebismieri pirisaTvis gaziareba usasrulo raodenobiT. amdenad, sanam gzavnils cifrul
formatSi gadaviyvanT, davfiqrdeT im potenciur auditoriaze,
romelmac SeiZleba Cveni gzavnili waikiTxos - marketologebi,
potenciuri damqiraveblebi, megobrebi, momavali meuRle, Svilebi, mSoblebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi da a.S. savaraudod, ra STabeWdilebas movaxdenT am mravalferovan auditoriaze.
Tu informaciaSi, romelic ginda momawodo, ar aris araferi _ arc kargi, arc marTali da arc sasargeblo, maSin saerTod ra azri aqvs mis Tqmas? _ ambobda sokrate da informaciis
simarTlis sam sacerSi gatarebis mosurne iyo.
natalia ingoroyva
78
informaciasTan urTierTobis unarebi exmareba adamianebs, gaiazron, rogoria mediagzavnilis namdvili Sinaarsi, gansazRvron,
vin Seqmna konkretuli mediagzavnili, gaacnobieron, raSi cdilobs Cvens darwmunebas mediagzavnilis Semqmneli risi gvjerodes da ris Sesaxeb davsvaT kritikuli kiTxvebi, amovicnoT
gzavnilSi gamoyenebuli darwmunebis meTodebi, aseve amovicnoT
winaswari daSveba, gazviadeba, dezinformacia da sicrue, aRmovaCinoT ambis nawili, romelic gamiznuladaa gamotovebuli mediagzavnilidan, SevqmnaT da gavavrceloT sakuTari mediagzavnili,
vimoqmedoT arsebuli mediasistemis cvlilebisTvis, riTac cxadia, xels SevuwyobT pirovnebis kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas, mediakulturaSi aqtiur monawileobas, informaciis codnad gadaqcevas, codnis transfers da codnis ekonomikas.
Tanamedrove samyaros sWirdeba adamiani, romelmac icis, rogor mimarTos informacis qaosi - wesrigisken, anu unda SeZlos: gansazRvros saWiro informaciis moculoba; Seafasos saWiro informacia efeqturad; Seafasos informacia da misi wyaroebi kritikulad; gaaerTianos SerCeuli informacia sakuTari
codnis bazaSi; efeqturad gamoiyenos informacia specifikuri
miznebis misaRwevad; gaacnobieros informaciis gamoyenebis Tanmdevi ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialuri sakiTxebi da
informacia eTikurad da samarTlianad gamoiyenos.
bolo wlebSi informaciis naklebobas ki ara, zedozirebas
ganvicdiT, ambobs mwerali erik Smiti. Cven, amJamad, yovel or
dReSi, imden informacias movipovebT, ramdensac civilizaciis
dasawyisidan 2003 wlamde vawarmoebdiT. axla Cveni amocana
udabnoSi iSviaTi yvavilis povna ki aRar aris, aramed junglebSi
konkretuli mcenaris povna. Cven gvWirdeba daxmareba navigaciaSi,
raTa informaciis zRvaSi is vipovoT, rac danamdvilebiT gvainteresebs da gvWirdeba.
literatura
jorj orueli - 1984, (aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi)- 1949
oldos haqsli - saocari axali samyaro - 1932
jeims poteri, mediawigniereba, 2015
dana boidi- es CaxlarTuli ambavia: qselSi myofi mozardebis
socialuri cxovreba, 2014. Dana Boyd , Its Complicated:
TheSocialLivesofNetworkedTeens
79
Natalia Ingorokva
Information Chaos and Order
We are living in the information age. In 21st century each of us has
consistently takes an enormous amount of information. By the technology
development we get addicted on media as well as we turned to be the
authors of media products ourselves.
Today the problem is not to find information but rather to catch true
pieces among the huge flow of information. To separate facts and
opinions from each other is the biggest challenge of our time. That
process gave birth to the media literacy competence which is vital and
necessary for 21st century human. It's about how person manages to get
along with huge information and having relationship with different
sources of information determines his success, his place in society, the
benefits and everyday life.
Nowadays it is one of the most important challenges to separate
useful information from this huge flow, to understand and analyze,
communicating with the media.
eTer inwkirveli
dualistur rwmena
warmodgenaTa kvali qarTul
kosmogoniur gadmocemebSi
yvelas kargad axsovs qarTul folklorSi metad popularuli legenda
mTa-gorebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb: RmerTma Turme dedamiwa caze ufro didi gaaCina. ar moergo ca dedamiwas, ver esarqveleboda. maSin eSmakma urCia Turme
RmerTs mouWire miwas Seni Zlieri
mklavebi da ca zarfuSiviT daexurebao.
marTlac RmerTma daujera eSmaks, mouWira dedamiwas mklavebi ca daesarqvela,
magram miwa ki Seizniqa da aqa-iq amoiburca gorebad (sibrZne 1964: 249).
es, erTi SexedviT, gulubryvilo
legenda, romelic msoflios mravali
qveynis (ZiriTadad, qristianul!) folklorSia gavrcelebuli, metad saintereso motivs Seicavs: RmerTis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi koreqtivebi eSmaks Seaqvs rCevis saxiT. mTavari isaa, rom,
xalxis warmodgeniT, RmerTi ujerebs
eSmaks an zog variantSi iZulebulia,
rom daujeros da, faqtobrivad, folklori eSmaks kosmogoniis erT-erT subieqtad warmogvidgens, riTic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba qristianuli kosmogoniis monoTeistur ideas da samyaros
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eTer inwkirveli
gelozebi TxilamurebiT dadian, raTa ar CaiZiron: miwis kani maSin iseTi fumfe da rbili iyo, rom muxlebamdi miwaSi iflebodnen (RmerTi da miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozebi), Tumca samTaves
Txilamurebi hqondaT fexebze (niJaraZe 1962: 142). miwis sirbile, rasakvirvelia, mis amorfulobas mianiSnebs. kosmosi daiwyeba
erTgvarovan, amorful samyaroSi elementebis gamoyofiT.
dualisturi msoflxedviT, samyaro gulisxmobs winaaRmdegobebs da swored winaaRmdegobebi aris misi Seqmnisa da arsebobis principi. samyaros Seqmnis biZgi SesaZlebelia mxolod dapirispirebuli Zala yofiliyo. swored dapirispirebulTa mTlianoba (RmerTi da eSmaki Zmebi xdebian, an saerTo warmomavloba
aqvT) asaxavs samyaros srulad. aseTi winaaRmdegoba svanur teqstSi moulodnelad Cndeba mrgvali/lurji qvis saxiT, romelic
satanis winasaxea. qvis gadaweva (zog variantSi gaxeTqva) eSmaks aCens. rogorc vTqviT, garkveuli struqturebis, samyaroSi
materiebis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa dapirispirebuli Zalis gaCena.
winaaRmdegoba, e. i. kosmogoniuri potencia, eSmakis gamoCenisTanave Cndeba.
samyaros erToblivi Seqmna / dualisturi kosmogonia. bibliuri RmerTis mier samyaros sityviT (logosiT) Seqmna folklorSi transformirebulia da akustikuri kosmogoniis saxes iRebs:
sityviT Seqmna (Tqva RmerTma...) folklorSi akustikuri mniSvnelobiT aris gagebuli da hiperbolizebulia sayviris xmiT.
upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom svanur narativSi
wyliT dafaruli xmeleTis gamosaCenad RmerTi miqel-gabriel
mTavarangelozebTan erTad wylisTvis sulis Sebervas iwyebs. sulis SeberviT rom veras gaxdeba, kedlebis Senebas mihyofs xels,
romelic aSenebisTanave ingreva. fuWi saqmianoba kedlebis Seneba qvisgan, rogorc Cans, mxolod samyaros gaaqtiurebas emsaxureba, radgan am gziT miwisa da wylis erTmaneTisgan gayofa
ver xerxdeba. rodesac RmerTi daxmarebas eSmaks (samaels)
sTxovs, misgan iRebs miTiTebas: ngrevis miuxedavad ganagrZon
kedlis Seneba, Cahberon mTavarangelozebma sayvirs da bolos daiyviros RmerTma mTeli ZaliT xmamaRla. xmeleTisa da wylis
erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa mxolod eSmakis miTiTebebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg xdeba SesaZlebeli: Semdeg amisa wyali TavisTvis wavida
da xmeleTi gamoCnda (niJaraZe 1962: 139).
saerTo warmomavloba. RmerTisa da eSmakis naTesaoba dualistur rwmena-warmodgenaTa erT-erTi gavrcelebuli motivia da
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85
igi. amis Semdeg da gadaiqca eSmakad da cdilobs, RvTis qmnilebas ziani moutanos (xaxanaSvili 1904: 151). CvenTvis ucnobia,
ra wyaroebs eyrdnoboda al. xaxanaSvili, magram qristes da
gvxvdeba agreTve xevsurul kosmogoniur gadmocemaSi, romlis
Tanaxmad, samyaroSi yvelafris saxe (aRe) qristes dam Seqmna,
miutana qristes, raTa mas suli STaebera. qristem daswyevla sakuTari da, iudad aqcia da qvesknelSi Caagdo: exla is iuda ganagebs saiqios, qvesknels... es yvela bebrebisgan vici, jvarSi naubar maxsons. es eesr yofilav, es eesrav ro mohyvian (Tsufa: 23771). arxiloskaloeli berdia wiklauris TxrobiT: qristes das gaukeTebav kacisa da sxva mwerebis aReebi, survielebisaic (qvemZromi). qriste ro masul, uTqom: reeb dagikeTebavav
eseebiv, reebiav, rad ar gadaxyriv. gaRbernev, uTqom dasa da
gadaiyrebisav (gadacvivdeba). scodniv das, ro qriste ras gaRbernebd (Seuberav), gacocxldebod.
daubernebav am qristesa da gadayril miwaze suyvela. miwaze
dayrileb zog raske gacocxlebulan, zogan raske (saiTken). maSin uTqom qristes: iuda xarav, dao, iudav. qristes da saiqios
mbrZanebelia eexlad (Tsufa: 23810).
dualisturi modeli yofiT-sameurneo gadmocemebSi. qristes
da aseve gvxvdeba mTiulur gadmocemaSi wyalwisqvilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, sadac is eSmaks enacvleba: wisqvili RmerTma gaakeTa da ayriT mjiRiT yelSi; eSmakma uTxra: Cemo Zmao, egre rogor unda ayaro? - Cemo dao, maS rogorao? gamoiyena sarekeli da uh, Cemo daoo, gaukvirda (bedukaZe 1960: 81).
mewisqvileobasTan dakavSirebul mraval gadmocemaSi eSmaki
qristes exmareba wisqvilis gamarTvaSi. gadmocemebi Tavis SinaarsiT dualisturia da kosmogoniuri narativis fabulas imeorebs: qriste qmnis wisqvils, magram is ar muSaobs gamarTulad.
eSmaki moigonebs sarekelas (specialuri joxi, romelic wisqvilis amuSavebisTvis aucilebelia) da samagierod, iTxovs wils
wisqvilis muSaobidan: im adamianebis suls, vinc moityuebs wisqvilSi. RmerTic uTmobs: ras mamcemo? vincao wisqvilSi rasme maiparavso, imis suls Sen mogcemo, vinc maiparos, eSmakis
aris imis suli (bedukaZe 1960: 81). sayuradRebo aq is aris,
rom sarekelas mogoneba, - ramac wisqvili damoukideblad momuSave manqanad aqcia da mewisqvile martivi, magram gamudmebuli
da momqancveli Sromisgan gaaTavisufla (bedukaZe 1960: 86), eSmaks miewereba. qarTlur variantSi ki eSmaki Sesrulebuli sa-
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eTer inwkirveli
muSaos asanazRaureblad RmerTs puris momparavis sulis daTmobas mosTxovs. RmerTi Tanxmdeba (bedukaZe 1960: 81).
qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gankiTxvis dRis aRwerisas xSirad vxvdebiT fqvilis moparvis gamo dasjil codvil mewisqviles, romelsac xelSi sarekeli uWiravs. leqsSi jojoxeTSi
vin aris gankiTxvis dRes ibareben mewisqviles:
daibares mewisqvile, _ xelT eWira sarekeli.
daiCoqe, mewisqvilev, aRiare codo Seni!
amostirda mewisqvile: saqme vqeni sazareli!
vai, dedaCemis mzesa, xrils ro Semousvi xeli!
TiTo jams mind viparamdi, gamomyamda sarCo Cemi
(poezia
1973: 147).
aSkaraa, rom gankiTxvis dRis teqstebi wisqvilis warmoSobis legendis gagrZelebas warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, swored
mocemuli legendis saSualebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli motivis sruli rekonstruqcia. am poetur-prozaul variantTa SejerebiT viRebT dualistur dapirispirebas eSmaksa da RmerTs Soris, romelic realistur samyaroSi adamianze vrceldeba: eSmaki RmerTs
adamianis saSualebiT upirispirdeba da ebrZvis.
motivi sakmaod gavrcelebulia folklorSi da dapirispirebac xSirad erTgvar SeTanxmebis saxes iRebs. dapirispireba, iseve
rogorc TanamSromloba, komunikaciis erT-erTi saxea da sinamdvileSi mxolod da mxolod urTierTobis formaa, romelic
qristianuli msoflxedvisTvis yvelaze ufro misaRebi, metic
erTaderTi dasaSvebi forma aRmoCnda RmerTisa da eSmakis urTierTobis saCveneblad. amitom migvaCnia, rom dualisturi gadmocemebi, ase gavrcelebuli da popularuli qarTul folklorSi,
arsebiTad azrovnebisa da msoflaRqmis gacilebiT arqaul
plasts asaxavs, vidre qristianoba.
satanis gaampartavnebisa da RmerTTan ganxeTqilebis Semdeg
Zvel aRTqmaSi, kerZod, ,,iobis wignSi, mkrTalad, magram mainc
igrZnoba maTi Serigebis mcdeloba im gansxvavebiT, rom, marTalia, satana da RmerTi TiTqos SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben, magram
swored am SeTanxmebiT aris dasazRvruli da gansazRvrulic eSmakis moqmedebaTa sivrce RmerTis mier: satanas neba eZleva, gaanadguros mxolod iobis monagari, mis sicocxles, mis suls ki
ver Seexeba. es momenti ki fundamenturad gansxvavdeba dualisturi folkloruli teqstebisgan, sadac eSmaki garkveul sazRaurad mxolod da mxolod adamianis/adamianebis suls iTxovs. Se-
87
iZleba iTqvas, dualisturi rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, brZolis mTavari mizani adamianis sulis mopovebaa. eSmaks adamianis
sulis dapatroneba surs, swored imisa, rac masSi RvTiuria. Tu
kaci aris RvTis xati, maSin gamodis, rom adamianTan mebrZoli
satana (luciferi) adamianis saSualebiT swored RmerTs ebrZvis
sinamdvileSi, RmerTTan siaxloves cdilobs adamianis sulis dapatronebiT; es motivi, romelic msoflio literaturaSi fausturi paradigmis saxeliT aris cnobili, swored fausturi paradigmis arqetipia, romlis arsic RmerTisa da satanis dapirispirebaa. satana ebrZvis RmerTs da radganac ver uaxlovdeba mas,
RvTis xatad Seqmnil adamians iyenebs brZolis obieqtad, RmerTTan miaxloebis saSualebad. TviTon dapirispirebac, dualisturi rwmena-warmodgenebis gaTvaliswinebiT, erT-erTi formaa (an
xerxi) miaxloebis, sawyisSi dabrunebis. amas cdilobs mefistofeli, romelsac faustis (amqveyniuri sibrZnis gansaxiereba) suli jojoxeTSi mihyavs (faustis miTis da ara _ goeTes mixedviT) da amasve cdilobs eSmaki, romelic murmanis saSualebiT
ebrZvis siyvaruls, RmerTis amqveyniur gamovlinebas.
eSmaki adamianSi ebrZvis RvTaebrivis nebismier gamovlinebas
(sibrZnes, siyvaruls, rwmenas...) da aRwevs kidec Tavis mizans. es
ki imas mianiSnebs, rom, xalxis aRqmiT, eSmaks RmerTis Tanabari
Zala aqvs, rac, rasakvirvelia, dualisturi rwmena-warmodgenebiT aris nakarnaxevi.
literatura
bedukaZe 1960: bedukaZe s., wyliT mbrunavi wisqvilebi aragvis
xeobaSi, Tb.: mecn. akademiis gamomcemloba, 1960.
eliade 1998: ., . -.:
, 1998.
margiani 1890: . - . .
. // -
, X, II, 1890, . 241-252
niJaraZe 1962: niJaraZe b., istoriul-eTnografiuli nawerebi I,
Tbilisi, 1962.
poezia 1973: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t. I, nakvT. II. Semdg. m.
Ciqovani, Tb.: mecniereba, 1973.
sibrZne 1964: xalxuri sibrZne, t. III, Tb., 1964.
eTer inwkirveli
88
qobalia 1903: ., , -
1903, #32, III, .: 89-94.
xaxanaSvili 1895: . .,
. . . I, ., 1895.
xaxanaSvili 1904: xaxanaSvili al., qarTuli sityvierebis istoria (uZvelesi droidgan XVIII s-is gasulamde). tf.: werakiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamomcemloba, 1904.
janaSia 1898: janaSia n., afxazebi. // akakis Jurnali 1898, VIII,
gany. II, gv.: 24-28.
Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloris arqivi.
Eter Intskirveli
The Trace of Dualistic Faith and Beliefs
in the Georgian Folklore
Dualistic motives are quite widespread in the Georgian folklore. In
this regard, several principles can be outlined: 1. God and Satan are
brothers; 2. God and Satan cooperate in order to create the Universe; 3.
The opposition between God and Satan leads to cosmogonic power; 4.
They distribute the Universe Satan demands his share of the jointly
created Universe; 5. Dualism revealed by gender alongside with Christ,
his sister also takes part in the creation of the Universe.
The paper is an attempt to analyze Georgian folk narratives of
dualistic character. These narratives are viewed as artistic reflection of
dualistic vision and attitude. The Georgian folk narratives are considered
as natural and organic form of dualistic thinking.
maia kikvaZe
90
maia kikvaZe
moiwia grZnoba-emociis gamoxatvam. Sesabamisad, gaCnda grZnoba-emociis gamomxatveli axal-axali zmnuri fuZeebi. zogi maTgani gavrcelebuli da cnobilia, zogi ki spontanurad, situaciidan gamomdinare iqmneba da zustad gamoxatavs saTqmels.
Cven mier mopovebuli masalebi savsea formebiT, romlebic individualobiT gamoirCeva. am mxriv Cveni yuradReba miipyro miCnevisa da
gunebis, agreTve doniani vnebiTi gvaris formebma. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa subieqtis sulieri mdgomareobis gamomxatveli zmnebi,
romelTac d. meliqiSvili afeqtur zmnebs uwodebs.
qarTul zmnas azris gamoxatvis gansakuTrebuli saSualebebi
aqvs. qarTul zmnas SeuZlia gamoxatos: 1) piris/sagnis fizikuri an
sulieri mdgomareoba; 2) piris/sagnis moqmedeba, moqmedebis procesi
(meliqiSvili 2014: 26).
a. SaniZis ganmartebiT, zmnis klasifikaciis safuZveli gvaris
kategoriaa... swored gvari aerTianebs semantikuri niSniT gansxvavebul jgufebs. am mxriv, yuradRebis gamaxvileba Rirs vnebiT gvarze,
kerZod, vnebiTis semantikur niuansebze.
vnebiTi, rogorc moqmedebiTis sapirispiro gvari, mas upirispirdeba formiTac da SinaarsiTac. vnebiTi, moqmedebiTisagan gansxvavebiT, aRWurvilia Tavisi specifikuri mawarmoebeli afiqsebiT (imnaiSvili 1979:30).
vnebiTi gvaris Sesaxeb saenaTmecniero wreebSi gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebi arsebobs. mas sxvadaxva saxeliT moixsenieben: vnebiTi,
pasivi, formiT pasiuri da SinaarsiT aqtiuri zmnebi da sxva.
miCnevisa da gunebis vnebiTebis cnobili formebis paralelurad
Tanamedrove zepir metyvelebaSi gaCnda axali tipis eniani vnebiTebi,
rasac ganapirobebs, erTi mxriv, analogia, meore mxriv ki, enis ekonomiurobis principi, Tumca es SemTxvevebi yovelTvis araa gamarTlebuli. am tipis formebSi Cans adamianis xasiaTi, damokidebuleba sxvebisadmi, grZnoba, emocia, guneba-ganwyoba, imedi, siamaye, qarTuli
enis siyvaruli...
miCnevis vnebiTebi. miCnevisaa vnebiTis forma, romelic aRniSnavs, Tu rad miaCnia gramatikuli subieqti gramatikul obieqts...
aseTi forma yovelTvis orpiriania da mxolod nasaxelar zmnebSi
gvxvdeba. am SemTxvevaSi vnebiTi prefiqsiania, misi niSania e (SaniZe
1953:300).
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maia kikvaZe
am tipis vnebiTis formebi gaCnda socialuri qselebiT gavrcelebuli misaloci teqstebis enaSic: gilocavT, warmatebebs gisurvebT! meimedebiT, meamayebiT am metad mniSvnelovan gzaze (maka salia,
fb, 01.06.2016). dasaxelebul magaliTSi zmnebi meamayebiT da meimedebiT erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom konkretuli pirovnebis saxelis nacvlad gvxvdeba CvenTvis saintereso forma me-Se-modgomebi.
am saxelis mqone pirovneba dasasveneblad wasvlis win ase emSvidobeba Tavis axloblebs: Cemo Zvirfasebo. dadga nanatri dasvenebis dReebic. radgan gverdi aris piradi da sxva adamianebi jerjerobiT ar
myavs, miwevs TqvenTan droebiT gamomSvidobeba. momenatrebiT... mesiyvarulebiT da me-Se-modgomebiT seqtembramde... Tqveni qeTi (fb, me-Semodgomebi, 21.07.2016).
konkretuli adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba zmnaSi meqarTvelebi: harun, rogor Zalian meqarTvelebi!!!
(nino giorgaZe, fb, 12.05.2016).
marTalia, miCnevis vnebiTis zogierT formaSi Cans xelovnuroba, magram kargad igrZnoba mTqmelis damokidebuleba faqtisadmi. am
mxriv sainteresoa zmnebi:
megemriela: raRac megemriela es simRera!!! (= gemrieli meCvena) (lali nikolaZe, fb, 13.10.2016). megemrieleba forma ZiriTadad
saWmels, nugbars ukavSirdeba, magram simRerasTan am zmnis dakavSireba uCveuloa.
meadreba: velodebi sayvaviles, ise arc ki vCqarob, meadreba (=
adre mgonia) (natalia SavguliZe, fb, 25.10.2016, 22:47). socialuri
qselebis enaSi am tipis formebic ar aris ucxo.
gunebis vnebiTebi. a. SaniZis ganmartebiT gunebisaa vnebiTi, romelic gamoxatavs, rom adamianis sulieri ganwyobileba (guneba) mimarTulia im moqmedebisaken, romelic zmniT aris aRniSnuli. es vnebiTi uTuod orpiriania da e-Tia nawarmoebi. aseTi zmna SeiZleba pirveladic iyos da nasaxelaric (SaniZe 1953:300).
Cvens saanalizo masalebSi davadastureT zogierTi zmnuri
forma gunebis vnebiTisa, romlebic Seqmnilia spontanurad, situaciidan gamomdinare. am tipisaa meRimileba, meSeqspireba...
qarTulSi sicili da Rimili relatiuri sinonimebia. sicilisagan miRebuli gunebis vnebiTia mecineba. socialur qselebSi Segvxvda
93
maia kikvaZe
94
Maia Kikvadze
Batumi Shota Rustaveli
State University
Chaotic Forms of Passive Voice in Georgian
Recently the usage of passive voice has become frequent in
Georgian. The number of sense and emotion verbs has increased. Many
new and unnatural forms of verbs appeared in the language. Some of
95
rusudan mircxulava
`fsiqes semiotika:
qaosidan-kosmosisken~
termins `fsiqologia` (mecniereba
sulis Sesaxeb) pirvelad germanelma filosofosma q.volfma mimarTa me-18 saukuneSi, Tumca Zv. berZnuli `fsiqe~ (suli) gacilebiT xnieria da saukunovan
sibrZnes ukavSirdeba. upirvelesi cnobebi fsiqeas Sesaxeb gvxvdeba homerosTan
(VIII sk. Cv. eramde) (homerosi 2013),
Tumca, miTi fsiqeaze srulad apuleusma
Camoayaliba TxzulebaSi `metamorfozebi
an oqros saxedari~ (II sk); apuleusma
gaaerTiana Zveli berZnuli miTebi da Seqmna igavi gogona-fsiqeaze, romelic siyvarulis (amuris) Ziebis procesSi ara
erT dabrkolebas gadalaxavs, fsiqea
(suli) TviT hadesSic Cadis (kvdeba), raTa Semdeg siyvarulis amboriT gacocxlebulma ukvdavdeba moipovos (apuleusi
1963). fsiqeas miTis mniSvneloba sruliad gansakuTrebulia, radganac masSi protagonistad Tavad fsiqika (fsiqe) gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, miTis metaforuli
enis amokiTxva adamianis fsiqikasa da misi ganviTarebis procesTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi, arqetipuli warmodgenebis
gamoaSkaravebas gulisxmobs. berZnul
sityvas `fsiqea` 3 ZiriTadi mniSvneloba
aqvs: suli, pepela da sunTqva. fsiqeas
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98
rusudan mircxulava
eswrafvis da masSi iwvis- `siyvarulis cecxls` ewireba. cecxlisa da frTosnis gamTlianebis pozitiuri nimuSia feniqsi (cecxlovani Citi) (van der broki 1972). berZnul miTologiaSi feniqsi
ukvdavi frinvelia, romelsac regeneraciis, aRdgomis unari aqvs.
feniqsis msgavsad, fsiqea Cadis hadesSi (kvdeba) da meored ibadeba. feniqsis feminuri reminiscenciebis anareklad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom folklorSi gmiri vaJebi mtrulad ganwyobili feniqsebis xelSi Cagdebas cdiloben. feniqsi asocirdeba mzesTan da
mzesaviT brwyinvaleba axasiaTebs; is mzis frinvelia, romelic,
grZnobs ra sikvdilis moaxloebas, Tavs iwvavs sakuTar budeSi da
ferflidan aRdgeba. (analogia mzesTan, romelic saRamos kvdeba,
raTa diliT isev daibados). heraldikaSi feniqsi gamoisaxeba cecxlidan amofrenili frinvelis saxiT. aq unda gavixsenoT fsiqeas
Zvel berZnuli gamosaxulebebi, romlebSic fsiqea gardacvlilis
koconidan amofrindeba. feniqsi fsiqeas (sulis) zoomorfuli xatia; mas cecxli wvavs, magram ar iwvis, radganac Tavadaa cecxli.
(fsiqea Tavad dawvavs siyvarulis RmerTs sanaTidan daRvenTili
zeTiT.) fsiqea farvanasaviT mieltvis cecxlovan amurs, magram
peplisgan gansxvavebiT ar iRupeba. fsiqea Cadis hadesSi (kvdeba),
magram rogorc feniqsi, meored ibadeba siyvarulis amboriT an
siyvarulis cecxliT gaRviZebuli.
fsiqeaze miTis gageba-interpretirebis ara erTi versia arsebobs. aris mosazreba, rom apuleusma Tavis nawarmoebSi metaforulad asaxa veneras misterialur kultSi iniciaciis rituali,
romlis mizani neofitis, saidumlo religiuri jgufis axali wevris, metamorfoza da transformaciaa (genepi 1999). Tuki e.w. gardasvlis ritualebis sqemis safuZvelze ganvixilavT miTs fsiqeas Sesaxeb, maSin SegviZlia misi struqtura ase warmovadginoT: 1) separacia-motacebuli fsiqea martod marto cxovrobs sasaxleSi, sadac misi meuRle da msaxurebi uxilavni arian. 2) zRurbli- fsiqea miatova
amurma da is amqveyniur da imqveynier samyaroebs Sorisaa moqceuli:
amuris ZebnaSi moiara dedamiwa da hadesi (arc cocxalia da arc mkvdari), 3) aRdgena- fsiqea gaacocxla amurma da masTan iqorwina.
iungianeli avtori, beatris hinkli aRniSnavs, rom siyvarulis mier mZinare sulis gaRviZeba (rogorc fsiqikuri ganviTarebisa da fsiqikuri gamoRviZebis metafora) - is arqetipuli motivia, romelic xSirad meordeba miTebSi, zRaprebSi, xelovnebis
nawarmoebebsa da aseve, subieqtur gancdebSi. avtoris gagebiT,
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rusudan mircxulava
100
ZilSi myofi gaaRviZa dionisem Tavisi mxiaruli amaliTa da sicocxlis momniWebeli ZaliT. ariadnesgan gansxvavebiT, fsiqea
Tavad aRviZebs mZinare amurs da gamohyavs igi Ramis safarvelidan. mamakaci-protagonistebis saxelebisgan gansxvavebiT, fsiqeas
saxeli ar iTargmneba rogorc `herasTan mebrZoli` (herakle),
rogorc `qalaqebis mZarcveli` (persevsi) da arc rogorc `institucia` (Tezevsi); fsiqea adamianis sulis metaforaa da misi
aqtivoba Tavad sulis brZolaa da evolucia. fsiqeas, rogorc
`Ria` an `idealur` simbolos, SeiZleba `didi makavSirebeli`
ewodos; fsiqea iseT tradiciul antipodebs akavSirebs, rogorebicaa a)sisuste-Zliereba (fsiqea susti gogona-pepelaa, romelic
mZime gamocdis Semdeg ukvdavebas moipovebs), b)emociuri simSrale-vneba (fsiqea mzrunvelobis pasiuri obieqti iyo jadosnur
sasaxleSi da Semdeg ki, ori samyaro moiara siyvarulis ZiebaSi.
fsiqea kvdeba da amboriT cocxldeba), g)sibnele(sibrmave)-sinaTle(xedva)(uxilavTa Soris moqceuli fsiqea, veravis xedavs garSemo da Secnobis mizniT, lampars anTebs), d)sikvdili-sicocxle
(stiqsis wrebrunvis analogiurad, fsiqea Cadis hadesSi da iqidan uvnebeli brundeba), e)fizikuri-samyaro- metafizikuri samyaro (mokvdavi qali eziareba miRmier samyarosa (hadess) da bolos _ ukvdavi RmerTebis savanes (olimpos).
literatura:
homerosi 2013: homerosi, iliada, Tb.
apuleusi 1963: apuleusi, metamorfozebi an oqros saxedari; Tb.
gelovani 1983: ak. gelovani, moTologiuri leqsikoni; Tb.
kuni 2013: n. kuni, Zveli berZnuli miTologia; Tb.
noimani 1971: . , :
, -.
jonsoni 2002: . ""
, .
van der broki 1972: Van der Broek, The Myth of the Phoenix, Seeger,
I trans, EJ Brill.
genepi 1999: . , - . .
viSniakovi 2014: . , .. andrey vi@mail.ru
101
Rusudan Mirtskhulava
nana mrevliSvili
samyaros kosmologiuri
mTlianoba, rogorc
agiografiuli teqstis
semiotikuri sistemis
erTgvari maxasiaTebeli
sasuliero mwerlobaSi samyaros
kosmologiuri modeli warmodgenilia,
rogorc orad ganwiluli mTeli, xolo
am nawilTa urTierTmimarTeba ganixileba, rogorc erTgvari opoziciuri Tanaarseboba sofeli da zesTasofeli, realuri da irealuri, miwa da zeca. agiografiul teqstSi miwa zecis mimarT
iZens konkretul mniSvnelobas _ miwa,
rogorc gamocdis sivrce sakuTari droiTi ganzomilebiT. gamomdinare aqedan,
yvela ZiriTadi veqtori am Janris teqstebSi zeaRmavalia, xolo metafizikuri
sivrce agiografiul teqstSi gaiazreba,
rogorc konceptualuri sivrce, romelic moicavs irealuri sivrcis komponentebs. es sivrce (samoTxe, sasufeveli)
pirvel igi kacTa sayofelia (mrevliSvili 2001:35) anu aTvlis saTavea. imavdroulad, is kacTa ganswrafebis saboloo wertilicaa. amdenad, metafizikuri
sivrcidan gamosvlisa (gamoZevebis) da
masSi ukuqcevis veqtorebi gansazRvraven
im mistikuri wris Tvisobriobas, romelic maradiulobidan gamosvlasa da ma-
103
radiulobis wiaRSi dabrunebas gulisxmobs. grigol noseli metafizikuri da fizikuri sivrcis urTierTSedarebisas SeniSnavs:
xolo RvTismsaxurebisa saidumlosa Sina erTi mamuli pativcemul ars, romel ars samoTxe, pirvel igi kacTa naTesavisa sayofeli da erTi qalaqi, cxovelTa qvaTa mier aSenebuli, romlisa
xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars... xolo Cuensa amas mamulsa warmoTquma ara exmarebis, ufrosRa ara mamuli, aramed
mwirobisa da eqsoriobisa Cuenisa adgili (mrevliSvili
2001:35).
metafizikuri sivrcis konceptualurobis ganmsazRvrelia
rigi faqtorebisa: a) es sivrce TavisTavad aris agiografiuli
teqstis ideuri plastis substanti da b) fizikur da mentalur sivrceebTan xdomilebaSi gansazRvravs gmiris moqmedebas.
es ki Sepirobebulia im garemoebiT, rom am konceptualuri sivrcis RerZi uzenaesi arsebaa, xolo agiografiuli teqstis ideur-ideologiuri plasti swored am mimarTulebiT funqcionirebs (agiografiul teqstSi sivrceTa kategoriebis Sesaxeb detalurad ix Cvenive werili mrevliSvili 2016:169-202).
agiografiuli teqstebis koncepti adamianis fizikur sivrceSi myofobas erTi mTliani dro-sivrculi mdinarebis mcire
fragmentad warmoaCens, xorci, miwisagan qmnili, miwadve unda
miiqces, xolo suli wardges uflis samsjavroze, anu dabrundes zecis wiaR, Tumca RvTisagan miniWebuli Tavisufali neba
kacisTvis sasjeladac SeiZleba iqces da uflis wiaR mibrunebis
saSualebadac. amdenad, agiografiul teqstSi es ori Zireuli
kategoria fozikuri da metafizikuri sivrce gaSualebulia
mentaluri sivrciT, romlis meSveobiTac unda moxdes orad gawiluli samyaros gamTlianeba, realur da irealur sivrceTa
Tanxvedra da Serwyma. sagulisxmoa, rom Tu kacTaTvis uflis
samsjavroze wardgomisa da sasufevlis damkvidrebis Sedgom SeiZleba gaxdes samyaro, rogorc mTeli, agiografi avtori mkiTxvels TvalnaTliv daanaxebs, rom wmindanebi amgvar gancdas
(madls) miwazeve moipoveben, anu RvTisgan wmindanad gamorCeuli
gmirisTvis metafizikuri samyaroc iseTive realuri xdeba, rogoric fizikuria. amis damadasturebelia saswaulebi/gamocxadebebi, romlebsac wmindans RmerTi mouvlens, an saswaulebi,
romlebsac wmindani Tavad ganaxorcielebs RvTis meoxebiT.
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nana mrevliSvili
TavisTavad agiografiuli teqstis mTavari personaJis (wmindanis) mentaluri sivrce rTuli substanciaa, romelSic sinTezirdeba rigi komponentebisa:
1. bunebiTi rjuli _ pirovnebis TviTbunebovnoba + intuiciuri swrafva;
2. goniTi percefcia _ realobis aRqma-gaanalizeba; ganaTleba/winare codna;
3. saRmrTo ganbrZnoba (Teosofia) _ ganaTlebis religiuri
mimarTuleba + mistiuri konteqsti;
4. Tavisufali nebeloba
agiografiuli teqstis centraluri figuris mentaluri
sivrcis plastikur xazebs qmnis misive bunebiTi rjulis, bunebiTi TviTgvarovnebisa da identobis dadgenis mimarTuleba-ragvarobis sinTezi. bunebiTi rjuli pirveladia, arsebiTi da, amasTan
_ ganmsazRvreli identobis formirebis procesisa. bunebiTi
rjuli moicavs intuiciur swrafvas WeSmaritebisaken. amasTan,
agiografi gmiris mentaluri sivrce Tavad aris qristes samkvidrebeli (Sdr. grigol xanZTeli cxovreba: qristesa ganekuTvna
suli Tvisi samkvidrebelad (Zeglebi 1963:49); abos wameba: viTarca Tqua wmidaman mociqulman pavle, moZRuarman eklesiaTaman,
viTarmed: `taZarni xarT RmrTisani da suli wmida damkdrebul ars Tquen Soris~; da ufali itys winaswarmetyuelisa
mier: `me movide da davimkdro Tquen Soris~, da wmidasa Sina
saxarebasa itys, viTarmed `sasufeveli RmrTisa gulTa Sina
TquenTa ars~ (Zeglebi 1963:49).
mentaluri sivrcis formirebisTvis, misi srulqmnisTvis
(sulieri wrTobisTvis) wmindani moiZiebs garemos, romelic fizikur sivrceSi SemosazRvrulia, rogorc misi samoRvaweo areali _ samkvidro sivrce. es sivrce ar aris oden denotaciuri
mocemuloba, es sivrce niSanTa mTeli sistemaa Tavisi mistikuri
konotaciiT. amitom samkvidro sivrcis funqciiT ganisazRvreba
mxolod winaswar gamorCeuli, konkretuli toposi da ara _
SemTxveviTi garemo, Tundac is am sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
yvela garegani niSniT iyos aRbeWdili. samkvidro sivrce RvTis
mieraa gankuTvnili moRvawisadmi, amgvari sivrce Tavisi arsiT
sakraluria, raki masSi RvTis sufevaa ganfenili, magram amgvari
sivrcis aqtvizaciisaTvis saWiroa uflis mier gamorCeuli adamianis Zalisxmeva. es aris sivrce, romelic mikro (sivrce, rogorc adamiani) da makro (sivrce, rogorc samyaro) kosmosis er-
105
Tgvari modelia, sivrce-wesrigi, romelsac qmnis RvTisa da kacis Tananebeloba. cxovrebaTa Janris agiografiul teqstebSi
samkvidro sivrced ZiriTadad udabno gvevlineba, sadac berebi
anaqoretuli an kenobituri moRvaweobis formiT cdiloben zeSTa soflis damkvidrebas, wamebaTa Janris Zeglebi ki am TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovania.
grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi saRmrTo CvenebiT uwyebul
sivrces (auwya qristeman sanatrelsa mamasa grigols... adgilisa
mis migebad misa, Zeglebi 1963:253) winamZRvrobiTa sulisa
wmidisaTa miakvlevs wmindani.
araerTi dabrkolebis gadalaxva mouwevT wminda serapionsa
da mis sulier Zmebs, vidre gamoarCeven sivrces zarzmis savanisTvis, romelic savsea saswaulebiT da romelic maTTvis samkvidro sivrced iqceva.
abos wamebaSi qarTli erTsa da imave dros gvevlineba droebiT samoRvaweo sivrcedac da samkvidro sivrcedac. droebiTi
samoRvaweo sivrcidan gamosvlisa da eqsoriobis mcire wris gavlis Semdeg abo brundeba qarTlSi, romelic misi, rogorc wmindanis dedaa da amgvari dabrunebiT is brundeba samkvidros wiaRSi. amasTan, misTvis mosvla qarTlSi, rogorc dedis wiaRSi,
aris erTaderTi gza samudamo samkvidro sivrcisken, zeSTasivrcisken, es aris gza sasufevlisaken.
SuSanikis wamebaSi vxedavT, rom gmiri ver gamodis arqesivrcidan, anu im samyofelidan, romelSic is wmindanobis gzaze
dadgomamde cxovrobda, magram SemosazRvravs sakuTar samoRvaweo
areals. es areali Tavdapirvelad aris eklesiasTan mdebare mcire nageboba (saxlaki erTi mcire pova maxlobelad eklesiasa,
Zeglebi 1963:13), Semdeg _ patara senaki, romelSi gancalkevebasac cdilobs sasaxleSi iZulebiT mobrunebuli dedofali (ara
dajda igi Tssa mas galiaksa, aramed senaksa Sina mciresa, Zeglebi 1963:16), didmarxvaSi _ isev patara senaki da isev eklesiasTan axlos (mivida netari igi SuSanik maxlobelad wmidasa
eklesiasa da iZia mcir senaki da mun daeyuda~, Zeglebi
1963:19). gmiris Sinagani ganwyobilebis, sulieri swrafvis gamokveTis mizniT avtori mkiTxvels mianiSnebs, rogor cdilobs
personaJi, es sivrce metad miamsgavsos samoRvaweo sivrces, mwirobis, ucxoobis garemos (da iyo senaksa mas mcir sarkumeli
da dayo igi. da iyo bnelsa mas Sina marxviT da locviT da tiriliT... alizaki erTi daidvis sasTunal. da quesagebelad iyo
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nana mrevliSvili
girjaki erTi Zueli. da kacTa Tualsa sasTaulaki erTi xalenisa ucn sasTunliT kerZo. da Tayuanis-sacemelad kiliki erTi
mcire que warugdebied... Zeglebi 1963:21), mkiTxveli xedavs,
rom cixis es sakani, rogorc fizikuri sivrce, sxvadasxvagvarad
mniSvnelobs Jamier ganzomilebaSi. xolo sabolood igi Tavisi
yvela niSniT SuSanikisaTvis funqcionirebs, rogorc samoRvaweo
sivrce, romelSic igi, viTarca sZali (qristesi), Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan... wesierebiTa saRmrToTa yuaoda: marxviTa maradis, mRZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, Tayuanis-cemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wignTaTa mouwyinebelad (Zeglebi 1963:22). aqve gadadis
igi fazaSi, romelSi myofobac niSnavs universumSi myofobas, anu
wmindanisTvis samyaro aRar ganixileba, rogorc realurisa da
irealuris opozicia, misTvis is ukve erTi ganuyofeli mTelia,
universumia da es universumia qceuli yofierebis yvelaze realur formad. am sivrceSi gasruldeba wminda SuSanikis sulieri
mosagreoba da gadava igi saRmrTo moqalaqeobis fazaSi _ zeSTa sivrceSi.
agiografiul teqstSi samkvidro sivrceSi wmindanis moRvaweoba SegviZlia or etapad ganvixiloT: 1. sawyisi da 2. gviandeli, koherentuli.
sawyis etapze xdeba 1. garestruqturis mowesrigeba/masTan
adaptireba _ cxovrebaTa Janris teqstebSi _ taZris, keliis,
satrapezos mSenebloba, wamebaTa Janris teqstebSi _ samyofelis
samoRvaweo sivrcisTvis mimsgavseba, Rvawlis formis damZimeba
da 2. Sidastruqturis Camoyalibeba: cxovrebaTa Janris teqstebSi _ sasuliero pirTa urTierTobebi, samonastro komunis wesgangebis SemuSaveba, wamebaTa Janris teqstebSi _ urTierToba
sociumTan, mis calkeul wevrebTan). meore, anu gviandeli etapi,
romelsac koherentuli vuwodeT, praqtikulad sulieri mosagreobis sasruli fazaa, romlis Semdegac wmindani zeSTa sivrceSi gadadis. ramdenadac koherentul etapze wmindanisaTvis samyaro ganixileba, rogorc ganuwilveli mTlianoba, mas, rogorc
xorciel adamians, uSualo kavSiri aqvs zeSTa sivrcesTan. koherentuli etapi gajerebulia saswaulebiT, romlebic xorcieldeba wmindanis mier/misi SuamdgomlobiT RvTis winaSe (SuSanikis
wameba uSviloTa da brmaTa gankurneba, mogvi dedakacis epizodi; grigol xanZTelis cxovreba mosyiduli mkvlelis, bagrat
kurapalatis siZvis diacis, cqiris... epizodebi), an gaSualebulad saswaulmoqmedi xdeba moRvawis wminda nawili an is ad-
107
gili, sadac mowameobrivi aqti aRsrulda (abos wameba sagodebelTan, sadac martvilis gvami dawves, `yovelnive sixaruliTa
da madlobiTa qristsiTa mividodes da aRiRebdes miwasaca mis
adgilisasa, da mravalni senTagan Sepyrobilni mihyvandes da masve dResa Sina ganikurnebodes~ Zeglebi 1963:74) da amdenad ikvreba rkali agiografiuli teqstis protagonisti realizdeba
wmindanad sakralur sivrceSi da sivrcis sakralizacia gacxaddeba protagonistis Rvawlis Sedegad.
samkvidro sivrceSi qristeze dawinduli adamiani isev sulieri mosagrea, isev `sofelSia~, magram koherentul etapze ukve aRdgenilia darRveuli kavSiri RmerTsa da adamians Soris. es
etapi saswaulebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. wmindani am aRdgenil
kosmologiur mTlianobaSi myofobs da Tanaarsobs am samyaros
mkvidrebTan. grigol xanZTeli werils swers gardacvlil dedebs da sTxovs miiRon akldamaSi Sesvenebuli codvili dedakaci, romelic `sacTur eqmna ege RmrTismsaxursa xelmwifesa da
sarwmuno coli misi ganaSora.~ grigolis werilis Sedegad
gardacvlilma monazvnebma `miiRes mkvdari igi Tssa mas pirvelsa adgilsa, sadaca samgzis dadebul iyo. da arRara icvala mier
dRiTgan~ (Zeglebi 1963:284).
koherentul etapze RvTisa da kacis TanaSearsebebis procesi fizikur sivrceSi sasrul kondicias uaxlovdeba, es praqtikulad iniciaciis, sulierebis gzaze zesvlis bolo safexuria,
romelic gansruldeba gardacvalebiT. gardacvalebamde wmindani
sakuTar arsebobas maradisobaSi ganWvrets da iwinaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari gardacvalebis dros, RvTisagan uwyebuls (SuSaniki, abo, grigol xanZTeli...).
koherentul etapze wmindanisTvis droisa da sivrcis mijnebi pirobiTi xdeba. wminda abosaTvis dro aris is, rac masSia,
rac misi individualuri gancdis kategoriaa da ara _ obieqturi, fizikuri, da sivrcec warmodgenilia, rogorc drosTan SeTanadebuli subieqturi kategoria Tavad personaJis orad ganwiluli fizikuri da arafizikuri subsantidan diminantis
mniSvnelobas iZens meore da personaJi TiToqos ukve miRmuri
samyarodan Wvrets sakuTari sxeulis gadaadgilebas fizikur
sivrceSi da is, rac momavalia, rac momavlis nawilia, wmindanisTvis cxadi da saCinoa maSinac, roca is jer kidev ar momxdara:
xolo igi mividoda, viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkudarsa, egre
xedvida Tssa mas guamsa; da suliTa TsiTa mogzaur qmnuli
nana mrevliSvili
108
Nana Mrevlishvili
Cosmological unity of the universe as hagiographic text semiotic
system characteristics
Cosmological model of the universe in ecclesiastic writing is
presented in a form of double-divided ensemble, but relation between
these parts is considered as oppositional co-existence real and unreal,
land and heaven. In hagiographic text, land with regards to the heaven
acquires concrete meaning land as a space of examination with private
time dimension. Hence, all basic vectors in texts of this genre are topping,
but metaphysical space in hagiographic text is interpreted as conceptual
space, which includes components of unreal space. However, vectors
outgoing (driving out) from metaphysical space and retreating therein
determine quality of that mystic circle, which means going out from
109
nino gogiaSvili
111
112
nino gogiaSvili
jer qarTuli avangardis warmomadgenelze, karlo kaWaravaze visaubrebT. mkvlevar Tamar barbaqaZis klasifikaciiT,
karlo kaWarava Taviseburad agrZelebs qarTuli romantizmis tradiciebs qarTul xelovnebaSi. misi statiis saTauric amgvaria: postmodernidan win _ romantizmisaken!
ramdenime xnis win mxolod imis/wera daviwye,/rac ver
ikiTxeba/ radgan aq araferia sakiTxavi/ da spontanur xatebSi neba mkvdari/ vwer absurdisa da sasowarkveTilebisagan/ _ gulubryvilod cdeba is, vinc fiqrobs/rom absurdists araferi stkiva/ zurgis, Tavis an yuris garda.
(rudaqi, absurduli poema, 1987) (barbaqaZe 2008:96).
aq SeiZleba simulacia da simulakrebi SevniSnoT, avtori wers imas, rac ver ikiTxeba anu simulakrs dedani
ar gaaCnia. da spontanur xatebSi neba mkvdari _ SeiZleba
iTargmnos, rogorc grandnarativis sikvdili da spontanur xatebSi usubstanciod, usayrdenod yofna. vwer absurdisa da sasowarkveTilebisagan _ wers karlo kaWarava
da es absurdi da sasowarkveTileba dekadansia, romelic
aris postmodernis bunebaSi, Tumca am faqts postmodernistebi naklebad an ar aRiareben. logikurad, sasowarkveTa
gardauvalia, Tu adamiani ar eyrdnoba raime metanarativs,
romelic, SesaZlebelia, tanjvis wyarocaa, Tumca ucilobeli gravitaciis rolsac asrulebs. taepis bolo striqonebi ki zustad imisi dasturia, rac misi analizisas gamoikveTa.
rodesac postmodernistul literaturaze vsaubrobT,
unda gamovyoT misi interteqstualuri Tviseba. am SemTxvevaSi, upriani iqneba visaubroT Tanamedrove poeziaSi erTerT yvelaze gamorCeul saxeze _ zviad ratianze. poeti
SoTa iaTaSvili masze wers: mis leqsebSi gadamuSavebulia
masala, aRebuli sul sxva poetebis teqstebidan. aq aluziebze araa laparaki, aluziebi da reminiscenciebi ratianTan
TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba, is citirebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, leqswerisa da pirad gamocdilebasTan damokidebulebis sxvadasxva tipebs. amasTan ratiani sruliad ar gamoiyeneba meoradad(iaTaSvili 2004:7), da aq avtori agrZelebs
113
114
nino gogiaSvili
115
mkvlevari TinaTin biganiSvili aRniSnavs: CemTvis arsebiTia ara marto imis mtkiceba, rom postmodernizmis idea
aris nonidea, gnebavT _ araidea, igive _ araferi da Sesabamisad _ nihilizmi, romelic Tvalsa da xels Sua gatotalurda da pannihilizmad transformirda, aramed postmodernizmis sazRvrebSi alternativis ararseboba da alternatiuli ideis vakuumi. (biganiSvili 2012:146) postmodernizmi garemoSi da TavisTavSi aRarafers eZebs, miuxedavad amboxisa da qaosisa, da nihilizmiTa da ironiiT gamsWvaluli, amorful simulaciebsa da realobad SemoCeCebul ararsebul hiperrealizmze tivtivebs. swored amdagvari qaosis wesrigiTa da wesrigis qaosiT fiqsirdeba postmodernuli poezia da, zogadad, literatura, da es zedmiwevniT kargadaa asaxuli qarTveli postmodernisti avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi.
literatura
janjibuxaSvili 2003: janjibuxaSvili m. kulturologia.
gamomcemloba wyarosTvali. Tbilisi 2003
barbaqaZe 2008: barbaqaZe T. postmodernizmidan win - romantizmisaken! J. kritika N3. literaturis institutis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi 2008
iaTaSvili 2004: iaTaSvili S. hafizis vardi me prudomis
Cavrge vazaSi (qarTuli poeziis kulturuli orientaciis Secvlis Sesaxeb). arili 3-4. Tbilisi
2004
ratiani z: negativi. 20 wlis Semdeg.
(http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.php?id=2599) el. J. litklubi
cxadaia 2008: cxadaia z. mogzauroba sakuTari sulis
garSemo. kritika N3 (http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgibin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0period--00-1----0-100---0---0prompt-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about--00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-800&a=d&c=period&cl=CL4.5&d=HASH01b28cd53927c6
nino gogiaSvili
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Nino Gogiashvili
Order of the Chaos and the Chaos of the Order in the
Georgian Post-modern Poetry
In order to speak about the chaos it is only possible to do it after the
chaos or its parallel. Due to very sharp and easy contrast if there is no
chaos, no order is established. In the post-modern era meta-narrative and
grand narratives have been violated. It is, of course, is reflected on the
poetry. The metaphor has been replaced by the metonymy. The demand
of the rhythm has been extremely reduced or almost entirely disappeared.
The dynamic of the poem is approaching prose narrative and the focus is
made on the content. In this article we discuss the works of the avantgarde writer Karlo Kacharava and the works of the modern poets Zviad
Ratioani and Givi Alkhazishvili in order to highlight the main features of
the postmodern: Simulations and simulacres, violated grand narratives,
meta-texts, citation, Internal dialogue, foreign phenomenon, hyperrealism, irony and etc. " In the Postmodernism the psychologists see the
panic symptoms of the society, individual eschatological anxiety.
(Mako Janjubukhashvili)
rusudan saRinaZe
enis SesaZleblobaTa
realizeba da norma
nebismieri enis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze yovelTvis iCens Tavs
formaTa Ziebisa da SerCevis procesi.
Cndeba variantebi, romlebic garkveuli
drois ganmavlobaSi arsebobs da xSirad
mizezia saliteraturo enis normaTa aRrevisa da darRvevisa. imavdroulad, enis
ganviTarebis procesSi yovelTvis SeimCneva enobriv formaTa damkvidrebis tendenciac. cvlilebebi bunebrivad xdeba,
enaSi arsebuli meqanizmi Sesabamisad
gvawvdis normebs, romelTac migneba,
amocnoba da dakanoneba sWirdeba. maSin
iqneba saliteraturo ena naklebad xelovnuri.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi, ufro metad
ki zepir metyvelebasa da internetsivrceSi, sagrZnobia axali tendencia enis
formalur da funqciur SesaZleblobaTa
realizebisa, rac Sepirobebulia ara
marto gramatikuli an sazogadoebrivpolitikuri faqtorebiT, aramed adamianis cnobierebaSi arsebuli ukmarisobis
grZnobiT. enobriv cvlilebaTa analizisas Cven vxelmZRvanelobT k. danelias
mosazrebiT imis Taobaze, rom: adamianis
winswrafiTi goni met-naklebad yovelTvis grZnobs garkveul ukmarisobas, rom
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rusudan saRinaZe
man Tavis nafiqrals adekvaturi gamoxatuleba ver moupova. aseTi gancda miT ufro mwvavea, rac ufro Zlieria am ukmarisobis
daZlevis survili. migvaCnia, rom swored amgvari ukmarisobis
Sedegia Tanamedrove qarTulSi arsebuli sruliad axali enobrivi formebi.
dRes cvlilebebi aRiniSneba ara marto calkeul gamoTqmebsa da sintaqsur konstruqciebSi, aramed myar SesityvebebSic.
asea, magaliTad, misalmebis formulebSi, romlebSic an mTlianad
irRveva formulis rogorc struqtura, ise Sinaarsi, an iqmneba
sruliad axali, qarTuli enobrivi samyarosTvis uCveulo gamoTqmebi. es Sepirobebuli unda iyos sakuTriv qarTulis an ucxouris analogiiT. magaliTad, zogjer darRveulia misalmebis formulis dila mSvidobisa! orTografia, gvxvdeba erTad dawerili: dilamSvidobis gogonebo (Nana Gogodze, fb, 28.04.2016,
08:05), zogjer dilis misalmebaSi gamoxatulia adresatis mravlobiToba: dila mSvidobisaT (naTia aa, jgufi yvavilnari,
fb, 06.10.2016,10:01). xSirad socialuri qselebis momxmarebelTa
fantaziiTaa Seqmnili dilis misalmebis formebi: dila mzisobisa (Manana Mancho Ioseliani, fb, 01.06.2016, 07:32); dilisa da
mzis mSvidoba (Talale WiWinaZe, mTargmn., 30.10.2016); zafxulis sio-dila mSvidobisa!.. (Nana Kobakhidze, fb, 24.08.2016,
13:00)... analogiurad, garkveul emociur fonze iqmneba sxva saxis formulebic: SuadRemSvidobisa! gazafxulmSvidobisa!..
misalmebis zogierTi formula mkveTrad motivirebulia, magaliTad, 17maisdilamSvidobisa, romelic Seqmnilia r. amaSukelis saCvidmetmaisos analogiiT (qeTi gegiaZe, fb, 17.05.2016,
11:28), zogierTi ki politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare iqmneba:
amJamindeli mmarTveli partiis ocnebis saarCevno nomeria asaxuli misalmebaSi ormocdaerTjer dila mSvidobisa (Manana
Mancho Ioseliani, fb, 24.10.2016, 08:59).
emociuri foni udevs safuZvlad aseve zedsarTavi saxelis
mzardi xarisxis, Warbi emociis gamomxatvel gamoTqmebs:
uuuzarmazari: siamovnebiT SegviZlia mogipatiJoT UG musikis akademiis uuuzarmazar ojaxSi (maia CavleiSvili, fb,
2016); orjer myavda uuzarmazarebi da orive momikvda, rogor
miyvars (lia arabuli, fb, jg. yvavilnari, 18.02.2015, 11:51)...
miuTiTeben, rom mzardi xarisxis formebi karga xania gaCnda ena-
119
120
rusudan saRinaZe
121
rusudan saRinaZe
122
liSvili, fb, 10.10.2016, 17:33)... sainteresoa, rom amgvari sintaqsuri konstruqcia am bolo xanebSi dadasturda sasuliero piris metyvelebaSic: mere xdeba is, rac xdeba (mama serafime)...
vfiqrobT, moxda is, rac moxda tipis konstruqciaTa Semapirobebeli faqtoric enisadmi pragmatuli midgomis Sedegia.
Cven mier warmodgenili masala gviCvenebs, rogor xdeba enis
bunebriv SesaZleblobaTa realizeba Tanamedrove qarTulSi, metwilad masmediisa da internetenaSi. es iwvevs TiTqosda qaoss
enaSi, magram swored amgvar qaosur movlenebSi ikveTeba ara marto saliteraturo enis normaTa darRvevisa da aRrevis faqtebi,
aramed cvlileba enaSi da tendencia axal formaTa sanqcirebisa,
miswrafeba kosmosisaken.
literatura
danelia 1998: korneli danelia, narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo
enis istoriidan, Tbilisi.
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi 1986: Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, kreb. I, Tbilisi.
feiqriSvili 2008: JuJuna feiqriSvili, xarisxis formaTa warmoeba Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi: saxelTa derivacia Tanamedrove qarTulSi, Tbilisi.
https://www.facebook.com/
www.kvirispalita.ge/politic
Rusudan Saghinadze
Doctor of philology, Professor
Akaki Tsereteli State University
Realization of Language Capabilities and The Norm
In various stages of development of any language, there always
emerges the process of searching and selecting the forms. There come
lots of variants that have been out there for some time and they often
cause confusion and violation of the norms of literary language.
Simultaneously, the tendency of establishing linguistic forms can always
be observed in the process of language development.
123
maka saxuria
qaosisa da kosmiuri
wesrigis semiotika
`vefxistyaosanSi~
mxatvrul teqstze odnavi dakvirvebisa da analizis unaris mqone mkiTxvelic ki
gvetyvis, raSi gamoixateba `vefxistayosnis~ umTavresi idea _ `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. samyaros ganviTarebis istoria, miTosi da literatura
swored am ori Zalis dapirispirebis asaxvaa, xolo rusTvelma uRrmesi msoflmxedvelobrivi da filosofiuri qveteqstebis,
alegoriebis da mistifikaciis poemaSi,
upirvelesad, es Tema wamoswia. man Seqmna
modelebi: saxelmwifoebrivi, pirovnuli
da ideologiuri, romlebSic realizebulia dakvirvebani kosmiur wesrigsa da kacobriobis ganviTarebis gzaze, inovaciur,
renesansul azrovnebaze.
mxatvruli teqsti yovelTvis realobis SemoqmedebiTi proeqciaa, amitom
iseve, rogorc cxovrebaSi, `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetsa da koliziebSic, es ori
Zala ase gamoisaxa _ mze-gmirebis mier Seqmnili samyaro (indoeT-arabeTi da maT mier
gakeTilSobilebuli sxva sivrceebi) da qajeTi, rogorc borotebis imperia. pirveli
ganasaxierebs kosmiur wesrigs, romelsac
gmirebi mieltvian, qmnian da sxvebsac uwi-
125
126
maka saxuria
Semadgeneli ricxvebi 1 da 2 ganasaxiereben sawyiss, starts, 12 yvelaze `wesieri~ ricxvia, radgan yvelaze met ricxvze iyofa. nadiroba iyo ganRmrTobis eqstazi, rostevanma da avTandilma `caTa RmerTi
ganarisxes~, ganibannen sisxlSi da miadgnen wyals, anu gansawmendels, axlis Semecnebis, wyurvilis mokvlis, ufalTan miaxloebis
simbolos, sadac gamoCnda kidevac ucxo moyme, romlis saxelTanac
dakavSirebuli iyo siaxle. is aravis hgavda. saocari iyo sanaxavad.
Tavzardamcemi, gamaognebeli. rostevan mefem bevri itira ucxo moymesTan momxdari incidentis Semdeg. 12 monis daxocva uflis sasjeli iyo misTvis, xolo novatori TinaTini mixvda, rom am WabukTan raRac kosmiuri saidumlo iyo dakavSirebuli da ideafiqsed misi povna
dausaxa satrfos. daTmo yvelaze sanukvari, raTa is kosmiuri saidumlo aexsna. es saidumlo ki nestan-darejanis saxeSia saZiebeli.
nestani ganasaxierebs ezoTerul sibrZnes, axal wesrigs, renesansul
azrovnebas, romelTac avTandili da TinaTinic mieltvian. nestaniseul wesrigs xorci Seesxmis misi qajeTis cixidan gamoxsnis da indoeTSi dabrunebis Semdeg. rogori samyaro aaSenes gmirebma? poemis finaluri strofebi naTlad upasuxebs am kiTxvas:
~yovlTa sworadwyalobasaviTaTovlsamoaTovdes,
obolqvrivnidaamdidrnesdaglaxakniariTxovdes,
avTamqmnelnidaaSinnes,kravnicxvarTaveruwovdes,
SiganmaTTasabrZanisTaTxadamgelierTganZovdes~. (1657)
indoeTmac arabeTTan erTad, miuxedavad arsebuli keTildReobisa, axali kosmiuri wesrigi unda Seqmnas, da es codna nestans hqonda. amitomac aris is dafaruli, mudam mofardagulSi zis, mamiseul
koSkSic, romlis semiotikuri niSnebi alegoriulad miuTiTeben nestanis RvTaebriv bunebaze. ai, rogor aRwers nestanis koSks tarieli:
`mefeman koSki aaago, Sigan sayofi qalisa: qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga
iagundisa, lalisa, pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa,
igi mun iyvis, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!~ (334) an kidev: `sra edga
mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa, vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa
mina-vardiTa~... nestani mudam kuboSia. roca mamis mier aSenebul fazaris qvis koSkSi ijda, fardagiT iyo mudam yvelasTvis dafaruli
(hipostasi ezoTeruli codnisa), Semdeg qajebma mofardagul kidobanSi Casves da zRva_zRva daacurebdnen... mxolod RamiT gaiyvandnen
napirze, rom aravis moekra Tvali... Semdeg fatmans hyavda mofardagul oTaxSi, Semdeg _ meliq_surxavs, cxra xadumiT (saWurisi mone-
127
bi) daculi, xolo bolos qajma mekobre roSaqma axada saxeze Camofarebuli ajiRa da qajeTis cixes gamoamwyvdies, mokvdavTaTvis SeuRwevel sivrceSi...
axal wesrigs, ezoTerul codnas, romelsac ganasaxierebs nestani, poemaSi upirispirdeba boroti Zala, qaosis simbolo, qajeTi,
romelsac surs, rom kacobriobas mostacos es codna, raTa civilizaciam ver SeZlos ganviTarebis axal etapze gadasvla, raTa pirovnebis individualizmi ugulebelyofili iyos koleqtivizmis principebiT.
qajuri qaosis gasaazreblad upirvelesad unda moxdes davaris
mxatvruli saxis dekodireba. aq unda gaviazroT mamidis saxe qarTul miTossa da yofiT kulturaSi. `vefxistyaosnis~ samyaro nasazrdoebia religiiT, filosofiiTa da miTosiT. qarTuli jadosnuri anu sakraluri zRaprebi rusTvelis STagonebis wyaroa. is
bevr aluzias moixmobs jadosnuri zRaprebis samyarodan, bevr saxesimboloSi acocxlebs miTosur arqetipebs. davaris saxis dekodirebis gzaze umniSvnelovanesia poemis finalSi, indoeTSi dabrunebul gmirebTan vaWarTa Sexvedris scena... Saosani vaWrebi uyvebian
sam gmirs indoT mefis sikvdilisa da nestanis gadakargvis ambebs...
enawyliani vaWarTuxucesi ambobs, rom svian farsadan mefes `esva qali mnaTobi, mzisaca ufro mziani, kbil_margaliti, tan_alva, RawvbalaxS, yoran-Tmiani~... wlebis ganmavlobaSi `indoxataelTa ambis~
saxelwodebiT cnobili ori Tavis rusTveliseuloba sadavo iyo da
poemis Zvel gamocemebSi isini aRarc iyo, magram CemTvis am eWvs sruliad aqarwylebs zemoT dasaxelebuli scena. gavixsenoT, rogor amboben misridan (egviptidan) mosuli meqaravneni indoxataelTa ambis
epizodSi davar qajis da nestanis dapirispirebaze:
`igi qali patarai mamidasa gaezarda,
buqTa misgan monaqrolTa indoeTi gardaqarda.
mamidai qaji iyo, grZneuloba icis karga,
miT SemarTa saSineli, mze xmeleTsa daukarga...
TviTca mokvda ubeduri, marT sacocxlod arad varga;
igi qali qajTa misca, alva morCi sxvagan darga~.
moyvanili citata naTlad gvimxels rusTvelis damokidebulebas qajTa mier nestanis gatacebis aqtisadmi: rom qajma mamidam saSineleba SemarTa, qajebs misca nestani, xmeleTs mze daukarga, alvis xe
(uflis metaforuli hipostasi qarTul miTosSi) nestanis fazaris
128
maka saxuria
129
saSiSi RmerTia... xolo wminda wyali sicocxlis, naTlisRebis, aRdgomisa da amaRlebis simboloa... nestanma wminda wyali ver unda naxos, verc gayinuli da verc gamdnari.
qajebi TiTqos uZlevelni arian, gavixsenoT, rogor acnobs maT
fatmani avTandils:
`qajni saxelad miT qvian, arian erTad krebulni,
kacni, grZnebisa mcodneni, zeda gaxelovnebulni,
yovelTa kacTa mavneni, igi vervisgan vnebulni,
maTni Sembmelni wamovlen dambrmalni, dawbilebulni~...
poemis mTeli siuJeti dafuZnebulia am dapirispirebis, anu nestanis qajeTis cixidan gamoxsnis, mTvaris gvelisagan gaTavisuflebis narativze.
qajuri sawyisis qaosuri bunebis sailustraciod sakmarisia
poemis 1257-e strofis damowmeba (fatmani avTandils ase uxatavs qajebs):
~iqman rasme sakvirvelsa, mtersa Tvalsa daubrmoben,
qarTa aRsZrven saSinelsa, navsa zRva-zRva daamxoben,
viTa xmelsa gairbenen, wyalsa wmindad daaSroben,
swaddes _ dResa bnelad iqman, swaddes _ bnelsa anaToben~...
rusTveliseuli mxatvruli qronotopis _ misi qaosisa da
kosmiuri wesrigis simboluri xatebis garSemoa akinZuli `vefxistyaosanSi~ mTeli siuJeturi qarga. rusTvelis ostatoba am
Canafiqrs ganumeorebel momxibvlelobas sZens. vfiqrob, `vefxistyaosani~ swored amitom iqca qarTuli sulieri kulturis mwvervalad. SesaZloa, farTo mkiTxvels Rrma mecnieruli kvlevebiT gacnobierebuli ar hqonoda poemis es plastebi, litmcodneoba arqmevs saxelebs mxatvruli teqstis komponentebs, magram swored es siRrme
da mistikuroba izidavs mkiTxvels, swored am qveteqstebma, Tundac
mkiTxvelisTvis Seucnobelma, aqcia `vefxistyaosani~ qarTuli
mwerlobis yvela drois yvelaze popularul teqstad.
maka saxuria
130
literatura:
131
marina qavTaraZe
qaosis da kosmosis
konceptebi musikaSi
(me-20 saukunis musikis magaliTze)
Sesavali
qaosisa da wesrigis antinomia musikaSi sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva saxiT
iCens Tavs. antikuri xanidan cnobili
opozicia qaosi/kosmosi, anu dapirispirebidan samyaros pirvelsawyis stiqiur
mdgomareobasa da wesrigs, harmonias Soris, adamiani meore polusisken iltvis.
musikaSi wesrigi vlindeba mravalferovani formiT: rogorc mxatvruli azrovnebis integrirebuli modeli,
musikaluri nawarmoebis droiTi kontiniumis struqturirebis saSualeba, klasikuri simfoniis organizaciis Tavisebureba.
zogadad, stili SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc umaRlesi mxatvruli wesrigis niSani, romelic yovelTvis Seicavs garkveuli doziT indeterminirebulobas, araprognozirebadobas. sakompozitoro teqnika wesrigis formalur-logikur, sqematur-konstruqciuli niSania.
XVII-XIX saukuneebSi, Kklasikur epoqaSi, romelic idealuri wesrigis princips emyareboda, qaoss ar SeeZlo Riad
gamovlena. XX saukuneSi suraTi Seicva-
133
marina qavTaraZe
134
135
136
marina qavTaraZe
lebis dros ar icvleboda. Pparadoqsulia, rom qaosis skrupuliozur CanawerSi keiji xedavda umaRles sazriss.
Uudao, rom XX saukunis kompozitorTa Soris jon keiji
yvelaze axlosaa qaosis problema da qaologiis mecnierebasTan.
Mmagram ara imitom, rom man gandevna wesrigis idea Tavisi Semoqmedebidan, rac SeuZlebeli iyo TavisTavad. keijma Secvala paradigmebi qaosisa da kosmosis poliusebTan mimarTebiT. Dda es man
SeZlo Zen-budizmis meSveobiT. `me ar SemeZlo mimeRo akademiuri
idea imis Sesaxeb, rom musikis mizani komunikacia, radgan SevniSne, rom roca Segnebulad sevdians vwerdi, adamianebi da kritikosebi icinodnen. Mme gadavwyvite, ar Semeqmna saerTod musika,
Tuki sxva mizezs ver movnaxavdi, vidre komunikaciaa. Mme vipove
aseTi mizezi <>, musikis mizania, gamoafxizlos da daamSvidos
goneba, raTa man ufro advilad aRiqvas RvTaebrivi~ (keiji,
2016).
Tanamedrove evropeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, keijTan
qaosis idea iZens dasrulebul saxes da Sesabamis gansxeulebas.
Qqaosi xdeba keijisaTvis kosmosis, RvTaebrivi wesrigis gamovlinebis forma; Uufro metic, erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma.
Stokhauzenisa da sxva radikalebisaTvis, aseT gagebas ewinaaRmdegeba evropuli avangardis dogma: `swrafva Seqmnan TviTkmari,
xelovnebis nawarmoebebis avtonomiuri samyaro, romlis Segnebuli mowesrigebuloba upirispirdeba realur samyaros, aRqmuls
rogorc tradiciuli faseulobebis kraxi da qaosi. Ees aris
idea, Tu rogor daicva xelovneba cxovrebisagan~ (ilini, 2001 :
134). Kkeijis Tanaxmad ki, xelovanma uari unda Tqvas axali samyaroebis Seqnis pretenziaze; misi amocanaa, dainaxos samyaro ise,
rogoricaa is realrad. (dubinec 2006 : 338)
wesrigisa da qaosis konceptebi qarTul musikaSi
Tanamedrove qarTul musikaSi wesrigisa da qaosis konceptebi yvelaze mkafiod gia yanCelis SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba. gansxvavebiT evropeli avangardistebisa da keijisagan, ZiriTadi
idea yanCelis nawarmoebebis mxatvruli samyarosi, ambivalenturi
saxeobrivi polusebi emyareba ori sawyisis dapirispirebas _ sulierebiT aRbeWdil harmoniasa da dauZleveli winaRmdegobebiT
mocul qaoss. TiToeul maTgans yanCeli ganasaxierebs mxatvruli
xerxebiT, romelic nawarmoebis erTiani sistemis SigniT badebs
137
gansxvavebul semiotikur struqturebs (qavTaraZe, 2016). Kkompozitori virtuozulad flobs xmovani wertilis, JReradi siCumis, tembruli CarTvebis da miqstebis kanonebs. Mmis nawarmoebebs axasiaTebs mxatvruli procesis simboluroba, droisa da
sivrcis, zedroulobis gansakuTrebuli SegrZneba. es rTul disharmoniaSi myofi Tanamedrove samyaros mxatvrulad gamTlianebuli suraTia. yanCelis intonaciuri fabula avtonomiuria, eqvemdebareba ganviTarebis musikalur logikas. igi gamoxatavs nawarmoebis siRrmiseul azrs. es aris zogadsakacobrio problemebis
da samyaros ambivalenturi bunebis amsaxveli musikaluri `eqokamera~ (barti). Aase `muSaobs~ yanCelis nawarmoebebSi polivalenturi mravalSriani semiotikuri teqsti.
literatura:
velflini 2009: . .
.
zenkini 2003: K. k . 21israelmusic.com
balandie 2001: . ,
cenova 2005: (redaqtori), .
keiji 2016: John Cage: An Autobiographical Statement.
http://www.johncage.org/autobiographical_statement.html
ilini, 2001: . : .
dubinec 2006: . Made in the USA. - ,
.
qavTaraZe 2016: marina qavTaraZe, gia YyanCelis Semoqmedebis semantikuri aspeqtebi
http://gesj.internet-academy.org.ge/en/list_artic_en.php?b_sec=muz
Kavtaradze Mariam
The Cosmos and Chaos concepts in music
(on the example of Music of 20th century)
The Antinomy of Chaos and Order are expressed variously within
different epochs. From well-known opposition of Chaos vs Cosmic Order
of antique epoch, i.e contradiction between initial spontaneous state and
order, humans strive to reach the latter.
138
marina qavTaraZe
nino qimeriZe
gramatikuli qaosi VS
teqsturi wesrigi
(teqsti-konstalaciaTa
lingvistikuri analizisaTvis)
gasuli saukunis meore naxevari
teqnologiuri siaxleebis fonze aCqarebuli tempiT amkvidrebs literaturuli
da aramxolod literaturuli, aseve
yoveldRiuri teqstis saxeobebis mravalferovan speqtrs. teqstebis CarCoebi
irRveva da sxvadasxva niSanTa Sereuli
wnuli qmnis teqsturas, enobrivi warmonaqmnis substrats.
imave periodSi konkretuli Zvrebia
lingvistikaSi, kerZod, enis sistemuri
kvlevebi scdeba sintaqsis farglebs da
enis stratifikacul modelSi teqstis
doneze gadadis, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs winadadebaTaSoris aramxolod
koneqtorebis da koreferenciul fenomenTa kvlevas, aramed teqstis calkeuli
Semadgeneli elementebis, konkretuli
teqstis saxeobaTa calkeuli markerebis,
teqstis funqciaTa analizs da am analizis Sedegebis gaazrebas teqstis recefciis procesebSi.
teqstis kvlevebis gafarToeba da
misi aqtualoba dRemde teqstis saxeobaTa progresulma zrdam ganapiroba, rac
aseve uSualod ukavSirdeba teqnologie-
140
nino qimeriZe
bis ganviTarebasa da mediaTa gamravalferovnebas. teqstis saxeobaTa kvlevebis mniSvnelobam, Tavis mxriv, dRis wesrigidan moxsna 90-ian wlebis lingvistTa ritorikuli kiTxva: quo vadis
textlinguistik? (hainemani/fivegeri 1991: 83), anu, teqstis lingvistikis Semdgomi ganviTarebis sakiTxi.
teqstis kvlevebis calke lingvistur disciplinad Camoyalibebam xeli Seuwyo teqstis cnebis gafarToebas da misi
sxvadasxva rakursiT ganxilvas. teqsti ukve aRar ganixileba,
rogorc mxolod verbaluri komunikaciis Sedegi. Sesabamisad,
teqstis cneba, romelsac h.vainrixi iZleva: teqstebi droSi
wrfivi TanmimdevrobiT ganlagebuli enobriv niSanTa azrobrivi
bmaa (vainrihi 1993: 17), ufro masStaburadaa danaxuli r.pozneris kvlevebSi, romelic teqsts kodirebul niSanTa kompleqsad
ganmartavs da im SemTxvevaSi ganixilavs teqstad, Tu is: a) artefaqtia, anu gamiznuli qmedebis Sedegi; b) instrumentia, Sesabamisad, unda arsebobdes kultura, romlis farglebSi konvenciurobis safuZvelze teqsts konkretuli funqcia miewereba da g)
is kodirebulia, anu konkretuli kulturis farglebSi mas ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs (pozneri 1991: 46). msgavsi msjeloba
gvxvdeba lingvistTa SromebSic, maT Soris, upirveles yovlisa,
unda davasaxeloT ula fiqsi (fiqsi 2007: 254-276), romelic
artefaqtad da instrumentad uSualod teqstis saxeobas asaxelebs, radgan sakomunikacio procesis monawileebi warmoqmnian
konkretuli funqciiT datvirTul garkveuli teqstis saxeobebs
da ara ubralod teqstebs.
r.pozneri, ul.fiqsisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic artefaqtad
teqstis saxeobas miiCnevs, roca teqstSi artefaqtebis niSnebs
eZebs, msjelobs teqstis tipze, romlis rogorc producireba,
ise reproducirebaa SesaZlebeli (pozneri 1991: 48). enobrivi
qmnadobis procesSi ki gansazRvruli kodebi warmoiqmneba, romelTa dekodireba teqstis gagebis winmswrebi procesia.
j.a batermani im teqstebs ganixilavs artefaqtebad, romelTac teqstualobis maRali kriteriumi aqvT. rac ufro maRalia
teqstualobis xarisxi, analizis procesSi miT ufro produqtiulia artefaqtis, Sesabamisad, teqstis gageba (batermani 2013:
254).
gamomdinare iqidan, rom teqsti Tavad aris maRalorganizebuli enobrivi niSani, romelic enobriv niSanTa wrfiv (linearul) organizebas eqvemdebareba lingvistebi msjeloben rogorc
141
sityvis, ise winadadebis, momdevno etapze ki - teqstis mniSvnelobaze. teqstis gagebas d.buse niSanTa am jaWvSi ganixilavs
kognitiurad mimdinare sakomunikacio procesis erTaderT fizikur substratad. avtori aseve ganmartavs, rom es procesi enis
fsiqologiaSi cnobilia, rogorc bottom-up-procesi (buse 2015:
369).
amrigad, komunikacia gulisxmobs triadas avtori-teqsti-interpretatori, Tu avtors teqstis Seqmnis procesSi garkveuli
mizani da intencia aqvs, interpretatori recefciis procesSi
winarecodnaze damyarebul molodinze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
xolo teqsti konkretul niSanTa kombinaciiT warmoqmnili kodebis qselia. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis saxeoba rogorc artefaqti, instrumenti da konkretuli funqciiT datvirTuli enobrivi warmonaqmni, erTgvari kodebis erTobliobaa, romelTa dekodireba teqstis gagebis winapirobaa. teqstis gagebis procesis
sirTule ganpirobebulia, uwinaresad, imiT, Tu ragvari kodebi
warmoqmnis teqstis sazrisis qsovils.
teqstis gagebisa da Semdgom interpretaciis procesi Tvisobrivad gansxvavebulia literaturuli teqstisaTvis, rac imiT
aixsneba, rom sakuTriv literaturuli teqstia modelis warmomqmneli meoradi semiotikuri sistema (lotmani 1972: 22,
cit. titcmanis 1993: 69 mixedviT), romelsac ar gaaCnia sakuTari mediumi, aramed es privilegirebuli niSanTa sistema mediumad enas iyenebs, raTa Seqmnas axali niSanTa sistema, axali SesaZlebloba enobrivi, logikuri da kulturuli mniSvnelobebis
aRsaniSnad. aqedan gamomdinare, m. ticmani dasZens, rom literaturuli teqsti aris enobrivi warmonaqmni, romelic am meorad
niSanTa sistemis farglebSia Seqmnili (titcman 1993: 70). aqve
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom literaturuli teqstebi teqstualobis yvela parametrs gulisxmobs, rac kidev ufro farTo masStabebs sZens gagebis process. d. buse gagebas ar miiCnevs enobriv qmedebad, is ufro intuiciaze dafuZnebuli procesia, romelic gansxvavdeba interpretaciisagan. interpretacia aqtiuri manipulaciaa teqstiT, TavisTavad - enobrivi qmedeba, ris Sedegadac axali teqsti warmoiqmneba (buse 1992: 187). winamdebare
msjelobidan Cans, rom teqstis gageba martivdeba, Tu teqstSi
teqstualobis kriteriumebi srulyofilad aris warmodgenili,
rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom interpretatoris winaSe warmodgenilia teqstualobis kriteriumebis sruli formatiT. amas de
142
nino qimeriZe
143
fikaciul modelSi sintaqsis doneze. tradiciuli wesrigi irRveva, rac niSnavs imas, rom enobrivi da araenobrivi niSnebi Tavisufldebian enaSi damkvidrebuli wesebisa da wesrigisagan, maTi ganlageba sibrtyeze nebismieria, es ki gramatikuli struqturebis rRvevis dasawyisia. konkretul poezias Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos gramatikuli qaosi.
teqsturis am wesebiT Seqmna mxolod teqnikur progress ar
daumkvidrebia literaturis istoriaSi, uZvelesi droidan, antikurobis, Suasaukuneebisa Tu axali drois literatura msgavs
teqstebs qmnis da amisaTvis teqsturis formirebis sxvadasxva
teqnikas mimarTavs. teqsturis simetriuli marTkuTxa CarCo,
Tavdapirvelad figurebis formas iRebs, xolo mogvianebiT saerTod irRveva da Tanamedrove teqstura varskvlavur konstelacias emsgavseba. amrigad, gamoirCeva Semdegi tipis teqsturebi:
figura-teqstebi (antikurobidan dRemde SesaZloa daiZebnos, gansakuTrebiT mravalferovania barokos periodis figura-teqstebi), konkretuli teqstebi (gasuli saukunis 20-50 wlebSi) da
eqsperimentuli teqstebi (gasuli saukunis 70 wlebidan dRemde). yvelaze metad antigramatikul teqstebad konstelacebi iTvleba, sadac teqstis agebis normebi minimumamdea dayvanili.
konkretuli poeziisaTvis ena mxolod mediumi ar aris, igi
imavdroulad poeziis sagania da is amkvidrebs enisa da poeziis
axal gagebas. teqsti Canacvlebulia konstelaciiT, sadac enaSi
arsebuli sistemuri kanonebi aRar moqmedebs. maSin ris safuZvelze agebs konstelacia teqsturas? rogor wesrigdeba teqstinternulad moqmedi enobrivi qaosi? ikiTxeba Tu ara raime
wesrigi konstelaciis substratSi da ris safuZvvelze miiRweva
es wesrigi?
im sami tipis teqstebis saanalizod SerCeuli korpusidan
SeirCa tipobrivi teqstis nimuSebi, maT Sorisaa me-17 saukunis
germaneli mwerli iohan karstis akvani (karsti 1667/1988).
teqsti Cawerilia ori tipis semiotikuri niSnebiT: erTi mxriv,
vxvdebiT klasicisturi fraqturis rogorc maiuskulebs aseve
minuskulebs, meore mxriv, ki beWduri moxazulobis maiuskulebs.
teqsturis agebaSi monawileobs agreTve singrafemebi anu arabuli ricxvebi, aseve gvxvdeba damwerlobis araanbanuri niSnebic,
kerZod, iribi Strixi, romelic damwerlobis sawyis etapze dasrulebuli azris gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneboda wertilisa da mZimis nacvlad. figuruli teqstis dasasruli markirebulia wer-
144
nino qimeriZe
tiliT. aseve wertiliTaa dasrulebuli figuris qveda ukanaskneli xazi. teqstis agebaSi CarTulia agreTve grafikuli ornamentebi. teqsts erTianobaSi akvnis forma aqvs. akvnis dasrulebuli suraTis misaRebad ZiriTad teqsturaze darTulia erTi
winadadeba, romelSic moqmedebiT gvarSia warmodgenili Semasmeneli Wird nach den Zahlen gelesen. da winadadebas imperatiulobis elfers aZlevs (ix.danarTi). is erTgvar instruqcias, rekomendacias gamoxatavs, Tu rogor unda iqnas teqsti wakiTxuli.
teqsti ikiTxeba yvela mimarTulebiT, kerZod: 1-7 xazi marcxnidan marjvniv, Tumca am winadadebebSi zogierTi grafemis mimarTuleba Secvlilia, radgan am aso-niSnebze ikveTeba vertikalurad wasakiTxi winadadebebi. 8-10 bwkari zevidan qveviT ikiTxeba,
magram maTi Tanmimdevroba miemarTeba ara marcxnidan marjvniv,
aramed marjvnidan marcxniv. am mimarTulebiT kiTxvisas anbanur
niSanTa ganlageba erTgvarovania. 12 da 13 xazebi kvlav horizontaluri ganlagebisaa da aseve marcxnidan marjvniv ikiTxeba.
vxvdebiT 90 Semobrunebul calkeul grafemebsac. ukanaskneli
winadadeba, romelzec ukve zemoT gvqonda msjeloba, marTalia,
semantikurad ar aris figura-teqstis Semadgeneli nawili, magram mas teqstis struqturis ganmartebis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli. sivrcis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT teqstiT daqselva emsaxureba figuris mniSvnelobis grafikul gamosaxvas, radgan avtors miznad dasaxuli aqvs Seqmnas akvnis figura, romelsac Zilispirulisas arweven. rwevis efeqti gadmoicema aseve fonetikurad, ritmuli rweva gamoxata erTgvarovani marcvlis Tanamimdevrulad ganmeorebam: NUNUNU/nu schweig - akvanTan Camomjdari deda ZilisTvis amzadebs Svils. Zilispirulis teqstis calkeuli mikrostruqturebis ganlagebiT isaxeba figuris konturebi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, teqsts saTauri ara aqvs, rac
figura-teqstebisaTvis tipobrivi movlenaa, saTauris funqcias,
am SemTxvevaSi figura iTavsebs.
leqsi miekuTvneba iavnanebis jgufs, romelsac simReriT ambobs deda bavSvis akvanTan da erTgvari Selocvis tolfasia. musikalur literaturaSi iavnana miekuTvneba samkurnalo simReraTa jgufs (sxva am tipis simRera-SelocvebTan erTad). qarTul
iavnanaSi, magaliTad, pirvelive striqonebi iwyeba: iav nana, vardov, nana... ia qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis mixedviT mamaRmerTis simboloa, xolo vardSi dedis sawyisia Cadebuli, rac
mogvianebiT qristianul religiaSi RvTismSobels ukavSirdeba da
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146
nino qimeriZe
Zilispiruli - Zilispirulis momRerali mSoblebi - mSvidi Zili - siCume - erTguli mfarveli mwyemsi Ziliswina Selocvis,
dalocvis rituals warmoudgens mkiTxvels.
teqsturis leqsikuri masala mTlianad qmnis im emociur
suraTs, rac simSvidis, mSobliuri siyvarulis, pirmSosadmi
mSoblis nazi damokidebulebis emocias aRZravs msmenelSi: zartes
Bei/ Zeit zur Ruh/ruhe/ guldner Sohne/sanfft/ ein schne Rassel/
Mein Vielgeliebtes Herz/nu schweig/ SCHallet die Geig. emociuri Seferilobis metaforis saSualebiT mimarTavs Svils mSobeli:
Mein vielgeliebtes Herz/thu deine Liechter zU (Cemi gulis nawilo
daxuWe Tvalebi!). situaciurobis pirdapiri asaxva teqstSi ar
xdeba, misi implicituri kodireba xdeba calkeuli leqsemebisa
da metaferobis meSveobiT. sainteresoa teqstis kidev erTi detali, kerZod, ES SCHallet die Geig/HOERE DAS VAtterle singt/DA
DA DAS MUtterle singt, - gaismis violinos xma/usmine amas mama
gimReris/amas deda gimReris. literaturul semiotikaSi violino sikvdilis simboloa (lit. simboloTa ... 2012: 1462), Zilsac
moqavs simSvide, Tumca arasamudamo.
gamomdinare teqsti-figuris arsidan, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxivebiviT Casmul sintaqsur erTeulebs susti bmuloba
aqvT, aseve dabalia informaciulobis xarisxi, romelic aseve
ganpirobebulia teqsturis monoTematurobiT.
sainteresoa teqstTaSorisi mimarTebebis asaxvis xarisxis
ganxilva, rac mocemul teqsturaSi teqstis zedapirze ikiTxeba.
winamdebare Zilispiruli calkeuli leqsikuri erTeulebiT, rogoricaa Du zartes Bei/du guldner Sohne/Mein Vielgeliebtes Herz qmnis teqstTaSoris xatebs axali aRTqmis konkretuli epizodTan: akvanSi mwoliare yrma, mis sawolTan deda da mama da aseve
erTguli mwyemsi iosebi, romelic zrunavs Cvilze da mas mudam
icavs jojoxeTis monadireTagan.
mocemuli teqstis analizidan cxada ikveTeba: teqsti-figura, romelSic avtori arRvevs punqtuaciisa da orTografiis
normebs, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, cdilobs sintaqsis normebis
parafrazirebas, magram teqstis doneze inarCuebs teqstis warmomqmnel markerebs vizualuri da verbaluri teqsturis kombinirebis meSveobiT. amdenad, teqstualobis calkeuli kriteriumebis SenarCuneba aratradiciuli formiT, rac am konkretul SemTxvevaSi teqsturis araverbalur substratSi gamoixateba, in-
147
148
nino qimeriZe
149
ve kidev erTi damatebiTi, axali kriteriumi kulturis refleqsia, rac enobriv niSnebs, teqstualobis danarCen kriteriumebTan
erTad, damatebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs. teqstualobis kriteriumebi am tipis teqsturaSi yovelTvis srulad ar aris warmodgenili. avtori cdilobs teqstualobis romelime kriteriumis saSualebiT Sekras teqstura. xSir SemTxvevaSi teqstis warmomqmnel kriteriumTa Soris yvelaze aqtiurad teqstis warmoqmnaSi teqsturis semantikuri mTlianobis safuZveli koherentuloba iRebs monawileobas. konstelaciis Semadgeneli niSnebis
mniSvnelobaTa urTierTmimarTeba siRrmul struqturebSi Tavis
mxriv ki, konstelaciaTa sazriss warmoqmnis da odesRac sruliad gramatikul qaosad gaazrebuli enobrivi qmedebis Sedegi teqsturi wesrigis nimuSad yalibdeba.
literatura:
batermani 2013: Baterman, John A. Dynamische Diskurssemantik als
ein allgemeines Modell der Semiose. berlegung am Beispiel des
Films. in: Zeitschrift fr Semiotik. Hrsg. v. Roland Posner und
Stephan Debus. Neue Methoden der Diskursanalyse. Hrsg. v.
Martin Siefkes und Doris Schps. B.35. H.3-4. Tbingen:
Satuffenburg Verlag;
buse 1992: Busse, Dietrich Textinterpretation. Sprachtheoretische
Grundlage einer explikativen Semantik. Opladen: Westdeutcher
Verlag;
buse 2015: Busse, Dietrich Sprachverstehen und Textinterpretation.
Grundzge einer verstehenstheoretisch reflektierten interpretativen
Semantik. Wiesbaden: Springer;
gomringeri 1966: Gomringer, Eugen 23 Punkte zum Problem
Dichtung und Gesellschaft. In: serielle menifeste I, H.4 eugen
gomringer. manifeste und darstellungen der konkreten poesie 19541966;
gomringeri 1969: gomringer, eugen worte sind schatten. die
konstellationen.19511968.rowohlt.hamburg;
de bograndi/dresleri 1981: Beaugrande, Robert-Alain de/Dressler,
Wolfgang Ulrich Einfhrung in die Textlinguistik. (Konzepte der
Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft 28).K.Baugrtner (Hrsg.).
Tbingen: Niemeyer;
vainrihi 1993: Weinrich, Harald Textgrammatik der deutschen Sprache.
Mannheim, Leipzig: Duden;
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karsti 1667/1988: Karst Johann, R., Wiege. aus: Deutscher DichtKunst Lust- und Schauplatz. In: Katalog zu einer Ausstellung der
Bibliothek der Universitt Konstanz vom 5. Juli bis 15. August
1988. Zusammengestellt und komentiert von Julika Funk und
Karola Mono. Hrsg. Bibliothek der Universitt Konstanz.
Drckerei der Universitt Konstanz. Konstanz;
literaturul simboloTa leqsikoni 2012: Metzler Lexikon
literarischer Symbole. Gnter Butzer, Joachim Jacob (Hrsg.) 2.
Auflage. StuttgartWeimar: Verlag J.B. Metzler;
noiberti 1982: Neubert, Albrecht Text als linguistischer Gegenstand.
in: Linguistische Arbeitsberichte. Leipzig 36. SS. 25-42;
orbeliani 1991: sulxan-saba orbeliani leqsikoni qarTuli 2
tomad. gamomc. i. abulaZe. Tbilisi: merani;
pozneri 1991: Posner, Roland Kultur als Zeichensystem. Zur
semiotischen Explikation kulturwissenschaftlicher Grundbegriffe.
in: Alleida Assmann/Dietrich Harth (Hg.) Kultur als Lebenswelt
und Moment. Frankfurt/M: Fischer Taschenbuchverlag;
fiqsi 2007: Fix, Ulla Was heit Texte kulturell verstehen. Ein- und
Zuordnungsprozesse beim Verstehen von Texten als kulturellen
Eintitten. In: Hardarik Blhdorn, Eva Breindl und Ulrich
H.Waner (Hrsg.) 2007: Text-Verstehen. Berlin.NY. Walter de
Gruyter;
fiqsi 2010: Fix, Ulla Was ist kulturspezifisch an Texten? Argumente fr
eine kulturwissenschaftlich orientierte Textsortenforschung.
Russischer Germanistentag: "Kulturelle Kodes in Sprache,
Literatur und Wissenschaft", Nishnij Novgorod. 18. November
2010;
unter
URL:
http://home.unileipzig.de/fix/Was%20ist%20kulturspezifisch%20an%20Texten.pd
f (nanaxia: 10.10.2016);
hainemani,
volfgang/fivegeri
diter
1991:
Heinemann,
Wolfgang/Viehweger, Dieter Einfhrung in die Textlinguistik. Eine
Einfhrung. KB 115. Tbingen: Niemeyer;
titcmani, mixaeli 1993: Titzmann, Michael Strukturale Textanalyse.
UTB 582. Mnchen: W. Fink;
151
danarTi
bela CekuriSvili
qaosisa da wesrigis
paradigma
moris meterlinkis
erTmoqmedebiani piesa
brmebis mixedviT
1890 wels belgiuri warmoSobis
frangi mwerali moris meterlinki aqveynebs erTmoqmedebian, statikur dramas
brmebi. piesa moqmedebis adgilis aRweriT iwyeba, sadac mwerali, erTmoqmedebiani modernistuli dramis tradiciis
mixedviT, dawvrilebiT aRwers garemos
da
moqmed
pirebs.
konkretulad:
mRvdels da 12 brmas.
moris meterlinki moxuc mRvdelsa
da 12 brmas CrdiloeTis uZveles tyeSi
warmogvidgens, romelsac Tavze maradiulad dahyurebs varskvlavebiT moWedili
ca. cisa da dedamiwis erTianobas avtori xazs usvams sityviT maradisoba. es
is aris, rac arasdros icvleba, rac yovelTvis iyo da iqneba. es kosmiuri wesrigia: uranosi ganfenilia geaze. da am
maradiuli sivrcis Sesabamisad, avtori
Tavis personaJebsac garkveuli sistemis
mixedviT anawilebs: mRvdeli SuaSi zis,
farTo, Sav paltoSi CafuTnuli, Tavi
da torsi ukan msubuqad gadauxria da
mkvdariviT mdumared eyrdnoba muxis
mZlavr, fuRuro tans. saxe saSiSad ga-
153
fiTrebia da cvilivis figurasaviT gaunZrevlad mjdoms, galurjebuli piri sanaxevrod dauRia... misi gaSeSebuli Tvalebi
TvalxilulTa maradiuli naxevrisTvis ukve mkvdaria da sisxldakargulad moCanan, rogorc uTvalavi, uxsovari tkivilebisa
da cremlebis Semdeg. TvalSisacemad gamxdari xelebi muxlebze
aqvs dawyobili (meterlinki 1904:33) (Targmani Cemia, b. C.)
piesis es Sesavali erTob ferwerulia da igi zedmiwevniT
gvagonebs saxarebiseuli saidumlo serobis Temaze Seqmnil tiloebs, kedlis mxatvrobisa Tu ikonografiul nimuSebs,
romlebzec avtorTa mier iesos Tu mociqulTa adgili zustadaa
gansazRvruli da ganawilebuli: macxovari mudam SuaSi zis, xolo mociqulebi, sam-samad Tu eqvs-eqvsad dajgufebulni, sxvadasxva emociasa Tu moqmedebas asaxaven.
aseve arian dajgufebulni meterlinkis dramis personaJebic,
romelTa Soris gansxvavebas mxolod sqesi, asaki da sibrmavis
mizezi Tu xangrZilivoba warmoadgens: samni dabadebiT brmani
arian, sami moxuci qalia, erTi brma yvelaze moxucia qalebSi,
erTi ki yvelaze moxucia mamakacebSi, erTi brma axalgazrda qalia, erTic - SeSlili, romelsac ZuZuTa bavSvi Cauxutebia. mexuTe da meeqvse brmas mxolod sqesi aqvT: isini mamakacebi arian.
Tumca ki, meterlinki mxolod amas ar sjerdeba da igi ferweris Seqmnas moqmedi pirebis ganlagebis mixedviTac ganagrZobs:
eqvsi brma, mRvdlis marjvniv zis, eqvsic _ marcxniv. marjvniv
msxdomebs qva, xis tani da foTlebis grova aqvT sajdomad, marcxniv msxdomebs _ kunZebi da kldis natexebi. Tumca gadanawilebas avtori aqac ar amTavrebs: qalebi da mamakacebi erTmaneTisgan
gamijnulebi arian, zustad eqvsi-eqvsze, erTmaneTis pirispir
sxedan. sami qali loculobs da moTqvams. maT gverdiT Rrmad
moxuci qali Camomjdara, romelsac mosdevs giJis usityvo pozaSi mjdomi qali, CaZinebul bavSvs rom arwevs muxlebze, meeqves
ki, Zalian axalgazrdas, mTel tans gaSlili Tma ufaravs. yvela
maTgans farTo, uformo, muqi feris samosi acvia.
avtori bolomde misdevs ferweris kompozicias da moZRvarsa da mis mrevls Soris gansxvavebis warmosaCenad kidev erT detals amatebs: mRvdlis gverdiT asfodelis buCqi yvavis.
meterlinki SesavalSive ramdenjerme xazs usvams, rom moqmedebis suraTi Rameulia, ufro metic, TvalSisacemad bnela, radgan mTvaris sxivebi uRran tyeSi SemoRwevas ver axerxeben.
154
bela CekuriSvili
Tuki saxarebiseul motivs mivyvebiT, razec miniSnebebi aSkaraa, saidumlo serobis simSvides Tavad macxovari arRvevs, romelic mowafeebs auwyebs, rom maT Soris erT-erTi gamcemia. Sesabamisad, mxatvrebi gadmogvcemen saidumlo serobis monawileTa
emociebs maTi gamometyvelebisa Tu sxeulis mdgomareobiT. rogorc lesingi aRniSnavda, ferwera da skulptura sivrcobrivi
xelovnebaa, xolo droisa da moqmedebis asaxva literaturis
prerogativaa. wesrigi, romelsac meterlinki scenaze qmnis, irRveva ara sityviT, aramed imiT, rom moZRvari dums - igi gardacvlilia. qaoss am SemTxvevaSi iwvevs dumili, iq sadac sityva
qreba, gaurkvevloba isadgurebs.
tye, sadac moqmdeba TamaSdeba, kunZulzea, sadac urTxelebi,
tirifebi da kviparosebi aRmarTulan. kunZuli, romelic wyliT
SemosazRvruli, gancalkevebuli sivrcea, simboloTa metyvelebaSi ganixileba rogorc, erTi mxriv, legendaruli adgili, proeqcia dakargul samoTxeze, meore mxriv ki es martoobisa da gadasaxlebis simboloa, cxovrebisgan mowyvetis, sadac sakuTari Tavis Zieba da axlad aRmoCena xdeba, sadac unda moaxerxo da gadarCe. rac Seexeba tyes, igi bodleris simbolisturi gaazrebis
mixedviT, igive samyaros taZaria, sadac sityvebi gaurkvevlad,
areulad aRweven da adamians uwevs simboloTa tyeSi gzisgakvleva. am tyeSi xma, surneli da feri erTmaneTSia areuli, rogorc bneli da naTeli. yvelaferi erTmaneTisken miiswrafis, da
suli da gonebac erTmaneTSi ireva.
roca sityvebi saerTod qreba, rCeba mxolod simboloebi.
meterlinkis brmebSi kunZulze mdebare tyeSi qreba moZRvris xma da mas anacvlebs sxvadasxvagvari xmauri, maT Soris talRebis xmac, romelic zogierTebs aqamde arasdros gaegoT,
Tumca ki, arc kunZulia didi da maTi TavSesafaric zRvisgan
arc Tu ise Sors aris. axla ki, zRvis xmauri ise aRwevs maT
yuramde, TiTqos iqve, gverdiT yofiliyos. talRebi sul ufro
Zlieri da saSiSi xdeba, adamianebi ki _ sul ufro damfrTxalni.
uxucesi brma: xom iciT, rom kunZuli didi ar aris da
ismis, rogorc ki galavans da TavSesafars gavcdebiT.
meore brmadSobili: me arasdros gamigonia.
mesame brmadSobili: dRes isea, TiTqos aqve iyos; ar miyvars
ase axlos misi mosmena (meterlinki 1904:43.).
155
bela CekuriSvili
156
Bella Chekurishvili
Eine allgemein verstndliche Einfhrung fr Laien." aus: "Bausteine
einer systemischen Nachrichtentheorie", Wiesbaden.
The one-act drama "Blinds" by Maurice Maeterlinck depicts an
evangelical picture: it presents a priest on an isolated island with his
twelve followers whom the pastor has brought to the woods. But the
priest is dead, and his parish is the group of the blind from the asylum.
According to the Christian iconographic tradition, the priest sits in the
middle and the twelve are placed to his right and left by six. The
157
iconographic order is ruined when the priest is silent and his voice can no
longer be heard. Chaos begins both in nature, in the form of the wind, the
sea storm, the sudden snowfall, as well as in the human souls. The
Biblical order by Maeterlinck' cannot be established in real life. A human
being is helpless like blind in the chaos which follows its breach. He can
find solution only by means of symbols. For the symbolist Maeterlinck's
chaos is nothing but another symbol from which the literature is born.
naTela Citauri,
Sorena SamanaZe
modernistuli
sazogadoebis wesrigidan
postmodernistul qaosamde
(nino xaratiSvilis merve sicocxlis
mixedviT)
dRevandelma interkulturulma,
globalurma procesebma, postmodernistulma viTarebam diskusiisa da ganxilvis sagnad aqcia bevri TiTqos aqamde yuradRebis miRma darCenili problema.
logikuria Tanamedrove, winaaRmdegobebiT savse samyaroSi interesi qaosisa da
kosmosis mimarT.
miTologiis Tanaxmad, wesrigi anu
kosmosi iqmneba qaosidan. qaosi aris
uformo mdgomareoba, kosmosi ki mowesrigebulobas gulisxmobs. qaosi da
kosmosi gardamavali mdgomareobebia, anu
qaosis mowesrigeba kosmosiT mTavrdeba,
kosmosis Sinagani rRvevis Sedegad ki
isev qaosi warmoiSoba; samyaro maradmoZravia, mas xan mowesrigebuli forma
aqvs, xan mouwesrigebeli.
vfiqrobT, kosmosisa da qaosis opoziciur viTarebas organulad ukavSirdeba gansxvavebani modernistul da postmodernistul mdgomareobebs Soris.
miCneulia, rom modernuloba arsebobs
mxolod wesrigis pirobebSi, xolo pos-
159
160
161
identobani, postmodernistuli tendenciebi, romelTa modelirebac xdeba dRes interkulturul literaturaSi, ara mxolod cvlis literaturis Tematikas, aramed xdeba qaosur faseulobaTa reprezentaciebis safuZveli. dRes mwerlobaSi sruliad bunebrivad aqtualizdeba da mravalferovani xdeba socialuri, yofiTi Temebi. Tanamedrove literaturaSi, nacvlad heriokuli, patriotuli, amaRlebuli siyvarulis Tematikisa, momravlda socialuri dramebi da mtkivneuli Temebi, magaliTad, omi,
eTnokonfliqtebi da sxv.
4. mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi, Janrobrivi qaosi. interkulturul-migraciulma, socialur garemoze orientirebulma, postmodernistulma literaturam qaosis epoqaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad, realobasTan adaptaciisaTvis moimarjva postmodernistuli mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebani:ironia,simulakri, TamaSi, parodiuli Tu satiruli efeqtebi. Tanamedrove
literaturis diskursSi Zlierdeba aseve biografiuli Janri saojaxo romanis saxiT, rasac aqvs Tavisi mizezebi. Tanamedrove
samyaroSi sxva Rirebulebebis moSlasTan erTad gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuri gaxda ojaxuri institutis rRveva. gaZlierebuli
SromiTi Tu sxva saxis migraciebi, omebi, genderuli balansis
ryeva, cxovrebis daZabuli ritmi nel-nela safuZvels aclis
ojaxis simyares. biografiuli Janri, saojaxo sagebi ganakuTrebiT aqtiurdeba kroskulturul-migraciul literaturaSi. emigrant mwerals ugrovdeba inteleqtualuri, biografiuli kapitali: rogor aRmovCndi emigraciaSi, rogor gadavadne Cemi gamocdileba literaturul teqstad (litovskaia 2013: 436-446).
swored am biografiebis moyoliT SeeZloT maT ucxour toposSi
interesis gaRviveba. avtobiografiuli romanis Janri saukeTesod
moergo emigrantul enas, anu emigraciaSi, saidis azriT, iqmneba
`teritoriis miRmiTi Janri~ (saidi 2003: 43).
modernistuli sazogadoebis wesrigidan postmodernistul
qaosamde - am gzis literaturuli reprezentaciebi yvelaze naTlad warmoCndeba Tanamedrove kroskulturul-migraciul mwerlobaSi. magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT: postsabWoTa qaosi levan beriZis romani fora; socialuri qaosi - nana eqvTimiSvilis romani msxlebis mindori, migraciul-postmodernistuli
qaosi - nino xaratiSvilis romani merve sicocxle brilkasaTvis.
162
amjerad SevCerdebiT nino xaratiSvilis romanze merve sicocxle brilkasaTvis. nino xaratiSvilis, rogorc mwerlis
identoba, aRbeWdilia ori markeriT, erTi: rom is aris migranti
mwerali da meore - qali avtori.
mweralma Tavisi Canafiqris gamosaxatavad airCia saojaxo
romani. xaratiSvili wers germanulad, oRond aRwers saqarTvelos istorias erTi ojaxis magaliTze rogorc qarTveli da am
sistemis monawile.
romani `merve sicocxle~-es aris mZimewoniani wigni pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. 1280 gverdze mocemulia
jaSebis gvaris istoria, dawyebuli mefis ruseTidan- oqtombris
revolucia, stalinizmi, msoflio omebi, sabWoTa periodi da
postsabWoTa periodebi- vidre dRevandel dRemde. rogorc TviTon ambobs, vxvdebodi, rom CvenTan, rogorc bevr postsabWoTa
qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrivi Sefaseba, analizi ar momxdara. ar gadafasebula realurad araferi, ar dasmula sajarod Zalian bevri SekiTxva, ar uRiarebia aravis Secdomebi. sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg Zalian male moirgo saqarTvelom msxverplis roli, romelic simarTlis mxolod erTi nawilia, xolo sakuTar
cudze, araswor gadawyvetilebebze, oportunizmze aravin saubrobda. raRacnairad vgrZnobdi, rom CemTvis aucilebeli iyo imis
Secnoba, rac Cems ukan idga, aucilebeli iyo gacnobiereba, ra
niadagze dgas dRes saqarTveli, is qveyana, romelic Cemi nawilia. xolo bolo wlebSi es aucilebloba raRacnairad gamimwvavda. es SekiTxvebi rom ara, am wigns ver davwerdi (interviu:
internetresursi).
wigni iwyeba stasias dabadebiT, 1900 wels, rac emTxveva
saukunis dasawyissac da modernistuli epoqis Casaxvasac. Sokoladis fabrikantis ojaxi qarTul zRvispira provinciul qalaqSi am periodSi iyo mowesrigebuli, es samyaro nel-nela ireva
meoce saukunis kataklizmebis kvaldakval, periodulad wynardeba, kosmosi enacvleba qaoss da piriqiT, vidre Tanamedrove postmodernul viTarebamde. romanis mTxrobeli aris stasias SvilTaSvili nica, romelic 1973 wels daibada. man gamoiara oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis saqarTvelos gaWirveba, samoqalaqo omi,
gawyvita kavSiri ojaxTan da cxovrobs germaniaSi. Tumca warmomavlobam Tavi mainc Seaxsena, roca misi Tormeti wlis disSvili amsterdamSi Tavis mocekvaveTa ansambls CamoSorda da TbilisSi ar dabrunda. nica eZebs mas da mTel wigns swored mis-
163
Tvis wers, cdilobs, daanaxos me-20 saukunis qartexilSi Cakarguli Tavisi ojaxis bediswera. swored mas uyveba Svidi pirovnebis, maTi ojaxis wevrebis istorias, rom merves brilkas
adgili gamouTavisuflos. bolo wignSi, romelsac brilka~
hqvia, datovebulia carieli furclebi, rom axali cxovreba daiweros.
Zneli saTqmelia, saiT ganviTardeba interkulturul- migraciuli literaturis dRevandeli qaosuri aspeqtebi. yovel
SemTxvevaSi saWiroa migraciuli literaturis adgilis gansazRvra dRevandel kroskulturul sivrceSi, imis kvleva da gaazreba, Tu ra gavlenas axdens literaturuli velis ganviTarebaze postsabWoTa epoqa, migraciuli literaturuli Senakadebi,
masTan dakavSirebuli identobaTa cvladobani, fsiqosocialuri
faqtorebi, mwerlobis socializaciis dRevandeli niSnulebi,
postmodernistuli viTarebis kulturuli da esTetikuri dominantebi.
literatura:
bhabha 1994: BhabhaThe Location of Culture. New York: Routledge
tolkaCevi 2013: .. .
. . . . 2013,
2.http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-gibridnoyidentichnosti-v-sovremennoy-multikulturnoyliterature#ixzz3me6rStyS
litovskaia 2013: VII saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. literatura
devnilobaSi masalebi .2013 2:436-446.
saidi 2003: , .
1, 2003, accessed 1 September 2013; available from
http://magazines.russ.ru/inostran/2003/1/saide.htm
xaratiSvili 2014: Haratischwili N. Das achte Leben (fr Brilka)
Frankfurter Verlagsanstalt
xaratiSvili 2014: http://lustauflesen.de/gespraech-mit-nino-haratischwili/
164
laSa CxartiSvili
qaosi Tanamedroveobis
romeo da julietaSi
21-e saukunis qarTul TeatrSi intensiurad idgmeba Seqspiris piesebi, maT
Soris, makbeti da romeo da julieta. yvelaze metad radikaluri scenuri
interpretaciebi (speqtaklebis koncefciisa da formis gaTvaliswinebiT) ki romeo da julietas dadgmebSi SeimCneva,
romelic TiTqos gvarianad Sordeba kidec pirvelwyaros, originalur teqsts.
piesaSi, romelSic yvelaferi mizezSedegobriv kavSirSia da saaTiviT aris awyobili movlenaTa Tanmimdevroba, epizodebi
logikuri jaWviT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs,
Tanamedrove
dadgmebSi
pirvelwyaros
dramaturgiul-konceptualuri
sistema
irRveva da sruliad axali, xSir SemTxvevaSi qaosuri realoba iSleba mayureblis Tvalwin.
areuloba Tanamedroveobis romeo
da julietas sxvadasxva scenur interpretaciaSi gansxvavebuli formiT, motiviT da saxiT gvxdeba. speqtaklebis ganxorcielebisas Tu erTgan reJisorebi
Seqspiris teqsts qaosurad warmogvidgenen, meoregan speqtaklis Janrul uwesrigobas vxvdebiT, an dadgmis stilistikis srul disharmonias.
166
laSa CxartiSvili
dramaturgiuli pirvelwyaros struqturis darRveva, axleburi koncefciebis Seqmna scenuri interpretaciebis saSualebiT,
speqtaklebis Janrul-stilisturi aRreva ganpirobebulia globaluri procesebiT, romelTac TeatrSic SeaRwia, xelovnebis saxeobaSi, romelic cxovrebis sarkea da masSi areklavs mxolod
dRevandelobas.
samyaro, romelSic vcxovrobT, TiTqos harmoniulobis princips gascda da qaosis mdgomareobaSi gadavida. swored am qaosSi
gacilebiT mniSvnelovania da xelsayreli axleburi urTierTobebis, siyvarulisa Tu politikuri bataliebis, dapirispirebebis
danaxva ise, rogorc aqamde aravis ucdia daenaxa, radgan samyaros, Tavisi mdgomareobis sxvadasxva etapze, sxva problemebi
hqonda gadasaWreli. am areulobaSi ki gamoikveTa axali epoqisTvis damaxsiaTebeli problemebis speqtri da ciklebi, romelTa
gadaWras Teatris reJisorebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli meTodiT da principiT cdiloben.
postsabWoTa qarTuli Teatris Seqspiris romeo da julietas scenur interpretaciebSi mniSvnelovani gardatexa reJisor giorgi margvelaSvilis dadgmam - julieta da romeo
(TumaniSvilis Teatri, 2002 w.) moaxdina. aman ubiZga 21-e saukunis axal dadgmebs. Tavad goga margvelaSvilis dadgmis koncefcia Seapiroba TanamedroveobaSi mimdinare procesebma, genderul omSi ZalTa axalma gadanawilebam da im qaosma, romelic am
brZolebma gamoiwvia. giorgi margvelaSvilis speqtaklSi mTavari
Zala julieta (msaxiobi ia suxitaSvili) iyo da ara romeo.
qalTa aqtiurobam sazogadoebriv, socialur-politikur cxovrebaSi asaxva hpova speqtaklSi da is gamoixata ara mxolod saTauris SecvliT, aramed movlenebiT, romlebic julieta da romeo-Si gaTamaSda. genderul qaosSi gamoikveTa axali Taobis da
epoqis problemebi _ mamakacebis gavlenebis Sesusteba, maTi indiferentuloba, nihilizmiT ganmsWvalva da motivaciebisgan dacla.
am fonze gamoikveTa qalis aqtiuroba da Zala, SesaZleblobebi,
romlebic bevrad aRemateba mamakacisas. maT ikisres pasuxismgebloba da funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, ramac erTgvari qaosi Seqmna.
movlenaTa arev-darevis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs vxvdebiT mixeil marmarinosis mier ganxorcielebuli dadgmiT R+J;
bediswera dabneulia; romeo da julieta; mesame mexsiereba (TumaniSvilis Teatri; 2012 w.). speqtakli Sinaarsobrivad da siuJeturi konstruqciiTac gvarianad daSorebulia originalur
167
168
laSa CxartiSvili
169
170
laSa CxartiSvili
Lasha Chkhartishvili
The Chaos of Modern times in "Romeo and Juliet"
In Georgian theatre of XXI century intensively is staged
Shakespeare's plays. Between them are "Macbeth" and "Romeo and
Juliet". It's more radical interpretation at the scenic (considering
performances concept and form) in "Romeo and Juliet" performances are
observed in which it turns away from the sources of the original text.
Performance in which everything is related with cause effect and is
assembled with sequence of events, episodes are connected with logical
chain to each other. In modern performances original dramatic conceptual
system is violated and completely new chaotic reality is falling in front of
the viewer quite often.
Mess of modernity of "Romeo and Juliet" in various scenic
interpretation can be found in different motive and form. If one director
presents Shakespeare's text chaotically, another one occurs genre disorder
or performance stylistics full of disharmony.
The dramatic structure of the original violation, create a new
concept with scenic interpretation, performances genre stylistic confusion
are conditioned with global processes, which is infiltrated the theatre, the
art which is a mirror of living and it reflects only current.
World in which we live, however passed the principle of harmony
and moved in chaos condition. Wright now, it's more important enabling
a new relationship of love, to see confrontation of politicians, so far as
anyone tried. As the world with variety of conditions it's various stages
had to solve other problems. In this confusion appeared a new era
characteristic problems and cycles. For this theatres directors are going to
solve this problem from each other with different principle and method.
mindia cecxlaZe
primordialuri qaosis
formaluri niSani Salva
bakuraZis poeziaSi
qaosi, rogorc kosmosis winare
mdgomareoba, rogorc primordialuri
fenomeni, Tanamedrove religiur-filosofiur azrovnebaSi mniSvnelovani konceptualuri niSania. Tanamedrove feministuri moZraoba, e.w. qalRmerTebis
feminizmi aris sinamdvilis erTgvari
feministuri, Tealogiuri xedva, igi arCevs da qmnis sicocxlis dasturmyofel
ginocentrul miTebs, raTa daupirispiros patriarqalur religiur modelebs
(raid-baueni 2007:39). es moZraoba da,
zogadad, ginocentruli diskursi formalurad
emsgavseba
nicSeanur-dekonstruqcionistul paradigmas, maTTvis saerToa qaosis, gaxdomis, qmnadobis, droiTobis da sicocxlis dasturyofa
yofnis fiqsirebuli mdgomareobebis
dasturyofis sapirispirod, aseve saerToa dapirispireba patriarqalur religiur-filosofiur samyarosTan (raid-baueni 2007:127-128). patriarqalur diskursSi qaosi asocirdeba qalurobasTan,
romelic saWiroebs kontrols mamakacuri Zalis mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom qaosi aris warmomSobi wyaro, igi negatiuradaa Sefasebuli. qalRmerTebis femi-
172
mindia cecxlaZe
nizmi rodi uaryofas wesrigs, Tealogiuri gagebiT qaosi warmoSobs wesrigs, oRond igi mudmivi rodia (raid-baueni 2007:129).
aq aSkaraa msgavseba dekonstruqcionistul paradigmasTan,
marTlac feministebma aiTvises deridas mosazreba, rom dasavleTis prezensis metafizikis logocetrizmi aseve SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc falocentrizmi. idea, rom mamakaci ufro racionaluria, vidre qali da amitomac imsaxurebs ufro met Zalauflebas, asaxulia dasavluri metafizikisTvis centralur metaforebSi, rogorc feministebma aCvenes, racionalizmis da humanizmis metaforebSi azrovneba falosis Tvisebebs flobs (agresiuli, mtkice) maSin, roca is, rasac azrovneba eufleba warmodgenilia qalis sasqeso organos TvisebebiT (areuli, dabneuli, is,
rac saWiroebs organizebas) (kenedi... 1995:195-196).
qalRmerTebis feminizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im religiebze, romlebic qaoss dadebiTad ganixilaven (raid-baueni
2007:129). esenia qalRmerTis religiebi da miTologiebi, romlebic evropaSi yvaoda Zv.w. meSvide aTaswleulSi. saubaria didi dedis kultze, romelic, savarudod, mTels evropaSi dominirebda (limingi 2005:320).
Salva bakuraZis poeziaSi ginocentrul perspeqtivaze saubari ganpirobebulia sicocxlis dasturyofis da feminuri
diskursis niSnebis TanaarsebobiT. ginocentrul TealogiaSi qali da kaci Tanabrad dasturyofilia da, amave dros, seqsualoba
soteriologiis nawilia. ginocentrul religiebad ganixileba
tantra da daoizmi. qalisadmi pozitiuri damokidebulebis konteqstiT nicSe axsenebs zogadad sicocxlis dasturyofis diskurss manus kanonebSi (nicSe 2005:56-57). tantrisa da daoizmis
garda seqsualoba soteriologiis nawilia ebraul kabalaSi, sufizmsa da vajraiana budizmSi. Salva bakuraZis teqstebi moicavs
eqsplicitur miniSnebas aRmosavlur mistikur diskursebze, rogorebicaa daoizmi da vedanta, aRsaniSnavia bhagavadgitas aluzia. teqstebSi miniSnebulia qalis da seqsualobis dasturyofa,
sakralizeba-idealizeba. ginocentrulobis yvelaze TvalsaCino
gamoxatulebaa pasaJi leqsidan iosebi, romelic eqspliciturad, citaciis doneze ukavSirdeba ginocentrul daoizms:
Cvens safuZvels dedaSi vxedav
Cven gviyvars kveba dedisagan
Cvens axlo mdgom dedas veTayvanebi (bakuraZe 2013:31).
173
ginocentrulobis niSnebi Salva bakuraZis poeziaSi vrceli argumentaciis sagania, aq Cemi mizania qaosis niSnis konkretuli konceptualuri gaazreba, rac ukavSirdeba zogadad Salva
bakuraZis poeziis hermenevtikul gaazrebas da aseve zemoxsenebul diskursebs.
nicSesTan filosofia, zogadad, ena aris Rirebuli ara
reprezentaciuli, aramed pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT (bunini...
2003:834), aseve deliozi gansazRvravs filosofias rogorc
konceptebis Seqmnas, sadac konceptebi arc WeSmaritia, arc
mcdari. konceptebis sargeblianoba mxolod problemebSia, romlebiTac mas ZaluZs Cveni daintereseba, da azrovnebis axal
gzebSi, romlebsac igi qmnis (gudCaildi, 2002:26). deliozis
azriT, mwerlebi iseTive moazrovneebi arian, rogorebic filosofosebi, ubralod, isini azrovneben ara cnebebis, aramed sityvebis meSveobiT (smiTi... 2013:25).
haidegeris mixedviT, azrovneba da poezia enas ki ar iyeneben gamoxatvisaTvis, aramed swored maTi saSualebiT yalibdeba
ena (eldriji 2009:64). sityva ki ar warmoadgens, aramed qmnis
mniSvnelobebs, sityva qmnis sagnebs, ise, rogorc Cven gvesmis
sagnebi, realobaSi arsebuli sagnebi Cvens gonebaSi Semodis sityvis da ara ramegvari mentaluri Sesatyvisis meSveobiT. sityvis
gareSe ar arsebobs azri. am azriTaa ena yofnis saxli haidegerTan. mentaluri Sesatyvisis ararsebobis gamo, sityvebis mier
mniSvnelobis warmoqmna araa stabiluri da dasrulebuli procesi (eldriji, 2009:68), enas aqvs Tavisi utyuari yofna mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mniSvnelobaTa axali korelaciebi da
amgvarad - Tumca ara aucileblad - axali sityvebi da frazebi
emateba mas gagebis Sedegad (uotsi 2011:164). Tumca yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi es Tviseba dakargulia (malpasi... 2015:121) da
mxolod poeturi sityva aRidgens mas (uotsi 2011:164).
Sesabamisad, poeturi ena aris polifonia da e.w. orazrovani orazrovneba ara im azriT, rom oridan erT-erTia WeSmariti mniSvneloba, aramed msgavsi orazrovneba or dapirispirebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs arastabilurobas. igi saerTod ar
awarmoebs orazrovnebas arsebuli mniSvnelobebisgan, aramed
aTavsebs orazrovnebas sivrceSi, romelic am mniSvnelobaTa SuaSia da arc erTs warmoadgens da arc meores, haidegerTan
adamiani, sagnebi da ena, yvelaferi moyvanilia moZraobaSi da
174
mindia cecxlaZe
175
176
mindia cecxlaZe
haidegeris mixedviT, eqsistencialuri gamocdilebis aRwerisas reifikaciisa da Teoretizaciis aridebis mizniT, saWiroa formaluri miniSneba, rac gulisxmobs ara raRacis mtkicebas Seumcdari da absoluturi codnis miwodebis pretenziiT,
aramed mimarTulebis zomier miniSnebas im movlenisken, romelsac vikvlevT, Sedegis winaswar dadginebis gareSe, imgvarad, rom
darCes Semdgomi dazustebis da Sesworebis SesaZlebloba (malpasi... 2015:109). es ar niSnavs inteleqtualuri sizarmacis waxalisebas da konceptualizmTan dapirispirebas, Tumca igi agvaridebs konceptualur dogmatizms (malpasi... 2015:110).
mkiTxvelis mier warmoqmnili mniSvneloba interpretaciis
Sedegia, xolo interpretacia gulisxmobs e.w. niRbebis Cxvletas, rogorc deliozis aRniSnavs, filosofoss uwevs religiuri niRbis tareba; erTi mxriv, man unda irwmunos am niRbis, romlis damarcxeba mas ZaluZs misTvis axali azris miniWebiT, romelic gamoxatavs namdvilad antireligiur Zalas (deliozi
2002:5). anu religiuri niSani SesaZloa mxolod formaluradaa
religiuri da warmoadgens filosofiur koncepts, Cven ver vendobiT teqstis eqsplicitur aspeqts.
magaliTad, Seucnobadoba misticizmSi transcendentur
realobas da mistikur gamocdilebas mimemarTeba, xolo filosofiaSi - imanenturobas. JorJ batai uwodebs mas Sinagan gamocdilebas, mistikurs gamocdilebas, Tumca batai, mxolod
iyenebs mistikuri mimarTebebis CarCos, raTa gaauqmos igi, batai
blanSos msgavsad, gvTavazobs Seucnobelis axal Teologias,
oRond es Seucnobeli araa RmerTi (kereti 1999:21). deliozTan sicocxlis realoba Seucnobadia, radgan igi miuwvdomelia
saRi azris im kategoriebisTvis, romlebiTac Cven Cveulebriv
SevimecnebT sagnebs. es ki, cxadia ar gulisxmobs transcendentulis mistikur gamocdilebas (heinzi 2012:71).
sagulisxmoa, rom Salva bakuraZis poeziaSi Tavad enis,
poeziis polifoniurobis konceptic formaluri niSania, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT rogorc dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur
diskursebs, radgan teqstebSi orive maTgania warmodgenili. saubaria haidegeris da daoizmis dialogis SesaZleblobaze am
TvalsazrisiT (Ji 2012:40), amave konteqstSi ganixileba Zen-budizmi (Ji 2012:53), haidegeris ena yofnis saxlia SeiZleba SevadaroT sufi mistikosi hafizis frazas: rasac vsaubrobT,
xdeba saxli, sadac Cven vcxovrobT (murzi 2006:120). filoso-
177
178
mindia cecxlaZe
Mindia Tsetskhladze
Formal Sign of Primordial Chaos In Shalva Bakuradzes Poetry
Chaos, as a pre-cosmic condition, as a primordial phenomenon is
important conceptual sign in a contemporary thought. Modern feminist
movements are reviving old gynocentric religions and mythology to
oppose patriarchal religious paradigm. These gynocentric religions, at
least formally, have something common with contemporary Nietzscheandeconstructionist paradigm, namely, affirmation of chaos, becoming,
temporality and life as opposed to affirmation of fixed states of being.
In Shalva Bakuradzes poetry there is indicated gynocentric
discourse and on the other hand, in his poetries author is indicating that
his poetry should be read in deconstructive manner, which means that
179
eka WyoiZe
181
182
eka WyoiZe
183
184
eka WyoiZe
185
lobiT arsebuli qaosi samyaroSi realurad xom ar aris kosmosis safuZveli. amis gadasawyvetad, albaT, gasaTvaliswinebelia
penias pozicia: swored brma, anu usamarTlo plutosi ubiZgebs adamians xelovnebisa da sibrZnis mopovebisken swrafva SeinarCunos. Sesabamisad, xom ar gamodis, rom is, rac adamians qaosad eCveneba, sinamdvileSi kosmosis ganmapirobebelia?
literatura
antikuri literatura 2009: sauniversiteto kursi, r. gordezianisa da n. tonias saerTo redaqciiT, Tb.
aristofane 2013: aristofane, komediebi, mTargmneli l. berZeniSvili, msoflio literaturis biblioTeka t. 11, Tb.
aristofanes 1992:,,
isterlingi 2003: Easterling P.EKnox B.M.W,
(Targmani berZnulad),
Eka Chkoidze
Wealth the reason of chaos or the base of cosmos?
According to the tradition, Aristophanes (452 or 445-386), the
best comic playwright had composed 44 plays, from which only 11
survived. The Ploutos (= Wealth) is the last one among those 11.
Ploutos is the god of wealth who in this work has been presented as a
blind and old man. It is a symbolic way to express humanitys eternal
complaint towards him: the Ploutos is extremely unfair, unbelievably
generous only to bad people and traducers. For this reason the author
decided to cure the protagonist (Ploutos) and to make him able to see. But
in the new reality everything changed in such a manner that the reader
wonders: maybe the chaos caused by the blind and unfair Ploutos, is the
cosmos?
gia joxaZe
`evraziuli wesrigi~ da
qarTuli mwerloba
`evraziulobis Teoriis~ saTaveebi jer
kidev me-19 s. 30-ian wlebSia saZiebeli, Tumca evraziuloba, rogorc Zlieri inteleqtualuri moZraoba, me-20 s. 20-ian wlebSi yalibdeba - es gaxldaT reaqcia 1917 wlis oqtombris socialistur revoluciasa da
proletariatis diqtaturis damyarebaze. evraziulobis doqtrina Seiqmna rus emigrant
mecnierTa mier. eseni arian: lingvistebi nikolai trubeckoi (1890-1938) da roman iakobsoni (1896-1982), ekonomisti da geografosi petre savicki (1895-1968), iuristi da
filosofosi nikolai aleqseevi (1879-1964),
istorikosi jorj vernadski (1887-1973),
religiis filosofosi vladimir ilini
(1891-1974) da sxv. am moZraobis maRali reputacia efuZneboda mis monawileTa samecniero renomes da avtoritets. faqtobrivad, es
gaxldaT rusi xalxis hegemonobiT daRdasmuli politikuri da kulturul-ekonomikuri globalizaciis Teoria, romelic sam
princips emyareboda:
* slavofilTa bizantinizms anu bizantiuri memkvidreobisa da marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis aRiarebas ZiriTad elementad,
rac erwymoda Tanamedrove evropuli civilizaciis miuReblobas;
187
gia joxaZe
188
189
gia joxaZe
190
191
gia joxaZe
192
193
gia joxaZe
194
daskvnis magier
uwinaresad, leqsSi `ilaiali~ arsadaa naxsenebi evrazia an evraziuloba. piriqiT: lirikul gmiri naRvelsa da sasowarkveTas gauTangavs imis gamo, rac iyo da damTavrda, daikarga... SeiniSneba ramdenime markeri, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, am viTarebis Semoqmedisa: es skviTeTia, ruseTis metafora.
qarTvel poetebs utopiuri evraziisaTvis ar ecalaT. maT TavianTi samSoblos dakarguli damoukidebloba anaRvlebdaT. rac Seexeba sabWoTa kavSirs, evraziuli moZraobis ideologebi yovelnairad
cdilobdnen misi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis politikur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli inversia SeeTavazebinaT, rasac Cven mier mikvleuli masalac adasturebs.
Gia Joxadze
Eurasian Cosmos and Georgian Men of Letters
qeTevan mayaSvili,
ivane murusiZe
qaosi
antikuri berZnuli
miTologiidan Tanamedrove
maTematikur Teoriamde
miTiuri kosmogoniis qaosi
Cveni yoveldRiuri leqsikaSi sityva `qaosi~, rogorc mouwesrigeblobis
da destruqciis sinonimi, CvenSi aRiqmeba, rogorc regularuli struqturis
sruli da zogjer Seuqcevadi moSlisa
da gadagvarebis xati. magram `qaosi~
Cvens cnobierebaSi aseve acocxlebs antikur kosmogoniur miTs samyaros warmoSobisa da evoluciis Sesaxeb. es miTi,
erTi SexedviT gulubryvilo da aramecnieruli, Tavisi siRrmiT da niuansebiT
ufro axlos aRmoCnda Tanamedrove mecnierul warmodgenebTan qaosis Sesaxeb,
vidre Cveni emociiT dabindul intuiciaze dayrdnobili zerele warmodgena `qaosze~.
gavixsenoT miTosuri kosmogoniuri
suraTi hesiodes Teogoniis mixedviT
(hesiode: 1914):
Tavdapirvelad iyo mxolod dausabamo, usazRvro, bneli qaosi. qaosi iyo
sicocxlis wyaro samyaroSi. mTeli samyaro da ukvdavi RmerTebi gaCndnen usasrulo qaosisagan.
196
misgan iSva gea_dedamiwa; qaosidan warmodga sicocxlismomcemi Zala ltolvisa _erosi; usazRvro qaosisgan gaCnda tartarosi_qveskneli; Ramis wyvdiadisgan iSva saukuno sinaTle. sinaTle moefina mTel samyaros da daibada naTeli dRe. mas Semdeg
dRe da Rame mosdeven erTmaneTs; Tgeam Seqmna miwa, mTagrexilebi
da zRvebi da Sva uranosi_zeca; gea da uranosi_miwa da zeca_SeuRldnen da Sves titanebi da kiklopebi, maT Soris kronosi da rea _ olimpos RmerTTa mSoblebi. kronosma dedis, geas
STagonebiT daamxo mamis, uranosis Zalaufleba. Semdeg igi irTavs reas da maT eyolebaT sami asuli, hestia, demetre da hera,
da sami vaJi: hadesi, poseidoni da zevsi. zevsi imeorebs mamis
gzas da ebrZvis kronoss da sabolood daamxobs mas, ris Semdegac mkvidrdeba olimpoze rogorc uzenaesi RmerTi, da a. S.
amrigad, miTosuri kosmogonia iZleva qaosisgan gaCenili
samyaros dinamikuri evoluciis farTe suraTs, rac ganpirobebulia misi elementebis Zlieri urTierqmedebiTa da mravalmxrivi
kavSirebiT. Tanamedrove qaosis Teoriis terminebiT Tu vityviT,
igi warmogvidgens samyaros, sadac arawrfivi urTierTqmedeba da
ukukavSiri mis elementebs Soris aris samyaros evoluciis mamoZravebeli Zala. es urTierTganpirobebuloba da Zlieri evoluciuri impulsi, rac ase organulia antikuri kosmogoniuri
miTisaTvis, ganamtkicebs im azrs, rom antikuri kosmogonia gulubryvilo, zRaprul narativs rodi warmoadgens, aramed igi
aris bunebrivi samyaros universalobisa da misi evoluciis imanenturobis rwmeniT aRbeWdili alegoriuli xati. es asaxvas
hpovebs qaosis, rogorc pirveladi mediumis da universaluri
kreaciuli Zalis atributikaSic, iseve rogorc samyaros ganviTarebis suraTSi, rac misi calkeuli nawilebis, elementebis
urTierTqmedebiTa da kavSirebiT aris warmodgenili. aqve unda
iTqvas bibliur da miTosur kosmogonias Soris fundamentur
gansxvavebaze: bibliuri kosmogoniis mixedviT RmerTi aris uzenaesi universaluri Zala, ganmwesrigebeli mTeli samyarosi. berZnul kosmogoniaSi ki TviT RmerTebi iSvnen qaosidan. aq RmerTebic ki uzenaes bedisweras emorCilebian. es aris bunebis universaluri sayovelTao kanonzomierebis gancdis anarekli antikur
kosmogoniaSi, rac mas warmogvidgens rogorc Canasaxs samyaros
racionaluri mecnieruli Semecnebis mcdelobisa.
198
moadgens arawrfivi sistemis TviTorganizaciis fenomens garkveul mizidvis areebSi, anu atraqtorebis sivrceSi, rac e. w.
`kompleqsurobis Teoriis~ sagans Seadgens.
qaosi gaqra?
maS ase, qaosma dasabami misca samyaros, romelic gvaqvs
u T v a l a v i feriTa, yvelaferma miiRo saxe _ `g a f o r m d a~_ gaaCnia forma, funqcionaloba da mizandasaxuloba, sasruloba da SemosazRvruloba, moqceulia
drois CarCoSi (sapirispirod SevadaroT amas TviT qaosis atributika: dausabamo, SemousazRvreli, usasrulo, uxilavi (`bneli~)). erTi sityviT _ qaosi gaqra! magram gaqra ki qaosi? rogoraa daRdasmuli qaosiT mis mier naSobi samyaro? rogor ver
varCevT `qaosis saxes~, romelic erTi SexedviT mowesrigebuli
formidan an mdgomareobidan `Semogvyurebs~:
a) Tovlis fifqi warmoadgens wesieri geometriuli formis kristalur warmonaqms,
romlis struqtura ganpirobebulia wylis molekulebis
urTierTqmedebis kanonebiT myar agregatul mdgomareobaSi. marTalia es kanonebi universaluria yvela fifqisaTvis, magram
araa aRmoCenili ori erTnairi formis fifqi, isini gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa, ganumeorebeli formebiT, erTi sityviT,
sruli qaosia. ase rom erTi SexedviT sruliad gamokveTilad
regularuli formis sinamdvile arsebiTad qaosis gamovlinebaa.
b) simetriis darRveva. stumrebi usxedan mrgval magidas.
TiToeuls win udgas TefSi da uwyvia dana-Cangali da xelsaxoci wesisamebr. stumrebi mWidrod sxedan, xolo xelsaxocebi ise
simetriulad awyvia, rom gaugebaria, romeli maTgani ekuTvnis
stumars mis marjvniv Tu mis marcxniv dadebuli. rogorc ki
erTi stumarTagani pirveli irCevs mis marjvniv dadebul xelsaxocs, aqamde arsebuli simetria spontanurad `irRveva~ qreba,
radgan yvela sxva stumari iZulebulia aseve airCios mis marjvniv dadebuli xelsaxoci. abdus salamis am magaliTs, romelic spontanuri simetriis darRvevis sailustraciod mohyavT
xolme (nambu: 1985), SeiZleba SevxedoT asec: Tavidan mdgomareobis maRali simetria erTi SexedviT gamoricxavs yovelgvar qaoss, magram sinamdvileSi swored Tavdapirveli `mowesrigebuli~
200
semiotika da sxva
lela avaliani
luiza xaWapuriZe
gulTan dakavSirebuli
frazeologizmebi arabulsa
da qarTulSi
guli saocari organoa. mis muSaobaze aisaxeba organizmSi mimdinare yvela
procesi, gare samyarosTan uwyveti kavSiri. igi pasuxobs adamianis cxovrebis TiToeul movlenas, avsa Tu kargs. guli,
marTlac, unikaluri organoa, garkveulwilad, avtonomiuric, radgan Seswevs
unari, damoukideblad, organizmis sxva
sistemebis dauxmareblad imuSaos. bevr
religiaSi guli WeSmaritebis, sindisisa
da moraluri gambedaobis emblemaa. islamur, iudeur da qristianul religiur
azrovnebaSi guli RvTis taZars an
taxts gamoxatavs.
guls rom gansakuTrebuli adgili
uWiravs qarTul msoflaRqmaSi, araerTgzis aris SeniSnuli. rogorc arn. Ciqobava miuTiTebs: guli warmodgenilia
azrovnebiTi procesebis centrad, grZnobebis wyarod, temperament-xasiaTis ganmsazRvrelad da organuli SegrZnebebis
(gulis reva, gulis Semoyra) amTviseblad. erTi sityviT, mas ekisreba tvinis,
gulis, kuWisa da, nawilobriv, periferiuli nervuli sistemis magivroba gaswios
sicocxlis matarebeli gulia (Ciqobava
1938: 66).
203
xatovan sityva-Tqmebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze T.saxokia aRniSnavs: guli Cvens xalxs miaCnia Cveni nervebis Sesakrebel organod, romelzec uSualod moqmedebs yvela fsiqikuri gancda:
siyvaruli, sixaruli, simamace, siZulvili, mwuxareba, dard-naRveli (saxokia 1979: 119).
bevr religiaSi guli WeSmaritebis, sindisisa da moraluri
gambedaobis emblemaa. islamur, iudeur da qristianul religiur
azrovnebaSi guli RvTis taZars an taxts gamoxatavs(kenWoSvili
2002: 16).
guliT daaqvs adamians SegrZnebebi, gancdebi, wes-CveulebebTan
dakavSirebuli emociebi, rac gamosWvivis kidec im sityvebsa Tu
frazebSi, romlebsac konkretuli sociumi qmnis. nebismieri enis
idiomebSi Tavmoyrilia eris wes-Cveulebebis, Tvisebebis, tradiciebis, rwmena- warmodgenebisa da istoriis amsaxveli cocxali da
naTeli suraTebi.
universalur kategoriad gvevlineba somaturi frazeologizmebi. maTi Sinaarsi TiTqmis bevr enaSi msgavsia. gansxvavebuli
erovnuli realiebis gamoyofa saSualebas gvaZlevs, gamovavlinoT
enebis ganviTarebis saerTo da specifikuri kanonzomierebani.
statiaSi erTmaneTs SevudareT ori gansxvavebuli erovnebisa
da aRmsareblobis xalxis (marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebisa da muslimi arabebis) metyvelebaSi dadasturebuli gulTan dakavSirebuli gamonaTqvamebi.
gasaanalizeblad SevarCieT Cven mier Sekrebili da ganmartebiT leqsikonebSi dadasturebuli frazeologizmebi. aRmoCnda,
rom isini uamravia. aq ar vsaubrobT mweralTa mier Seqmnil mxatvrul formebze. sailustraciod warmovadgineT mxolod nawili.
Cven gvesmis, rom gulTan dakavSirebuli emociebis gamoxatvis
sruli suraTis warmosaCenad Semdgomi kvlevebia saWiro. kerZod,
Tu rogor, ra saSualebebiT gamoixateba TiToeuli emocia, rogoria mimarTeba pirvelad da meoreul, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gmoxatvas Soris da mravali sxva sakiTxi.
1. aful qalb susti nebisyofis mqone, uZluri (sityvasityviT: susti gulis mqone): susti guli maqvs da daWrilis movlaSi ver dagexmarebi;
2. qalb karm keTili gulis: keTili gulis kaci iyo da bavSvi gazarda;
3. qs al-qalb gulqva, umowyalo, ulmobeli (sityvasityviT:
uxeSi gulis mqone);
204
4. qalb alaf mkacri, ulmobeli, sastiki (sityvasityviT: guliT windaucveTeli). momdinareobs: amisTs amaT itys adonai
ufali: yoveli Ze ucxo naTesavi, windaucveTeli guliTa da windaucueTeli orciTa, ara Sevides wmidaTa mimarT CemTa,
(mcx.bibl. iez., 34, 9). qarTulSi aRniSnuli mniSvnelobiT gvaqvs
ugulo: ugulo kaci ver kacobs, kacTagan ganakidian(S. rusTaveli);
5. amsaka qalbah f yadih simamaciT aivso (sityvasityviT: guli xelSi daiWira). Sdr. qarT.: Tavi xelSi aiyvana, guli gaimagra;
6. biqalb(in) f(in) sufTa guliT . qarTulSic analogiuri
mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba: patiosnad, uborotod, wrfelad me
sufTa guliT movedi TqvenTan;
7. min ammil qalb wrfeli guliT- qarTulSi -wrfeli
guliT miiReT saCuqari Cemgan;
8. fataa qalbahu guli gadauSala, guli gauxsna. qarTulSi:
miendo, yvelaferi uTxra;
9. bikulli qalb (rhi) mTeli suliTa da guliT;
10. tawaqqafa ani-l afqn qalbuh sityvasityviT - gulis cema
Sewyda- gardaicvala .
11. yakul qalbuh al-as mis guls dardi RrRnis (sityvasityviT- auToebs)
12. nna qalb l yart layhi sityvasityviT guls ar uxaria
- guli ar midis masze. qarTulSi: ar moswons, ar surs arc mag
xalxze mimdis guli da arc mag saqmeze;
13. yuqaddimu li a qalbah wa yadah gulsa da xels uwvdis.
qarTulSi gvxvdeba daxmarebis mniSvnelobiT da frazaSi mxolod xeli figurirebs: roca Zalian miWirda, man me xeli gamomiwoda da gadamarCina;
14. irta qalb guli gautyda (imedi gaucruvda): cxovrebaze
guli gautyda
15. albad anil ayn baid anil qalb Tvali Tvals rom moSordeba, guli gadasxvaferdeba ;
16. irta qalbuh gulze moeSva (sityvasityviT - guli daumSvidda). radgan saqme moagvara, guli daumSvidda da dawynarda;
17. inqabaa qalbuh guli daumZimda, damwuxrda, guli SeekumSa.
somatur idiomTa Sinaarsobrivi plani TiTqmis bevr enaSi erTmaneTis msgavsia, magram amas imdenad xSiri xasiaTi aqvs arabul
205
206
Despite the fact that we are dealing with radically different cultures,
the reviewed materials reveals that the formulas dealing with the heart are
identical in most cases in Georgian and Arabian.
All this proves that there is a universal human experience, that all
private culture describes through the prism of his own and in many cases
they coincide in the cultures completely isolated and different .
L
magda anikaSvili
208
magda anikaSvili
. , ,, , " "
, 1973.
2
J. bodriari, naSromi fotografia, anu sinaTliT wera, ciss.org.ge.
3
r. barti, naSromi ,,kamera lusida, ciss.org.ge
209
. , ,, , , 12, 2000.
210
magda anikaSvili
211
arCios. rogor Cans, postsabWoTa realobaSi did ekrans mowyvetil da patara satelevizio, kompiuterul Tu smartfonis monitorebze koncentrirebul axal mayurebels aRqmis aseTi Tavisebureba aqvs. es mocemuloba lotmanis mier identificirebul,
kulturis istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze arsebiT problemasTan
gvabrunebs, romelsac igi emociur ndobas uwodebs: mayurebels
swams ekranis da Tan acnobierebs, rom xelovanis mier Seqmnil
mxatvrul nawarmoebs uyurebs. Tumca am efeqtze lotmani gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi werda. dRes ki es orkomponentiani
formula Tavad ganicdis transformacias, radgan rTulia, gwamdes ekranis, rodesac TviTon ekranis arseboba rig SemTxvevebSi
SeumCneveli xdeba. kidev ufro rTulia gaacnobiero, rom xelovanis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebs uyureb, rodesac xandaxan Tavad xdebi viRacis Canafiqris moqmedi piri.
literatura:
. , ,, , "
" , 1973
J. bodriari, naSromi fotografia, anu sinaTliT wera,
ciss.org.ge
r. barti, naSromi ,,kamera lusida, ciss.org.ge
l. oCiauri, ,,saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria - warmatebuli qarTuli kinos ,,xarisxis niSani, krebuli ,,tradicia da inovacia, 2016w.
. , ,, , , 12, 2000.
212
magda anikaSvili
Magda Anikashvili
Peculiarities of the Language of New Georgian Cinema
For the first audiences the film was a chronicle of scenes from life,
documenting reality.Well known curious scenes are associated with the
first film screenings:panic at the sight of a train approaching and shock
when showing the severed body parts on the screen. Cinematography
was a moving picture and this stereotype has been defining the audiences
relationship with the screen for a long time. This specific relationship when spectatortrusts the screen and simultaneouslyrealizes that this
istheartwork created by an artist has been named the emotional trust by
semioticianJurijLotman.
Similarity of the film with the real life is illusive and is caused by
the technological factor. It creates the false effect, uses the features of
reality giving them other meanings and different content.
Categorization of films in documentary and feature genres is
nominal in modern cinematography. Today the feature-documentary
genre organically combines the characteristics typical to the both
realities.
The analyses showthat despite of the different topics, genres and
directors of the most interesting and successful Georgian films of recent
years there is a common trend - bold realism of feature films and artistry
of documentaries are blurring the nominal lines.
The study of communicative signs of the new Georgian cinema
shows the process of transformation of the film language as well as the
peculiarity of the perceiving abilities of the post-soviet audiences broken
away from the big screen.
Sorena barbaqaZe
214
Sorena barbaqaZe
da ekonomikas; ukompromisod amxelda qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi gadadgmul yvela mcdar nabijs. am dros aTenSi didi Tanxebi ixarjeboda daqiravebuli jaris Senaxvaze. aman gamoiwvia
xazinis dacarieleba. mokavSireebi aTens fuls aRar uxdidnen.
gamdidrdnen isini, vinc kargad auRo alRo Seqmnil mdgomareobas. mdidrebi mzad iyvnen, sakuTari keTildReobis mizniT piri
SeekraT mterTan. demosTenesi maT moRalateebad Tvlida, moralur degradaciaze alaparakda da am sens gadamdebs uwodebda
(simoriebis Sesaxeb, XVIII, XIX). demosTenesi ar erideboda konkretuli pirebisa da faqtebis gamoaSkaravebas. man sworad anu
sindisierad icxovra. amis Sesafaseblad moviyvanT misi cxovrebis kredos, sityvidan gvirgvinis Sesaxeb. demosTenesi miiCnevs,
rom a) yovel wesier moqalaqes ori Tviseba unda axasiaTebdes
znekeTiloba da erTguleba: me mudamJams eTguli viyavi... TqvenTvis arasodes miRalatia...;
b) yvelam unda airCios politikuri moRvawis pirdapiri da
samarTliani gza.
me Tavidanve avirCie aseTi gza Cemi samSolos Rirsebis,
Zlierebisa da keTili saxelis dacva ; g) ar unda gixarodes
sxvebis (mtris) warmatebebi: me ar vulocav zeaweuli marjveniT saamo ambavs (gamarjvebas) imaT, romelnic am saqcielis Sesaxeb auwyeben, visac jer ars...arc Cveni saxelmwifos warmatebebi
momismenia gulisxeTqviT, TavCaqindruls, rogorc am uwmindurebs, romlebic dascinian qveyanas; d) ar unda waxvide Seni
qveynis winaaRmdeg. es uRirsi saqcielia. amiT dascini sakuTar
Tavsac: ganadideben imas, rac sxvaTa Zlierebas aZlevs xels
bedkruli berZnebis xarjze. isini amtkiceben, rom maradJams aseTi viTareba unda SevinarCunoT (demosT. gvirgv. Ses.321324).
mxatvruli proza. berZnuli romani emijneba Tavis sinamdviles, ukve am faqtiT, sinamdvilisagan gamijvniT, igi Tavisi epoqis dokumentia, epoqis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis asaxvas (ginzburgi 1991:144150). es ukve Rirsebaa misi. magram berZnul
romans aqvs ufro mniSvnelovani Rirsebac: rogorc ar cdilobs,
igi gaeqces sinamdviles, amas yovelTvis ver axerxebs (stiuarti
1990; 201202). sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom mkiTxvelis
cnobismoyvareobis dapyroba arasdros Seadgens berZnuli romanis
TviTmizans (dawvr.ix. heinesi 2002). efeqturi scenebi, mZafri
koliziebi aq arasdros iqmneba ideuri kompromisis, zneobrivi
principebis daqveiTebis xarjze. piriqiT, saxaliso fabula gamo-
yenebulia yovelTvis moralur faseulobaTa gasarkvevad sikeTisa da siavis, saTnoebisa da mzakvrobis, WeSmariti siyvarulisa
da avxorculi vnebebis gasamijnad. sainteresoa, imijneba Tu ara
berZnul romanSi sindisiereba da usindisoba; ramdenad Seesabameba WeSmaritebas nicSes gancxadeba: romani sxva araferia, Tu
ara ,,berZnuli literaturis saboloo degradirebuli forma.
,,isini morals arafrad agdeben, pirovnebis ukvdavebis Sesaxeb
survilebs klaven CvenSi imiT, rom gviCveneben ,,kargi bedisweris gamarjvebas faqtebze (nicSe 2000:109)? amis garkvevas heliodorosis eTiopikis magaliTze Sevecdebi. unda vaRiaroT,
rom am mxriv, heliodorosi, sxva berZeni romanistebis msgavsad,
yovelTvis ver aRwevs Tavs garkveul sqematizms, gmirTa keTilebad da borotebad dayofis martiv Tvalsazriss. ritorikis siWarbec afermkrTalebs gmirTa individualurobas, magram saxeebi
mainc cocxalia da saintereso. aq Janris kanoni muSaobs pirobiToba, misi specifika, romelic gulisxmobs ara realuri sinamdvilis aRweras, aramed gansakuTrebuli sinamdvilis Seqmnas,
roca realuri da irealuri uCveuloba Seexameba erTmaneTs.
pirvelad demenetem miiqcia Cemi yuradReba. es iyo kekluci,
magram avsuli qali, romelic flobda cdunebis iSviaT xelovnebas da qalTa Soris yvelaze metad mas SeeZlo mamakacis mojadoeba. igi, sakuTari Svilis movlis mizniT da misi silamaziT
moxiblulma, colad SeirTo berikacma, knemonis mamam. qali ki
gers gaumijnurda da yvelanairad cdilobda yuradRebis miqcevas. veraferi rom ver gaawyo, Surisgebas Seudga: jer loginSi
Cawva da Sin dabrunebul qmars mouyva, rogor Cascxo wixli mucelSi germa da scema muStebiT. knemonma mamis risxva daitexa
Tavs. magram aman qalis guli ver daacxro da xelaxla daugo
maxe. msaxuris gamoyenebiT knemoni daarwmuna, rom demenetes sawolSi sayvareli hyavda da Seaguliana, rom ojaxis Semrcxvens
gasworeboda. saZinebelSi Sevardnil knemons ki iq sakuTari mama
daxvda da dedinacvali, romelic gulwrfel cremlebs Rvrida,
Tan qmars arwmunebda, ai, rom ar gjeroda, magisagan yvelanair
safrTxes unda velodoTo. amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom mamam sabolood moiZula Svili da gaagdo qalaqidan (2460). mTel am
istoriaSi CemTvis saintereso iyo ambis gagrZeleba: 1. erT dResac demenetem igrZno sindisis qenjna, qmars gamoutyda sakuTar
danaSaulSi da dasja Tavadve Txova 2. sanam knemonis mama dasjida avsuls, RmerTebma dasajes igi imiT, rom Rrma WaSi Cavar-
216
Sorena barbaqaZe
da da CaixrCo.
Tesbe. ukeTesi xvedri arc Tesbes ergo. es is Tesbea, romelic unamusod uwyobda xels, erTi mxriv, sakuTari qalbatonis
avxorcobasa da, meore mxriv, knemonis intrigaTa qselSi gaxlarTvas. swored misi monawileobiT daSorda mamaSvili
erTurTs. magram aqac mniSvnelovani CemTvis is faqti iyo, rom
raRac periodis gavlis Semdeg isic sindisis qenjnam Seawuxa.
sakuTari danaSaulis gamosworebas imiT Seecada, rom knemonis
mamasTan aRiara, rogor mouwyo vaJs yvelaferi, xolo Semdeg gaeSura mis mosaZebnad da sakuTar qveyanaSi, sakuTari mamisaTvis
dasabruneblad. Tesbesac Tavisi qalbatonis xvedri ergo. aRiara,
magram mainc daisaja maxviliT ganigmira ucxo qveyanaSi, ucxos xeliT, velze, ise, rom damtirebelic aravin hyavda.
Tiamisi. ra gasakviradac unda mogveCvenos, Tiamisi, yaCaRTa
ufrosi, erTerTi yvelaze simpaTiuri personaJia mTels am romanSi. igi ki Zarcvavs xalxs, magram samarTlianadac iqceva, wessa da kanons ar arRvevs, rac misi ar aris, xels ar axlebs da,
rac yvelaze mTavaria, swored mis da mis TanamebrZolTa mimarT iyenebs heliodorosi sityvas sindisi (3,12,14).
saerTo kanonzomiereba, romelic CvenTvis saintereso problemis TvalsazrisiT, romanis gmirebSi SeiZleba moviZioT, aseT
sqemas efuZneba:
1. sCadis danaSauls (sindisis qenjnis gareSe); ar Cans, rom
dardobs;
2. wlebis mere dardobs (ar Cans, ratom);
3. iTxovs dasjas..... magram sanam kanoni dasjis, RmerTebi
sjian.
aq CvenTvis mTavari is aris, rom gvian, magram mainc, nanobeben gmirebi Cadenil danaSauls, rac sindisis qenjnaze mianiSnebs.
unda vivaraudoT, rom es Sinagani xma imdenad Zlieria, rom
gmirebi Tavadve iTxoven Tavis dasjas.
literatura:
gordeziani 2002: gordeziani r. (2002) berZnuli literatura.
gamomcemloba logosi, Tbilisi.
tejera 1997: V. Tejera (1997), Rewriting the History of Ancient Greek
Philosophy, Greenwood Press.
stiuarti 1990: Stewart S.(1990), Greek Sculpture, Volume 1, New
haven and London.
heinesi 2002: Katharine Haynes (2002), Fashioning the Feminine in the
Greek Novel, Publisher: Routledge .
nicSe 1981: Nietzsche F. (1981), Zur Genealogie der Moral, In: Werke in
Zwei Bnden. Mnchen. Band II.
nicSe 2000: Friedich Nietzsche (2000), The Birth of Tragedy, Trans.
Douglas Smith, Oxford.
Shorena Barbakadze
The Phenomenon of Conscience in Ancient
Greek Rhetoric and Fiction
In the History of greek literature rhetoric is distinguished as a
separateliterary genre.
It certainly encompasses the aesthetic effect i.e. the artistry
principle. As a genre It begins to develop in the 5th century BC along
with the development of a democratic state of Athens. The structure of a
democratic state required from almost all the citizens to have rhetorical
skills, as they often had to make speeches at the court hearings, public
and solemn meetings, parties, etc. Consequently, they dealt with the
current, urgent, relevant issues (Tejera 1997: 432-437). Their speeches
often influenced the course of actions and decision-making processes. For
orators human morality often was the topic of discussion. It is interesting
how much they dealt with the issue of probity? And it is also very
interesting whether the Greek novel distinguishes between probity and
shamelessness; whether Nietzsche's statement is true: "The novel is
nothing but "the final degraded form of Greek literature"."They despise
morality; they kill the desire to be immortal by showing the victory of
"good destiny" over facts "(Nietzsche, 2000: 109).
konstantine bregaZe
modernuli mgrZnobeloba
goeTes faustSi: modernis
epoqis diagnozi da
prognozi tragediis meore
nawilSi
es saukune mefistofeli
(galaktioni)
Sesavali
statiaSi SemoTavazebulia goeTes
teqstis modernuli cnobierebis konteqstSi wakiTxva, radgan fausti, da gansakuTrebiT, tragediis meore nawili,
upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvixiloT,
rogorc erTgvari modernuli mgrZnobelobis gamovlineba.
formulireba modernuli mgrZnobeloba Semogvaqvs bodriaris formulirebis postmodernuli mgrZnobeloba
analogiiT. Cvens formulirebaSi modernuli mgrZnobeloba ki vgulisxmobT
Tanamedrove adamianis, kerZod, modernis
epoqis adamianis cnobierebisa da egzistenciis garkveul kondicias, kerZod,
vgulisxmobT modernis epoqis mier waxalisebul totaluri desakralizaciisa
da dehumanizaciis procesebiT gamowveul
egzistencialur SiSs, TviTidentobis
mopovebis SeuZleblobas, usazrisobisa
da gaucxoebis gancdas, rasac modernis
219
220
konstantine bregaZe
221
222
konstantine bregaZe
223
peratoris mxareze mebrZol sardlad. is da mefistofeli amboxebuli antiimperatoris (Gegen-Kaiser) winaaRmdeg brZolebSi ukve iyeneben im periodisTvis modernizebul axal samxedrosamrewvelo da samxedro-samecniero miRwevebs - balistikur gaTvlebze dafuZnebul sazarbazne kanonadas, samxedro sainJinro gamoTvlebis mixedviT awyobil sainJinro nagebobebs (mag., saxeldaxelo lojistikuri xidebi) (Smidti 2011: 266).
faustSi aseve aisaxa axali social-politikuri ideebi,
kerZod, franguli adreuli socializmis, e. w. sen-simonizmis
ideebi (Sdr., mexuTe aqti) (Smidti 2011: 216).
faustis meore nawilSi aseve miniSnebebia axal aRmoCenebze bunebismetyvelebaSi: kerZod, miniSnebaa 1828 wels germaneli
bunebismetyvelis, fridrix voleris (Whler) eqsperimentebsa
da aRmoCenebze bioqimiaSi, romelTa Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxda araorganuli naerTebisgan miRebuliyo organuli qsovilebi
(kerZod, ZuZumwovrebis cilis molekulebis miReba). Sesabamisad,
gaCnda SesaZlebloba, Semdgom etapze xelovnurad Seqmniliyo
cocxali arsebebi.
faustze muSaobisas fr. voleris am aRmoCenebisa da cdebis Sesaxeb goeTe detalurad iyo informirebuli: informacia
goeTem Tavad voleris maswavleblisagan, stokholmel qimikos
iakob berceliusisagan (Berzelius) miiRo, rodesac isini qalaq
dornburgSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen imave 1828 wels. swored amis
Semdeg qmnis goeTe meore nawilis meore moqmedebaSi laboratoriis scenas: tragediis meore nawilSi homunkulusis, am xelovnuri liliputi adamianis saxiT, iseT arsebas vxvdebiT, romelic faustis famulusma vagnerma da mefistofelma laboratoriuli cdebis Sedegad kolbaSi in vitro gamoiyvanes swored im
bioqimiuri meTodebis safuZvelze (goeTe-leqsikoni... 2004: 209210).
amgvard, ukve me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi safuZveli eyreba axal industriul, teqnologiur, teqnokratul da scientistur eras, anu sakuTriv istoriuli modernis epoqas, kerZod, am epoqis adreul fazas. modernis epoqis suliskveTebis
simbolod tragediis meore nawilSi gvevlineba Tavad mefistofeli, romelic ganasaxierebs swored totaluri ekonomikuri,
kolonizatoruli, momxmarebluri, militaruli, industriuli
Zvrebisa da procesebis stiqiur Zalas. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa mefistos Semdegi fraza: omi, vaWroba da mekobreoba,
224
konstantine bregaZe
225
pirvelive naxevarSi, modernis epoqis adreul etapze iwyeba. rogorc cnobilia, es kulturuli transformaciis procesi Semdgom imave saukunis meore naxevarSi kidev da kidev aCqarebulia,
xolo meoce saukuneSi Tavis kulminacias aRwevs. SemTxveviTi
araa isic, rom faustis meore nawilSi xSirad gvxvdeba siCqaris
gamomxatveli
leqsikuri
erTeulebi:
blickschnell,
Eilebeute, Habebald , rascher Griff, geschwinde,
aufraffen, Gemeindrang eilt (Smidti 2011: 265). da aqve kargad Cans Tavad faustisa da mefistofelis qcevis Taviseburebani: swrafi, mouTmeneli, gauazrebeli, impulsuri, instinqturi,
TavaSvebuli qmedebis eTika (die Tat), rac ase damaxasiaTebelia momxmarebeli sazogadoebisaTvis da konkurenciaze, warmatebasa da warmadobaze orientirebuli sociumisaTvis: nabrZanebia
swrafad, uswrafesad qmna (Geboten schnell, zu schnell getan!)
(taepi: 11382) (goeTe 2001: 198). 2
am kulturuli transformaciis ukiduresad aCqarebul process da Tavad modernis epoqis swraf temps goeTe aRniSnavs neologizmiT velociferuli (veloziferisch). amiT man, erTi
mxriv, mianiSna procesis manqanur-teqnikur bunebaze, meore
mxriv, Tavad am procesis warmmarTveli politikuri, finansuri
da scientisturi elitebis swrafi da instinqturi qmedebis Taviseburebaze. da Tu am neologizmis Zirs da sufiqss davukvirdebiT, iqve fonemur da leqsikur doneze ikiTxeba sityvis kidev
erTi damatebiTi sema, romelic aRniSnuli procesebis luciferul-mefistofelur anu titanur arsze mianiSnebs (Smidti
2011: 266).
konstantine bregaZe
226
2. saimperatoro kari
tragediis meore nawilSi (ix. I aqti) swored saimperatoro karia totaluri racionalizaciis, komercializaciisa da
ekonomizaciis sivrce. iq igoneben da iyeneben swored qaRaldis
fuls, rasac fausti da mefistofeli velociferuli manqanebiT axorcieleben. amiT goeTem kidev erTxel mianiSna Tanamedrove ekonomikur da finansur siaxleebze (aRsaniSnavia, rom qaRaldis fuli swored goeTes sicocxleSi, napoleonis epoqaSi gamoigones) (goeTe-leqsikoni... 2004: 329). amasTan, swored am saimperatoro sivrces axasiaTebs aCqarebuli tempi, am sivrceSi yvelaferi myisierad xdeba, maT Soris qaRaldis fulis mimoqceva. saimperatoro kari es swored axali modernuli sociumis
modelia, iq xorcieldeba yofis racionalizaciisa da xelovnebis komercializaciis amocanebi: Sdr., mefistofelis naTqvamze,
aq fuli gvakldeba (hier aber fehlt das Geld) (taepi: 4890),
imperatori myisve pasuxobs: fuli gvakldeba, maS, gaaCine (Es
fehlt das Geld, so schaff es denn) (taepi: 4926) (goeTe 2001: 11).
xolo mefistosadmi faustis am sityvebSi kargad Cans, erTi
mxriv, politikuri elitebis primitiuli fsiqologia da trivialuri Rirebulebebi, meore mxriv, xelovnebis komercializaciis
tendencia axal droSi:
Sen arc ki uwyi, megobaro,
saiT wagviyvans Seni xelovaneba;
Cven is (imperatori - k. b.) jer simdidriT avavseT,
axla ki misi garTobis droa
227
228
konstantine bregaZe
229
(11502-11503) (goeTe 2001: 201). am konteqstSi ki faustis cnobili sityvebi gaTavisuflebul xalxTan gaTavisuflebul miwaze dgoma (Auf freiem Grund mit freiem Volke stehen) (taepi:
11580) (goeTe 2001: 203) goeTes ironiuli aluziaa, erTi
mxriv, sen-simonisturi tipis socialistur utopiebze da, meore
mxriv, miniSnebaa swored bunebaze damokidebulebisagan gaTavisuflebaze, rasac es axali modernuli cnobiereba velociferuli gaSmagebiT aviTarebs: Tavisufleba, Tavisufal miwaze dgoma
aq swored bunebis kanonebSi axali magiiT Carevas (anu samecniero da teqnologiur Carevas) da bunebis ZalTa scientisturteqnokratul marTvasa da damorCilebas gulisxmobs (rac bunebis marTvisa da damorCilebis iluzia ufroa), ris Sedegadac
adamiani sabolood Tavisufldeba bunebaze damokidebulebisagan,
Semdgom gabatondeba masze da iwyebs mis teqnokratul-ekonomikur aTvisebas (Smidti 2011: 266).
amgvarad, Tanamedrove droSi teqnokrati faustisTvis adamianis Tavisufleba amis iqiT ar midis: axal modernis epoqaSi
Tavad sociumi politikur-ekonomikurad kvlav morCilebaSia da
misi Semdgomi arseboba damokidebulia bazris moTxovnebsa da
monopolisti damsaqmeblis (am SemTxvevaSi utilitaristi da
pragmatikosi faustis) saWiroebebze. sabolood, tragediis meore nawilis mexuTe moqmedebaSi pirveli nawilis odesRac bunebismoyvaruli da sakralur-metafizikuri cnobierebis matarebeli marad maZiebeli romantikosi fausti reducirdeba tipur
pragmatikos da utilitarist teqnokratad, saSualoebis
(Mittelmssigkeit), masobrivi momxmarebluri sociumis, anu saSualo statistikuri biurgerobis warmomadgenlad da mis liderad.
3
bulni da drois morevSi CaTreulni; dRes swored simdidriT da aCqarebuli tempiTaa (Schnelligkeit) mTeli msoflio aRtacebuli, riskenac yoveli iswrafvis; rkinigzis matareblebis, safosto eqspres-etle-
konstantine bregaZe
230
CODA
bis, Tbomavali gemebis da komunikaciis sxva SesaZlebeli moqnili saSualebebis wyalobiT dRes ganaTlebuli msoflio fons gadis, adamianebi erTmaneTis dajabnas cdiloben, TavisTavs kidev ufro met amocanebs wauyeneben da amis Sedegad saSualoebaSi (Mittelmssigkeit) iyinebian (citirebulia i. Smidtis naSromis mixedviT: 2011 264).
4 Sdr.: "msoflio istoria maRladmxedi moazrovnisaTvis sxva araferia
Tu ar uazrobaTa wyeba, aqedan Znelad Tu SeiZleba sulisTvis raime
sargos swavla. [...] igi (msoflio istoria - k. b.) uzomod Seicavs
mxolod sibriyvesa da ugunurebas. [...] arc ise axalgazrda var, rom
msoflio istoriis gamo zedmetad avitkio Tavi, romelic yvelaze absurduli ram aris, rac ki ram amqveynad arsebobs" (werilebidan kancler, igive vaimaris sahercogos iusticiis ministr fridrix fon miulerisadmi - 11. X. 1824, 17. XII. 1828, 06. III. 1828. kancleri miuleri
goeTes sicocxlis bolo wlebSi mwerlis mdivani da ndobiTaRWurvili piri iyo iuridiul sakiTxebSi) (citirebulia i. Smidtis naSromis
mixedviT: 2011, 187).
231
232
konstantine bregaZe
Konstantine Bregadze
Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor
at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
"The Sense of Modernity" in Faust by W. Goethe:
Diagnosis and Prognosis of the Modern
Epoch in the Second Part of the Tragedy
1. The article deals with the understanding of the proposed text
according to the modern conscious. Faust and especially the second part
of the tragedy should be regarded as an expression of "The Sense of
Modernity".
2. The formula "the sense of modernity" is influenced by Jean
Baudrillard "Post-modern Sensitivity". In our formula we mean the
condition of the modern individual and peculiarities of her/his conscious
and existence; namely the existential fear, impossibility of selfidentification, feeling of despair caused by the total de-sacralisation and
dehumanization characteristic for the modernist epoch and on which the
disassociated and separated individual is fully dependent.
3. Hence, from this point of view is Faust by Goethe being analyzed,
were Goethe gives the reader the vision and prognosis of the sensitivity.
giorgi razmaZe
filmuri Tu fotogenuri?
kinematografSi realuri samyaros
mxatvruli organizeba aris vizualuri
qaosidan mowesrigebuli nakadis Seqmna.
es substancia anu filmi aerTianebs rogorc kinolingvistur models, aseve
XX-e saukunemde kacobriobisTvis ucnob
(Tumca, bela balaSis mixedviT, gamosaxuleba win uswrebda sityvas) metaazrs,
romelic mxolod amoZravebul gamosaxulebebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. rolan
barti aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs garkveuli mesame azri, mesame Sre, romlis verbaluri artikulaciac SeuZlebelia (maqsimum, Cven SegviZlia masTan miaxloeba).
amis erTaderTi mizezi SeiZleba iyos misi unikaluri (da universaluri) ena
(balaSi 1924: 88), romlis kosmogenuri
unaris meqanizmis Semecneba mxolod vizualuri aRqmis meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli, Tumc, mainc rCeba misi verbalizaciisa da aRweris garkveuli saSualeba.
filmis dasawyisSi naCvenebi mTa SuaSi aRar iqneba mTa, Tumca finaliSi is
isev Tavis Cveul mniSvnelobas daubrundeba, magram aRar iqneba pirvandeli mTa,
- ase xsnis pol Srederi iasuZiro oZus
transcendentalur
stils
(Srederi
2016: 4-43). aRniSnuli gansazRvreba
gvaZlevs realobis kinoSi konstruirebis sametapian models, romelSic moce-
234
giorgi razmaZe
mulia sagnis metaSinaarsis mqone kinogenur gansazRvrebad gardaqmnis gza. sityva "kinogenuri" samecniero wreebSi ar aris gavrcelebuli termini. faqtobrivad, is arc arsebobs. urban-leqsikonebSi vkiTxulobT: "kinogenuri niSnavs, iyo fotogenuri,
oRond kinosTvis"1. aRniSnuli ganmarteba Tavdayira ayenebs kinos
Teoriis mTel istorias. "fotogenia" (deluki 1924), riCoto
kanudos manifestis (kanudo 1995: 1-30) Semdeg, kinosa da mis
sakomunikacio enis bunebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili rigiT meore Teoriuli naSromia, romelSic lui delukma swored "kinogenurobaze"
isaubra, Tumca mas mainc "fotogenia" uwoda, radgan im momentisTvis aqtualuri iyo fotografiasa da kinos Soris arsebuli gaugebrobis ganmartebis aucilebloba.
zemoxsenebuli yvela avtori iyo kinosemiologi, radgan maT
wilad xvdaT axali xelovnebisTvis Teoriuli fundamentis Cayra, rac sxva dargebisgan mkveTri gamijvnis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda. 1920-iani da 1930-iani wlebi daeTmo kinematografis semantikisa da gramatikis Taviseburebebis ganmartebas. "iuri tinianovi saubrobda kinoze, Tu rogor gvawvdis is xilul samyaros
semantikuri niSnebiT, romelTac iseTi kinematogrfiuli procesebi warmoSobs, rogorebicaa ganaTeba Tu montaJi... kino eixenbaumisTvis, aris "figuraluri enis calkeuli sistema", stilistika, romelmac unda ganmatos kinematografiuli "sintaqsi", kadris "frazaSi" da "winadadebaSi" gadabma" (stemi 1992: 29) - amgvar kompilacias gvTavazobs rusuli formalisturi skolis
wamomadgenlebze saubrisas robert stemi. zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebi rom SevajamoT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kadri=asobgeras,
kadri=sityvas, scena=winadadebas, epizodi=abzacs/ebs da a.S.
gamodis, rom kinematografis ontologiaSi aris lingvisturi pirvelsawyisi miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad universaluric da
unikaluric unda iyos is (vizualurobidan gamomdinare). kanudom, romelmac kinematografi jer meeqvse da Semdgom, meSvide
xelovnebad ganixila (radgan CamonaTvalSi meeqvse xelovnebad
man cekva daamata), argumentad ama Tu im dargis unikaluroba
moiyvana (am mizeziT ar Sevida fotografia aRniSnul manifestSi, rogorc damoukidebeli dargi). maleve, lui deluki Seecada kinos "unikalurobis" ufro zust gansazRvras, misi iseTi
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Filmogenic
filmuri Tu fotogenuri?
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maxasiaTeblis moZiebas, romelic realurad arc erT sxva xelovnebas ar gaaCnia. es aris fotogenuroba (Tavad termini kanudos ekuTvnis) da ara - mxolod vizualuri xatebiT metyveleba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kinematografi samyaros mxatvrul organizebas axdens vizualuri qaosidan mowesrigebuli nakadis Seqmnis gziT, romelic, amave dros, ar aris mxolod teqsturi nakadi, anu ar eqvemdebareba mxolod semiotikur wakiTxvas. amaze
lui delukis Semdeg pirvelad rolan barti dafiqrda. SesaZloa, mkiTxveli daibnes, radgan poststruqturalizmisTvis iseve, rogorc, zogadad, struqturalizmisTvis, samyaros centrSi
dgas movlenisa Tu xelovnebis nimuSis ConCxi, karkasi da ara
misi zedapiri. barts ki kinematografze saubrisas Semoaqvs sruliad axali cneba mesame azri (barti 1984: 176-187), romelic
mesame donea filmis komunikaciuri da simboluri Sris Semdeg.
is TiTqmis ar eqvemdebareba "wakiTxvas" kinematografis dabademade arsebuli nebismieri gamocdilebis mixedviT (iqve: 182).
"mesame azri films gansxavebul struqturas sZens, romelic xels ar uSlis TxrobiT xazs da aRniSnul doneze, SesaZloa, swored amitom Cndeba termini "filmuroba" (Filmique).
filmSi filmuri aris yvelaferi is, risi aRwerac SeuZlebelia,
es aris warmodgena, romlis warmodgenac SeuZlebelia. filmuroba gamomJRavndeba mxolod iq, sadac mTavrdeba ena da artikulirebuli metaena. (filmuri filmisgan gansxvavdeba, ise rogorc romanuli romanisgan)" (iqve: 185). filmurobis ukeT gaazrebisTvis kvleva gamoricxvis meTodiT unda vawarmooT. radgan nebismieri kinonamuSevari Seicavs aRweriT nawils (bartis
mixedviT, komunikaciur donesa da bunebriv mniSvnelobas), yvela
detalis verbalizaciis Semdeg, bolos, rac dagvrCeba e.w. "eniT
auwereli" - swored es iqneba is unikaluroba, mxolod kinos
rom axasiaTebs.
moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi: adamianis axlo xedi da detali. gavixsenoT ingmar bergmanis filmi "Semodgomis sonata"
(1978), romelSic naratiuli xazis paralelurad ambavi liv
ulmanisa da ingrid bergmanis saxeTa gamometyvelebaze viTardeba.
aRsaniSnavia maTi emociuri gardasaxvebi, an, vixmaroT sergei eizenSteinis termini - eqstazi (mikroorgazmi) (eizenSteini 2015:
73) - "sakuTari "Tavidan gamosvla" da "urTierTSeRwevisken midrekileba". aRniSnuli mdgomareoba, iqneba es am filmSi Tu, ubralod, empiriulad, realur cxovrebaSi dakvirvebisas, SeuZle-
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giorgi razmaZe
belia gadmoices sityvebiT. SesaZlebelia misi mxolod zedapiruli aRwera, magaliTad: - "liv ulmanis gmirs pianinoze dakvris scenaSi erTdroulad sZuls da uyvars dedamisi". magram es
aRwera (da arc misi semiotikuri ganxilva - mzeris traeqtoria,
kadrebis urTierTmonacvleoba, simboloebis ganmarteba, pianinos
niSnis "gaxsna" da sxv.) ver mogvcems im emociuri mdgomareobis
srul suraTs, romelic mayurebels am epizodis naxvisas eufleba.
adamianebi komunikacias amyareben sityvebiT da ara gamosaxulebebiT, ambobs pier paolo pazolini, - Tumca, es rom srulyofili debuleba iyos, maSin gamosaxulebis ena gaugebari, abstraqtuli iqneboda. mas mohyavs neapoleli adamianis magaliTi,
romelic saubarSi iyenebs Jestebis enas da amiT srulyofils
xdis im azrs, romlis gadmocemac surs. pazolini wers: - "semiotika niSanTa sistemas erTmaneTisgan ar asxvavebs: magaliTad, is
laparakobs lingvistur niSanTa sistemaze imitom, rom aseTi
sistema arsebobs, magram es faqti saerTod ar gamoricxavs Teoriul SesaZleblobas, rom SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva niSanTa sistemebic - mag. Jestebis niSanTa sistema. saerTodac, realur
cxovrebaSi Jestebis niSanTa sistemis moxmoba saWiroa xolme
salaparako enis srulyofisTvis" (pazolini 2013: 49). gamodis,
rom "gam-niSnebze" saubrisas SeuZlebelia mxolod "en-niSnebis"2
normebiT Semofargvla, Tu movindomebT ingrid bergmanisa da
liv ulmanis saxis gamometyvelebaTa Sesaxeb vinmesTvis moyolas,
bolos aucileblad mogviwevs maTi imitireba, gansaxiereba da
esec ar iqneba bolomde sakmarisi.
Cven mier zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebis mixedviT irkveva,
rom kinos ontologiaze msjelobisas, SesaZloa, kedelTan aRmovCndeT. Tuki sxva xelovnebebi, garda musikisa, met-naklebad,
bolomde eqvemdebareba lingvistur interpretacias, kinematografze msjelobisas yovelTvis rCeba fanjara, romlis miRmac
sxva kanonzomierebaa "mTa aris mTac, imavdroulad, ar aris
is". yvelaze rTul Teologiur movlenebzec ki mocemuli gvaqvs
uamravi komentari da ganmarteba arsebobs, romlebic ama Tu im
movlenas individis azrovnebis CarCoebSi aqcevs. kinematografis
filmuri Tu fotogenuri?
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giorgi razmaZe
239
filmuri Tu fotogenuri?
Giorgi Razmadze
Filmic or Photogenic?
The Issue of organizing feature world in cinema is a litmus test,
which gives us to reveal ontology of its communication language.
Ricciotto Canudo designates cinema as a seventh art.. In the manifesto of
him, he noted that the film has a unique language of communication. Bela
Balazs considers this one as a universal language, not only unique and
adds that the imaginative of thinking preceded by the lingua (latin). And
this is why any visual image is equally understandable for a different
culture or languages.
giorgi razmaZe
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adamianisTvis: manamde da mis Semdeg. es sityva niSnavs maradisobas, oRond ara uZravs, aramed savsesa da cvalebads, ufro
zusti TargmaniT msoflio dros (buberisa da rozencveigis
germanuli Targmanis mixedviT Weltzeit), romelic, pirvel rigSi, moZraobs, meore mxriv, SesaZloa damTavrdes da Seicvalos
axali olamiT, arsTa da drois sxvagvari mdgomareobiT; olami aris samyaro, rogorc dro, da dro, rogorc samyaro. TalmudSi arsebobs esqatologiuri olam-xaba, TargmaniT momavali saukune. roca ebrauli (aseve, iranuli) mistikuri istorizmi aRmoCnda berZnul-romaul ideur TvalsawierSi, olami
berZnulad iTargmna, rogorc eoni, laTinurad, rogorc sekulumi (averincevi 1997: 277). olamuri dro-sivrce mikro da
makrokosmosebis erTianobas, adamianis, rogorc sivrculi wertilisa, da mTeli samyaros, rogorc sulTa siras, urTierTkavSirs gulisxmobs. yoveli wertili mTel olams moicavs da
erTgvari rgolisa Tu nawnavis saxiT ukavSirdeba sxva adamianebs. swored am mniSvnelobisaa rusTveliseuli sulTa sira.
SoTa rusTavelis enas, mis leqsikas aSkarad atyvia ioane petriwis didi gavlena. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs petriwiseuli terminebi: kavSirni da sira _ da maTi neoplatonuri filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel konteqstSi xmareba:
damSlian Cemni kavSirni, SevrTvivar sulTa sirasa.
termini kavSirni stiqiebis, oTxi elementis (= safuZvlebis) Sesatyvisad Semoitana petriwma, oTxi elementis gansazRvruli wesrigiT SekavSirebas niSnavs. suli uerTdeba sulTa
siras (berZn. Seira _ jaWvi), rigs. petriwi prokles am termins
xandaxan wyvilSi xmarobs nawnavsa da naqsovTan erTad (meliqiSvili 2009: 113).
olamuri dro igiveobrivia udroobis, zedroulis; sivrce
_ usasrulobis, sazRvari _ usazRvroebis, ixsneba yovelgvari
droiT-sivrciTi barieri. maradiuli droa awmyo, maradiuli sivrce _ aq; awmyo moicavs warsulsac, momavalsac da udris maradisobas, yoveli aqauroba moicavs nebismieri drois mTel
samyaros, istoriis nebismieri epizodi _ metaistorias; am mxriv,
niSandoblivia, awmyosa da warsulis, Zvelisa da mimdinares, iqaurisa da aqauris Tomas maniseuli aRqma: vinaidan moZraoba, risi meSveobiTac dros vzomavT, wriulia da Tavis TavSi Caketili, maSin xom gamudmebiT meordeba axlaSi, aq ki _ cnebaSi
iq. zedroulobis forma arsebobs axla da aq... radgan arsi
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100). amave dros saukeTeso morwmuneebad imaT miiCnevda, romelTac swamT tradiciiTac da sakuTari gonebiTac, xolo yovelmxriv srulyofili mrwamsis gamoxatuleba iyo fraza: RmerTi
Cveni da RmerTi mamaTa CvenTa (ix. xasiduri 1994: 78). _ amiT
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda winapris magaliTsa da misi gamocdilebis gaziarebas. gr. robaqiZe SeniSnavs: istoria
moiTxovs ara marto winxedvas: saiTken, aramed ukan gaxedvasac:
saidan (robaqiZe 1991: 244). Cveni winaprebisaTvis warsuli
iyo win, momavali _ ukan, amaze TviT am sityvaTa etimologiac
metyvelebs. yvela Taoba mihyveboda winas da winare gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT miikvlevda gzas uflisken. SeiniSneboda
olamuri erToba warsulsa da momavalTan, didi pasuxismgebloba
win wasulisa da ukan momavlis winaSe, saocari Tavmdabloba,
siyvaruli da ridi winaprisa Tu STamomavlis winaSe.
rac Seexeba olamisa da kosmosis urTierTmimarTebas: werilSi wesrigi kosmosisa da wesrigi istoriisa s. averincevi
erTmaneTs adarebs kosmossa da olams: Tu berZnuli miTologiisa da berZnuli poeziisTvis samyaro kosmosia, anu mowesrigebuli da simetriuli sivrciTi struqtura, bibliisTvis samyaro
olamia, anu drois yovlismomcveli nakadi, erTiani istoria.
kosmosSi dro sivrcis modusia. olamSi ki sivrcea drois
dinamikis modusi. berZnuli miTologiis RmerTi zevsi olimpielia, Tavisi adgiliT xasiaTdeba msoflio sivrceSi, bibliurma
RmerTma iaxvem, Seqmna ca da miwa, ris Semdegac daiwyo istoria, amitom igi droisa da istoriis gamgebelia (averincevi
1997: 93). v. biCkovi wers: berZnebi sivrciTi kategoriebiT azrovnebdnen, xolo Zveli ebraelebi _ drouliT... berZens yofiereba esmoda, rogorc kosmosis _ raRac ucvleli sivrculi
struqturis _ gansazRvrul adgilas arseboba. Zveli aRTqmis
adamianisTvis ki yofiereba aris monawileoba movlenaTa cocxal
nakadSi, drois nakadSi, romelic yovlismomcveli ebrauli terminiT olamiT aRiniSneba. olami _ es aris usasrulo nakadi
droisa, romelic sakuTar TavSi itevs yvelafers arsebuls...
kosmosi ucvlelia, misi silamaze SeiZleba ganWvrito, xolo
olami dinamiuria, mis SigniT unda imoqmedo, misi Sinaarsi istoriaa. istoria ki aris moZraoba miznisken, romelic RmerTma
daadgina da adamiani movalea masSi CaerTos... (biCkovi 1981:
139).
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miiCnevs Tavs, darwmunebuli, rom erTi saukuniT adre mainc unda dabadebuliyo, rom amovardnilia mama-papaTa gzidan.
oqtavio pasi don kixots ara mxolod Tavisi droisa Tu
Tanamemamuleebis svlidan, zogadsakacobrio xvedridan amovardnilad miiCnevda, misi azriT, don kixoti qristianuli sazogadoebis yvelaze srulyofili da gamTlianebuli nawarmoebia.
servantesis romanSi adamianis sulzea saubari, magram ara dacemul, aramed gaucxoebul sulze. misi gmiri codvili ki ara,
SeSlilia. igi zogadsakacobrio xvedris miRma dgas, radganac
gawyvita kavSiri samyarosTan. don kixotis istorias ver uwodeb kacobriobis istoriis gansaxierebas. igi gamonaklisia. igi
iseTi araa, rogorc yvela sxva adamiani. lamanCeli raindis xetiali ar aris RmerTis rCeuli xalxis TavgadasavalTa alegoria. esaa gzasacdenili, martoxela adamianis alegoria (pasi
1999: 3), Tumca, Cveni azriT, esec olamidan amovardnili, gzaabneuli adamianis tragediaa. olamSi mcxovrebi mSvidi da bednieria, Tumca am mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad maradiuli sifrTxile da sworad moqmedeba sWirdeba. qaosis msxverpli kargavs
istoriis erTian procesad gancdas da gzaabneulia, wm. ilia
marTlis Tqmisa ar iyos, `xedvad da smenad uRonoa~. amgvar
mdgomareobas markoz maxarebeli `gulTa sibrmes~ uwodebs (mr.
3, 5) da radgan `sanTeli guamisai ars Tuali~ (maTe 6, 22), nebismieri guliT brma ganwirulia. sasufevlisken mxolod olamuri sulTa sira miemarTeba.
literatura:
averincevi 1997: sergei averincevi, adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika, m.
biCkovi 1981: biCkovi v.i. gviandeli antikurobis esTetika, m.
genoni 1998: rene genoni, kaeni da abeli, Tb.
enciklopedia 2013: sibrZnis enciklopedia, w. III, Tb.
kiknaZe 2013: zurab kiknaZe, sityviTa da saqmiTa (Canawerebi), Tb.
leqsikoni 1998: bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni. k._m.
meliqiSvili 2009: damana meliqiSvili, rusTavelis enobrivi
samyaros wanamZRvrebi, krebulidan mogiTxrobT vefxistyaosnis Sesaxeb, Tb.
pasi 1999: oqtavio pasi, axali analogia. poezia da teqnologia.
gaz. arili, 8-21 aprili
249
Lali Datashvili
Sira of Souls of Olam
(Biblical-Christian Model of the World)
The porpose of our letter is science research of worlds BiblicalChristian model, that is why we compared chaos and Cosmos. Time and
space of Olam is the unity of the micro and macro Cosmoses, persons
and the worlds (as Sira of Souls) connection. Every dot includes whole
Olam and like the link of chain conects to other humans. Present is the
eternal time, here is eternal space. Present includes past and future.
Olam is the history from the worlds creation to the Apocalypse, the way
of mankind from the paradise to the Earth and again from the Earth to the
Paradise.
There is a difference between the Hellenic and Biblical models of
time and space. Cosmos is static and perfect. Olam changes everytime
and becomes better, Paradise is invariable. That is why on Ebstorphs
map (1235) the Earth is circular and Jerusalem (the symbol of Paradise)
is rectangle. The person of Olam is happy, the person outside the Olam is
unhappy, lost and searches the way to home.
Key Words: Olam, Christian, Georgian Literature
nino WalaganiZe,
irina Rvineria
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ciisTvis. is movlenebi, romlebic yoveli moqalaqisTvis aucileblad Sesatyobia, raTa man demosis Tanasworuflebiani wevris
funqcia ar dakargos, masmediam unda gaavrcelos. saxelmwifos
unda hqondes gaazrebuli informaciuli politika, romlis
upirvelesi amocana -sazogadoebis rogorc masobrivi auditoriis rolis SenarCunebaa. amisaTvis, albaT, axali, sinTezuri
platformebis da meTodebis Seqmna aris saWiro. Tanac, umokles
vadebSi. iseTi patara erisTvis rogoric qarTvelebi arian, sazogadoebis dezintegracia nacionaluri identobis dakargvis realur safrTxes qmnis. saerTo mentalitetis arqona, kulturuli konteqstis arcodna - es aris demasifikaciis SesaZlo Sedegi. politikuri Tu socialuri problemebis mimarT naklebi interesi, erovnuli Rirebulebebis yuradRebis miRma darCena,
globaluri pop-kulturis upiratesi moxmareb da bevri sxva
faqtori qmnis pasiuri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis
safrTxes. aq Cndeba kiTxva: ra SiZleba gakeTdes, rom demasificirebuli mediis pirobebSi sazogadoebam masobrivi auditoriis
funqciac SeinarCunos?
bolo 10 welia Cven, internetis rigiTi momxmareblebi,
varT masobrivi mediasaSualebebis transformirebis mowmeni: internet-teqnologiebma kontentis warmoebis da gavrcelebis
procesSi TandaTanobiT wamyvani adgili daimkvidres. axali ambebis ZiriTadi mimwodeblebis funqcia socialurma qselebma itvirTes. 2015 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Pew Research
Center da naiTis saxelobis fondma Caatares kvleva, romlis Sedegadac dadginda, rom Twitter-is momxmarebelTa 63% da
Facebook-is momxmarebelTa 63% sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani
axali ambebis gasacnobad am qselebs iyeneben. aRmoCnda, rom axalgazrdebisTvis Facebook-i politikuri informaciis mimwodeblad
iqca; amerikelebis 61% swored am platformas miiCnevs axali
ambebis ZiriTad wyarod. kavkasiis saerTaSoriso universitetis
studentTa gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom axali ambebis gasacnobad
mxolod 5% mimarTavs tradiciul medias, danarCeni 95% ki socialur qselebs iyenebs. Tumca, Facebook-i ufrosebisTvisac Zalian mniSvnelovani resursi gaxda( ru.ejo.ch). Reuters-is 2015
wlis moxsenebis mixedviT, sul ufro meti informaciuli mediasaSualeba mimarTavs socialur qselebs rogorc auditoriasTan
wvdomis saSualebas.
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aq Cndeba ramdenime kiTxva. daviwyoT iseTi popularuli resursiT, rogoric blogosferoa. blogebi Cveni sainformacio garemos mniSvnelovan nawilad iqca. avtorebi msjeloben bevr saintereso problemaze, xSirad sakmaod seriozul Temebs gvTavazoben, magram, blogi ar aris Jurnalistika - blogerebi ar gvawvdian faqtze dafuZnebul obieqtur informacias, aramed, gvacnoben
sakuTar mosazrebas raRac sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, es ki Janrobrivad ufro publicistikaa vidre axali ambebis Jurnalistika.
socialuri qseli - axali ambebis gavrcelebis Zalian mniSvnelovani saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT patara erebSi, sadac adamianebs Soris kavSirebi sakmaod mWidroa, rac xels uwyobs informaciis swraf gavrcelebas, magram, socialuri qselis momxmareblebis erToblioba mainc ar Seadgens masobriv auditorias.
ra gansxvavebaa adamianebis am or formatSi gaerTianebis Soris da ratom aris es mniSvnelovani?
masobrivi auditoria - es is auditoriaa, romelic masmediidan - iqneba es gazeTi, Jurnali, telearxi, kino Tu wigni - Rebulobs erTian, unificirebul informacias, romelic yvelasaTvis
nacnobi da gasagebia da qmnis eTnosis kulturul konteqsts.
sxvadasxva wyarodan informaciis blipebis saxiT miReba, ra Tqma
unda, akmayofilebs calkeuli individebis informaciul moTxovnilebebs, magram, erTiani kulturuli konteqstis Seqmnas ver emsaxureba, rac kulturis SigniT gaTiSulobas da dezintegracias
uwyobs xels. socialuri qselebis momxmarebelTa erTobliobasTan mimarTebaSi, Cveni azriT, gacilebiT ufro axlos dgas iurgen
habermasis Teoria (1962), sadac termini sajaro sfero avtorma
wignieri burJuaziuli sazogadoebis da mogvianebiT ki mTliani
sazogadoebis aRsaniSnad gamoiyena. sajaro sferos farglebSi
xdeba sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze msjeloba, rac sazogadoebrivi azris formirebas uwyobs xels. habermasi acnobierebs komunikaciis qselur bunebas da informaciuli nakadebis
rols sajaro sferos SigniT: sajaro sfero... yvelaze ukeTesad
SeiZleba aRvweroT rogorc qseli, romelic gadascems informacias da mosazrebebs...; sakomunikacio nakadebi [kounikaciis] procesSi
ifiltreba da sinTezirdeba ise, rom qmnian kvanZebs an Tematurad
SezRudul sazogadoebriv azrebs. sajaro sfero komunikaciuri
qmedebis gziT xorcieldeba (ecsocman.hse.ru). Tu am Teorias daveTanxmebiT, sajaro sferos xorcieldeba, roca saocialuri qselis momxmarebelTa erToblioba qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis mi-
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da kvlav gviCndeba kiTxvebi, romlebzec pasuxi jer ar arsebobs: ra principiT moxdeba aseTi mediis mier nawarmoebi informaciis indeqsacia? rogor amovicnoT resursi, romelmac gamoaqveyna masala? savaraudod, avtoroba gamomqveynebel domen
facebook.com.-s miekuTvneba.
rogor unda gaarCios rigiTma momxmarebelma, sandoa masala
Tu ara? aris esa Tu is axali ambavi obieqturi informacia, uwyinari feiki, Tu sazogadoebrivi azriT manipulirebisTvis Segnebulad Seqmnili dezinformacia?
da mTavari: ramdenad realuria sazogadoebis dezintegraciis riski da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes amis Tavidan asacileblad saxelmwifoSi, romelSic ar arsebobs erTiani informaciuli politika an gaazrebuli samoqmedo gegma?
literatura:
http://webtun.com/socialnetworks/facebook/6814-facebook-medianovaya-platforma-dlya-smi-i-obschestvennyh-deyateley.html ;
http://ru.ejo.ch/nashi-novie-statyi/novostnie-smi-i-socialnie-seti;
http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/2013/02/11/1251419990/Bodrunova_Konz
epziya_%202011_1.pdf;
tofleri. Toffler A. TheThirdWave. N.Y., 1980 (
: . . .: , 1999).
Irina Gvineria, Nino Chalaganidze
Social Medias as a Platform for Mass Medias
This article is devoted to the problem of transformation of Mass
Medias into the content of social networks. Two concepts are used the
concept of demassification of Mass Medias by Alvin Toffler and the
concept of Public Sphere by Jrgen Habermas. The analysis of these two
theories draws to a conclusion that the process of demassification and
transformation of traditional journalistic Medias into an element of public
sphere may lead to the qualitative changes of journalistic Medias
content, abolition of the informative functions of traditional journalistic
Media, disintegration of society and due to the dominant influence of
global Medias upon local, weakening of national identity among the
representatives of small cultures.
maka kaWkaWiSvili
15.10.2016, 11:30).
maka kaWkaWiSvili
258
xSiri citatori.
zemoT ganxiluli SemTxveva gaxlavT Sinaarsobrivi struqturis mixedviT teqstis ganxilvis magaliTi. teqstis Sinaarsobriv struqturas, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba teqnikuri cneba
`Text Mining~. Text Mining-i SegviZlia gavigoT, rogorc `mowinave~ informacia2, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens sami Tvisebis kombinacias:
1. relevanturoba,
2. siaxle da
3. sainteresooba.
Text Mining-is meTodur mizania amgvari `mowinave~ informaciis aRmoCena-gamoyofa, kategorizireba da dajgufeba (e.w. klasteringi). Text Mining-is algoriTmebze dafuZnebuli teqstis Sinaarsis analizi adgens Sinaarsobriv taqsonomiebs. damatebiT meTodur upiratesobas, romelic Text Mining-is analizTan erTad
259
260
maka kaWkaWiSvili
am etapisTvis moZiebulia 200-mde eleqtronuli wyaro, sadac gvxvdeba teqstis `qeba da dideba qarTulisa enisa~ citireba, recipireba an komentireba. saerTo suraTia aseTia:
Zieba Sesrulebulia frazebisaTvis: `qeba da dideba qarTulisa enisa~ da `ioane zosime~.
`qeba~-s citireba, recipireba da perifrazireba ZiriTadad
5 tipis teqstebSi gvxvdeba:
1. qarTuli enis RvTiuri bunebis sailustraciod citirebuli;
2. Tavad teqstsa da teqstis literaturil ganxilvaSi;
3. saeklesio kalendarSi (lazares SabaTi igivea, rac `qeba
da dideba qarTulisa enisa~);
4. saskolo RonisZiebebis saxelwodebebSi;
5. literaturis CamonaTvalSi (sqolio, rekomendirebuli
literatura).
aseve gvxvdeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
1. erT-erTi saprezidento kandidati Tavis saarCevno programis safuZvlad asaxelebs `qeba~-s teqsts.
2. paralelia gavlebuli salvador dalis da frangul
`pleadasTan~.
ZiriTadad citirebulia saTauri (`qeba da dideba qarTulisa enisa~) da es nawilebi:
1. `damarxul ars ena qarTuli dRedmde meored moslvisa
misisa, sawameblad, raiTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT
eniTa~.
2. `yovelive saidumloi amasa enasa Sigan damarxul ars~.
3. `damarxul ars ena qarTuli dRemde meored moslvisa
mesiisa sawameblad, raTa yovelsa enasa RmerTman amxilos amiT
eniTa. da ese ena mZinare ars dResamomde, da saxarebasa Sina
amas enasa lazare hrqvianda megobrobai amisTvis Tqva, rameTu
yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars.~
4. xSiria sruli teqstis citirebis SemTxvevebic.
SemTxvevebis, daaxloebiT, 90% aris citirebuli. 10-12% komentirebuli (citireba + komentireba), daaxloebiT, 3% - recipirebuli.
es aris `xeliT~ daTvlili monacemebi. samomavlod ki Seiqnmeba algoriTmi, romelic Tavad gaanalizebs masalas da aseulobiT qaosiT moculi teqstebidan sistemurad daalagebs momxa-
261
rebilis sxvadasxva saWiroebaze morgebul informacias, specialurad `qeba~-s teqstebisaTvis Seqmnil korpusSi. amisaTvis dagegmilia: teqstis: `qeba da dideba qarTulisa enisa~ beWduri formiT arsebuli teqstebis gacifruleba; algoriTmis gamoyenebiT teqstis yvelaze xSirad citirebuli, komentirebuli da
recipirebuli nawilebis statistikuri meTodiT dadgena; maTi
struqturireba, dajgufeba da vizualizacia (modelireba).
literatura:
buxleri, haieri, grunderi 2010: Buechler M., Heyer G., Grunder
S., eAQUA - Bringing modern Text Mining appraoches to two
thousand years old ancient texts, Germeny
internet wyaroebi:
http://www.eaqua.net/ (nanaxia:15.10.2016, 11:30)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_mining (nanaxia:15.10.2016, 11:30)
Maka Kachkachishvili
Algorithm based text contant structure analysis has been used
deliberately for antique and medieval texts analysis. It is mainly related to
the technical term "Text Mining". "Text Mining" can be understood as
high-quality information. `High quality~ in text mining usually refers to
some combination of relevance, novelty, and interestingness.
Typical text mining tasks include text categorization, text
clustering, concept/entity extraction. Text content analysis based on
`Text Meaning~ algorithms sets contextual taxonomy. Additional
methodological advantage, which is established with `Text Mining~
analysis, represents visual reflection of contextual associations.
For `Text Mining~ from Georgian Literature we selected text:
`"Praise and Glory of the Georgian Language". For the research, we will
use the method of Corpus Linguistics. We have an expectation that the
research will reveal: Where? When? With whom? In which context? And
for what pragmatic purpose occurring quotation, recession and
commenting of the text `Praise~ or its parts. The aim of the research is to
determine such kind of parts by statistical methods and structuring,
grouping and visualization (modelling) of them.
262
maka kaWkaWiSvili
At the end of the research will be set up a corpora of the text "Praise
and Glory of the Georgian Language" which, as we assume, will lead to
new research topics, for example, in the sciences, such as: Literature,
History, Political Science.
nona kupreiSvili
264
nona kupreiSvili
265
266
nona kupreiSvili
iZleba davumatoT beqa qurxulis eqvsasgverdiani romani ,,samoTxidan gaqceulebic, romelic ,,sabas wlevandeli literaturuli konkursis gamarjvebulic gaxda.
,,samoTxidan gaqceulebi mwerlis rigiT meSvide romania.
igi moicavs gasuli saukunis dasasrulis lamis ocwlian ,,dreifsa da XX1 saukunis pirvel wlebs. Tumca kulturuli travmis genezisis TvalsazrisiT, Tavisuflad SeiZleboda drois mocemuli lokalis gafarToeba, radgan ,,igi impliciturad moicavs saqarTvelos ruseTTan urTierTobis oraswlovan istorias (kvaWantiraZe, veqtorebi, 2013:196). am mosazrebas adasturebs o. WilaZis romanebis cikli, romelic praqtikulad travmis miTosur, istoriul-politikur, socialursa da fsiqologiur ZirebTan mibrunebaa.
roman ,,samoTxidan gaqceulebis mixedviT, beqa qurxuls mowesrigebul, harmoniul garemoSi ki ar Semoaqvs qaosis narativi, aramed istoriul mexsierebaze dayrdnobiT mis, ase vTqvaT,
axal da gadamwyvet fazas amuSavebs. sagangebo aniSvnis irsia
is, rom man, rogorc avtorma, msgavsi teqstis Sesaqmnelad garkveuli mosamzadebeli periodi gaiara (rogorc ,,dilis gazeTisa da Jurnal ,,liberaliskorespondentma moiara avRaneTisa da
afxazeT-samaCablos ,,cxeli wertilebi, daicva disertacia Temaze ,,molaSqreoba, mekobreoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi), anu jer travmis narativi Seiswavla, Semdgom ki misi
mxatvruli reprezentireba moaxdina. Sesabamisad, kompoziciurad
teqsti mxatvruli da dokumenturi prozis Janrobrivi monacvleobiTaa warmodgenili, Tumca imdenad ostaturad, rom amgvari
gadasvlebi mkiTxvels arc Rlis da arc Zabavs. mxatvruli nawilis morigi monakveTis dasrulebisTanave sruli organulobiT
Semodis wlebis ganvamlobaSi damuSavebuli masala, faqtebi,
cnobebi, Sefasebebi, romelTa umravlesobac saSualo Taobis
mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobia, axal Taobas ki travmasTan marTebulad
muSaobis masalad gamoadgeba. mwerali am masalas ar efareba,
orazrovnebas farad ar iyenebs. piriqiT, Riad da mkafiod yveba
imis Sesaxeb, ramac Tavis droze masze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, datvirTa da iZulebuli gaxada, efiqra im mxatvrul formaze, romelSic nanax-gancdils moaqcevda. mwerlis mizania Cveni
uaxlesi istoriis, ufro zustad ki sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevis
dasawyisidan, vidre postsabWouri periodis pirvel wlebamde
ganviTarebuli movlenebis maqsimalurad obieqturi suraTis war-
267
moCena, magram ara tlanqi sworxazovnebiT an miT ufro WeSmaritebis uzurpirebiT, aramed misi mkiTxvelTan erTad ZiebiTa da
mikvleviT. TviTon mwerali Tavis Tavs e.w. dakargul Taobas miakuTvnebs. marTlac, Znelia, sxvagvari definicia mouZebno axalgazrdebs, romlebmac cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebi im umZimes 90ianebSi gaatares. erT-erT interviuSi mwerali acnobierebs am
damTxvevis tragikulobas da SesaSuri didsulovnebiT acxadebs:
ubralod, Cveni da Cveni qveynis gardatexis wlebi erTmaneTs daemTxvao. qaosursa da ukiduresad saSiS sivrceSi miebuli egzistencialuri gamocdilebis miuxedavad teqsti avtoris sicocxlis absoluturad ulogiko siyvarulis deklarirebas emsaxureba. TiTqos iqmneba axali substancia qarTvelisa, romelic
morigi damarcxebis Semdegac motivirebulia axali cxovrebis
dasawebad.
romanis avtori ara marto awesrigebs, alagebs mexsierebas
da amiT momxdaris Sesaxeb arsebuli stereotipebs amsxvrevs,
aramed sakuTar TavTan, sakuTar TanamemamuleebTan ukompromiso
,,brZoliT Semgueblobaze, aryofnze gamarjvebis rwmenas gvinergavs, da es exeba ara marto konkretul adamians, aramed, faqtobrivad, mTel qveyanas, romlis, Cven mier ukve naxsenebi, sicocxlis gagrZelebis neba mwerlisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania:
,,yvelafers aitans kaci - nebismier tkivils da tanjvas, miT
ufro, Tu mSvenivrad icis, rom ukeTesi araferi daumsaxurebia,
magram aryofnas, arsad yofnas, ararsebobas namdvilad ver gadaaitan... unda gabrazde, magrad unda gaafrino da ubedurad ajanyde bolomde!... (qurxuli, 2015:305).qaosidan TavdaRweuli qarTvelis vitaluri energiis amofrqveva es is axali formaa,
romelsac mwerali Tavad igonebs da, imavdroulad, akanonebs kidec.
cnobilia, rom individualuri travma, romelsac qaosurobis konteqstSi TiToeuli moazrovne adamiani iRebs, iqceva koleqtiur travmad, is ki, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba iqces socialurfsiqologiur problemad. dausrulebel travmas aqvs kidev erTi
Tviseba: ar darCes erTi Taobis kuTvnilebad, aramed ganicados
delegireba Semdeg TaobebSi. am movlenas mecnierebi koleqtiuri
travmis transgeneraciul gadacemas uwodeben. romanSi sami saburTaloeli Zmakacis istoriis paralelurad viTardeba asakiT
maTze umcrosi biWis (igi, nawilobriv, avtoris prototipia) da
misi megobrebis siuJeturi xazi. es patara biWebi yvela niSniT
268
nona kupreiSvili
ufrosebis umzeo atmosferos gamziareblebi arian. moxda travmis delegireba da amitomac bevri ram romanSi swored maTi TvaliTaa danaxuli.
romanis warmatebas, imas, rom igi literaturul movlenad
iqca, cxadia, xeli Seuwyo (Tu ar ganapiroba) enam, romelic imdenad cocxali da dinamikuria, rom imTaviTve scildeba personaJTa sakomunikacio funqcias da im konkretuli drois, epoqis
sisxlian movlenebSi Cakarguli qveynisa da misi axalgazrdobis
cxovrebis ara fiqsatorad, aramed aqtiur Tanamonawiled, metic,
namdvil personaJad gvevlineba. es ena ,,yvela sistemis, Zaladobis protestis gamomxatveli mTavari gmiris saxelsac imsaxurebs, da es rigiTi movlena ar gaxlavT. iqneb swored ase zustad mignebuli eniTa da intonaciebiT (m. cetaeva aki ambobda,
Cveni saukeTeso sityvebi Cveni intonaciebiao) upasuxebs mwerali
kiTxvaze, rogor transkrifcias SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros msgavsi
movlenebis mxatvruli reprezentireba.
rac Seexeba reportiorobas, rogorc Cans, am romanma araerTi maSindeli werilis masala Seisruta da amiT meti mxatvruli damajerebloba SeiZina. mTavaria, mwerlis refleqsia ar
qceuliyo e.w. ,,muyaos gmiris TviTgamoxatvad. rogorc viciT,
swored ase uwodes XX saukunis omebis yvelaze did reportiors, ernest hemingueis, romelic pirveli marTali frazisTvis,
romelic misTvis momavali teqstis umTavresi sayrdeni unda gamxdariyo, omSi yofnasac ki ar erideboda. miuxedavad omis, imave
kacTakvlis, aSkara deheroizaciisa, es iyo am konkretuli mwerlisa da omis ucnauri urTierTmijaWvulobis demonstrireba,romelic SemoqmedebiTi nayofierebis TvalsazrisiT Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda. ,,samoTxidan gaqceulebis erT-erTi pirveli recenzenti, nino sadRobelaSvili, sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas Txrobis eqspresiulobis, romanis zedinamizmisa da Tavad avtoris meomruli temporitmis damTxvevaze. aq ki unda gavixsenoT beqa qurxulis samecniero interesis sagnad qceuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos laSqrobebisa da mekobreobis istoriebi,
romlebSic mas uTuod izidavda udreki, Tavisuflebis moyvare
sulisa da amtanobis gamovlineba. romanSi uSualod naxsenebi heminguei ki ar ixsneba (Tumca Cveni mwerlisTvis igi srulebiTac
ar aris ucxo), aramed kurt voneguti, romelmac Tavisi sasaklaoTi meore msoflio omis dauviwyari metaforuli saxe Seqmna.
am yvelafers beqa qurxuli pativs miagebs, axsovs, magram, rode-
269
sac uSualod qarTuli istoriebis moyolas iwyebs, iqmneba iseTi STabeWdileba, rom werisTvis saWiro energias igi konkretuli, mexsierebebiTa da travmebiT lokalizebuli sivrcidan,
mSobliuri kavkasiidan iRebs. SesaZloa, es iyos am regionis
kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, memkvidreobiT kodirebuli da
rogorRac Semonaxuli meomruli suli, an erovnulobis damRaniSani, romelic adamians brbosgan gamoarCevs. faqtia, rom aqaa
beqa qurxulis mwerluri individualobis saidumlo, da rodesac mweralma es icis, swori mimarTulebiT moZraobs.
,,samoTxidan gaqceulebis politikuri konteqsti ssrk-s
ngrevis, Tavisuflebis pirispir mdgari da amisTvis sruliad moumzadebeli qveynis TiTqmis ocwliani ,,dreifis istoriaa. mwerali Tavisi personaJebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT, CvevebiTa da
midrekilebebiT axdens travmis simbolizebas, mis siRrmiseul
warmoCenas. ,,Txrobis sisavse, megobruli urTierTobebis simyare,
socialuri poziciebis mkveTri cvlilebebi, imedgacruebebi piradsa da sazogadoebriv sarbielze, omebSi miRebuli gamocdileba, mSobliur uperspeqtivo qalaqTan mijaWvuloba, politikosTa manipulaciebis zustad wakiTxvis unari qmnis travmis
TandaTanobiTi, mizanmimarTuli reducirebis iluzias; iluzias
arSemdgari gmirebisTvis, radgan isini narkotikis zedozirebiT,
TviTmkvlelobiT, soxumis ,,sovminis SenobaSi daRupviT Tu ubralod galoTebiT provocirebuli degradirebiT mtkivneuli
gardamavali xanis msxverplni arian maSin, rodesac TviT avtori
(usaxelo personaJi, biWi, romelic pirvel nabijebs dgams Cabnelebul da tyviebis zuzuniT gabruebul qalaqSi) sabolood mainc veSapis muclidan amosul ionasaviT ganaxlebuli warmogvidgeba. TviT is, Tavisi axali vitaluri Zal-RoniT travmisgan gaTavisuflebis, misi gonivruli daZlevis met-naklebad warmatebuli magaliTia. mwerali Cvenc, misi romanis mkiTxvelebs, msgavsi
an ukeTesi metamorfozisken mogviwodebs.
dabolos, saTauris poetikis gaxsnas, gaSifvras Tu vecdebiT,
aSkarad davinaxavT samoTxis, anu harmoniisa da ssrk-s nangrevebqveS moyolili qveynis, imave qaosis samflobelos diqotomiurobas. samoTxe, wesrigi, harmonia im cxovrebis erTgvari proeqciaa,
romelic ar Sedga, Caikarga sxva kulturuli mexsierebis matarebeli, Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis Cveni damsjeli
uxeSi Zalis mier Seqmnil katakombebSi. SesaZloa, saTaurSi gamotanili ,,samoTxis cneba sulac antisamoTxis mniSvnelobiTac
nona kupreiSvili
270
iyos gamoyenebuli. swored ise, rogorc es kote jandieris moTxroba ,globalizaciaSia warmodgenili (n. popiaSvili). asea Tu
ise, samoTxidan gaqceva kulturuli travmis miRebis im mtkivneul process ukavSirdeba, romelic Cven, ,marTalia, mTeli sisruliT ganvicadeT, magram jerovnad ver davamuSaveT. beqa qurxulis
romani am gadacdomis gasworebaSi, masTan erTad ki warsulis
recidivebisgan gaTavisuflebaSi gvexmareba.
literatura:
kvaWantiraZe 2013: kvaWantiraZe m., travmuli xsovna postsabWoTa qarTul narativSi, veqtorebi, Tb. 2013
xarbedia 2015: xarbedia m. teqsti da simarTle, Tb. 2015
wifuria 2013: wifuria b. qarTuli teqsti sabWoTa /postsabWoTa/ postmodernul konteqstSi, Tb. 2016
2006: . . ,
. 2006
- 2008: . , . -
, , 2008 94
2001: . 2001, , 2001, 2
2007: . , .
2007
Nona Kupreishvili
Beka Kurkhulis novel Escaped from Paradise , as cultural injury
representation
In the last period modern Georgian prose grappled the most
complicated issue of procession cultural trauma. Critic M. Kharbedia
called such literature actual, but those who compose it as an authors with
more self-identification and responsibility.
Among such authors is Beka Kurkhuli with his new novel Escaped
from Paradise (2015). It is an Odyssey full of perils and too long related
to the fall of USSR, permanent wars taken place in Afghanistan,
Abkhazia and Samachablo and civil wars at the end of the 2th century
271
that ruins not only infrastructure, but more important generations. Poetics
of the title of novel may be explained as follows: former paradise (or
similar to paradise) and currently as anti-paradise so called country
transformed to the possession of chaos that mercilessly sacrifices its
children, or ruins their life.
Despite of tragic facts the author manages to escape despair and
scepticism and create energy of defeated Georgian striving to new life
that by the help of live and dynamic language of novel motivates the
reader to be active. Together with Ir. Samsonidze, N. Gelashvili, M.
Elbakidze, T. Meshveliani and others Beka Kurkhuli shows the culture of
working with a memory found in us and adequately presents importance
of this process for the future generations.
irine maniJaSvili
273
azrevs aqvs enis filosofiuri da SemecnebiT-Teoriuli mniSvneloba da misi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia nebismieri humanitaruli kvlevisas.
nebismier enaSi arsebobs konkretuli leqsikuri erTeulebi,
romlebic nominaciuri formiT warmoadgenen materialursa da
socialur kulturas, xolo sulieri da qceviTi kultura leqsikur semantikaSi konotaciebis saxiT gvevlineba.
eris kulturis realizaciisTvis udidesi funqcia aqvs enis
konceptur sferos. konceptis semantikaSi gamoiyofa cnebiTi, xatovani da RirebulebiTi komponentebi. mTlianad koncepti ki moicavs komunikaciurad mniSvnelovan mTel informacias. amgvar
konceptTa erToblioba qmnis enis konceptur sferos, romelmac
koncentrirebulia eris kultura, anu igi enobriv-kulturul
codnaTa erTobliobaa. metic, konceptosferodan igeba enis
mflobelis msoflgageba. enis simdidre ganisazRvreba ara marto
leqsikuri maragisa da gramatikuli SesaZleblobebis mixedviT,
aramed konceptosferos simdidriT, romelSic yalibdeba erovnuli enobrivi pirovneba (maslova 2001:17).
enisa da kulturis kavSirebi, rogorc kvlevis ZiriTadi
obieqti, Seiswavleba lingvokulturologiaSi. lingvistikis es
mimarTuleba XXsaukunis 90-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda, rogorc
eTnolingvistikisa da sociolingvistikis ganviTarebis axali
etapi. is Seiswavlis, Tu rogor aisaxeba kultura enaSi, iyenebs
enobriv masalas da ikvlevs kulturis im gamovlinebebs, romelic aisaxa da damagrda enaSi. am sakiTxebiT jer kidev XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dainteresda cnobili enaTmecnieri besarion
jorbenaZe. misi didi ZalisxmeviT da moTxovniT axali saleqcio
kursi damkvidrda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis fakultetze. am kursis saxelwodeba iyo ena da
kultura, romelic TviTon moamzada mecnierma da 1982 wlidan
Tavadve kiTxulobda leqciebs. enisa da kulturis sakiTxebi
mTeli siRrmiTa da profesionalizmiT aris gaSuqebuli. sailustracio uxvi masala mTlianad qarTuli enis wiaRidan aris amoRebuli. es kursi kidev erTi dasturia imisa, ramdenad mWidro
da erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia enisa da kulturis sakiTxebi da
ukavSirdeba eris ganviTarebas. aseTi kvlevis Catareba SeuZlebelia enis konceptualuri sferos gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. swored konceptebis da konotaciebis kategoriebiT aris SesaZlebe-
274
irine maniJaSvili
275
276
irine maniJaSvili
tradiciebis ena yovelTvis inarCunebs Tavis kalapots. erovnuli sulis simdidre da siZliere arsad ise naTlad ar ixateba,
rogorc enaSi. geronti qiqoZe marTebulad SeniSnavda:ena aaSkaravebs rogorc azrTa morWmulobas da grZnobaTa mravalferovnebas, ise erovnuli temperamentis sicxovelesac. es imitom, rom
ena ar aris sityvaTa da gamoTqmaTa mkvdari leqsikoni, is cocxali salaroa ideaTa da emociaTa(qiqoZe 1914).
enis SemweobiT erovnuli energia udides koncentracias aRwevs. is akavSirebs ara marto cocxal Taobebs, aramed erTmaneTs uaxloebs warsuls, awmyosa da momavalsac. rac ufro mdidaria eris istoriuli warsuli, miT ufro mdidaria misi suli
da miT ufro mravalferovania misi ena. is aaSkaravebs ZvelisZvel Cveulebebs, dromoWmul tradiciebs. amitomaa, rom Segnebuli eri arcerT Tavis simdidres ar eqceva iseTi sifrTxiliTa
da yuradRebiT, rogorc mSobliur enas. qarTuli saliteraturo ena mdidaria dialeqtebiT. misi fuZe dialeqtebia qarTluri
da kaxuri. cnobilia, rom literaturuli ena sazrdoobs xalxuri kiloebidan da prioriteti eniWeba im dialeqts, romelic
istoriuli, socialuri da esTetikuri upiratesobiT aris aRWurvili. samwerlo enis ZiriTadi fondi ivseba qarTluridan da
kaxuridan. saRi azrovneba yovelTvis gansazRvruli, naTlad gamokveTili enis terminebSi yalibdeba. dRevandeli qarTuli ena
gaRaribebulia da pirdapir adekvaturia eris sulieri mdgomareobis. misi sulieri krizisi, kulturis deficiti pirdapir
aisaxeba enaze. am mdgomareobidan gamosvlis saukeTeso gzaa, rogorc Cveni klasikiuri mwerlobis Seswavla, ise-xalxuri enis
gacnobaa. ena mudmivad unda ivsebodes cocxali xalxuri metyvelebidan. enisadmi amgvari midgoma xels Seuwyobs Zlieri erovnuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
qarTuli enis Sesaxeb araerTi werili da mecnieruli kvleva arsebobs. jer marto rad Rirs ioane zosimes qebai da didebai qarTulisa enisai, romelSic qarTuli enis siRrme da maStaburoba RvTiur simaRleebs aRwevs. TiTqmis yvela qarTvel
klasikoss Tavisi faqizi damokidebuleba aqvs mSobliuri enisadmi, magram aq davimowmeb geronti qiqoZis amomwurav Sefasebas
qarTuli enisa: wminda qarTuli imdenad mdidari, kulturuli
da keTilxmovania, rom is WeSmaritad Rirsia meti pativiscemisa.
is mzadaa, gamoxatos umZimesi filosofiuri ideebi da umsubuqesi erotuli sensaciebi. is xan mkveTri da Zlieria, viT grdem-
277
lis da kveris Sexvedra, xan nazi da tkbili, viT pirveli Rimili, Seyvarebuli qal-vaJisa. is xatavs Cvens moRuSul mTebs da
moRimare mdeloebs, veSapisxmian Cvens CanCqerebsa da Cxriala
mdinareebs, Cvens uRran tyeebsa da pitalo kldeebs. mis ritmSi
Cven gvesmis Soreuli simRera omSi mimavali raindebisa(qiqoZe
1914:6).
amdenad, enas arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba sazogadoebis
formirebisa da ganviTarebisTvis. ena eris kulturis produqticaa da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis safuZvelic. is erTgvarad gansazRvravs mas, eris TviTgamoxatvis pirobaa.
literatura:
maslova 2001: .. . ., 2001.
leqsikonebi:
ramiSvili 1984: .
//
. . . .,
uznaZe 1940: uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb.
raseli 1948: Russell B. Human knowledge: Its scope and limits. N.Y.
javaxiSvili 1926: javaxiSvili iv. qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneoba anu paleografia, Tb.
WavWavaZe 1984: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani, Tb.
qiqoZe 1914: qiqoZe g. ena da erovnuli energia, gaz.saxalxo
furceli
Irine Manijashvili,
DAUG, Associate Professor
Language as the realization of a nations culture
Language is the most notable sign of ethnic identity. A nations
material and spiritual culture is embodied inlanguage. Values, ideals and
peoples aspirations are reflected and formed in language. The main
characteristic feature of language is preservation and passing on culture
from one generation to the next.
In linguistics the analysis of language implies the study of the
mechanisms and intercommunication aspects of language and thinking
where the man is the main figure. It is impossible to consider a language
as a system existing independentlyof man. In modern philology language
278
irine maniJaSvili
mariam marjaniSvili
semiotikis raoba
xelovnebaSi
yvela drosa da epoqaSi xelovneba
arc karCaketili yofila da arc mcire
wrisaTvis ar arsebobda. igi arc Zalian
ganaTlebuli mcirericxovani adamianebisTvis iyo gamiznuli. xelovneba Tavisi
arsiT mudam mTeli xalxis kuTvnileba
gaxldaT.
rogorc
didi
ilia
miiCnevda:
,,cxovreba Ziria, xelovneba da mecniereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian~...
mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mWidro
kavSiri, kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi urTierToba yovelTvis angrevda kedlebs da
erTa Soris debda xidebs.aqedan gamomdinare, xelovnebas arasodes hqonda sazRvari.
swored, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
srulyofilebisaken swrafvam gaaerTiana
ori eris Svilebi da germaniis miwaze
apovnina erTmaneTi qarTvel emigrants,
nikoloz janeliZesa da germanel reJisors, herman vedekinds.
sruliad moulodnelad, 1972 wels,
pirvelad sabWoTa kavSirSi mowveuli vedekindi germaniis Teatralur moRvawe
jgufTan erTad saqarTveloSi aRmoCnda:
,,am qveyanaze araviTari warmodgena ar
hqonda, raRac egzotikurs eZebda. Camo-
280
mariam marjaniSvili
281
282
mariam marjaniSvili
283
1990 wels operis TeatrSi sazeimod aRiniSna herman vedekindis 80 wlisTavi. bavSviviT uxaroda, roca gadaWedil darbazs scenidan gadahyurebda.
madlianma saqarTvelom mas Tbilisis, Telavis, quTaisis da
bolos saqarTvelos sapatio moqalaqis wodeba uboZa, riTic
Zlier amayobda.
,,yvelaferi an araferi, xelovnebis gziT xalxebs Soris xidebia gadebuli~, amas fiqrobda hermani, amas axorcielebda
cxovrebaSic~(Jur.,,xelovneba~ 1998:98).
germaniaSi Catarebuli qarTuli kulturis dReebze vedekindma pirvelma aCvena da moasmenina evropas ansambli ,,rusTavi~ da
rusTavelis Teatri. kulturis dReebi ,,yvelaze metad qarTvel
emigrantebs gaexardaT, sul tirodnen da yvelafers magnitofonze iwerdnen. Camovidnen germaniidan, safrangeTidan, belgiidan,
TurqeTidan~(Jur.,,xelovneba~ 1998:105).
emigrant nikoloz janeliZisaTvisac es iyo bednierebis warmtaci wuTebi. man ramdenjerme mimarTa werilobiT germaniis televizias, raTa gaemeorebiaT qarTuli kulturis kvireulis
programa.
igi cocxlobda saqarTveloTi da saqarTvelosTvis.
did erovnul saqmianobaSi CarTuli nikoloz janeliZe saqarTvelos siyvaruls aswavlida germanelebs, swored iseT siyvaruls, germanel mwerals artur laists rom hqonda didi
iliasa da XIX saukunis gamoCenil mamuliSvilTa mimarT. mis
moRvaweobas germaniaSi mxolod qarTuli kulturis popularizacia aZlevda mizansa da Sinaarss.
n. janeliZis pirveli germanulad Targmnili wigni ,,nino
mociquli~ 1961 wels daibeWda kita Cxenkelis gamomcemloba
,,amiranSi.~ wignis anotaciiT irkveva, rom mas germanulad gadmoTargmnaSi exmareboda cnobili qarTveli mecnieri, profesori miqel TarxniSvili. n. janeliZem wigni Rirseul Tanamemamules,
omis dros da Semdgom mis mfarvelsa da maswavlebels, miqel
TarxniSvils miuZRvna.
nikoliz janeliZem itcehoeSi daarsa gamomcemloba ,,saqarTvelo~, sadac 1970 wels dabeWda germanulad Targmnili wigni
,,qarTuli samzareulo~. wignSi 333 recepti iyo mocemuli.
aqve, 1974 wels, germanul enaze gamoca man ,,qarTuli zRaprebi~. krebulSi 29 qarTuli zRapari gaxldaT warmodgenili.
qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis gverdiT wignSi Setanili iyo akaki
284
mariam marjaniSvili
285
bas ara aqvs sazRvari~... ,,xelovnebis gziT xalxebs Soris xidebia gadebuli~... xelovneba arasodes ar stovebs adamians, yovelTvis pasuxobs mis moTxovnebsa Tu idealebs, ibadeba adamianTan
da viTardeba mis istoriul cxovrebasTan erTad.
literatura:
amaSukeli 1998: amaSukeli n. herman vedekindis cxovreba da
moRvaweoba: Jurnali ,,xelovneba~, N3-4. Tb.
gelovani 1977 (seqtemberi): gelovani a.,,qarTuli zRapari hailigenStedtenSi.~ ,,samSoblo~.Tb.
gelovani 1982 (seqtemberi 13): gelovani a. ,,saqarTveloSi stumari RvTisaa.~ ,,Tbilisi~.Tb.
WavWavaZe1987: WavWavaZe i. ,,mogonebebi gardasul dReTa~. Tb.
janeliZe1993: janeliZe n. piradi werilebi. itcehoe.
herman vedekindis piradi nivTebi - qim. 10063/F763
Eine zauberhaft Marchenstunde gab es im katholischen Kindergarten
am Coriansberg. Itzehoe. (1984, Februar 29)
Mariam Marjanishvili
Doctor of Philology,
Scientific worker at Kutaisi
State Historical Museum
The essence of semiotics
Each persons step is a history which continues its life even after
their death and lasts according to how well they served the needs of their
country.
In promoting cultural relationships between the two nations,a great
contribution was made by a great German film director Hermann
Wedekind and a Georgian emigrant NikolozJanelidze (Janesi).
For 25 years, Hermann Wedekind staged Georgian, German and
world literary masterpieces both in Georgia and Germany. Saarbrcken
and Tbilisi were twinned with his initiative. He became an honorary
citizen of our country for his invaluable contribution for Georgia.
Wedekind was deeply in love with Georgia. In a small town of
Itzehoe, he met NikolozJanelidze, who had been living and working in
286
mariam marjaniSvili
Western Germany for almost half a century after being taken hostage in
1942.
In Ikzehoe, he founded the publishing house Sakartvelo where he
regularly published German translations of the best works of Georgian
writing.
The first book translated into German was Die Apostolin Nino
which was published in 1961. In 1970, Sakartvelo published The
Georgian Cuisine, translated by LiliPapegegelashvili, Ulrich Papes and
Nikoloz-Janezi.
His creative list includes: the German translation of Georgian
Tales published in Sakartvelo in 1974, Georgian short stories: VazhaPshavelas The story of the roebuck, Nature, passages from Ilia
Chavchavadzes The hermit, The Hunter published in 1976; in 1983
DedaEna and in 1984 a short prosaic version of The Knight in the
Panthers Skin in German and other.
He was the first Georgian whose great contribution was awarded a
medal of Albert Schweizer in 1983.
We can certainly say that NikolozJanelidze belonged to the group of
Georgian creative people who devoted their lives and creative work to
their nation.
The creative work of these two men proves that art has no limits, it
belongs to everybody.
TinaTin maWaraSvili
foto, araverbaluri
mediakodi, Tanamedrove
qarTul beWdviT mediaSi
2012-2014 wlebis
gamocdileba
Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebam warmoSva vizualuri kulturis
epoqa, romelSic verbalur informaciaze
didi mniSvneloba vizualur informacias
eniWeba. es ukanaskneli aqtiurad ipyrobs beWdviT medias. foto informaciis vizualizebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxea, amitom moikida ase myarad fexi JurnalistikaSi da calke mimdinareobadac fotoJurnalistikad Camoyalibda. swored amitom SevaCereT Cveni arCevani fotos, rogorc araverbaluri mediakodis Seswavlaze, rac semiotikur analizze dayrdnobiT, kerZod ki,
frangi semiologis r. bartis mier Camoyalibebuli konotaciebis eqvsi xerxis
mixedviT warvmarTeT.
r. bartma fotos mniSvnelobis detaluri analizis mizniT Camoayaliba eqvsi xerxi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba
konotaciebis warmoSoba. TiToeuli xerxis ganxilvamde unda aRiniSnos, rom
pirveli sami xerxiT kodirebuli fotoebi ZiriTadad axlavs axal ambebs (niu-
288
TinaTin maWaraSvili
289
290
TinaTin maWaraSvili
291
ciis ilustrirebisas ideis vizualizebisTvis vizualuri metaforebi Seqmna. vizualuri metafora gulisxmobs erTi sagnis meoreTi Secvlas, raTa aCvenos maT Soris msgavseba. magaliTad
gTavazobT, gazeT kviris palitris 2013 wlis 4-10 noembris nomerSi gamoqveynebuli fotos miTologiur analizs.
am sagazeTo Setyobinebis araverbaluri da verbaluri nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba naTeli magalTia imisa, Tu rogor zRudavs
vizualuri gamosaxulebis konotaciebis
potenciur
mozRvavebas
lingvisturi teqsti.
marTlmsajulebis
simbolo
CaquCi d mglis daJinebuli mzera
amZafrebs
wiTlad
daweril
frTxilad axalaiebo!-s. verbaluri teqstis - samegrelos samalavebSi napovnma sazarelma kadrebma ar gamoJonos(!)- mimagreba vizualur saxesTan zrudavs araverbaluri gamosaxulebis konotaciebis potenciur simravles: samalavebSi napovni sazareli
kardebi fotoze denotirebulia mglis gamosaxulebiT. sazareli mglis atributia, xolo samalavi misi samyofeli. cxvris
niRbiT gamoxatulia sazareli kadrebis damalva, rasac amyarebs mglis enis poza, romelic sicruis aRmniSvnelia. fotos
minaweri TiTo mgeliaSvili TqvenTvisac moiZebneba! mglis
gamosaxulebas mosamarTlis datvirTvas sZens. lingvisturi
gzavnili mkiTxvels exmareba gansazRvros vizualuri gamosaxulebis denotaciuri mniSvneloba.
amrigad, miTis mniSvneloba, romelsac kviris palitra
qmnis aris mcdeloba, daanaxos mkiTxvels, rom axalaiebs samalavebSi napovni sazareli kadrebi gaasamarTlebT.
kvlevam cxadyo, rom mediasaSualebebis mier informaciis sailustraciod gamoqveynebuli fotoebi Seicavs qveteqstebs, simbolizebulad gadmoscems saTqmels da amgvarad, impliciturad
gamoxatavs ara marto statiis avtoris pozicias, aramed, zogadad, saredaqcio politikas. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuTrebiT konteqstualuri da teqnikuri fotoebis analizma
gviCvena, rom verbaluri nawilis Semcireba vizualuris xarjze,
TinaTin maWaraSvili
292
ana WankvetaZe
294
ana WankvetaZe
http://biblehub.com/matthew/19-24.htm
295
frazeologiuri erTeuli - Jam tomorrow, romelic niSnavs ,,tkbili dapireba, misTvis qarTuli analogis moZieba gagviWirda. pirvelad es fraza gamoCnda luis kerolis (1871)
Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There:
I'm sure I'll take you with pleasure!' the Queen said. 'Two pence
a week, and jam every other day.'Alice couldn't help laughing, as she
said, 'I don't want you to hire ME - and I don't care for jam.''It's very
good jam,' said the Queen.'Well, I don't want any TO-DAY, at any
rate.''You couldn't have it if you DID want it,' the Queen said. 'The
rule is, jam to-morrow and jam yesterday - but never jam to-day. 2
alisas wignebis popularobis Semdeg, me-20 saukuneSi es
frazac sxva frazebTan erTad damkvidrda saliteraturo enaSi.
socialistebi xSirad gamoiyenebdnen am frazas kapitalistebis
masxrad asagdebad, TiTqos isini xalxs tyuil dapirebebs aZleven. 1969 wels, leiboristma politikosma toni benma ganacxada
- "Some of the jam we thought was for tomorrow, we've already
eaten." 3
frazeologiuri
erTeulis Tomorrow never comes
Ziebisas gadavawydiT mahaTma gandis sityvebs, romelic zustad asaxavs am frazeologiuri erTeulis
mniSvnelobas: ,,xvalindeli dRe arasdros dadgeba, xolo guSindeli dRe ukve warsulia.4
kidev erTi frazeologiuri erTeuli aris from time to
time, romlis qarTuli Sesatyvisi aris ,,drodadro.
In the pools of sky, between broken clouds, a few stars
shone, and half of a thin moon was seen f r o m t i m e t o t i m e, like
the fragment of a silver horn held up there in an invisible hand,
waiting to be blown (John Galsworthy Another Sheaf - The Road). 5
,,cecxlis irgvlis rokavda gaZvaltyavebuli, didmucliani dedaberi da meCxeri, gazintluli Tma ewebeboda, robic mouxeSavi xtunviT dasdevda, sanaxevrod frTagaSlili. drodadro
SeCerdeboda, zemoT aiRebda Tavs, ganze iyureboda, Tvalebabrialebuli, da xeebSua gaasxletili ali zRvazedac mzimed iweleboda (guram doCanaSvili, ,,Tavfaravneli Wabuki, Tavi 4).
https://birrell.org/andrew/alice/lGlass.pdf
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/jam-tomorrow.html
4
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/mahatma_gandhi.html
5
http://www.online-literature.com/john-galsworthy/another-sheaf/1/
3
296
ana WankvetaZe
Semdegi frazeologiuri erTeulebi orive ukavSirdeba mTvares da SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sakvlevi enebisaTvis universaluri mTvaris xati. frazeologiuri erTeulis - Once in a blue
moon qarTuli Sesatyvisi aris ,,axal mTvaresaviT gamoCena.
rogorc inglisur, ise qarTul enebSi frazeologizmi gamoiyeneba im movlenebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic Zalian iSviTad xdeba.
xolo, rac Seexeba frazeoliur erTeulebs - a blue moon
da the moon is made of green cheese (pirdapiri Targmani - ,,mTavre mwvane yvelisgan aris damzadebuli) gamosaxavs absurds,
ararealur faqts. es frazebi jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi gamoiyena uiliam barloum (1528) Tavis nawarmoebSi - Treatyse of the
Buryall of the Masse.
1819 wels robinson danielma Tavis wignSi The Maine
Farmers' Almanac CamoTvala lurji mTvaris TariRebi. almanaxis
Semdgenlebs Tavisi ganmarteba gaaCndaT, Tu ra aris lurji
mTvare. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mTvaris da kalendaruli Tveebi
ar aris erTi da igive da rom zogierT wlebs aqvT 13 sruli
mTvare, tipiuri Tormet mTvarian weliwadSi TiToeul mTvares
Tavisi saxeli gaaCnia. magaliTad, Harvest Moon (mosavlis aRebis mTvare), Hunter's Moon (nadirobis mTvare) da a.S. camet
mTvariani wlis zedmeti mTvaris periods ki ewodeba -Blue
Moon. jeims prustma waikiTxa es gamocema, magram arasworad
ganmarta sistema da 1946 wlis gamocemaSi dabeWda ,,TveSi meore
sruli mTvaris versia. 6
mTvaresTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs sxva mosazrebac, rom es
gamoTqma momdinareobs mTvaris metaforuli gamoxatvidan, rom
is TiTqos hgavs yvels. am mosazrebis fesvebi momdinareobs fabulidan, rom TiTqosda meamiti adamiani, vinc wyalSi Caixedavs
da mTvares dainaxavs mas miamgvanebs yvels. es Tanamedrove samyaroSic ki sakmaod gavrcelebuli azria, folkloris motivebze
dafuZnebuli. xolo ratom mwvane feri da ara sxva feri, es ubralod axali yvelis feris gamoxatvis formaa. aqve aRvniSnavdiT, rom kosmosidan gadaRebul suraTSi mTvares swored rom
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/once-in-a-blue-moon.html
297
frazeologiuri erTeuli pigs might fly aris iumoristuli an sarkastuli fraza. misi qarTuli Sesatyvisi aris ,,roca
viri xeze ava.
adreuli Canaweri am frazisa aris Carlz vaiThedis mier
(1835), rodesac Tavis nawarmoebSi ,,jek keTCis avtobiografia
wers: Yes, pigs may fly, but theyre very unlikely birds. mogvianebiT
es fraza gamoCnda 1855 wels gazeT - Illustrated Times: pigs
might fly. An elephant, too, might dance on the tight-rope . 1865
wels ki luis kerolis wignSi ,,alias saocrebaTa qveyanaSi
gvxvdeba: - : Ive a right to think,
said Alice sharply Just about as much right, said the Duchess, as
pigs have to fly.8
saintereso faqti moxda 1909 wels, rodesac baron brazonma, xumaram, aiyvana goWi Tavis biplanze, romelic TasmebiT damagrebuli hyavda qaRaldis urnaze. urnaze ki
iyo warwera: ,,me pirveli goWi viqnebi, vinc gafrindeba.
kvlevis Sedegad SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom sakvlevs
enebsa da kulturebs Soris
arsebuli msgavseba fiqsirdeba konceptualuri analizis freimuli modelirebis Sedegad
https://lightsinthedark.com/2015/11/23/why-do-people-say-the-moon-ismade-of-green-cheese/
8
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/pigs-might-fly.html
ana WankvetaZe
298
299
maia jaliaSvili
301
302
maia jaliaSvili
loeba. man waikiTxa uZvelesi WeSmaritebebi, damaRonebeli WeSmaritebebi, diadi da Semzaravi WeSmaritebebi (Cxenkeli 2010).
niko samadaSvili TiTqos axlidan arqmevs saxelebs sagnebsa
da movlenebs, romlebsac wyvdiads gamostacebs, ganwmends da
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebiT avsebs: dedamiwa ukuneTis qarafebis win injRreoda. xufayrili vulkanebi yvirodnen. usazRvroebis gauval xriokebSi eldanacemi planetebi bRaodnen. is TiTqos aTavisuflebs sxvadasxva CarCosa da sazRvarSi moqceulsa
da datyvevebul adamianis suls da RvTaebriv kanonebs aziarebs.
amitomac wers revaz siraZe: iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom
niko samadaSvilis poeturi saxeldebani sagnebisa da xdomilebisa, sityvaTa meoradi modelireba ki araa, aramed maTi pirvelyofili, adamuri gancdaa. sityvebi kargaven metaforulobas da
mistikur saxeldebad iqcevian (siraZe 2006: 11). mis poeziaSi
modelirebuli samyaro gascdeba racionaluri aRqmis sazRvrebs
da mistikuri SegrZnebebiT itvirTeba. mkiTxveli grZnobs, rogor
SemoiWreba warmosaxvaSi sizmrisa da xilvis darad ucnauri,
ucxo sanaxebi da logosis ZaliT lazaresaviT aRdgeba sityvis
dafaruli Sinaarsebi. poeti varskvlavTa kiafSi xedavs miRma
samyarosken gamaval gzebs:
da kiafobdnen Sors varskvlavebi _ maradisobis WuWrutanebi.
misi poeziis nicSeanuri motivebi, romlebic, erTi mxriv, absurduli yofis amaoebas, adamianis RvTisgan mitovebulobas gamoxataven, (quCebSi marto da gacrecili,/ gzebgadamcdari nicSe
bRaoda, bnel geTsimanis baRSi didxans trubadurobdi, RmerTebis jogi golgoTaze gelandeboda, daswyevlos Wirma, raRa nislebs daumegobrdi!), meore mxriv, sadRac, qaosis miRma arsebuli
kosmosis povnis imedsac aRZraven. mis poeziaSi ixateba warmarTuli, miTebisa da legendebis ucnobi samyaro, saidanac gamoikveTeba
qristes naTeli saxe, rogorc xsnis gza: miwa gairRva, TiTqos
qvesknelma amoisrola taZris gumbaTi, saukuneebs macxovari gahyveba mexred, saukuneebs _ dasabami rom moaZova. misTvisac, rogorc nicSesTvis, samyaros arseboba gamarTlebulia mxolod rogorc esTetikuri fenomenisa (nicSe 2016: 39). Tamaz Cxenkeli
wers: misi poeziis formismieri masala an garexedi fesveulad
erovnulia (eTnikuric ki) umcires detalebamde da igi saTaves
xalxuri azrovnebis wiaRidan iRebs, romelSic organulad iyo
Serwymuli warmarTuli kosmizmis warmodgenebi da qristianuli
dResaswaulebisa da zne-Cveulebebis paTetikuri silamaze, xolo
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maia jaliaSvili
laxvasac, romelic totalitarizmis niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. diqtatura harmoniis mesaflavea, is aris demonuri, qaoturi Zala,
romelsac niko samadaSvili qristianuli religiis rwmeniT upirispirdeboda, qriste, RvTismSobeli Tu angelozebi mis poetur
xilvaSi imgvarad ganicdebian, TiTqos maT Soris cxovrobdes. es
mkiTxvelsa amgvarsave gancdas uCens:
viT ukvdaveba, wyaro ankara,/aciskrovnebda irmebis ferdobs.
qristem bavSvoba aq gaatara/da RvTismSobeli ugvida ezos
(atenis sioni).
Sopenhaueris azriT, musika sagnebis sulis mxilebaa da maTi uSualo eqspresia (tatiSvili 1993: 7). am eqspresias SeigrZnobs niko sadaSvili da uCveulo mxatvruli saxeebiT gadmoscems. is aRmerTebda Tavis moZRvars, erekle tatiSvils, romelTanac grZnobda sulier naTesaobas. leqsSi misi portretis xatvisas Tavissave Sinagan samyarosac gamokveTs: qveynierebas ucqerodi aTasnairad,/warmarT Tvalebze qristes wyevla gqonda akruli. bnel geTsimanis baRSi didxans trubadurobdi,/ RmerTebis jogi golgoTaze gelandeboda. niko samadaSvilisTvis erekle tatiSvili mouxelTebeli da sizmareuli arsebasaviT iyo:
agekviate, neta ra Wirad?/Sen ras agwerda rembrantis funji./
am dros xelebSi gveli giWiravs,/da Tvalebidan mosCans faskunji (sizmrebis naRverdali). erekle tativili misTvis iyo
uZveles xeTelTa TanamedroveobaSi Semoxetebuli aCrdili:
roca gvxvdebodi, Cems sagonebels,/ vfiqrobdi, vumzer SublmaRal xeTebs.
Sen rom waxvedi, ase mgonia,/mTeli qveyana Tan gaixvete
(erekles).
rogorc vergiliusi miuZRoda dantes jojoxeTis sanaxebis
mosaxilvelad, aseT megzurad iqca igi niko samadaSvilisTvis
cxovrebis jojoxeTSi. mis mier naTrgmnma nicSes ese ityoda
zaratustram didi sulieri sazrdo misca poets, amitomacaa,
rom am wignis gamoZaxili SeigrZnoba mis poeziaSi. roca 10
wlis mTaSi gandegilobis Semdeg barSi daSvebuli zaratustra
moxuc gandegils naxavs da gaesaubreba, masTan ganSorebis Semdeg
ityvis: am moxuc wmindans RmerTis sikvdili jer ar smenia.
niko samadaSvilis poezis lirikul gmirs ki smenia RmerTis
gardacvalebis ambavi da amis gamo glovas Sesdgomia. mas Tvali
miupyria samyarosTvis da iq sxva RmerTebis Zebnas Sesdgomia am
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am striqonebze Tamaz Cxenkeli wers: marto pirveli striqoni ikmarebda maTxovris niSandoblivi suraTis dasaxatavad,
maTxovrisa, romelic gatvrinuli da usaxuria da nawyalobevs
xarbad acxreba. meore striqoni pirvelis fsiqovizualur suraTs ynosvismier SegrZnebasac umatebs, amave dros fsiqologiurad kidev ufro aRrmavebs am suraTs. jojoxeTi TavisTavad saSineli da SiSis momgvrelia. simyrale amZafrebs da zizRis niuanss umatebs am niSans. moxdili pke daRvlarWnilobis, saZageli
sisvelis gancdas iwvevs, pke Rvinis obi avadmyofobaa da
igi, rogorc uvargisi, arasasurveli ram, mosaSorebeli da gadasagdebia. mesame striqonSi maTxovari sakvirvelad aris warmosaxuli. igi ar aris mkveTrad garkveuli ram, arc cxadlivia, arc
sizmareuli, arc namdvili, arc moCvenebiTi. igi TiTqos waSlili da bolomde Seucnobelia. meoTxe striqoni fantastikuria.
es adamianTaTvis uvargisi, sazizRari arseba gadagdebulia da
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literatura:
kiknaZe 2010: kiknaZe zurab, mudam sinaTlisken gamyivari Zaxili,
internetportali
burusi.
https://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/niko-samadashvili-4/
nicSe 2016: fridrix nicSe, tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan, Tbilisi, 2016
siraZe 2006: siraZe revaz, mohqonda jvari, niko samadaSvili100 leqsi. Tb. 2006
tatiSvili 1993: tatiSvili erekle., fridrix nicSe, wignSi:
ese ityoda zaratustra, Tb. 1993
fridrixi 1990: fridrixi hugo, Tanamedrove lirikis struqtura, Jurn. `saunje~, #5, Tb. 1990
Cxenkeli 2010: Cxenkeli Tamaz, niko samadaSvili, eleqtronuli
portali
burusi,
https://burusi.wordpress.com/2010/01/14/niko-samadashvili-6/
Maia Jaliashvili
Genesis of World from the Spirit of Verse
(Niko Samadashvili Poetry)
Niko Samadashvilis poetic thinking paints the vast time and space
of universe. It demonstrates how arises a cosmic system of artistic images
from chaos of space and time. We can say, that he has a cosmic sense of
hearing and sense of smell, that's why he feel planetary music. His
poetry's mysticism and magic causes wonderful impressions in the
readers imagination. Through the unusual artistic images his poetry
depicts such eternal themes, as love, hate, kindness, evil, envy, death, life,
hope, faith, despair and other life issues. Poet portrays existential themes
for self-awareness as well as for reader who must to understand the
universal regularities of the life. Strange and mysterious energetic and
dizzy artistic Imaginations thats arises from Niko Samadashvilis poems
helps readers to believe that everything, external and internal, physical
and spiritual with invisible threads are connected to each other. Poetry is
the force with which poet and reader overcomes the spiritual crisis of
modernity, scary feelings of hellish hopelessness, loneliness and
abandonment.
key words: Niko Samadashvili, Georgian, Poetry, Chaos, Cosmos
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge; universal505@ymail.com