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respondents is 25 to 70, and the attitude index has three categories of highly
favorable, medium favorable, and low favorable. The age variable has so
many categories that making a table with that number becomes unwieldy and
meaningless. Therefore, we regroup (recode) the age categories into three i.e.
under 40 years, 40 60 years, and 61 + years.
Q 5 - Explain case control studies in focus group discussion? 3 Marks
Case Control studies
It is also possible to select two groups (taking them as cases), one with an effect
(study group) and the other without effect (control group). Both the cases are
similar except for the effect. One could look at the case of Manga Mandi village,
where, a few years back, deformities in the bones of children were observed in
one part of the village. Here one could explore the totality of the background of
affected and unaffected parts of the locality, each being treated as a unit. One
could develop hypothesis by having an in-depth analysis of the affected and
unaffected parts.
Q 6 - What do we meant by Time dimension in research? In what broad types
research can be divided according to time? 5 Marks.
The Time Dimension in Research
Another dimension of research is the treatment of time. Some studies give us a
snapshot of a single, fixed time point and allow us to analyze it in detail. Other
studies provide a moving picture that lets us follow events, people, or sale of
products over a period of time. In this way from the angle of time research could
be divided into two broad types:
Cross-Sectional Research. In cross-sectional research, researchers observe
at one point in time. Cross-sectional research is usually the simplest and
least costly alternative. Its disadvantage is that it cannot capture the
change processes.
Longitudinal Research. Researchers using longitudinal research examine
features of people or other units at more than one time. It is usually more
complex and costly than cross-sectional research but it is also more
powerful, especially when researchers seek answers to questions about
change
Time series research is longitudinal study in which the same type of
information is collected on a group of people or other units across
multiple time periods.
The panel study is a powerful type of longitudinal research. In panel
study, the researcher observes exactly the same people, group, or
organization across time periods.
A cohort analysis is similar to the panel study, but rather than observing
the exact same people, a category of people who share a similar life
experience in a specified time period is studied.
Reliability
Stability reliability problems develop when official definition or method
of collecting data changes over time.
Definition of literacy changed many times. Definition of unemployment.
Poverty.
Equivalence reliability. Decimal system. Problems of comparability
nationally and internationally.
Q 11: Write a note on formal focus group ?
Formal Focus Groups
Formal groups are formally constituted, that is these are organized in advance by
inviting the selected individuals to participate in the discussion on a specific
issue. They are structured groups brought together in which the participants are
expected to have similar background, age, sex, education, religion, or similar
experiences. Similarity in background is likely to make them comfortable where
they could express their viewpoint frankly and freely. If the big boss and his
junior officer working in an organization together participate in an FGD, the
junior officer may not be able to express his or her opinion freely in the presence
of his/her boss. Similarly, in some situations the children may experience some
inhibitions in expressing their views on a sensitive issue in the presence of their
parents. A lot depends on the kind of issue that is to be discussed.
The group is guided by a moderator/facilitator. The participants address a
specific issue
Q 12: What is Cleaning Data?
Cleaning Data
The final stage in the coding process is the error checking and verification, or
data cleaning stage, which is a check to make sure that all codes are legitimate.
Accuracy is extremely important when coding data. Errors made when coding or
entering data into a computer threaten the validity of measures and cause
misleading results. A researcher who has perfect sample, perfect measures, and
no errors in gathering data, but who makes errors in the coding process or in
entering data into a computer, can ruin a whole research project
Q 13: what is the different between Regression Analysis & Replication
pattern?
Regression Analysis:
Multiple regression controls for many alternative explanations of variables
simultaneously (it is rarely possible to use more than one control variable using
percentaged tables). Multiple regression is a technique whose calculation you
may have learnt in the course on statistics.
Replication pattern: