s

p&=4f4r-

Designof Laboratory Modelsfor Study of Miscible

Displacement
ANTHONY L. POZZI
JUNIOR MEMBER AIME
ROBERT J. BLACKWELL
MEMBER AtAi?

ABSTRACT

Scaledlaboraory=mde[ studies provide a powe~

@l methcd for evaluation of a proposed oil=recovery
process.
In recent years, models have been used
extensively to evaluate processes in wbicb solvents
displace oil, botb for genera! cages and ~or specific
reservoir conditions,
Since tbe performance of a
miscibie flood in a horizontal reservoir can be
significantly afiected by transverse mixing between
solvent and oil, this displacement mechanism must
be accurately simulated in tbe scaled model studies.
Unfortunately, precise scaling of transverse disper.
sion coupled with tbe requirement of geometric
simitarit y requwes impractically
large laborato~
models and !ong times for exper~ments.
for miscible displace!/ scaling requirements
ments could be rekced white accurate simulation
o! essential displacement mechanisms is maintained
the utility of model studies wouldbe greatly enbaaced
The purpose of the work reported herein was, to
evatuate the relative importance o! vmious mecbanfems af~ecting miscible displacement and to aster
tain wbetber tbe essential features of tbe displacemeti prvcess can be simuhted even tbougb some
scaling groups are not satisfied
These studies
were performed with completely nsable systems in
linear, bdzontal models packed with unconsolidated
meak
Fmm tbe experimented results, a set of ~laxed
scaling criteria was formulated wbicb allows tbe
requirements 0/ geometdc simitaraky and equality
01 tbe mtio of viscous to gravity forces to be omitted
for specified conditions. The relaxed cdteria are
valid wbetber transverse mhing & by molecutar
a3ffusion or by convective dispershw
Cowe&atioms which permit prediction of vertical
sweep efficiencies
in linear, horizontal reservoirs
wets developed from tbe exp~mental
&a when
transverse mixin& is by molecular diffisiom These
same correlations may be used when transverse
mmngis by convectwe dispersion ifan empirically
skfirted effective, transverse dispersion coe~ficient
Orisimt awnumript rsadwd
MI$aalaty of P@#olwa Emalmom
affit?o Aus. 6, L96X Rwlsd
tamnuw?lpt rwclvsd Doa. 14, 1962s
Pqmr PNscd@
et Wth AmUU Fall MsotLM at SPE, Oat, 7- LO,
196% in ..&as :&sde%
~altro

N(#Wi&L&Ol+E:
I
R15F#INNGCO.

,.

is used in tbe description

of the mixing process.

The effective
tranm-erse dispersion
coe//icient
correlation
essentially
duplicates
tbe dispersion
coefficient
cowelation for equal-viscosity,
equal=
densrly fluid systems. Experimental values for tbe
effective transverse dispersion coefficient can be
measured readily.
INTRODUCTION
One of the most effective methods for evaluation
of miscible-displacement
oil-recovery proces ses. is
that of dizplacementa
in Ieborstory models scaled
to simulate reservoir conditions, For these laboratory
studies to be meaningful, however, the essential
displacement
mechanisms affecting reservoir performancemet be accurately simulated.
Since the performance of a miscible flood in
horizontal reservoirs,
or in dipping reservoirs
at
high rates, cso be significantly
affected by transverse mixing of solvent and oil, rhia mechanism
must be considered
in the design of laboratory
experiments.
Unfortunately,
precise
scaling
Of
transverse
diapersion
coupled with the requirement of geometric similarity requires impractical y
large laboratory models and long experiment times.
This difficulty seriously limits the utility of laboratory model studica.
Craig,et aL1 demonstrated that geometric similsrit y
is net required when mixing is unimportant. Their
experimental data indicate, for the cases studied,
that the displacement
is sufficiently character zed
by scaling the ratio of viscoue-to-grsvitatimd
force= This work suggests that relaxation of the
requirement of geometric similarity end, possibly,
other criteria might aiao be permissible when mixing
is important, provided suitable groups describing
the ixing process are scaled:
The purpose of the work reported here was te
evaluate the relative importance of various mechanisms
affecting
miscible
displacement
and to
ascertain whether the essential features of the displacement process can be simulated even though
some scaling groups are not satisfie& Consequently,
laboratory investigations
were made of the dependence of reeovery on dispersion and other variables,
t~=-..

6iwn

t ~

of e~~

.
SOCIETY

,OF ?ETBOLSUM

ENQIFJESRS

#O~R~AL

-.
.,. .,

such as model geometry, oil-tovvolvent Tiscosity

ratio end the ratio of viscous-to-gravitational
forces. These studies were performed with completely miscible liquid systems in linear, horizontal
models packed with unconsolidated
medim These
experiments
were used to test s set of relaxed
scaling criterim This paper deecribes results of
the experiments and tests, and presents veitical
sweep efficiency
correlations
derived from the
work*
MMLING CRITERIA FOR
MISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT
In the present investigation, inspections
analysis
was used to obtain a primary
set of scaling
groups,
and dmensionzl
enslysis
was used to
obtain additional secondary
groups required to
complete a basic eet of scaling criteria.2~3 The
mathematical relations oormally used in inspectionzl
analysis to describe the physics of the process
invariably
contain a number of implicit as well
Some assumptions
made
as xplicit assumptions.
in describing flow through porous media are well
known, suc~ as those inherent in using Darcys
law to describe the average flow of fluids. Less
well-known zre assumptions ade in the dispersion
relations which describe mixing of miscible fluide
in porous media.
Relations describing mixing of oil and solvent
have been derived and verified experimentslly+g
for fluids having the same viscosity and densit~
Since these relations are used in deriving scaling
criteria for miscible processes
iu which fluids of
unequal viscosities
and densities
are used, a
discussion
of microscopic dispersion
phenomena
and the applicability y of the &ispersion relations
is presented in the ne~ section.
SCALING

OF

MICROSCOPIC DISPERSION

In recent years, numerous investigations

have
bcmt conducted to evaluate the mixing which occurs
when equal-density,
equal-viscosity
fluids flow
through porous media. These investigations
demonstrated that the various microscopic mixing mechanisms can be characterized
by macroscopic pzrsmetets called dispersion coefficients. In both werimental +9
and theoretical l~ls
investigations,
dispersion coefficients
are used to describe the
ffects of miaoscopic
mixiig processes where the
effects of mixing have been averaged over many
flow channels. Consequently,
one assumption inherent in the dispersion relations ie that the mixing
zone occupy a region encompassing
many send
grains
(flow chsanelsk
use of the dispersion
relations when mixing ia occurring in a zone only
one or two flow channels wide is not strictly valid
ven for fluids of equal deneit y and viscosity.
TMs
restriction is not important in reservoirs, since the
length of a mixing zone is usually many-fold greater
flow channel or
than the length of a characteridic
pore, but it may be important in laboratory models,
of dispersion
phenomena. is made
Discussion

easier by examining a typical dispersion coefficient

correlation forequabdeneity, equekviscosit y fluids.s
Ratios of longitudinal dispersion KJ end, trensvegse
dispersion
1$ to the coefficient of molecular diffusion are, shown in Ffg. 1 s a function of
dimensionless
velocity,
(WPWD). At low veloc=
ities [(~ U/D) < 2], molecular diffusion is the
principal mechanism of microscopic dispersion and
both tetioe ~/D and Kt/D are independent of rate.
/D), convective dispersion
At higher values of (
becomes dominant andY oth K1/P and K/D increase
with increasing values of (+J/D).
Empirical equationa relating dispersion and dimensionless velocity
are
aflm

Kl
1
-Cm;+
D

1
Kt
.
D =;+

H
()
L

alln

&

The exponents m and n are approximate y equ~ to

unit y,a and the constant a PZ end & depend on pore
size distribution.
Typical experimental values of
the parameters
for 20-30 mesh Ottawa sand are
1% = 3.1 and & = 0.13. For a finer sand (40-200
meeh), slightly higher vsiues are usually found
experimentzIly.
For low flow rates, ?he aim le form pf the flow
equation usedbyCroes,
etal,8aniiothers3
isvzlid
since dispersion
is dominated by molecular diffusio% however, at higher rates diapersion
is
nonisotropic
as is evidenced by the fact that the
constants & and 19t are not equal. When convective
diapersion dominates mixing, a tensor formulation
of the dispersion
relations 13-15 is necessary.
Formally,
inepectional
snalyak of the resulting
flow end continuity equations can be utilized go
obtain a number of similarity groups which can be
used to scale the effects of longitudinal and tran5
verse cMapersion. When geometric
similarity
is
maintained, the required number of scaling groups
groups scaling
cart be reduced to two characteristic
longitudinal and transverse dispersion
separately.
In deriving scaling criteria for mixing of fluids
having unequal viscosities
and densities, it cannot

FIG. 1 DXSPER810NCOEFFICIENT CORRELATION

EQUAL-DENSITY RQUAL-O~Y
FLUIDS.

FOR

,.

4.

XAllCtt,

196S

..
.

,.

be assumed that the mixing phenomena in the

convective region are identical to those for equalviscosity and equal-density
fluids. la both cases,
the scaling criteria can be derived unequivocalIy2
when mixing is dominated by molecular diffusion.
However, when mixing is dominated by convective
dispersion, the problem is even more complex than
for the equal-density,
equal-viscosity
case. For
the present, it is assumed that the required scaling
criteria
for unequal-density,
unequal-viscosity
systems should be similar to those required for
the case of equal-density,
equal-viscoait y fluids,
since the hitter ia simply a limiting condition for
the more general case. This assumption is made
in deriving the scaling criteria used in this psper.
SUMMARY

OF

BASIC

SCAJJNG

CRITERIA

For convenience, thi scaling criteria ate divided

into similar groups or clasaificat ions as follows.
1. Groups describing geometry, i.e., the lengthto-height or thickness ratio, L/H, and the angle of
dip, a
2. A group relating viscous and gravitational
forces (which will be cslled viscous-gravity
ratio):

.&xgAp H
3. Groups describing boundary and initial conditions.
i.e., the
2 4. Groups relating fluid propertie~
dimensionless
viscositv
ratio of the solvent-oil
mixture to the solven; pm/p~, a dimensionless
density (pm - pJ/(p ~ - p~), artd the dimensionless
diffusion coefficient (Dm - DJ/(DQ - D J must be
congruent functions of concentration in model and
prototype.
5. Groups which scale the effects of mixing or
microscopic dispersion,
K!

9
UL

KtL
KtL
,

UH2 UW2

etc.

(KjL/Uff2 will be called transverse mixing group.)

Additionrd groups such as fk/L
(which relates
microscopic
and macroscopic dimensions)
and a
Reynolds number u@~ /p. are required to complete
the number required by dimensional analysis. However, the group @L
is satisfied by the implicit
assumptions in Darcys law. The Reynolds number
need noc be scaled when Darcys law is applicable.
When numerical identity of the basic scaling
groups is established
in model and prototype,
dimensionless
conccnttations
of solvent and oil
and dimensionless
fluid vclocitiea
will be the
same for rriodel and prototype at equal values of
dimensionless
position and time.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN DESIGN OF
LABORATORY MODELS
Models designed using the basic scaling criteria
should correctly
simulate reservoir
conditions.
. .
se

Even with the simplifying assumptions underlying

the basic
scaling groups these criteria impose
trtther severe limitations in the design of practical
laboratory experiments, Criteria such aa geometric
similarity,
equality
of viscous-to-gravitational
force tatio, and the functional relationships between
dimensionless
fluid properties and concentration
can usually be satisfied
in practical bench-size
models. However, when the above criteria and g~oups
describing
mixing of solvent and oil (K1/UL) and
Kt L/Uff2) are scaled simultaneously,
impractically
large models ate required for most laboratory
investigations.
Irr some cases, it is possible to simplify the
scaling problem by scaling only the most important
dispersion
mechanism in a particular
miscible
flood. Two situations in which such simplification
is posuble
ate stable displacements
in a steeply
dipping reservoir in which longitudinal dispers-ion
is the dominant dispersive mechanism, and flow in
a horizontal reservoir in which transverse dispersion
dominates
mixing over a major portion of the
solvent - oil ~interface.
Even when only transverse mixing is important,
impractical
model sizes ate still required. For
example, let us assume transverse
mixing occurs
by convective
dispersion.
Since 1$ID is approximately proportional to the first power of a U/D
in convective dispersion, the group Kt L/U H 2re C!
uces
to apAY when model geometry is preserved. Thus,
the ratio of model-to-prototype
dimensions
is
proportional to the ratio of effective particle sizes.
For consolidated media, the effective particle size
for convective
dispersion
must be determined
e~perimentsll y. If the reservoir were composed of
Berea sandstone,
the effective particle size up
would be about 0.027 cm. Since the smallest convenient
particle
size for laboratory models is
about 0.003 cm, model dimensions can be reduced
only to 1/10 those of the reservoir. Even assuming
that other scaling criteria can be met, a Berea
sand atone reservoir 10-ft thick x 1,500-ft long would
require a model at least l-ft thick x 150-ft long.
As a second example, transverse dispersion in
a typical reservoir is assumed to occur by molecular
diffusion, For molecular diffusion to be dominant
in the model, (aPU/D~ )mod ~ 2. This may be
cofi ined with the restriction
of eaualitv
of the
.
vpJkxg Ap group in model and prototype- to give

= 9.6X 104
For a typical model experiment, (D. )
aq f@, (f!&~d = 20 cp, fbrnad = 8?$I and Apmod
= 25 lb/eta ft. Relation between particle size and
permeability
for unconsolidated
sands used in
models CM be approximated by the relation ap =
0.002641/& where ap is in centimeters and k is in
darcies. For a typical reservoir, vres = 0.1 ft/D,
(po)re~ = 05 CP*&rern = 25 lbtcu ft~ + res = 0925
and kres = 0.5 dzrcies. Under these conditions,
.
.
SOCIETY

.
,.

..
-,,

OF ETROLEUM

ENGINEERS

JO-IIRNAI,

,-

the tnaximum value of model permeability is 128

darciea. If greater values of pcrmeabilit y are used
in the model, moleculex diffusion will not be the
dominant dispersion mechanism. The groups f$ /Uff
and vpJksgAp
can be combined to obtain the
reservoir thickness which is represented by a model
of given thkknesri. Thus,
mod %aod
.
Hres = mod kres
%s

%es (I&es

(Qes

~mod(~o)mod (%)mad

It is assumed that the reservoir rock and model

sand have the same lithologic factor; i.e., the
ratio (K&@#)m@
= Dre@m@
A reasonable
value of /3re8 is 4.64 x 10-s sq ft/D. Since the
ia
128
rqaximum vaiue of model permeability
datcies,
Hres,max ~ 24 Hmod, and a model 2-in.
thick can represent a maximum reservoir thickness
of only 4 ft. If the 4-ft thick reservoir is 4,000-ft
long, then a model 167-ft long will be required for
geometric simiktrity. Injection of 1 PV into this
model would require 86 days!

became thinner and teached the outflow end more

rapidly, causing decreased recoveries.
However,
when viscous-gravity ratio decreased below approximately 10, recovery again became independent of
rate, because thinning of the gravity tongue was
compensated by thicker mixing zones, vart der Peel
showed that these thicker mixing zones result from
the increased importance of molecular diffusion at
the lower rates.
The foregoing analysis of the experimental data
of Craig, et al, and van der Peel, in conjunction
with the basic scaling criteria, leads to formulation
of relaxed scaling criteria. For a two-dimensional
system where longitudinal -mixing is unimportant,
the relaxed criteria are as folIows.
L The group describing geometry, L/H, need not
be sealed so long as secondary fingers do not
affe:t;performance.
Secondary fingers will have a
ncgllglble effect on performance when the viscowzgravity ratio is less than art experimentally determined upper limit Cu; i.e.,
ZWOL
< Cfj.

RELAXATION OF BASIC SCALING CRITERIA

For restricted conditions, some data are available
which indicate that some groups in the basic set
need not be scaled. Craig, et al, 1 have studied
miscible displacement in various linear, horizontal
models under conditions
where dispersion
was
unimportant. For a wide range of LiH ratios, they
correlate breakthrough recoveries by the dimensionless group (vpoL)/(kxgApff) for a particular oil-to-,
solvent
viscosity
ratio. Fimthermore, for, each
viscosity
ratio, their data show breakthrough
recoveries
to be independent of viscous-gravity
ratio when thisgroup exceeds a critical value.
These
critical
values of viscous-gravity
ratio
appear to be a function of viscosity ratio, po/p~.
The critical value is about 30 for a viscosity ratio
of 2.1, for example, but is about 15 for a viscosity
ratio of 5.76.
van der PoelA describes results from a number
of displacement
experiments coaducted in one
model at various rates using a viscosity ratio of
7.9. He found the transverse mixing zone to be an
appreciable
fraction of model height, and his
recoveries
were considerably
higher
breakthrough
than those which can be predicted from the published
correlation of Craig, ef aZ, where mixing was unimportant. van der Peel observed that, when the
viscous-gravity
ratio was between 15 and 400,
approximately,
recovery CZndheight of the mixkg
zme were independent of rare. Color photographs
itt the original paper ahow that in this range the
geometry of the gravity tongue was also independent
of rate, at a specific value of pore volume injected.
When the viscous-gravity
ratio was greater than
400, formation of secondary fingers underneath
the main gravity tongue ciiused a sharp increase
As viscous-gravity
ratio decreased
in recovery.
below about 15, geometry of the gravity tongue
was no longer independtit
of rate. The tongue

. ,.MARCH,

...

196S
-.

...

kxgApH

2. The viscous-gravity
ratio must be identical
in model and prototype when

k%gApH

- L

The viscous-gr~vity
when

ratio

need

not be

scaled

V/AoL
CL

<

< cu.

krgApH
The limits CL and Cu mum be determined experimentally.
3. Boundary and initial conditions must be the
same in model and prototype.
4. Dirrmnsionleas fluid properties must be congruent functions of concentration
in model and
prototype.
S. The transverse mixing group (KtL/Uff2) must
be identical in model and prototype.
The relaxed scaling criteria do not forma comple$e
set and, therefore, lack rigor. The experimental
program described in the following sections of this
paper was initiated to determine the limits CL and
CU and to confirm the criteria when transverse
mixiag is important.
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
RELAXED SCALING CRITERIA
To verify the relaxed scaling criteria, a number
of experiments were performed to determine dependmodel geometry,
ence of recovery on dispersion,
viacosit y ratio and viscous-gravity
ratio. Reaidts
of some of these experiments defined the viscous-. .,.
.,--

tion of the displacement front. Values of C u for

eight different models are shown in Fig. 2 as a
function of (l-/H) 2. The equation of che line used
to correlate the data is

TABLE 1 DIMENSIONS OF LINEAR,

HORIZONTAL MODELS USED IN
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Oimsnslam (td
nxwA1.

undo!
Numlwr
. .,

L/H

6X 3/S X 19.S
6x I x70

2
%,
3
4
s
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
---14

6X

3/8

x71
X23.8
x147
x72
X 19.S
X70
x147
x70.S
X30

2x 2
6x
2
2x
2
3/8 X 6
1X 6
2x
6
3/8 X 6
1*O5x 1/2
1/2 x 1.0s X30
1/2 X 3/$ x52,7
3/8 X 1/2 x72*3
0.012 xO.U44 x213

--x-

ratio limits, C ~ and C u, within which ttis

ratio and geometry can be left unscaled. Dimensions
.
.
of linear, horizontal models used in the investigation
are shown in Table 1. Unconsolidated
media were
used in all experiments;
nominal values of the
pertinent physical properties. are listed in Table
2(A). Compositionsnd properties of the completely
miscible fluid systems are summarized in Table
2(B). In each experiment, solvent was injected at
a con statx rate.

gravity

DETERMINATION OF LIMITS
To determine

the upper limit Cu, which defines

the rmaximum viscous-gravity
ratio for a specific
model, the performance of a model was observed
ratio.
for increasing values of the viscous-gravity
The value of the ratio ~ which a sharp increaae
in recovery resulted from secondary fingezs was
determined from recovery data and by visual inspec-

()

=0,45,

sx

b%gApH

.. x

,.~

t+
(0)
L

3*25
11.7
114
14.4
X.6
36
52
70
73.s
186
28.6
60
105
193
262

The lower limit, CL, waa determined by compsring the performance of models in which the transverse mixing group and viscosity ratio were scaled,
and geometry and the viscous-gravity
ratio were
left unscaled. Data from experiments of this type
are shown in Fig. 3 for a viscosity ratio of 16.3.
In this figure, the dimensionless solvent penetration
x~/L is plotted against the dimensionless time Ut/L,
which is equivalent to hydrocarbon pore volumes
iajected. The simila performance of Models 12 and
13 for viscous-gravity ratios of 4.5 and 321, respectively, may be contrasted with the performance of
ratio of 0.15. A value
Model 10 for viscous-gravity
of 4.0 was selected as a conservative
estimate
of the link CL for a viscosiry ratio of 16.3. A
simiktr procedure was used to determine values of
eppr~ximarely 27 and 20 for CL at viscosity ratios
of 1.85 and 69, respectively.
TRANSVERSE MIXING BY
MOLECULAR DIFFUSION
Groups

of experiments

were conducted

in each

TASLE 2(A) UNCONSOLIDATED MEDIA USED IN

EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
Nsdia
Nwmbw

I
II
Ill

Description
20.30 M.sh

~{cm)

$6
.

k,(darcios)

000357

0e33

200

0.0075

0.36

15

200D270M.sh Gkrss Bsods 0.W32

0,37

oit13W0

SIJnd

80.120 Mssh Glass B-ads

%3

TABLE 2 (B) FLUID SYSTEMS USEO lN IEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Composition (VOIPW rent)

Fluid
System
Numbsr

&

Dil

Hexom

B
c

Hoxans
Honono

Hoxwm

Bayel-D

Psrchlorasthylms

1.(:)=
[*]
G

viscosity (Cp)

Dsnslty (gr/cc)

solvent
(Dyed Rad)

Haxons

&e&

0s5s

60. Parchlorasthybre
40. l%xano
,
WS-4212 Isoparoffinlc SoIvont
50. NF 65 ,Whits011
SO. Porchlorasthylons
78.4. NF 65 Whit. Oii
16.3- iiXXO,W
S.3 - Pwchlwocthylwm
S5.S - USP 33S White Oil
14.2- Porchlorosthylonc
93.9- NF 65 Whita Oil
6.1- Psrahiarrnthyims
NF 65 Whits Oii

i.w

1.00

1.89
794

1*OO
-

0.717
1,224

0,045 0.630

0.860

0.168 S.46

16.3

0.644

0,980

0.192

30.5

16.2

0.5s9

14.9

16.3

0.496

23*O

69

0,s00

0.S52

0,893
0.042

-0.730
0.170

%47

..

I+:)

,
.

SOCIETY
/;/-..

~
,-

-.

OF ETROLEUM

EN fJIPIEERS 10 URNAL
.
..
. .
. .

. .

.
,

of which geometrically
distorted models were
scaled to the same prototype in initial experiments
where transverse mixing was dothiaated by molecular
diffusion,
A criterion for molecular
diffusion,
obtained
from published correlations for equal=
viacosit y systems (Fig. 1), requites Ithst apU/Ds
be less than 2.0 in the model.
Measurement of diffusion coefficients of some of
diathe fluid systems in Table 2(B) by the POrOUa
phragm method, 16 together with published data,17
led to the approximate relationship
DH E 10-5
sq cm-cp/sec
for a temperature of 70F. In this
to
paper, the diffusion ~oefficient corresponding
the viscosity of solvent is used in the scaling
groups; thus, for fluid system E(Ps = 1.S8 CP), the
characteristic diffusion coefficient Dst is 0.53 x
10-S Sq cm/See, ~xperiment~
measurement
of
diffusion coefficients fog reservoir flui& at reservoir
temperature and pressure is usually necessary,
although typical diffusion coefficients
have been
published 18-20 for some systems.
Transverse
dispersion coefficients
in the molecular diffusion
region were calculated from the relittion Kt = Ds /r.
For unconsolidated
sands or glass beads, r was
as sunwd to be 1,5. For consolidated media, r can
be obtsined moat conveniently from electrical meaaurementa.
Model performance before solvent breakthrough
was monitored by recording the maximum penetration
distance x ~ of the red-dytd solvent as a function of
a dimensionless
time UtiL, wtitch is equivalent
to hydrocarbon #ore volumes injected. Performance
after breakthrough was monitored by recording the
oil concentration
in the effluent, determined by
refractive
index measuretrients,
as. a function of
dimensionless
time.
Tests were conducted to c?~ermine if movement
of the red dye contained in the solvent was a
useful indicator of solvent penetration.
These
tests
consisted
of comparison of breakthrough

recoveries obtained by dye observation with breskchtougb recoveries obtained by refractive index
analysis of the effluent. In all cases, breakthrough
recoveries
determined by two methods were in
agreemeot.
Viscous.gravity
ratio was not scaled in experiments hi geometrical y distorted models at several
viscosity ratios. Models 10 to 13, where L/ff varied
from 28.6 to 193, were used. These models were
scaled to a common protot ypc by requiring that the
transverse mixing group, (K:LWH 2, have the same
numerical value in all models. Since modet geometry
was predetermined and Kt was fixed by the fluid
system, this equality had to be satisfied by choosing appropriate injection rates,
Results of these experiments are shown in Figs.
4 to 7 for viscosity ratios of 1,85, 7.4, 16.3 and
69. Good agreement of dimensionless
solvent
penetration
and effluent composition shows that
equivalent
model performance was obtained even
though L/H and vp&jkxgApH
were left unscaled.
In the experiments conducted at a viscosity ratio
of 16.3 (Fig. 6), values of L/H ranged from 28.6
to 193, and values of vpoL/kxgApH ranged from
4.5 to 32L In the experiments conducted at a
viscosity ratio of 69 (Fig. 7), the values, of L/H
were 105 and 193, end the corresponding
values
of vKJJk=gApH
were 20 and 1,470. Occurrence
of l;teral -fin~ering at the high rates used in
Model 13 was responsible
for the greater solvent
penetration at a given pore volume injected.
Longitudinal
dispersion
was unscaled
in all
experiments. In Fig, 6, for example, the Iongit udinal
dispersion group Kt[UL varies from about 3 x 10~
in Model 13 to 24 x 104 in Model 10. There is no
noticeable influence of longitudinal dispersion on
model performance.
Viscous-gravity
ratio was scaled in two sets of
experiments
in geometrically
dissimilar
models
where gravitational
forces dominated the shape of
gravity tongue. Models 3 and 4 were scaled to a
common prototype and flooded at viscous-gravity
ratios of about 1.1; Models I and 2a were scaled
to another prototype and flooded at viacousxravity ratios of about 0.33. Fi&s. 8 and 9 show
~hat ~quivalent performance wa; obtained.
1.0

/
/

0.8!

It

06

,Cl
I

10

103

I
I
102 Id

1. .
@

cu.

~H[ii
2.02
1.73
MO

0.2

o~
o

~2
{#

Sm. 2 TNE UPPER LIhliT ICv ON V12COUS(MtAVITY RAT~ IS A FUNCTION OF (L/H)% 3ECONDARYFINGERS NAVE NO EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE WHENVISCOUS-GRAVITYRATIO IS LESS THAN

Madol Mcd,n Flu,d ~

k,si+l

.
D
0.13 0.1S
121
o
1,16 4,5
D
0.60 321
!3
II

FIG. 3

0,2

EXPERIMENTAL

DETERNWATION

OF

THE

Lo

008
0.6

~
- 60

0,4

ModBl
.

1
0.2

80

kdia

IB

13

II

1,9

10
12
13

Ill
Ill

0.04

O*54

0.34

41
27
57

Ill

0.82

260

0.53

40

+ 20

0.52
,>q

o
1

0,8

0,6

0.4

0,2

Tim., WI-

Dimonsienl.ss

?,2

FIG. 4 -

GSX)METRICALLYI)ISSIMIUR MODELS SHOW EQUIVALENT

PERFORMANCE
WHEN TRANSVERSE
MIXING SCALED. VISCOSITY RATIOIS 1.S5, AND VISCOUS-GRAVITY RATIO IS BETWEEN ~ AND Cu.

Model

4/

13

12

JzJ_L~

i5
i

0.4

0.2

G..

Media

Fluid
.

II

~.

c
c

Ill

0,5
0.08

%6

43
55

2.00
2,19

1,2

Lo

0.8

nsienlocs Tires, Ut/L

FIGs 5 GEOhIETRICALLYDISSIMILARMODELS SHOW EQUIVALENT PERFCRNANCE WHEN TRANSVERSE

MIXING SCALED. VISCOSITYRATIOIS 7.4, AND VISCOUS-GRAV~YRATIOIS BETWEENCL AND Cu.

<.

0.8

80

1!
~ 0,6
$
3 4
*
,g

f
iso
o

0.4

0.2

008

0,6
Dimnsiocdoss Tim., Ut/1.

1.0

1,2.

DISSIMIMR MODELS SHOW EQUIVALENT PERFORHANCE WHEN TRANSVERSE

MIXINGSCALED. VISWSITY RAT16 IS 163, ANDVISCOUS-GRAVXTY
RATXOIS BETWEEN 4.0 AND cu.

FIG. 6 GEOMETRICALLY

1
.

. .

.-.:....
:,

~M

la F

Msdcl kdia

f3
lt

0.4

0.2

Fluid g&
.
G
906

121

ix)

f470

L1

20

40

-Gi-

1,78:

20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Dim.nsionl.ss Tim.,

1,0

1.2

WA

FIG 7 GEOMETRICALLYDISSIMILARMODELS SHOWEQUIVALENT PERFORMANCE WHEN TRANSVERSE

WXING SCALED. VIK0321Y
RATIO IS 69, ANI) VISCOUS-GRAVITY
RATIO IS BRTWEEN 20AND Cw

Vertical
sweep efficiency
correlations
were
developed by assembling recovery data from all
experiments.
These correlations
not only aid in
interpreting
the experimental results, but they also
provide a convenient method for prcdicting,recovery
performance. Correlations for the region in which
viscous-gravity ratio can be left unscaied are slaowg
in Figs. 10 through 12. In these figures, recoveries
(i.e., vertical sweep efficiency) aker breakthrough
are plotted as a function of the transverse miaing
group with dimensionless
time (i.e., hydrocarbon
pore volumes injected) as a parameter. CorrcJations

O.n

Fafi! 10.2

0.4

setJ

weL

fhdsl M@, Flwd ~k,m

0,4

KL
~ [-)
UHH

..
31

E1.6t0

0=

#I

E1.2102

0.022

O.l

were developed for three viscosity ratios -- 1.85,

systems, used in
16.3 and 6% the experimental
developing the correlations are described in Tsble
3. A limited amount of exywimental work was
performed where viaasus-gravity
ratio must be
scaled using a viscosity ratio of 16.3. Recovery
at breakthrough is plotted in Fig. 13 as a function
of the transverse miaing group with the viscousgraviey ratio as a parameter. The limiting curve
for viscous-gravity
ratio greater than 4,0 was
derived from Fig. II. The dashed curves for
viscous-gravity
ratio less than 4.o were drawn to
simulate shape of the limiting curve and to be
compatl%le with xperimental data points,
Correfationa shown in Figs. 10 through 12 were
devdoped
from performance of models having a
wide range of length-to-height ratios and for which
a wide range of values for the scaling groups was
use~ That the correlations can be developed for
these systems attests to vsIidity of the rehxed
scaling criteria for conditions under which viscous-

[/

.
o

.
0.15

0,10

0.05

0,?9

FIG. 8 GEOMEl!RICALLY DXSSZMILARMODELS

SHOW EQUIVALENT
PERFORMANCE
WHEN TRANSRATIO
VERSE MIXING AND VISCOUS-GRAVITY
THAN
SCALED, VXSCOUS-GRAVfTYRATIO IS LE*
CL, AND OIL VISCOSITY SS 30.5 q.
m

tm
cat

L1,0

0,44
E,w

WI

d
m.

0,0Z9

B,m

a
:
0,1

01

0.3
D&m,imbm

0.4

0.5

0
a4

0.01

I
0.1

I
1,0

10

Tim, uvl

MIXING
AND
VISCOUS-GRA~
RATIO
VBCOUS-GRA~Y
RATIO IS LESS THAN

XARC5t. 196S

DISSINtLARMOlk8 SHOW
FIG.9 - GEOMETRICALLY
WHEN T-vERSE
-fi=
pERFOUCE

..

o.?

i
@%

O& vIsGosmY 1sS*46CF.

.
.

SCALED,

CL, AND
.

10 VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY (N )

CORRELATION FOR A VISCOSITY RATIO OF 1,t5
WHEN TRANSVERSE -G
IS BY MQLECULAR
DIFFUSION.
,: ...,
,.
.. . .
FIG*

as

,.
,

gravity ratio need not be scaled. Additional vcrifica=

tion of the criteria for these conditions was derived
from results discussed earlier (illustrated io Figs.
4 through 7), which were obtained froIo tests msde
of similarity of pcrforraance of models scaied to
the same prototype.
ratso must
For systems in which viscous=gravny
be scaled, results shown in Fig. 13 for small
values of the mixing group confirm conclusions
based on the results of Craig. At hiiher values of
the mitig
group, it is evident that the viscouw
gravity gtoup mum be scaled, snd the indicated
trends suggest that valid scaling might be expected.
The interaction
of the transverse
miring group
end the viscous-gravity ratio can lead to &asticall y
as rate increases
differ= t recovery
behavior
in ,spccific models or reservoirs. This anomalous
behavior is illustrated
by the asrowcd paths in

Fig 13. Zf the transverse mixing group 1s large,

M increase in rate will .mwlt in a deceeime in
brcskthmugh recovery as shown by the urowed
Path L However, if tbe transverse mixing group is
small and the viscous-gravity ratio is less than
CL in second model, an increase in rate will
result in an increase in bzeaktkough recovery as
shuwn by the mowed Path U,
TRANSVERSE
CONVECIZVE

MIXING BY
DISPERSION

To verify the relaxed scaling criteria for convective dispersion, additional experiments were
conducted, These experiments were performed in
the intermediate range of viscous=geavity ratios
where scaling of this ratio i a not required.

TABLE 3 m SOURCE OF DATA SHOWN IN VERTICAL

SWEEP EFFICIENCY CORRELATIONS

Mdh

M9dol

Fluid

VIscosIiy Ratie ?.85

Ill

13

Ill

260

10

Ill

82

10

Ill

II
Ill

{. 10

a.oo

0.01

I
Lo

0.I

FIG, 11 VERTSCAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY (NP)

CORRELATION FOR A VISCOSITY RATIO OF 16.3
WREN TRANSVERSE NXXINGIS BY MOLECULAR
DIFFUSION.

13

01

324

13

ill

S60

13
12
11
10

II
I
II
Ill

D
D
D
D

321
4s
26
15

Ill

61

Ill

1s2

114

co
[

0.4
h-

o
0.01

i!4//I

0.1

Lo

-.. ..
FI& 12 VERTICAL

SWEEP
EFFICIENCY
(N )
CORRRLAISON
FOR A VISCOSITY
RATIO
OF %9
WNEN TRANSVERSE
BIIXING X3 RY NCXJ342ULAR
DIFFUSION.
..
.
.
.
. . . .. . . . .. .

86

10

10

10

II
V{S6QS@ Ratio 69

z.

.. .

57
27

viscosity Ratio ?6.3

10

KL
t (-]
UH H

41

A
A
B

13
12

13

II

290

12

20

13

II

1470

10

II

62

10

13

II

e
e

%Q@?knonl 8top$a4 * I&/L

.
. .. . ..
SOCSETY

.G

270
a

970

E 0.517,

OF WETUOLEUH

..EF3GIIUEERS 30 URNAL

Typicaf reiovery

illustrated in Fig. 14
Recov@riea at nolvent
bretaktimmagh end at 1 PV injected ate shown as a
function of viscous=gravity do. Recoveries shown
in Fig. 14 initially decrease but approach a constant
value as rate incrsases; (At rates high eaough to
generate
and propagate significant
secondsty
fingers.
rscvvexies
a#n
increase,)
A s@iiar
characteristic reitiion between recovery end rate
has been observed in other investigations,$ and
was obtsined in ail csperiments which were performed
in the convective dispersion ~egion. The difference
in breakthrough
recovery for ModeIs 13 and 9
resulted fkom the occurrence of lateral fingers in
the 6-in.-wide model (No. 9). To iaimiz#k6ccffcct@
of iatetal fingers, subsequerm experiments were
performed in modeis of 1 in. or less in width.
t?/fectivs
dispersion coefficients
have been
defined to facilitate interpretation of the data and
permit the development of a correlation usefui in
designing
laboratory models. Those coefficients
are so defined as to permit urm of the vertical
sweep efficiency correlations developed for the
molecular diffusion region iv predicting model
performance in the convective dispersion region.
The effective transverse dispexsiort coefficients
can be evaluated by comparing recovery vsdimension=
less time data obtained in the conveaive dispersion
region with recovery vs dimensionless
time data
obtained in the molecular diffusion region (presented
in Figs. 10 through, 12), At each dimensionless
time, the value of the mixing group, (~ L/ (JH2),
which gives the recovery experimentally observed
in the convective ditipersion region, is read from
the vertic~
sweep efficiency
correlation.
The
ratio of K*C/Ds is then calculated from the mixing
group, using the known values of L, H, U and De.
Site
it ia known that the ratio f$ /D for equslfor a wide

data -

range of rates,

viscodt y, equxi-density
systems correlates
with
a dimensionless velocity a#iAls one might expect
the effective dispersion coefficients to correlate
with s similw qusntity. it was found empirically
thata @u&able group is a#l/D= Np.
Extensive data obtained in Models 11, ~2, 13
and 14 for a viscosity ratio of 16.3 and mote limited
data chained in Modeis 11 sad 12 for a viscosity
ratio of 69 sre presented in Fig. 15. The effective
transverse dispersion coefficients
were obtained
by rastching recoveries, using the described pro- ~
pore volumes
cedure, from 0,6 to 1.2 hydrocsrkn
injected. A viscous-gravity rsrige of 16.7 to 17,000
is covered by these data,
Correlatiori
of the effective transverse
coefficients for 20=30 mesh Ottawa sand for unequal=
draeity, unequal-viscosity
fluids essentially dupli=
cates the correlation presented in Fig 1 for this
for equai.densit y, equsi-visco sity
same
sand
fluids. The data obtained for the 80-120 mesh
giass beads fail above the 20=30 mesh data; howevert the curve correlating
these results
fails
sii@ciy below that obtained for 40-200 mesh silica
sand shown in Fig. L
Close similarity between the correlations
presented in Figs, 1 and 15 suggests that transverse
dispersion coefficients
for equ.f.i density,
equslwiscosity fluid sytnerns may be adapted for use in
unequal-density,
unequal-yiscosit y fluid systems.
Kt having been defined as described ebove, the
vertical
sweep efficiency correlations
developed
for molecular diffusion may be used to predict
performance
for convective
dispersion
when the
relation between Kt*/P= and, a#J/D= NP is known
for a specific porous media. 131s relatlon provides
a reliable criterion for predicting whether transverse
mixing is dominated by molecular diffusion or by
convective
dispersion.
were obtained for a wide
The above correlations
range of L/H in a region in which the viscousgravity ratio was not srded. The correlation demonstrates that the relaxed scaling criteria are also
valid in the convective
dispersion region when the
viscous-gravity

ratio

need not be scaled.

OF DENSITY DIFFERENCE
ON CONGESTIVE DISPERSION

EFFECT

Measurements

1---:
%!01

----- 1
-

coeffi-

Lo

FIG, 13 VERTICALSWEEPEFFICXRNCYAT BREAKTIWN)UGN.DEPENDS ON /V@COUS43RAVITYRATIO

WIWIN
Xl%VALUEIS LESS THAN CL TRANSVERSE
MIXING IS BY UOLECULAR DIFFUSION.RRCOVERI!
CAN EDBASE
(ARROWED PATH 1) OR
wX?EASR (ARROWED PATH II)W21HINCREASIWq
INJECTIONRATE IN SP~IC
MODEM
.
.
.J.. ....... . ..
..
196S

dispersion

O.t
*)

MARCH,

of transverse

Siiuk

10

10%

IM

IO,OKI Ioa,om

&
k, \,4i

FIG, 14- TYPICAL RECOVERY BEtiVIOR AS A

FUNCTION OF VISCOU3-t3RAV~Y RATIO WXEN
TMNSVERSE
MIXiNG IS BY Convective DISPER,.
. . .SION.
. .. ..-, . . ... .
..
..,.-.
a?
..
.. ...
.=... .. .----- ..:
-,.... ...___ ~_, :,.
_.;,
--.
...- .

,,,.

cients by Crane and Gardner S dcmon~trate that a

small incresse in the density difference of the fluids
used results in a significant dccreasc in the disperskm coefficient for a model packed with 0, 15*cm
glass beads. A sitnilst effect was obsetvcd in the
present investigations in models packed with 20-30
mesh Ottawa sand (average diameter 0.071 cm).
These experiments were conducted with two fluid
systems
fez, which the viscosity-concentration
relations were sitailaq however, one of the fluid
systctns
hsd a low density difference
(A p =
O. 18S gin/cc) and the other a high density difference
(Ap = -0.730 gin/cc).
When the Iow @ system was used in a 30-in, -Iong
modol, breakthrough recovery was 0.32 at a viscousgravity ratio of 86. When the high Ap system was
used in the same mod@, breakthrough recovery was
reduced to 0.24 at the same viscous-gravity
ratio.
In these experiments, observations were made with
a magnifying
glass
of the mixing zone near the
trailing edge of the gravity tongue. For the high
Ap system, a sharp mixing zone only three to four
sand grains in height and approximately
25-cm
long was observed.
i3ctween this sharp mixing
zone and the front of the gravity tongue, the mixing
zane rapidly became thicker aad more diffuse, As
the length of the sharp mixing
a flood progressed,
zone decreased slowly, however, so long as transverse mixing was dominated by convective dispersion, the Iength appeared to be independent of rate.
Observation of the height of the mixing zone for the
low Ap system revealed that a sharp mixing zone
also existed, but in this case was oniy about 5
cm in. length.
When the 30-in. model (No. 11) was packed with
80-120 mesh glass beads, recoveries obtained with
the high Ap system agreed with chose obtained with
the low Ap system. Wts,ual observations
revealed
that although the mixing .sone was thin it occupied
a region 15 to 20 phrticles high iand had a maximum
length of less than 4 to s cm.

Trsaaverse disp&sion coefficients evaluated for

the hiih Ap systeta WCEC
shown in Fig. 15 for Models
11 sad 13 packed with 80-120 mesh glass beads,
and for Model ~4 packed with 20-30 mesh sand.
Good ugreement with data ftom low Ap systems is
apparent, For the high & system hi Models 11 and
12, (packed with 20-30 mesh sand), such agreement
was not obtained. The calculated values for the
cflcctivc dispersion coefficients
foz these models
and Model 14 are shown in Fig, 16. Lengths of
these models are 30, 52,7 aad 213 h, respectively.
In all cases, as model length increases,
the dispersion coefficients
approach the curve defined
primarily by systems with a iow density difference,
which reflects the decreased influence of the sharp
by an
mixing zone upon recovery made possible
iacrease

in model

length,

experimental measurements illustrate that

the scaling criteria for microscopic dispersion are
valid only when mixing occurs over many sand grains
(flow channels). The sharp (thin) transverse mixing
zones observed io all models packed with 20-30
mesh sand when the high ~ system is used are hoc
typical of field conditions in which the length of
the mixing zones caused by molecular diffusion
alone shouid extend over many CCsand grains ~,
These results
also suggest that, so long aa
the mixing zone occupies a region approximately
15 to 20 particle diameters thick throughout a major
portion of the Iaboraeory model, the basic scaling
criteria can be used and model performance will
duplicate the essential
features of mixing under
field conditions.
These

APPLICATION

SCALING

OF RELAXED
CRITERIA

To iIIusecate the increased freedom which the

relaxed scaiing criteria provide, the 4-ft-thick x
4,000-ft-long reservoir, discussed esrlicr, is reconsidered. Precise scaling required a model 2-in. x
1

la

4(

Ei

b?-

.f

%%+
FIO,16~ TNR EFFRCT OF A NIGH D13NS~Y IXFFERENCE ON fCt*/D* FOR 20-30 NESH SAND DECi?lEA~S
WITH INCREASINtl
MODELLENGTEL
.-, -,
. .. . . . .
.-...-,-. .. .. . . . .. .. .

~~fA:>cO?5ymmD%t&FdLkD#RvAa&i~2fi:

PERIMENTS AND VERTICAL SWEEP EFFICIENCY $ORRELAXIONS.

. .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . .
.
. ..
...
,
as

SOCIETY

.,---

100

10

..

OF PETROLEUM
WVQ1?WERS
IOURNAL
..-..
........ >---- ,------...........

. .

: -..
: .,.
,-,.

167Dft IoRg, sad S6 dsys were required for injection

of only, 1 PV, For this reaetvok the vaius of the
viacoua.gravit y ratio is 91.5, which ittdicates that
nor the fi/fi ratio
nsither the vkoue-gravit y do
need be scaled, h convenient size which might be
selected for the laboratory model is one 3/S4n.
thick x 72=ia, long. In this model, ths scaled injection rates parade the injection of 1 PV Inthree days.
It is to be noted that in thh case the maximum
permeability which can be used snd have molecular
diffudon prevail in the model is reduced from 12S
tO 117 darcics.
When available for the required viscosity do,
vertical sweep efficiency correlations such as those
presented in Figs. 10 through 12 can be used in
lieu of two.dimensional model studies for predicting
recovery performance when viscous.graviey ratio can
bc left unscaled aad miaing is dominstedbyrnolecuktr
convenient,
diffusion. The method is particularly
since oil recovery as a function of dirucnsionless
time (which is equivalent
to hy&ocatbon pore
volumes injected) can be obtained directly from
the correlation for any ivea value of the transverse
mixing group (~ L/U H! )- Accurate eatimatcs of the
numerical value of this group appear possible fot
many reservoir situations.
Although vertical sweep efficiency correlations
in this report arc limited to the molecular diffusion
region, they can readily be adapted to predict
for the convective
vertical
~weep efficiencies
disperdon
region when the functional relation
between Kt*/fJ@ and a$J/D~Np is known for the
particular
porous media. This telation may be
obtained from laboratory mcasurem~nts of effective
dispersion
coefficients.
As stated earlier,
the
equal-density, equsl-viscosit y dispersion correlation
can be used to evaluate Kt . The atepwide proccdurc
for
predicting
vertical
sweep efficiency
for a
particular
reaetvoit where L, H, U, ap D= and
po/PS are known is as follows.
the value of a LJO~Np
for an
1, Calculate
Sl&!3:gl:
arbitrary value of oil recovery $
.
caresponding
value of Kt*iD~
om
dispersion coefficient corrslstion (e.g., Fig. 15).
2. Calculate the value af the transverse mixing
group
Kt*L/UH2 which carrcsponds
to the value
of Np initially assumed, and plot on the vertical
sweep efficiency correlation (e.g., Fik. 11)..
of N
3. Repeat the procedure for other vaks
connecting the points by a smooth curve, 8C
resulting curve defines recovery Np as a function
of the dimensionless
time Vi/L.
It must be craphasised that the above procedures
predict vertical sweep efficiencies only. Volumetric
sweep efficiencies
con be predicted by combiiiag
estimate+ pattern efficiencies
with these vertical
or
by conducting
thrcesweep , efficiencies
dimensi?nal m@el crpcriments when greater accuracy is required.

ing conclusions aze &awn.

criteria have been devclopsd
L A set of scahg
use of practical, bench-size laboratory
which p@ts
tnodsls to simulate miscible displacemerit for
wide range of rcsetwoic conditions,
2. Vettical sweep efficiency can be predicted by
correlations developed in this work,
3. prediction of the range of rates for which
transverse mixing is dominated by molecular diffusion or by cortvective dispcraion for unequaldensity, unequal-viscosity fluids i? possible from
a plot of @/DB vs IZPWD8N , From this correlation
it is posrdble to armre &t the roechaaisauii of
mixing in the model and prototype are identical.
4. When mixing zones extend over sway flow
channels or pore spaces, the correlation of Kl*/D~
vs a U/D8Np for unequal-density, unequal-viscosity
fhu1s is s:milar to the analogous correlation for
equal-viscosity
fluid systems.
NOMENCLATURE
UP = particle radius (L)
CL, C-u - lower and upper limits on the range
y ratio in which
of vkcous-gravit
this ratio n;cd not be scaled
Co = oil concentration, vohnn~ fraction
D = diffusion coefficient (L /t)
g = gravittwional acceleration (L/t~
H = height of model or reservoir (L)
k = permeability (L2)
kz = permeability in the direction of flow
(L2 )
,Kl = lomg~dinal
dispersion
coefficient
(L it)
Kt = transpzc
dispersion
coefficient
<L A)
Kt = effeccive tr sversc dispersion cocfP
ficent (L /t)
L = length of model or reservoir (L)
Np = oil recovery, fraction of hydrocarbon
pore volume
s~c = connate-water saturation, fraction of

a pore volume
1 = time (t) .
U = V/( LSwc)#,

CONCLUSIONS
...:.,.
-, =,.

. ..

From the rcstdts

.
. -.
NAucn, 196s

.
. ---..:

~..

,.

~. ----. .
.,
,..
. .. . . .

------- .4:

....

. . .-

....- .=,.
.

. . ..

.,

.,
,.

.. ,---

velocity (L/t)

darcy

FO - PS (MIL3)
tortuosity

of this investigatio~
the fol~ow=
.. .
. . .. .
.

frond

velocicy (Lit)
W = width (L)
z~ = rnaxhnlun aolvcnt
psnctration
in
direction of flow (L+)
angle of dip
empirical
constant
in viscosity.
concentration equation
empirical
constants
in dispcmion
relations
viscosity (MZIJ)
density (MIL?)
v =

.,.

.e,

.r

.,.$.

..


.,

# = Porosity, frsaionel

veid space

SUBSCRIPTS
m .

~,
Josr, FMd Me&. (1959) VOL
DW
P. t3.: ~in~~mlon
t L Saffina~

mi~me

c4E4)ii
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F, F., Sandorftn, J, L., Mown, D. W. sad

8tUdY of tivi~Y
T. n: ~~A Lsbossbxy
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&&e$atLon
LO Fro@al fkklat,

~ff.~

27S.
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9f Dlnwnsionally Sealed Model* of Petrc4eum ffeserWO&S , lkwm,
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(1956) Vol. 207, 1la
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of Oil from k%SOUB kbdk
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4* ~~ der Poei, Cl: #tE@~ of ~terml h~fus~v~& on
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metltm,on ~iqf
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***