Race and Crime - Metapedia

3/20/2016
RaceandcrimeMetapedia
Raceandcrime
FromMetapedia
Therelationshipbetweenraceandcrimeisone
ofthemostpoliticallysensitiveracedifferences.
Statisticshaveshownthatmembersofdifferent
raceshavedifferentpropensitiestocommit
crimes.Oneconsequencesisthatrecentmass
migrationsarecausingchangesincrimepatterns
inmanynations.
Raceresearch
Racedifferences
Race
Argumentsregardingtheexistenceofraces
Raceandcrime
Contents
Raceandhealth
Raceandintelligence
1Statistics
Raceandintelligence:Thegeneticsornotdebate
1.1Worldwide
1.2UnitedStates
Countriesandintelligence
1.2.1Thereport"The
Raceandmorphology/physiology
ColorofCrime"
1.2.2201213statistics
Raceandsports
1.2.3Rapes
1.2.4Whitecollaroffenses
DifferentialKtheory
1.2.5Homicide
1.2.6Serialandother
HumanAccomplishment
multiplemurderers
Otherracedifferences
1.2.7Crimeand
percentageofBlack
Relatedresearchareas
populationinanarea
1.2.8"Hatecrime"
Boasiananthropology
1.2.9Raceriotsandmob
violence
Contacthypothesis
1.2.10Minorityon
Dysgenics
minoritycrime
1.2.11Organizedcrime
Effectsofracemixing
1.2.12Prisons
1.2.13Hispanicand
Ethnicheterogeneity
immigrantcrime
1.3Canada
1.4Britain
1.5France
1.6Australia
1.7NewZealand
1.8Brazil
1.9Cuba
1.10EasternAfrica
1.11SouthAfrica
1.12SubSaharanAfricain
general
http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime
Ethnicnepotism
Eugenics
Inbreedingdepressionand
outbreedingdepression
Pathologicalaltruism
Smartfraction
Thesociologist'sfallacy
1/23
3/20/2016
2Violenceagainstwomen
3Ethnic/racialhomogeneity
4Immigrationandcrime
5Causesofracialdifferences
5.1IQ
5.2Psychopathy
5.3Testosterone
5.4Lowactivityexpressionof
MAOA
5.5r/Kselectiontheory
5.6Racialdifferencesregarding
evolutionaryadaptationstomore
complexsocieties
5.7Biasinthejusticesystem
5.8Socioeconomicfactors
5.9Culture/subculture
Whiteflight
Whitedemographics
6Whiteflight
7Racialidentificationinlaw
enforcement
8Seealso
9Externallinks
9.1TheColorofCrime
9.2Other
9.3HatecrimesagainstWhites
andfakehatecrimes
10Gallery
11References
Statistics
Worldwide
TheHandbookofCrimeCorrelates(2009)isaliteraturereviewofover5200scientificstudies
examininghowmanydifferentfactorscorrelatewithandotherwisearerelatedtocrime.Manyofthe
studiesarefromtheUnitedStatesbutthereviewalsoincludesstudiesfromothercountries.Thereview
statesthatstudiesonofficialdataconsistentlyfindshighercrimesratesforBlacksthanforWhites,
especiallyregardingviolentoffenses.Victimsurveysalsoshowhigherblackcrimerates.Studiesonself
reportedoffendingaremoreinconsistentwiththesestudiesbeingaboutequallydividedbetweenthose
findingahigheroveralloffendingandthosefindingnorelationship.Onepossibleexplanationforthe
inconsistencybetweenselfreportedoffendingandotherformsofdataisbiasesinthecriminaljustice
systems,butevidenceforsuchaneffectismixed.Anotheristhatselfreportedoffendingprimarily
involvesrelativelytrivialandvictimlessoffenses,suchasmarijuanause.Athirdexplanationisthat
someresearchindicatesthatWhitestendtoprovidemorecompleteselfreportedinformationregarding
offending.[1]
AlsoHispanicshaveahigherofficialcrimeratesthanWhites.Studiesonselfreportedoffencesaremore
inconsistent.BothofficialandselfreportedoffendingarehigherforNativeAmericansthanforWhites.
EastAsianshavelowerofficialandselfreportedcrimeratesthanWhites.Theofficialoffendingrates
forSouthAsiancomparedtoWhitesaremixedbutselfreportedoffendingishigher.Bothofficialand
selfreportedcrimeratesarehigherforPacificandIndianOceanicIslandersthanforWhites.[1]
2/23
3/20/2016
J.PhilippeRushtoncollatedcrimestatisticsfromthe1986,1990,and199396INTERPOLYearbooks
fordifferentcountries.Hethengroupedthecountriesbasedonthedominantraceoftheinhabitantsand
calculatedtheaveragecrimeratesforrape,murder,and,seriousassaultforeachgroupofcountries.He
foundsimilarlylargedifferencesbetweentheracialgroupsforalltheyearsexamined.Similarorgreater
differenceswerefoundwhencomparingonlysubsetsconsistingofmoreraciallyhomogeneous
countries.Thesamepatternalsoappearedwhencomparingtotalviolentcrimeinsixmainly
White/AmerindianCaribbeancountriestoeightmainlyBlackCaribbeancountries(72vs.449per
100,000people).[2]Theseresultsareespeciallyinterestingsincepoliticallycorrectexplanationssuchas
majorityoppressionordiscriminationofminoritiesarenotapplicable.
UnitedStates
Thereport"TheColorofCrime"
ThereportTheColorofCrime(2005,secondexpandededition)by
theNewCenturyFoundationstatesthatwhiletheofficialcrime
statisticsshowlargeracialdifferencesintheUnitedStates,thereare
severalproblemswhichtendtocauseunderestimationoftheracial
differences.Oneexamplebeing"Whites"sometimesincluding
Hispanics.Anotherisnotadjustingforthatthedifferentracial
groupsdifferinpopulationsize.Thereportreviewsthemore
accuratestatisticsthatisavailableanddescribesmanylarge
differencesincrimeratesbetweenraces.Thereportalsoexamines
theresearchonpossiblebiasagainstracialminoritiesinthejustice
systemandthepoliceandconcludesthatbiasnotasignificant
explanationforthedifferentracialcrimerates.[3]
Itmajorfindingswerestatedas:[3]
TheColorofCrime.Available
online:[2]
(http://www.colorofcrime.com/)
Blacksareseventimesmorelikelythanpeopleofotherraces
tocommitmurder,andeighttimesmorelikelytocommit
robbery.
WhenBlackscommitcrimesofviolence,theyarenearlythreetimesmorelikelythannonBlacks
touseagun,andmorethantwiceaslikelytouseaknife.
Hispanicscommitviolentcrimesatroughlythreetimesthewhiterate,andAsianscommitviolent
crimesataboutonequartertheWhiterate.
Thesinglebestindicatorofviolentcrimelevelsinanareaisthepercentageofthepopulationthat
isBlackandHispanic.
Ofthenearly770,000violentinterracialcrimescommittedeveryyearinvolvingBlacksand
Whites,Blackscommit85percentandWhitescommit15percent.
Blackscommitmoreviolentcrimeagainstwhitesthanagainstblacks.Fortyfivepercentoftheir
victimsarewhite,43percentareBlack,and10percentareHispanic.WhenWhitescommit
violentcrime,onlythreepercentoftheirvictimsareBlack.
Blacksareanestimated39timesmorelikelytocommitaviolentcrimeagainstaWhitethanvice
versa,and136timesmorelikelytocommitrobbery.
Blacksare2.25timesmorelikelytocommitofficiallydesignatedhatecrimesagainstwhitesthan
viceversa.
Only10percentofyouthgangmembersarewhite.
Hispanicsare19timesmorelikelythanwhitestobemembersofyouthgangs.Blacksare15times
morelikely,andAsiansareninetimesmorelikely.
Between1980and2003theUSincarcerationratemorethantripled,from139to482per100,000,
andthenumberofprisonersincreasedfrom320,000to1.39million.
3/23
3/20/2016
BlacksareseventimesmorelikelytobeinprisonthanWhites.Hispanicsarethreetimesmore
likely.
201213statistics
201213datareleasedin2015bytheDepartmentofJusticeforthefirsttimeseparatedHispanicsasan
offendercategory.AmericanRenaissancestatedthedatashowedthat"duringthe2012/2013period,
blackscommittedanaverageof486,945violentcrimesagainstwhites,whereaswhitescommittedonly
99,403suchcrimesagainstblacks.Thismeansblacksweretheattackersin84.5percentoftheviolent
crimesinvolvingblacksandwhites.....violentinterracialcrimeinvolvingblacksandHispanicsoccurs
inalmostexactlythesameproportions....Ablackis27timesmorelikelytoattackawhiteand8times
morelikelytoattackaHispanicthantheotherwayaround.AHispaniciseighttimesmorelikelyto
attackawhitethanviceversa.....whenwhitescommitviolencetheychoosefellowwhitesasvictims
82.4percentofthetime,andalmostneverattackblacks....only40.1percentofthevictimsofblack
violenceareblack,whilepeopleofotherracesaccountfornearly60percentofthevictimsofblack
violence.Thefiguresforoverallviolenceasopposedtoviolencethatcrossesraciallinesshowa
surprisinglysharpdropintherelativelikelihoodofblackstocommitviolentcrime....Theremayhave
beenanactualfallinrelativeblackviolencerates.Itisalsolikelythatmanyblackswhowould
otherwisebecommittingarebehindbars.Oneinevery15blackmenisinjail,asopposedtoonein36
Hispanicsandonein106whites."[4]
Rapes
TheColorofCrimealsostatedthatbetween2001and2003there
wereanaverageof15,400BlackonWhiterapes.Thenumberof
WhiteonBlackrapeswereunclear.CountingsomeHispanicsas
Whites,therewere900"White"onBlackrapes.Blackswere7.2
timemorelikelytocommitinterracialrapeevenaftercontrollingfor
differencesinpopulationsizeandforthehighergeneralrateofrape
forBlacks.ThismaysuggestadeliberatetargetingofWhites.[3]
Therewere10,000gangrapesbyBlacksagainstWhitesbetween
butnotasingle"White"onBlackgangrape.[3]
Basedon"Criminal
VictimizationintheUnited
States,2008"therewere19,293
BlackonWhiterapes/sexual
assaultsandno"White"on
Blackrapes/sexualassaults
(numbersincludethreatened
rapes/sexualassaults).[5]
A2001reportstatedthat"Paststudieshavedocumentedthe
prevalenceofblackonwhitesexualaggressioninprison.Thesefindingsarefurtherconfirmedby
HumanRightsWatch'sownresearch.Overall,ourcorrespondenceandinterviewswithwhite,black,and
Hispanicinmatesconvinceusthatwhiteinmatesaredisproportionatelytargetedforabuse.Although
manywhitesreportedbeingrapedbywhiteinmates,blackonwhiteabuseappearstobemorecommon.
Toamuchlesserextent,nonHispanicwhitesalsoreportedbeingvictimizedbyHispanicinmates."[6]
Whitecollaroffenses
AcommonmythisthatWhitesaremorelikelytocommitwhitecollaroffenses.Actually,Blacksare35
timesmorelikelythanWhitestobeinprisonforfraud,bribery/conflictofinterest,racketeering,and
embezzlement.[3]
Homicide
AsnotedaboveTheColorofCrimestatedaseventimeshigherhomiciderateforBlacks.TheCDC
4/23
3/20/2016
(CenterforDiseaseControl)hasstateda8.5timeshigherBlackhomicideratethanWhitehomiciderate
fortheyear2007.Formalesitwas13timeshigher,for20to24yearoldmalesitwas17timeshigher,
andfor15to19yearoldmalesitwasover20timeshigher.[7]
AccordingtoFBIstatistics,in2013thenumberofBlackonWhitehomicides(409)wasmorethan
doublethenumberof"White"onBlackhomicides(189)despiteBlacksonlybeing13%ofthe
population.[7]
TheCouncilofConservativeCitizensin2014documentedabout400casesofBlackonWhitemurders.
UnliketheabovementionedFBIstatisticsfor2013,veryfewcasesofWhiteonBlackmurderscouldbe
found(4cases).Oneexplanationwasthatmany"White"onBlackmurderswereactuallydoneby
HispanicswhoareclassifiedasWhitesintheFBIstatistics.BlacksfromSpanishspeakingcountries
werealsoarguedtobeincorrectlyclassifiedas"White"offendersintheofficialcrimedata.Theofficial
"White"offendersalsoincludedNorthAfricans,Arabs,Turks,Persians,andpeoplefromcentralAsian
countries.Furthermore,itwasalsoarguedthatthenumberofBlackonWhitemurderswaslikely
significantlyhigheriftakingintoaccountmurderswithunknownperpetratorswhichmayoften
disproportionatelyinvolverandomstrangerkillingsbyBlacks.Also,antiWhitebiaswasarguedto
causemanyBlacksperpetratorstobechargedwithlessercrimesthansimilarWhiteperpetrators.[8][9]
Serialandothermultiplemurderers
Mediadepictionsofserialkillershavebeenaccusedofsowidespreadracialbiasthatitiseasytobelieve
thatallserialkillersareWhite.Theextensivemediacoverage(includingHollywoodmovies)ofcertain
WhiteserialkillershavemadetheseindividualsalmosthouseholdnameswhilesimilarnonWhiteserial
killersarepracticallyunknowntothegeneralpublic.WhenanonWhiteserialkillerhasgainedsome
mediaattentionitmaybeduetotheracialidentityofthemurdererinitiallybeingunknown.Also
criminologicalliteraturehasbeenaccusedofbiasbyveryrarelyincludingcasedescriptionsofnon
Whiteserialkillers.[10]
ActualcrimestatisticsinsteadshowthatWhitesincomparisontotheirpopulationsizeareunder
representedasserialmurderers.Blacksareoverrepresentedasserialkillersandthisoverrepresentation
maybeincreasing.OnestudystatedthatBlacksconstituted44%oftheknownserialkillersduringthe
19952004periodandanotherthatBlacksconstituted38.2%ofallmultiplemurderers(serial,mass,and
spreecombined)during19761998period.SeveraloftheBlackserialmurderersselectivelymurdered
Whites.Duringaperiodduringthe1970sagroupoforganizedBlackserialkillersselectivelymurdered
Whitesandmayhavemurderedmorevictimsthanallotherserialkillerscombinedduringthisperiod
("TheZebraKillings").Thegroupwasconvictedforcrimesagainst23personsbutthepoliceand
researchershaveindicatedthattheactualnumberofvictimsmaybefarhigher(80270victims).[10]
A2012bookstatedthatduringthe20002010decade62%ofserialkillerswereBlack.[11]
CrimeandpercentageofBlackpopulationinanarea
AlargenumberofstudieshaveexaminedtherelationshipbetweenpercentageofBlackpopulationinan
areaandcrime.AlmostallhavefoundahigherpercentageofBlacksintheareatobeassociatedwith
moreviolentcrimeandmosthavefoundsucharelationshipwithothertypesofcrimes.[1]
"Hatecrime"
Mainarticle:Hatecrime
5/23
3/20/2016
Only0.3%ofreportedinterracialcrimesareclassifiedasofficial"hatecrimes".Thisclassificationhas
beenarguedtobearbitraryandbiasedagainstWhites.Despitethis,TheColorofCrimefoundthatany
givenblackpersonwas2.25timesmorelikelytocommitanofficialhatecrimeagainstWhitesand
Hispanicsthanthereverse.Themediahasbeenarguedtogiveundueemphasistoofficialhatecrimesas
comparedtothemuchmorecommoninterracialcrimesingeneralaswellashavingabiastowards
reportingthemoreuncommonWhiteonBlackcrimes.[12][3]
Raceriotsandmobviolence
ThebookWhiteGirlBleedaLot:TheReturnofRacialViolencetoAmericaandHowtheMediaIgnore
ItdescribesanincreasingtrendofBlackmobviolence(includingtheKnockoutgameandFlashmobs),
citinghundredsofexamplesinmorethan100cities,aswellascoverupbypolice,politicians,and
nationalnewsmedia.[7]
Eachyearincitiesacrossthecountry,officialsarearguedtoprepareforpossiblewidespreadviolence
associatedwithBlackevents.[7]
Minorityonminoritycrime
TheLACountySheriffstatedin1998that"Wehaveaseriousinterracialviolenceprobleminthiscounty
involvingblacksandLatinos.Thetruthisthat,inmanycases,raceisattheheartoftheproblem.Latino
gangmembersshootblacksnotbecausetheyremembersofarivalgangbutbecauseoftheirskincolor.
Likewise,blackgangmembersshootLatinosbecausetheyarebrown.Gangaffiliationdoesnotmatter.
Onlythecolorofthevictimsskinmatters.Iwouldeventakethisastepfurtherandsuggestthatsome
ofL.A.ssocalledgangsarereallynomorethanlooseknitbandsofblacksorLatinosroamingthe
streetslookingforpeopleoftheothercolortoshoot."[13]
Manylargescaleexamplesofminorityonminoritycrimehavebeenreportedandwhichinsomecases
involvehundredsofpeoplebattlingoneanother.Ithasbeenarguedthat"Mexicanstendtopreyon
blacksinWestCoastcitieswheretheyvealreadybecomeanundisputedmajority,whileitsblacks
preyingonMexicanintrudersinEastCoastcitieswhereblacksstillholdanumericaladvantage."Some
conflictshasbeencomparedwithethniccleansingoftheothergroupfromcertainareas.Thisisan
outcomearguedtosometimesbesupportedbyraciallybasedorganizedcrimegroupswhichcontrollocal
areas.[13]
Minorityonminoritycrimehasbeenarguedtobeignoredbythemassmediasincethepolitically
correctnarrativeisWhitesattackingnonWhites.[13]
ThebookRaceandCrime:ABiosocialAnalysisstatedthatadetailedstudyinLosAngeles,publishedin
2000,foundthatalmosthalfofall"hatecrimes"occurredbetweenBlacksandHispanics(whoareoften
classifiedas"Whites"intheofficialstatistics).[14]
Organizedcrime
OrganizedcrimeisaccordingtheFBIoftenorganizedalongethniclines.Itincludesmanymore
ethnicities/racesandstructuresthanthetraditionalmediastereotypeoftheItalianAmericanMafia.
Differentaspectsoftheproblemhavebeenstatedtobeincreasing.[15][16]
TheverypowerfulJewishMafiahasoftenbeenignoredinmediadepictions.[17][18][19]Themorerecent
"RussianMafia"whichhasbecameincreasinglypowerfulintheUnitedStatesandelsewherehasbeen
statedtoactuallybeaJewishMafia(inparticularregardingtheleadership).[20][21][22]Alargeroleof
6/23
3/20/2016
statedtoactuallybeaJewishMafia(inparticularregardingtheleadership).[20][21][22]Alargeroleof
Jewsinworldwideorganizedcrimegenerallyhasalsobeenargued.[23]
Prisons
Formenintheirearlythirties,Blacksareabout7
timesmorelikelytohaveaprisonrecordthan
Whites.Theyaremorelikelytohavebeeninprison
(22.4percent)thaninthemilitary(17.4percent)or
incollege.12.5percenthaveabachelorsdegree.
Theresultsarerelatedtoeducationalachievement.
30percentofthosewithoutcollegeeducationand
nearly60percentofhighschooldropoutshadprison
records.[25]
The40%BlacksshareoftheU.S.prisonpopulation
issometimesinitselfseenasevidenceofracism.
However,thisproportionhasbeenarguedtoreflect
theproportionofcrimescommittedbyBlacksinthe
U.S.andifanythingbeingtoolow.[7]
Asof2001,thechancesofgoingtoonlyState
orFederalprisoninpercentagesforvarious
demographicgroups.Thelifetimechancefor
Blackmaleswasaround1/3.[24]
Inprisonsraciallybasedprisongangsandracial
conflictsarecommon.Racialsegregationofcertainareashasbeenonepartialsolutionwhichhasbeen
supportedbytheprisonersthemselves.[16][26]
Hispanicandimmigrantcrime
ImmigrationsupportersoftenarguethattheHispanicandimmigrantcrimeratesintheUnitedStatesare
nothigh.ThisisasurprisingclaimconsideringtheearliermentionedstatisticsfindinghighHispanic
crimerates,thehighcrimeratesinLatinAmerica,andthehighcrimeratesfornonWestern(exceptEast
Asian)immigrantstoEuropeasdemonstratedby,forexample,officialSwedishimmigrantcrime
statistics.[27]EvenEuropeanimmigrationsupporterssometimescitetheclaimednothighUSimmigrant
crimerates.
Criticshavearguedthattheproimmigrationclaimsarebasedonselective,unreliable,anddubious
statisticsandmisleadingpresentations.Forexample,criminalimmigrantsoftenhavestrongincentivesto
notvoluntarilyrevealortolieabouttheircountryoforiginandcitizenshipstatus,lawenforcement
agenciesmaybeforbiddenfromaskingsuchquestions,andofficialUScrimestatisticsoften
misleadinglyclassifyHispanicoffendersasWhiteoffenders.MorereliablestatisticsforHispanicsand
recentimmigrantsarearguedtoshowrisingcrimerates.Theoverwhelmingevidence,basedondata
suchasnationalvictimizationsurveysandincarcerationstatistics,isarguedtofindthatHispanicsare
severaltimesmoreviolencepronethannonHispanicwhites.Also,thesecrimeratesmaybetoolow
sinceitmaybemucheasierforimmigrantstoescapejusticebyreturningtotheirhomecountries.[28][29]
ImmigrationsupportershavesometimesarguedthatcitieswithlargeHispanicpopulationsharesdonot
havehighcrimerates.ButthisisarguedbycriticstobebecausethesecitieshavelowBlackpopulation
shares.[28]
RegardingnoncitizenHispanics,in2009infederalcourtstheyaccountedfor25%ofthosesentenced
fordrugcrimes.Morethan90%ofthenoncitizeninmatesinfederalprisonsareHispanic.Manyare
careercriminalsarrestednumeroustimes.About12%weredoingtimeforviolentoffensessuchas
murder,robbery,assault,andsexrelatedcrimes.[28]
7/23
3/20/2016
murder,robbery,assault,andsexrelatedcrimes.[28]
A2015CenterforImmigrationStudiesarticlestatedthat"Inadetailedreport,acolleagueandIhave
explainedwhyitisverydifficulttomeasureimmigrantcrime....DatacollectedbytheCensusBureauin
2013showsthat23per1,000maleMexicanimmigrantsages18to40areinstitutionalized(mainlyin
jailsorprisonsfewpeopleatthatageareinnursinghomesorsimilarinstitutions).Thiscomparesto31
per1,000fornativebornmeninthisagegroup.However,lookingatonlynonblacknativemen(1840)
showsanincarcerationrateof20per1,000.ThisissomewhatlowerthantherateofMexicanbornmen
andagooddeallowerthanthe38per1,000forU.S.bornmenofMexicanancestry.Itisalsoworth
notingthatMexicanmenareincludedinthefigurefornonblacknativesiftheyareexcludedthenthe
ratefornativeswouldbe18per1,000.Theratefornativebornwhitesaloneis16per1,000."[30]
Immigrationmayalsohaveindirecteffectsoncrime.A2010studyarguedthatthelargeHispanic
immigrationhasdisplacedBlacksfromlowskilledjobswhichhascausedeffectssuchasincreased
BlackunemploymentandincreasedBlackviolentcrime.[31]
TherearealsoseveralreasonsforwhyUSimmigrantandHispaniccrimeratesmaybedifferentfrom
EuropeanimmigrantandHispaniccrimerates:
TheUSeachyearrepatriatesverylargenumbersofcriminalimmigrants(198,000in2013)which
causesthoseremainingtobealesscriminallypronepopulation.[32]
TheUSingeneralimprisonscriminalsforlongertimeswhichprotectsthegeneralpopulation
fromcrimeforlongerperiods.
TheUShavefewerimmigrantsfromAfricaandtheMiddleEastwhoarethegroupswiththe
highestcrimeratesinEurope.
TheUSallowsfewer"refugee"immigrantswhomayinsomecasessimplybecriminalsofvarious
kindsfleeingnotpersecutionbutjustice.
TheUSattractsmorehighlyeducatedlegalimmigrants.
TheUShaveharsherwelfareandjusticesystems(butmorelenientguncontrollawsallowingnon
criminalstoarmthemselves)whichmaydiscourageimmigrantsexpectingtonotcontributebutto
insteadtotakeadvantageoftheirnewcountry.
However,theseadvantagesmaydisappearorbelessenedbyvariousimmigration"reforms"proposedby
USimmigrationsupporterssuchasmoreindiscriminateimmigration,"immigrationamnesty",and
"sanctuarypolicies"preventingdeportationofcriminalimmigrants.
Canada
AboriginalpeoplesinCanadas,includingthemixedoriginMtis,makeup3,8%ofCanada'spopulation,
butaccountfor18%ofthefederalprisonpopulationasof2002.[33][34]
Britain
In200910Blackswere2.7%ofthepopulationaged10oraboveinEnglandandWales.Theywere
13.7%oftheprisonpopulation.Theyreceived6%ofsentencesforburglary,9%ofsentencesfor
violenceagainstpersons,16%ofsentencesfordrugoffences,19%ofsentencesforrobbery,and22%of
sentencesforfraudandforgery.CrimescommittedbyBlacksweremoresevereasshownbylonger
sentencelengths.[35]
Almosttwiceasmanyblackpeoplewerein2003inprisonasatuniversity,accordingtoareportbythe
CommissionforRacialEquality.[36]
8/23
3/20/2016
InLondon,12%ofthepopulationwasBlackin2010.InJune2010TheSundayTelegraph,througha
FreedomofInformationActrequest,obtainedstatisticsregardingthosethepolicetookactionagainstfor
arangeofcrimesinLondonin200910.Forstreetcrimesincludingmuggings,assaultwithintenttorob,
andsnatchingproperty54%oftheoffenderswereBlack.Forrobbery59%.Forguncrimes67%.For
sexualoffences32%.Blackwomenwereresponsibleforadisproportionateamountoftheviolentcrimes
committedbywomen.[37]
TheBritishCrimeSurveyin2004foundthatmoreWhitesthannonWhitesreportedbeingthevictimof
araciallymotivatedcrime.FivetimesasmanyWhitesasnonWhitesreportedbeingwoundedinsuch
attacks.[38]
EnglandandWalesusestwodifferentsystemsforethnic/racialclassification.Physicalappearanceis
used,forexample,bythepolicewhendoingaStopandSearchoranarrest.Selfdescribedraceisused,
forexample,incensusstatistics.[39]
France
A2013bookdescribedanexplosionofcrimeinFranceandlinkedittothemassimmigrationofnon
Whites.Francehasnoofficialstatisticsonethnicityandcrime,butastudyfoundthat6070%of
prisonersareMuslimsandlocalstatisticsconfirmedtheoverrepresentationofnonWhitesinprison.
AlsoinotherEuropeancountrieswereBlacksandArabsoverrepresentedinthecriminalpopulation.The
policereceivedlittlesupportfromthepoliticallycorrectmediaorauthoritiesandwereinsteadroutinely
accusedof"racism".Thepoliceunionstatedthatpoliceofficerswereafraidtouseforceforfearofracial
consequences.Criminalsthereforenolongerfearedthepoliceandifcaughttheyreceivedlimitedorno
jailtime.ThiswaslikelyanexplanationforwhyraceriotsinFranceweremorefrequentandviolent
thaninanyotherEuropeancountry.Policerarelyenteredcertainimmigrantneighborhoodsforfearthat
theirmerepresencecouldbea"provocation".Themediadisproportionatelyfocusedoncrimesagainst
minoritiessuchasJews,Muslims,andhomosexualsdespitethesegroupshavingmuchlowerrisksper
personofbeingvictimizedthanFrenchnatives.[40]
Australia
AboriginalAustraliansandTorresStraitIslandersaccountedfor27%ofthetotalAustralianprisoner
populationin2014butwereonlyapproximately2%oftheAustralianpopulationaged18yearsand
over.[41]
NewZealand
In2004,Maorimadeupjust15%ofthetotalpopulationbut49.5%ofprisoners.[42]
Brazil
Brazilhassometimesbeenregardedasagoodexampleregardingracerelationswhichmaybeduetothe
beliefthatwidespreadracemixingisthesolutiontoraceproblems.Thus,theintroductiontothe
controversialdeclarationTheRaceQuestionstatedwithoutcitinganysourcesthattheracesituationin
Brazilwasin"harmony"and"favorableand,inmanyways,exemplary".[43].ThestateofSanta
Catarina,themosteuropeanofallthecountrywith86%beingwhite,isalsotheonewiththelower
crimewithonly12.8murdersby100,000inhabitantsin2014(averageofallthecountryis29)[44].
ThesituationinBrazilhasinsteadbeendescribedasastateoflowintensitywarfarebetweenthepolice
9/23
3/20/2016
andMulatto/Blackcriminals.Alsothepolicethemselveshavebeenstatedtoregardthemselvesas
engagedinwarfarewiththecriminals.In1991thepolicekilled1171people,largelyMulattoesand
Blacks,onlyinSaoPauloandonlyaccordingtoofficialstatistics.Thepolicehasalsobeenstatedto
organizevigilantepatrols("Deathsquads")thatcommitextrajudicialkillingsofsuspectedcriminals.
TheyhavebeenstatedtofeelthattheyhaveunofficialapprovalforkillingpoorBlackcriminals.Despite
thishasthecrimeratebeenveryhighandcausedwidespreadWhiteflightandflightbyEastAsians.
Accordingtoofficialstatistics,whichmayhavevariousproblemssuchasthelargescalekillingsbythe
police,Blackswereoverrepresented5.6timesandMulattoes1.5timesintheprisonpopulationinSao
Pauloin2000.[45]
In2012,thePCC(PrimeiroComandodaCapital),thelargercriminalorganizationinSoPaulokilled
overahundredpoliceofficersandmostofwhowerenotonduty.Thepolicehavebeenaccusedof
answeringwithhundredsofextrajudicialkillingsduringthefirstmonthsof2013.[46]
Cuba
CommunistCubahasattemptedtoeliminateracialdifferencesanddiscriminationthroughvariousforced
measures.Despitethis,largeracialdifferenceshavebeenreportedcontinuetoexistincludingalarge
overrepresentationofBlacksintheprisonpopulation.[45]
EasternAfrica
InpartsofEasternAfricathereisabelief,evenbyrichurbandwellers,thatbodypartsofalbinoshave
magicalpowers.Witchdoctorsbuyalbinobodyparts.Fishermenhaveusedhumanhairfromalbinos
wovenintofishingnetsforgoodluck.Bonesaregrounddownandburiedsinceitisbelievedtheywill
transformintodiamonds.Treatmentsmadefromthegenitalsarebelievedtoboostsexualpotency.Body
partshavebeenusedtotreatthesick.Albinoshavethereforebeenkilledorhavehadtheirmembers
severed.Insomecasestheyhavebeenbutcheredonthestreets.Duringthe200710periodinTanzania
therewere66confirmedattacksand57murdersbutmanyattacksarebelievedtohavegoneunreported.
SexwithalbinosisbelievedtocureAIDSwhichhavecausedmanyrapes.Theattackswerein2010
statedtobespreadingtootherpartsofAfricawithattacksreportedinGhanaandSwaziland.Albino
skinsfromTanzaniahavebeensoldinMalawi,Mozambique,ZambiaandSouthAfrica.[47][48]
InEthiopiaanestimated300childrenarekilledeachyearsbythevillageeldersoftwotribesbecause
theyarebelievedtobecursedchildrenandcanbringtherestofthetribebadluck.[49]
SouthAfrica
In2002thechildcaregroupChildlinestatedthatoneinfourgirlsfacestheprospectofbeingraped
beforetheageof16.ThereisawidespreadmyththatsexwithachildorbabywillridamanofHIVor
AIDS.[50][51]
Morethan25percentofSouthAfricanmenquestionedinasurveypublishedbytheMedicalResearch
Council(MRC)inJune2009admittedtorapeofthose,nearlyhalfsaidtheyhadrapedmorethanone
person.Oneintwentyhadrapedduringthelastyear.Threeoutoffourofthosewhohadadmittedrape
indicatedthattheyhadattackedforthefirsttimeduringtheirteens.Anywomanrapedbyamanoverthe
ageof25hadaoneinfourchanceofherattackerbeingHIVpositive.Oneoutoftenmaleshadbeen
rapedbyothermen.Practicessuchasgangrapewerecommonsincetheywereconsideredaformof
malebonding.[52][53]
10/23
3/20/2016
SubSaharanAfricaingeneral
Surveysin2009in18subSaharanAfricancountriesfoundthatamedianof77%sawrapeasamajor
problemintheircountry.[54]
Surveysinseveralcountrieshavestatedthatlargepercentagesofwomen,girlsandpartnersreportbeing
raped.[55][56][57][58]
Violenceagainstwomen
Therearelargedifferencesbetweencountriesregardingtheprevalenceofintimatepartnerviolence
againstwomen.Forexample,a2006studyfoundveryhighprevalenceinseveralsurveyednonWestern
countries(exceptJapan).InEthiopiaoverhalfofthewomenreportedphysical/sexualviolenceduring
thepastyear.[59]
SeealsotheearliersectionsonAfricancountriesregardingrapes.
TherearevariousalsoformsofviolenceagainstwomeninvariousnonWhitepopulations(includingby
immigrantsfromsuchpopulations)suchashonorviolence,honorkillings,rapesorderedbyvillage
councilsasmethodofsettlinghonordisputesbetweengroups,femalegenitalmutilation(themajorityof
womeninsomecountries),dowrykillings,brideburning,acidthrowing,andselectivefemale
abortions/infanticides(causinglargescaledeficitsofwomeninsomecountries).Whilethespecific
formsareaffectedbyculture,itispossiblethatgeneticfactorsmayinfluencefactorssuchasgeneral
aggressionandtheacceptanceofindividualityvs.demandsforgroupconformism.
AlthoughwomenpreviouslyhadlessrightsinWesternsocietiestheywerearguablyneversubjectedto
thedegreeofviolencefoundinmanynonWesternsocieties.
Ethnic/racialhomogeneity
Furtherinformation:Ethnicheterogeneity
Manystudieshaveexaminedifethnic/raciallyheterogeneousareas,mostoftenneighborhoodsinlarge
cities,havehighercrimeratesthanhomogeneousareas.Theevidenceislargelyconsistentforthatthe
moreethnically/raciallyheterogeneousanareais,thehigheritscrimeratestendtobe.[1]
Immigrationandcrime
Immigrationandcrimeisatopicthathasgainedincreasedattentionasmassimmigrationisrapidly
changingthepopulationsofmanycountries.Itisrelatedtoraceandcrimebutnotidentical.For
example,manycountriesdonotprovideracialcrimestatisticsbutdoprovidecrimesstatisticsfor
immigrantsfromdifferentcountriesorgeographicregions.Thesegroupsmaynotberacially
homogeneous.OneexamplebeingthatmanyimmigrantsfromsomeEuropeancountriesmaybe
gypsies.
Regardless,thecrimeratesofdifferentimmigrantgroupscanbepredictedfromtheircountryoforigin
usingcountrylevelvariablessuchasaveragemeasuredIQ,prevalenceofIslam,andgeneral
socioeconomicdevelopment.Averagecountryandgroupdifferencesregardingvariablessuchasaverage
IQhasbeenarguedtopartlyreflectaveragegeneticgroupdifferences.[60][61][62]Regardingthe
associationwithIslamseethesection"Culture/subculture".Anotherreportedassociationiswiththe
11/23
3/20/2016
averageheightofthecountriesoforiginwithloweraverageheightbeingassociatedwithlowercrime
ratesforimmigrantgroups.[63][64]
AstudybytheSwedishgovernmentalorganizationresponsibleforofficialcrimestatisticsexamined
crimeduringthe19972001period.ThestudyincludedallresidentsinSwedenbetweentheagesof15
and51.Thecrimesincludedwerethosereportedtopoliceandforwhichthepolicehadregistereda
reasonablesuspicionregardingtheoffender.Thefirstnumberbelowaretheoverrepresentationsfor
foreignbornfromdifferentgeographicareas.Itincludesbothmalesandfemales.Thesecondnumberis
percentageofeachgroupwhobecamereasonablysuspectofacrimeduringthestudiedfiveyear
period.[65]
Africa,notNorthorEast:+430%(26,3%)
NorthAfrica:+370%(23,3%)
WestAsia:+280%(18.8%)
EastAfrica:+250%(17,5%)
SouthAmerica:+230%(16,4%)
CentralAsia:+220%(16,1%)
SouthernAsia:+220%(15,8%)
Europe,notEU,includingTurkey:+160%(13,2%)
EuropeanUnion,newcountries:+130%(11,4%)
SouthEastAsia:+110%(10,5%)
NordicCountries:+70%(8,7%)
Notclassified:+60%(7,8%)
EuropeanUnion,othercountries:+40%(7,2%)
UnitedStates,Canada,AustraliaochNewZealand:+10%(5,5%)
EastAsia:+0(5,2%)
Notethatthestatednumbersarecombinednumbersforbothsexesandonlyconcernscrimesduringthis
particularfiveyearperiod.Prevalencenumbersmaypossiblyhavebeenevenhigherifconsidering
lifetimecrimerates,onlymale(especiallyyoungmale)crimerates,andthatmanycrimesarenever
reportedtothepoliceandthatevenforknowncrimesthepolicemayhavenosuspects.
Therewerealsolargedifferencesregardingdifferentcrimetypeswithforeignbornoverrepresentation
beingparticularlyhighformanyviolentcrimesandbeingthehighestforrape(whichmaybe
problematicformanypoliticallycorrectexplanationsfortheoverrepresentations).Theaverage
overrepresentationforallforeignbornforallcrimetypeswas+150%.Controllingfordifferences
regardingage,sex,education,andincomeonlyreducedthisnumberto+110%.[66]Seealsothearticleon
thesociologist'sfallacy.
Causesofracialdifferences
IQ
RichardLynnhasinthebooksRaceDifferencesinIntelligenceandtheTheGlobalBellCurveargued
thatthereisarelationshipbetweenIQandcrimewhichisanimportantexplanationfordifferingcrime
ratesacrosstheworldduetotherelationshipbetweenraceandintelligence.
InhisbookThegFactor(1998),ArthurJensencitesdatawhichshowsthat,regardlessofrace,people
withIQsbetween70and90havehighercrimeratesthanpeoplewithIQsbeloworabovethisrange,
withthepeakrangebeingbetween80and90.[67]AccordingtoJensen,whencrimeratesarecompared
betweenraceswhileadjustingforIQ,theyareapproximatelythesame.Thus,Jensenproposes,the
disparityincrimeratesbetweenracescanbeexplainedbytheproportionsofeachgroupwithIQsinthe
12/23
rangeatgreatestriskforcriminalbehavior.[68]
3/20/2016
rangeatgreatestriskforcriminalbehavior.[68]
Psychopathy
TheBellCurvearguedthattheIQdifferencescannotexplainalloftheracialdifferencesincrime.
RichardLynnhasarguedthatanadditionalfactoristhatracesdifferintheiraveragedegreeof
psychopathywhichisapersonalitytraitassociatedwithcrime.[69][70][71]RobertHare,creatorofthe
mostwidelyusedpsychopathytest,reportedina2008studyonageneralpopulationsamplethatBlacks
scoredonaverage3.86vs.1.7forWhites.[72]
Arelatedconceptisantisocialbehavior/antisocialpersonalitydisorderthatmayusesomewhatdifferent
butrelatedmeasurementinstruments.Ina2009literaturereview,moststudieshadfoundthatBlacks
havehigherratesthanWhitesregardingbeingdiagnosedasantisocial.Inconsistenciesmaybedueto
smallsamplesinsomestudies.[1]
Severalmetaanalysisofstudiesdoneonprisonershavenotfounddifferencesinaveragepsychopathy
scoresbetweenBlackandWhiteprisoners.Butthisisonlyevidenceforthatthereisnoracial
discriminationregardingpsychopathyinthejusticesystemsothatpsychopathsfrombothracesare
equallylikelytoendupinprison.[1]
Testosterone
Crimeratesarehigherformalesthanforfemalesandincreaseinadolescenceastestosteronelevelsrise
anddeclineascrimeratesdeclinewithadvancingage.Castrationofmalesisusuallyaccompaniedby
decreasedaggression.[1]
Studyingtheinfluenceoftestosteroneiscomplicatedduetofactorssuchthatbloodtestosteronelevels
varyingwithtimeofdays,differencesregardingboundvs.freetestosterone,etc.Testosteronelevelsin
thecerebrospinalfluidarelikelymoreimportantforbehaviorsbutaredifficulttomeasure.Inaddition
theremaybedifferencesregardingtestosteronereceptorsensitivityorother"downstream"effects.
Furthermore,thereareotherandrogenichormonessuchasdihydrotestosteronochandrostenedionand
femalesexhormonesmayhaveeffectsaswell.Inaddition,testosteronelevelsduringfetaldevelopment
arehigh,contributestotheearlysexualdifferentiation,andmaybeinvolvedinlaterbehaviors.
Studieshaveusuallyonlyusedmeasuredtestosteroneinblood/salivaandmaythereforenotmeasure
totaleffectsofandrogenichormonesverywell.Regardless,thesetestosteronelevelsareaccordingto
moststudiesassociatedwithcriminalityandpersonalitycharacteristics/behaviorsassociatedwith
criminalityinadultsandoftenalsowithaggression.[1]
Racedifferencesregardingtestosteroneorsexhormonesmoregenerally(notnecessarilybloodlevel
differences)havebeenproposedasanexplanationforracialdifferencesregardingcrimeaswellasfor
otherracialdifferences.SeealsoOtherracedifferences:Femininityvs.masculinity
LowactivityexpressionofMAOA
Monoamineoxidase(MAO)isatypeofenzymefoundthroughoutthebodyandalsointhebrain.The
activityofMAOinthebloodisaccordingtostudiesalmostentirelyduetogeneticfactors.Studieshave
almostalwaysfoundthatcriminalstendtohaveunusuallylowlevelsofMAOactivityintheirblood.
Therearealsostudieslinkinglowbloodactivitywithantisocialbehavior,physicalaggression,
impulsiveness,andsensationseeking.[1]
13/23
3/20/2016
MAOexistsinthetwoslightlydifferentformsMAOAandMAOBthatarecodedbydifferentgenes
andwithsomewhatdifferentfunctions.Inaddition,therearealsodifferentvariantsofMAOAwhich
causedifferentenzymeactivity.StudieshaveexaminedtherelationshipbetweenMAOAgenevariants
causinglowerenzymeactivityandbehaviorssuchascriminality,antisocialbehavior,andaggression.
Theresultshavebeensomewhatmixedwhichmaybeduetothelowactivitygenevariantshavinga
strongernegativeeffectiftheyarecombinedwithotherfactors(suchaslowIQ,hightestosterone,
smokingduringpregnancy,poverty,andchildabuse).Onestudyfoundonlyaweakassociationwith
aggressionwithoutaperceivedprovocationbutastrongereffectwhentherewasaperceived
provocation.[1][73][74][75][76]
LowenzymeactivityMAOAgenevariantshavesometimesbeendescribedas"TheWarriorGene"
althoughthisisproblematicforseveralreasonssuchastherealsobeingothergenesassociatedwith
aggression.
Differentraces/populationshavedifferentfrequenciesofthegenevariantscausinglowenzymeactivity.
PopulationswithahighfrequencyincludetheUSBlacks.A2013USstudyexaminedthedifferentgene
variantscausingloweractivityandfoundastrongerassociationwithcriminality,violentbehaviorsand
antisocialbehaviorsforthevariantcausingthelowestenzymeactivity(MAOA2R).MAOA2Rwas
foundin5.2%ofBlackscomparedto0.1%ofCaucasians.MAOA3R,whichcausessomewhathigher
butstillrelativlylowenzymeactivity,wasfoundin52.3%ofBlacksand37.0%ofCaucasians.[73][76]A
2014studyfoundthatAfricanAmericanmaleswiththeMAOA2Rallelehadanincreasedriskof
stabbngandshootingbehaviorsandthatthisriskwasindependentofenvironmentalfactors.[77]
r/Kselectiontheory
J.PhilippeRushtoninhisbookRace,EvolutionandBehaviorappliedr/Kselectiontheorytohuman
racesandexaminedmanydifferentvariablesincludingcrime.Severalofthereportedracedifferences
regardingpersonalitytraits(suchasaggression,cautiousness,andimpulsivity)mayberelatedtorace
differencesregardingcrime.
RushtonandTempler(2009)examinedhownationalratesofviolentcrime(murder,rape,andserious
assault)correlatedwithseveralothervariables.Higherviolentcrimeratescorrelatedwithhigherratesof
HIV/AIDS(0.5),lowernationalIQs(0.25),darkerskincolor(0.23),shorterlifeexpectancy(0.21),but
notwithnationalincome(correlationof0.00).Theyalsofoundthatsinglefactorcouldexplain52%of
thevarianceoftheseaswellasotherfactor(birthrateandinfantmortality).Theyarguethatthissupport
theexistenceofther/Kfactor.[2]
Racialdifferencesregardingevolutionaryadaptationstomorecomplexsocieties
Contrarytothemythofthe"peacefulsavage",researchonthedegreeofviolenceindifferentsocieties
hasgenerallyfoundaveryhighdegreeofviolenceamonghuntergathersandadecreasingdegreein
increasinglymorecomplexsocieties.Thisappliesbothtoviolencewithinthegroupandbetweengroups.
ForexamplethebookATroublesomeInheritance:Genes,RaceandHumanHistoryhasarguedthatone
explanationforthisisthatgeneticadaptationstoincreasinglymorefrequentandcomplexinteractions
withnonrelativesandstrangershavecausedevolutionarychangessuchasdecreasingaggression.A
societalchangewhereitissocietyinsteadofindividualsorrelatedgroupsthatpunishcrimecouldhave
thesameeffect.However,differentpopulations/raceswhohavelivedindifferentkindofsocietiesmay
havedifferencesregardingsuchevolutionaryadaptations.
Apossiblecounterargumentisthatthesemorecomplexsocietieshavenotexistedlongenoughfor
evolutionarychangestohappen.However,experimentalstudiesonratsandfoxeshaveproventhatitis
14/23
3/20/2016
possibletoquicklycreateverylargegroupsdifferencesregardingaggressionandrelatedtraitsby
selectingforloworhighaggressionduringselectivebreeding.[78]
A2015studyarguedthatalargedeclineinviolenceoverthelastmillenniuminmostofEuropewas
largelyduetogeneticchangesinthepopulationduetosocietalselectiveforcesagainstviolentmen.
"Courtsimposedthedeathpenaltymoreandmoreoftenand,bythelateMiddleAges,werecondemning
todeathbetween0.5and1.0%ofallmenofeachgeneration,withperhapsjustasmanyoffendersdying
atthesceneofthecrimeorinprisonwhileawaitingtrial.Meanwhile,thehomiciderateplummetedfrom
the14thcenturytothe20th.Thepoolofviolentmendriedupuntilmostmurdersoccurredunder
conditionsofjealousy,intoxication,orextremestress...concludethatsuchnaturalselectioncould
explainalittleoverhalfofthereductioninthehomiciderate.Therestofthedeclinemayhavepartly
resultedfromviolentmenbeingincreasinglymarginalizedinsocietyandonthemarriage
market."[79][80]
Biasinthejusticesystem
Manypeople(especiallynonWhites)intheUSbelievethatthejusticesystemisbiasedagainstnon
Whites.Thishascausedresentment,lackofcooperationwiththepolice,andevenbeenseenas
justificationforcommittingcrimeagainstWhites.However,foralmostallcrimesthepercentagesof
thosearrestedwhoareBlackareactuallylowerthanthepercentagesofoffenderswhocrimevictimsin
thelargeNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS)stateareBlack.Overall,Blacksare26%less
likelytobearrestedthannonBlackswhohavecommittedthesamecrime.ThisdespiteBlacks
committingmoreseriouscrimessuchasbeingmorelikelytouseagunorknifeinrobberies.Several
othersmeasuresalsoshowthattheUSpoliceisbiasedinfavorofBlackswhenmakingarrests.Thismay
bebeduetoincreasingpoliticalcorrectnessandfearofbeingaccusedof"racism"whenarresting
Blacks.[3]
StudiesonactionsbyprosecutorsandjudgessimilarlyshownosystematicbiasagainstBlacksand
HispanicsintheUS.[3]
A2013studyfoundnoevidenceofracialdiscriminationincriminaljustice(CJ)processingandstated
that"OneofthemostconsistentfindingsinthecriminologicalliteratureisthatAfricanAmericanmales
arearrested,convicted,andincarceratedatratesthatfarexceedthoseofanyotherracialorethnicgroup.
Thisracialdisparityisfrequentlyinterpretedasevidencethatthecriminaljusticesystemisracistand
biasedagainstAfricanAmericanmales.Muchoftheexistingliteraturepurportedlysupportingthis
interpretation,however,failstoestimateproperlyspecifiedstatisticalmodelsthatcontrolforarangeof
individuallevelfactors......Thisracialdisparity,however,wascompletelyaccountedforafterincluding
covariatesforselfreportedlifetimeviolenceandIQ......ResultssuggestthatIQandlifetimeviolence
accountforracialgapsinCJprocessing."[81]
StudiesintheUnitedStatesusingrealisticsimulationshavefoundthatpoliceofficers(aswellasthe
generalpublic)werelesslikelytoshootBlackthanWhiteorHispanicmen.Thislikelybecausethe
likelihoodofbeingaccusedofracismandthelikelihoodoftherebeingalargesocialoutcryisfargreater
whenshootingaBlackman.ThatpoliceofficersdespitethisrelativelyoftendidshootBlackswasdueto
Blacksbeingmoreinvolvedinviolentcrime.[82]Supportingthisisstatisticsshowingthattheshareof
homicidedeathsthatisduetopoliceshootingsisthreetimeslowerforBlackhomicidedeathsthanfor
Whites/Hispanichomicidedeaths.[83]
ManydifferentformsofinaccuraciesandantiWhitebiasinpoliticallycorrectmediadescriptionsof
policeviolencehavebeenreported.Oneexampleisthat"Ofthe509officersfeloniouslykilledinthe
past10years,46percentoftheperpetratorswereblack,despitetheirrepresentingonly13percentofthe
[7]
population."
15/23
3/20/2016
population."[7]
Socioeconomicfactors
Seealso:Thesociologist'sfallacy
ThecorrelationbetweenviolentcrimeratesandpercentagesofUSstatepopulationsthatareBlackand
Hispanicis0.81.Controllingforpoverty,education,andunemploymentonlyreducesthisto0.78.[3]
Differencesincrimebetweencountrieshaveoftenbeensuggestedtobecausedbysocioeconomic
factorsbutforAfricanandCaribbeancountriesanassociationbetweenhighercrimeratesandhigher
GDP/personhasbeenfound.[2]Increasedeconomicdevelopmentofethnicallyheterogeneouscountries
hasbeensuggestedtoincreaseethnicconflictsbyincreasingcontactsbetweendifferentethnicitieswho
previouslylivedseparatedfromoneanother.Seethearticleaboutethnicheterogeneity.
AverylargenationwidestudyinSwedenwhichincludedeveryonebornin19891993(morethan
500,000persons)foundastrongassociationbetweenlowchildhoodfamilyincomeandsubsequent
violentcriminalityandsubstancemisuse.Butthisrelationshipcompletelydisappearedafteradjustingfor
unobservedfamilialriskfactors(suchasgeneticdifferences).[84]
Culture/subculture
Effectscausedbydifferentcultures/subcultureassociatedwithdifferentracesareanotherpossible
explanation.Thisishoweverapoliticallyproblematicexplanationsinceitimpliesthatallculturesare
notequal.Aparticularculture/subculturecouldhaveahigherriskofcausingcriminalitythanother
cultures/subculturebyviewingcriminalitymorefavorably(inparticularagainstoutgroups),having
morecriminalorganizationssuchasgangswhichcould"teach"criminality,orotherwisehavingmore
beliefs/behaviorswhichareriskfactorsforcriminality(likemorechildabuse).
Blackculture/subculturephenomenasuchasgangculture(includinggangstarap)andaversionagainst
"actingwhite"arepossibleexamples.
SeealsophenomenasuchasKnockout"game"andTaharrush.
Gypsieshavebeenstatedtohavetraditionsthatemphasizevoluntaryseparationfrommainstream
societies.ManydonotsendtheirchildrentoschoolorworkalongsidenonGypsies.Theculturehas
beenaccusedofencouragingcrimesagainstthe"gaje"[thenonGypsy],ofteninvolvingscamsand
burglaries,andoftenagainsttheelderly.[85]
IntheUKnonWhitegangs(predominantlyPakistani)haveraped,drugged,blackmailed,andprostituted
largenumbersofyoungWhitegirlsforatleast25years(1400girlsinonlyonetown).Thatthiswas/is
possiblehasbeenexplainedasduetofactorssuchassocialworkersandthepolicefearedaccusationsof
"racism"ifrevealingthecrimes,thosewhodidprotestwereoftenbrandedandsummarilydismissedas
being"farright",manypoliticianshadvestedinterestsintheprofitable"diversity"industry,andnon
Whitecommunitieswerereluctanttorevealperpetratorswhocommittedcrimesagainstoutsidegroups.
ForexampletheBBChasbeenaccusedofcoveringuptheethnicaspectsintheirreportingevenafterthe
crimesbecomepublicknowledge.IslamicmisogynyandhostilitytowardsnonMuslimsaswellasother
culturalfactorshavealsobeenseenashavingcontributed.Analmostidenticalpatternhasbeenseenin
forexampleHollandwithperpetratorsfromTurkey/Morocco.[86][87][88]
InFrance,Muslimsmakeup60%ofallprisoninmates,whilebeingonly12%ofthetotalpopulation.7
outof10burglaries,assaults,andviolenttheftsarecommittedbyfirstorsecondgenerationimmigrants.
16/23
3/20/2016
MostoftheseseemtobeMuslim,althoughathirdofthemmaybeWestIndians,Africans,andRomaof
nominallyChristianbackground.Muslimsseemtobeespeciallyoverrepresentedinseriousviolent
crimesthatleadtoprisonsentences.Similartrendsaredevelopingelsewhere.Muslimsmakeup70%all
prisoninmatesinSpainand45%inBelgium.InEnglandandWales,thefigureisonly14%,versus4.7%
ofthetotalpopulation,apparentlybecausecertainothercommunitiesarelikewiseoverrepresented.
StudiesinDenmark,Norway,andFinlandhavefoundthattheprevalenceofIslamintheimmigrants
homecountrywasthesinglebestpredictorofthedegreeofcriminalityandviolentcrimebyimmigrant
groups.OneproposedexplanationisthatisthatIslamheightensthesenseofdifferencebetweenthein
group(fellowMuslims)andtheoutgroup(thehostsociety).NonMuslimsareoutsidersandthus
legitimatetargetsforactsthatwouldbeconsideredwrongifdoneagainstMuslims.AnotheristhatIslam
isnotthecausebutinsteadthatmanyMuslimscomefromhonorculture(althoughIslammayhave
contributedhonorculturesbeingfrequent).Athirdisgeneticandsimilartotheoneinthesection"Racial
differencesregardingevolutionaryadaptationstomorecomplexsocieties".[89]
Thefrequenciesofchildmaltreatment,childabuseandchildhomicidedifferbetween
races/ethnicities.[69]
Supportersofgeneticexplanationshavearguedthattheremaybegeneticsinvolvedinphenomenasuch
aschildabusebeingassociatedwithlatercriminality.Thus,genescontributingtochildabusebyparents
maybeinheritedbythechildandthencontributetocriminalbehaviorslaterinlife.Genesmayalso
affectwhichenvironmentapersonchoosestobein.Thus,whilethereisanassociationbetweenhaving
contactswithjuveniledelinquentsandbecomingajuveniledelinquent,researchhasfoundsupportfor
thatchoosingtobeinsuchanenvironmentisgeneticallyinfluenced.[90]
Whiteflight
Highcrimeratesbyotherraceshasbeenarguedtobeanimportantcauseofwhiteflight.
Racialidentificationinlawenforcement
Whilesomecountries,suchastheUSandtheUK,allowracialstatisticsandracialdescriptions,inmany
countries,suchasFrance,thestateislegallybannedfrommaintainingdatabasedonrace,whichoften
makesthepoliceissuewantednoticestothepublicthatincludelabelslike"darkskincomplexion",etc.
Racialprofilingwherethepolicetargetsracesorethnicitiesthathaveahighlikelihoodofcriminalityor
aspecificcrime(likeMiddleEasternersinairportsecurity)ishighlycontroversialinsomecountries.
DNAanalysishasbeensuccessfulinhelpingpoliceidentifybothvictimsandperpetratorsbyidentifying
aperson'sraceandgivinganindicationofwhatphenotypicalcharacteristicstolookforsuchasskin,
hair,andeyecolor.Thismethodcanalsoidentifytheoriginsandthephysicalcharacteristicsofpersons
whohaveamixedrace.TofacilitatetheworkofofficialstryingtofindindividualsbasedontheirDNA,
firmsprovidingthegeneticanalysesalsoprovidephotographsofpersonswithgeneticssimilartothat
identifiedbytheDNAanalysis.Researchisalsobeingdoneonmoreexactlydeterminingphysicaltraits
suchashairtexture,skullshape,orthedistancebetweentheeyes,possiblyallowingacrudesketchofa
suspecttobegeneratedfromaDNAsample.[91][92]
Forensicanthropologistscanidentifyracewithaveryhighaccuracyusingonlyskeletalremains.[93]
Seealso
17/23
3/20/2016
BeatUpaWhiteKidDay
Hatecrime
Honorcultureandhonorviolence
TheKnockoutGame
Whiteflight
Externallinks
TheColorofCrime
TheColorofCrime(about)(http://www.colorofcrime.com/colorofcrime2005.html)
TheColorofCrime(PDFfile)(http://www.colorofcrime.com/colorofcrime2005.pdf)
Other
RaceandPsychopathicPersonality(http://www.amren.com/ar/2002/07/index.html#cover)
ConfessionsofaPublicDefender(http://www.amren.com/features/2014/05/confessionsofa
publicdefender/)
LiberalsAghastasUSs25MostDangerousNeighborhoodsAllHappentobeBlack
(http://newobserveronline.com/liberalsaghastasuss25mostdangerousneighborhoodsall
happentobeblack/)
BiasedBureaucrats,GullibleJournalists,andDylannRoof
(http://www.amren.com/news/2015/06/biasedbureaucratsgulliblejournalistsanddylannroof/)
NewDOJStatisticsonRaceandViolentCrime(http://www.amren.com/news/2015/07/newdoj
statisticsonraceandviolentcrime/)
HatecrimesagainstWhitesandfakehatecrimes
SeeHatecrime:Externallinks.
Gallery
Achartofblackand
whitecrimeinSt.
Louis,Missouri.
Avastarrayof
statistics.
References
1.1.01.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.9HandbookofCrimeCorrelatesLeeEllis,KevinM.Beaver,JohnWright
2009AcademicPress
2.0 2.1 2.2
Rushton,J.PhilippeTempler,DonaldI.(2009)."Nationaldifferencesinintelligence,crime,
18/23
3/20/2016
2.2.02.12.2Rushton,J.PhilippeTempler,DonaldI.(2009)."Nationaldifferencesinintelligence,crime,
income,andskincolor".Intelligence37(4):341346.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2009.04.003
3.3.03.13.23.33.43.53.63.73.8TheColorofCrimeRace.Crime,andJusticeinAmericaSecond.Expanded
Edition,2005.NewCenturyFoundation.http://www.colorofcrime.com/colorofcrime2005.html
4.NewDOJStatisticsonRaceandViolentCrimehttp://www.amren.com/news/2015/07/newdojstatisticson
raceandviolentcrime/
5.CriminalVictimizationintheUnitedStates,2008.BureauofJusticeStatistics.
http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cvus08.pdf
6."RaceandEthnicity"in"NoEscape:MaleRapeinU.S.Prisons".HumanRightsWatch.
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/prison/report4.html#_1_27
7.7.07.17.27.37.47.5JamesSimpson.BlackCriminals,WhiteVictims,andWhiteGuilt.February9,2015.
AccuracyinMedia.http://www.aim.org/specialreport/blackcriminalswhitevictimsandwhiteguilt/
8.MemorialWall2014.CouncilofConservativeCitizens.http://conservativeheadlines.com/2015/02/our
blackonwhitemurderstudyhasshockedevenus/
9.Whatconclusionscanbedrawnfromthese300+murders.CouncilofConservativeCitizens.
http://conservativeheadlines.com/2014/12/whatconclusionscanbedrawnfromthese300murders/
10.10.010.1AnthonyWalsh.RaceandCrime:ABiosocialAnalysis.2004.NovaSciencePublishers.
11.JustinLeeCottrell.RiseoftheBlackSerialKiller:DocumentingaStartlingTrend.2012.SonsofJapheth
Publishing.Excerpt:http://www.amren.com/news/2011/04/rise_of_the_bla/
12.CriticssaynewsmediaignoringKnoxvillecoupleslaying
(http://archive.is/20120917/http://www.jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/051707/D8P6ED601.shtml).
Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.jacksonville.com/apnews/stories/051707/D8P6ED601.shtml)on2012
0917.
13.13.013.113.2JimGoad.TheProblemWithRaceWarsAmongMinorities.February09,2015.Taki's
Magazine.http://takimag.com/article/the_problem_with_race_wars_among_minorities_jim_goad
14.AnthonyWalsh.RaceandCrime:ABiosocialAnalysis.2004.NovaSciencePublishers.
15.FBI.OrganizedCrime.https://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/investigate/organizedcrime.
16.16.016.1FBI.2011NationalGangThreatAssessment.http://www.fbi.gov/statsservices/publications/2011
nationalgangthreatassessment
17.JewsinAmerica:JewishGangsters.JewishVirtualLibrary.http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US
Israel/gangsters.html
18.AntonHieke.FarbrekhersinAmerica:TheAmericanizationofJewishBlueCollarCrime,19001931.
http://www.aspeers.com/2010/hieke
19.ABestiaryofGangs.NewVoices,
http://web.archive.org/web/20060107053616/http://www.newvoices.org/cgibin/articlepage.cgi?id=190
20.TheJudeoRussianMaffiaandtheBloodbathtoCome.http://www.darkmoon.me/2013/thejudeorussian
mafiaandthebloodbathtocomebydrlashadarkmoon/
21.WilliamL.Pierce.TheJewishMobinAmerica.http://www.jewwatch.com/jewcrimemob.html
22.M.RaphaelJohnson.TheJudeoRussianMafia:FromtheGulagtoBrooklyntoWorldDominion.
http://justanotherinsidejob.blogspot.com/2008/10/judeorussianmafiafromgulagto.html
23.TheJewishMafia:AnInterviewwithHervRyssen.Mar24,2010.OccidentalQuartely.
http://www.toqonline.com/blog/thejewishmafia/
24.PrevalenceofImprisonmentintheU.S.Population,19742001.BureauofJusticeStatistics.Table9.
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/piusp01.pdf
25.Pettit,B.Western,B.(2004)."MassImprisonmentandtheLifeCourse:RaceandClassInequalityinU.S.
Incarceration".AmericanSociologicalReview69(2):151169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900201.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080513135942/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/soc/faculty/western/pdfs/ASRv69n2p.pdf
26.Calif.strugglestodesegregateitsprisoninmates.2009TheAssociatedPress.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32382976/ns/us_newslife/t/califstrugglesdesegregateprisoninmates/
27.BrottslighetblandpersonerfddaiSverigeochiutlandet.BR2005:17.
http://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/20051214brottslighetblandpersonerfoddai
sverigeochiutlandet.html
28.28.028.128.2TheTwinCrises:ImmigrationandCrime.Volume21,Number4(Summer2011).TheSocial
ContractJournal.http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc_21_4/tsc_21_4_rubenstein.shtml
29.DontHisPanicinTables.https://z139.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/donthispanicintables/
19/23
3/20/2016
30.StraightTalkaboutImmigrantCrimehttp://cis.org/a/straighttalkaboutimmigrantcrime
31.EdwardS.ShihadehandRaymondE.Barranco.LatinoEmploymentandBlackViolence:TheUnintended
ConsequenceofU.S.ImmigrationPolicySocialForces(2010)88(3):13931420doi:10.1353/sof.0.0286
http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/88/3/1393.abstract
32.U.S.deportationsofimmigrantsreachrecordhighin2013.http://www.pewresearch.org/fact
tank/2014/10/02/usdeportationsofimmigrantsreachrecordhighin2013/
33.Trevethan,ShelleyRastin,ChristopherJ.(June2004).AProfileofVisibleMinorityOffendersinthe
FederalCanadianCorrectionalSystem(http://www.cscscc.gc.ca/text/rsrch/reports/r144/r144_e.pdf).
ResearchBranch,CorrectionalServiceofCanada.
34.AboriginalIdentity(8),Sex(3)andAgeGroups(12)forthePopulationofCanada,Provinces,Territories,
CensusMetropolitanAreasandCensusAgglomerations,2006Census20%SampleData
(http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?
ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&G
.Census>2006Census:Dataproducts>Topicbasedtabulations>.StatisticsCanada,Governmentof
Canada(06/12/2008).
35.StatisticsonRaceandtheCriminalJusticeSystem2010.AMinistryofJusticepublicationunderSection95
oftheCriminalJusticeAct1991.October2011.http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/stats
racecjs2010.pdf
36.NicoleMartin.Twiceasmanyblacksinjailasatuniversity12:01AMGMT15Dec2003
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1449468/Twiceasmanyblacksinjailasatuniversity.html
37.AndrewAldersonViolentinnercitycrime,thefigures,andaquestionofrace.9:37PMBST26Jun2010.
TheTelegraph.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/7856787/Violentinnercitycrimethefigures
andaquestionofrace.html
38.Thehiddenwhitevictimsofracism.November12,2006.CitizensAgainstRacismandDiscrimination.
http://archive.is/20120707/http://card.wordpress.com/2006/11/12/thehiddenwhitevictimsofracism/
39.StatisticsonRaceandtheCriminalJusticeSystem2010.AMinistryofJusticepublicationunderSection95
oftheCriminalJusticeAct1991.http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statsracecjs
2010.pdf
40.FranceLaidWaste.March15,2013.AmericanRenaissance.
http://www.amren.com/features/2013/03/francelaidwaste/
41.PrisonersinAustralia,2014.AustralianBureauofStatistics.
http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/4517.0~2014~Main%20Features~Prisoner%20chara
42.2004CountryReportsonHumanRights.NewZealand.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRights,andLabor.
USStateDepartment.2004.February28,2005
http://archive.is/20120805/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41654.htm
43.TheRacequestionUNESCOanditsProgramme.IIITheRaceQuestion.Publication791.Unesco.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001282/128291eo.pdf
44.[1](http://diariocatarinense.clicrbs.com.br/sc/policia/noticia/2014/06/santacatarinaregistraamenortaxa
dehomicidiosdopais4515891.html)
45.45.045.1RichardLynn.TheGlobalBellCurve.2008.WashingtonSummitPublishers.
46.TomHennigan.Brazilianpolicelinktodeathsquads.Mon,Apr29,2013,16:06.TheIrishTimes.
http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/brazilianpolicelinktodeathsquads1.1376629
47.JujuChangandJosephDiaz.AfricansWithAlbinismHunted:LimbsSoldonTanzania'sBlackMarket.
Aug.26,2010.ABC.http://abcnews.go.com/2020/africansalbinismhuntedtanzania/story?
id=11446434#.UITSsIaxWpe
48.AndrewMalone.Thealbinotribebutcheredtofeedagruesometradein'magical'bodyparts.Updated09:02
GMT,25September2009.DailyMail.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article1215949/Thealbinotribe
butcheredfeedgruesometrademagicalbodyparts.html
49.'Ididnotrespectourtraditions,sotheykilledmybabies':AgonyofEthiopianmotherwhose15'cursed'
childrenwerethrowntohungrycrocodilesbytribalelders.11:37GMT,16July2014|Updated:13:42GMT,
16July2014.DailyMail.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article2694117/Ididnotrespecttraditions
killedbabiesAgonyEthiopianmother15cursedchildrenthrownhungrycrocodilestribalelders.html
50."BabyrapesshockSouthAfrica"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1703595.stm).BBCNews.11
December2001.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1703595.stm.
51."RapesilentwaronSAwomen"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1909220.stm).BBCNews.9April
2002.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1909220.stm.Retrieved15May2011.
52."SouthAfricanrapesurveyshock(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8107039.stm)."BBCNews.18June
20/23
3/20/2016
2009.
53."QuarterofmeninSouthAfricaadmitrape,surveyfinds
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/17/southafricarapesurvey)".TheGuardian.17June2009.
54.RapeViewedasMajorProblemAcrossSubSaharanAfrica.September2,2010.Gallup.
http://www.gallup.com/poll/142832/rapeviewedmajorproblemacrosssubsaharanafrica.aspx
55.GwynneDyer.StatssuggesthighraperatesinseveralAficancountries.PublishedonMay27,2013Cape
BretonPost.http://www.capebretonpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/20130527/article3259058/Statssuggest
highraperatesinseveralAficancountries/1
56.Kidnapped.Raped.Married.TheextraordinaryrebellionofEthiopia'sabductedwives.Wednesday17
March2010.TheIndependent.http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnappedrapedmarriedthe
extraordinaryrebellionofethiopiasabductedwives1922263.html
57.SamanthaSpooner.TheshockingrealityofrapeinAfrica.Saturday,November132010at16:10.African
Review.http://www.africareview.com/SpecialReports//979182/1052892//xowxa9z//index.html
58.Makinglightofrape.Aug01,2013.GoodGovernanceAfrica.http://gga.org/stories/editions/aif14sex
ritesandwrongs/makinglightofrape
59.GarciaMorenoC,JansenHA,EllsbergM,HeiseL,WattsCH,WHOMulticountryStudyonWomen's
HealthandDomesticViolenceagainstWomenStudyTeam(2006)Prevalenceofintimatepartnerviolence:
findingsfromtheWHOmulticountrystudyonwomen'shealthanddomesticviolence.Lancet368
(9543):12609.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(06)695238http://pubmed.gov/17027732
60.Kirkegaard,E.O.W.(2015).CrimeamongDutchimmigrantgroupsispredictablefromcountrylevel
variables.OpenDifferentialPsychology.http://openpsych.net/ODP/2015/10/crimeamongdutchimmigrant
groupsispredictablefromcountrylevelvariables/
61.Kirkegaard,E.O.W.(2014).Crime,income,educationalattainmentandemploymentamongimmigrant
groupsinNorwayandFinland.OpenDifferentialPsychology.http://openpsych.net/ODP/2014/10/crime
incomeeducationalattainmentandemploymentamongimmigrantgroupsinnorwayandfinland/
62.Kirkegaard,E.O.W.,&Fuerst,J.(2014).Educationalattainment,income,useofsocialbenefits,crime
rateandthegeneralsocioeconomicfactoramong70immigrantgroupsinDenmark.OpenDifferential
Psychology.http://openpsych.net/ODP/2014/05/educationalattainmentincomeuseofsocialbenefitscrime
rateandthegeneralsocioeconomicfactoramong71immmigrantgroupsindenmark/
63.EmilO.W.Kirkegaard.(2014)CriminalityandfertilityamongDanishimmigrantpopulations.Open
DifferentialPsychology.http://openpsych.net/ODP/2014/03/criminalityandfertilityamongdanishimmigrant
populations/
64.EmilO.W.Kirkegaard.(2014)CriminalityamongNorwegianimmigrantpopulations.OpenDifferential
Psycholog.http://openpsych.net/ODP/2014/04/criminalityamongnorwegianimmigrantpopulations/
65."BrottslighetblandpersonerfddaiSverigeochiutlandet".BR2005:17.2005.Brottsfrebyggande
Rdet.BasedonTable3,page63.http://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/20051214
brottslighetblandpersonerfoddaisverigeochiutlandet.html
66."BrottslighetblandpersonerfddaiSverigeochiutlandet".BR2005:17.2005.Brottsfrebyggande
Rdet.http://www.bra.se/bra/publikationer/arkiv/publikationer/20051214brottslighetblandpersonerfodda
isverigeochiutlandet.html
67.ArthurJensen.ThegFactor.(1998:569572)
68.ArthurJensen.ThegFactor.(1998:571)
69.69.069.1RichardLynn,Racialandethnicdifferencesinpsychopathicpersonality,PersonalityandIndividual
Differences,Volume32,Issue2,19January2002,Pages273316,ISSN01918869,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S01918869(01)000290.
70.RichardLynn,Racedifferencesinpsychopathicpersonality:areplytoSkeemandZuckerman,Personality
andIndividualDifferences,Volume35,Issue6,October2003,Pages14711477,ISSN01918869,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019188690200363X
71.RichardLynn.RaceandPsychopathicPersonality.AmericanRenaissance.Vol.13No.7.July2002.
http://www.amren.com/ar/2002/07/index.html#cover.
72.Neumann,CraigS.Hare,RobertD.(2008)."Psychopathictraitsinalargecommunitysample:Linksto
violence,alcoholuse,andintelligence".JournalofConsultingandClinicalPsychology76(5):8939.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022006X.76.5.893.
73.73.073.1WarriorGenePredictsAggressiveBehaviorAfterProvocation.PressRelease.BrownUniversity.
January19,2009.http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2009/01/hotsauce
74.KevinM.Beaver,MattDeLisi,MichaelG.Vaughn,J.C.Barnes,MonoamineoxidaseAgenotypeis
associatedwithgangmembershipandweaponuse,ComprehensivePsychiatry,Volume51,Issue2,March
21/23
3/20/2016
April2010,Pages130134,ISSN0010440X,10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.010.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X09000492
75.FergussonDM,BodenJM,HorwoodLJ,MillerA,KennedyMA(2012)ModeratingroleoftheMAOA
genotypeinantisocialbehaviour.BrJPsychiatry200(2):11623.http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093328
http://pubmed.gov/22297589
76.76.076.1KevinM.Beaver,JohnPaulWright,BrianB.Boutwell,J.C.Barnes,MattDeLisi,MichaelG.
Vaughn,Exploringtheassociationbetweenthe2repeatalleleoftheMAOAgenepromoterpolymorphismand
psychopathicpersonalitytraits,arrests,incarceration,andlifetimeantisocialbehavior,Personalityand
IndividualDifferences,Volume54,Issue2,January2013,Pages164168,ISSN01918869,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.014.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912004047
77.BeaverKM,BarnesJC,BoutwellBB(2014)The2repeatalleleoftheMAOAgeneconfersanincreased
riskforshootingandstabbingbehaviors.PsychiatrQ85(3):25765.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11126013
9287xhttp://pubmed.gov/24326626
78.NiceRats,NastyRats:MaybeItsAllintheGenes.Published:July25,2006.NYT.
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25rats.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
79.FrostP,HarpendingHC(2015)WesternEurope,stateformation,andgeneticpacification.EvolPsychol13
(1):23043.http://pubmed.gov/25748943
80.WesternEurope,StateFormation,andGeneticPacification.http://www.unz.com/pfrost/westerneurope
stateformationandgeneticpacification3/
81.KevinM.Beaver,MattDeLisi,JohnPaulWright,BrianB.Boutwell,J.C.Barnes,MichaelG.Vaughn,No
evidenceofracialdiscriminationincriminaljusticeprocessing:ResultsfromtheNationalLongitudinalStudy
ofAdolescentHealth,PersonalityandIndividualDifferences,Volume55,Issue1,July2013,Pages2934,
ISSN01918869,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.020
82.Therealracialbias:Copsmorewillingtoshootwhitesthanblacks,researchfinds.TheWashingtonTimes.
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/5/policeofficersmorehesitanttoshootblacksuspe/
83.TheMythsofBlackLivesMatterhttp://www.amren.com/news/2016/02/themythsofblacklivesmatter/
84.SariaslanA,LarssonH,D'OnofrioB,LngstrmN,LichtensteinP(2014)Childhoodfamilyincome,
adolescentviolentcriminalityandsubstancemisuse:quasiexperimentaltotalpopulationstudy.BrJ
Psychiatry205(4):28690.http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.136200http://pubmed.gov/25147371
85.Gypsies:theUsualSuspects.January30,2006.LATimes.http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/30/local/me
gypsy30/
86.Don'tusetheAword.Published:10:16GMT,27August2014Updated:12:14GMT,27August2014.
DailyMail.http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article2735465/BBCaccusedsanitisingnewscoverage
RotherhamchildabuseAsiangangsfailingreferperpetratorsethnicity.html
87.JamesDelingpole.IslamicRapeGangs:Rotherhamisjustthetipoftheiceberg.7Sep2014.
http://www.breitbart.com/london/2014/09/07/islamicrapegangsrotherhamisjustthetipoftheiceberg/
88.ComprehensiveReportontheGroomingGangs.LawandFreedomFoundation.
http://lawandfreedomfoundation.org/2014/03/04/comprehensivereportonthegroominggangs/
89.TheReturnofFear.PeterFrostJanuary17,2015.TheUnzReview.http://www.unz.com/pfrost/thereturn
offear/
90.KevinM.BeaverandAnthonyWalsh.2011.BiosocialCriminology.Kapitel1inTheAshgateResearch
CompaniontoBiosocialTheoriesofCrime.2011.Ashgate.
91.CarolynAbraham.June25,2005.Moleculareyewitness:DNAgetsahumanface.PublishedSaturday,Jun.
252005,3:14AMEDTLastupdatedTuesday,Apr.072009,10:24PMEDT.
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/moleculareyewitnessdnagetsahumanface/article1120687
92.RichardWilling.DNAtestsoffercluestosuspect'srace,USAToday.Posted8/16/2005
http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/20050816dna_x.htm
93.NevenSesardic.Race:asocialdestructionofabiologicalconcept.BiolPhilos(2010)25:143162
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s1053900991937.
PartofthisarticleconsistsofmodifiedtextfromWikipedia,andthearticleisthereforelicensed
underGFDL.
Retrievedfrom"http://en.metapedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime"
22/23
3/20/2016
Categories:Race|Crime|ContentfromWikipedia
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon26February2016,at16:04.
ContentisavailableunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense1.3.
23/23

Race and Crime - Metapedia

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Race and Crime - Metapedia

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

3/20/2016

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen