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ABSTRACT
Compositional material balance methods have been extended to solution gas-gas cap-water drive reservoirs.
Partial or complete pres$ure maintenance as well as reservoir repressuring by gas and/or water injection may be
considered. .?ncrements of reservoir withdrawals and injections equivalent to a given time increnxint are used
as the basic iterative step to allow theextehsion, An example field study shows how the reservoir volumes, extent
of the water drive, andrela(ive permeability ratio function
may be estintated, Knowing these, the tnethocls can be
used to predict reservoir behavior.
INTRODUCTION
The compositional material balance is similar to conventionrd material balances in many aspects. The assumption of a pressure-homogenous reservoir with no transients
is common to all conventional material balances- although
numerics! methods are different, The compositional material balance also contains this assumption.
Inclusion of phase equilibria directly in reservoir calculations is the key difference and improvement in the compositional material balance. A coritinuous account of the
compositions of the reservoir fluids and effluents is determined. Calculations of fluid phases and properties. can be
based on these compositions, Excepting fluid phases and
properties determined in this manner, the compositional
materird balance uses procedures exactly analogous to
conventional methods.
Brinkman and Weinau~ and Jacoby and Berrym have
given compositional material balances for simple solution
gas drive reservoirs; subsequently Jacoby and Berry extended their procedure to include pressure maintenance
by gas. injection at constant reservoir pressure.
TMs paper extends compositional material balance techniques to a more generaI combination drive reservoir with
various types of pressure maintenance operations. The procedure for this extended compositional material balance
and an example of its field application are presented,
PROCEDURE
The numerical calculations of this compositional matei
Orisinsi rnanuscri t received in SocIet of Petroleum Engineers otltce
Aurll 26, 19dS. F&v .wd mmmsari t rece ved SeW, !2S, 196S. Paper resented at SPf3.U. j Oklehoma %roduc[[on Research SynP.sium ~eld
April 29-SO,1968, in Norman, OkIa.
Address: Odessa, Tex,
%sferences aivsn at end of rmer.
Dlscum!on of this and ali
following technical papem Is Invlied, Dismwslon in writing (three cmiea) hay k sent to the oflk of the
Jouend oj Petroleum 2eohnabgy. Any discussion dfered sfter Dec. S1
19SS, shmild be in the form of a new ~aper. No dirmbwion should
exceed 10 ner cent of the manusori~t being dimmed.
NOVEMBER;
CONTINENTAL
rial, balance are performed on. a high-speed digital computer. The most comprehensive case the present compcjitional material balance program can handle is a solution
gas-gas cap-water drive reservoir wit. (1) water production, (2) water influx, (3) separate or com ,mingled produc,
tion from the oil and gas zones, (4) any surface processing
arrangement includhtg LPG and gasoline production, ~nd
(5) gas injection into the gas and/or oil zones. This
description of the procedure applies to this most comprehensive case. Appropriate deletions in the procedure can
[te made-for more simple
mechanisms.
.
ASSUMPTIONS
In common with conventional material balances. the
compositional material balance makes the following assumptions: (1) the total reservoir is at a uniform pressure
at a gWen time; (2) the volumetric ratio of gas to liquid
withdrawal at reservoir conditions is directly proportional
to their motivities; and (3) instead of assuming a pressuredependent total gas-oil equilibrium, the compositional
material balance makes a significantly different and more
rigorous assumption as follows. Thermodynamic equili:
brium exists for each component in the liquid-gas mixtures
in the reservoir and in surface processing.
These three assumptions are fundamental in the compositional material balance procedure. ~
Other assumptions involve arbitrary simplifications of
the reservoir mechanisms. This compositional material
balance uses the following simplifying assumptions: (1) no
bulk mixing occurs between the gas and oil zonq [2) total
mixing occurs between any injected gaa and the contents
of the injection zone; (3) no in situ hydrocarbon liquid is
produced froim the gas zone; (4) no reservoir gas is re:
tained behind any net bottom-water influx; (5) the residual
saturation of hydrocarbon liquid at reservoir conditions
behind any net bottom-water influx is constant; and (6)
fluids retained bebind any net bottom-water influx exert
no further influence on the reservoir.
These six assumptions are not fundamental, Modifications of the present procedure can be made for different
assumptions of the reservoir mechanisms.
THE IIME INCREMENT
Previous compositional material balances have used a
pressure increment for simple solution gas drive reservoirs, 0 @ MI increment of injected gas for pressure
: maintenance. These incre~ents su%i suitable for these
simple cases. They are, however, inadWuate for reservoirs
with time dependent drive rnechanisims including water
drive. A time increment removes this inadequacy and is
The -8w&e of injected gns maj be external or from m rbe
1969
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..
3w6ceeeinrs.
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.
,..
OIL CO.
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.,
,,
,,
.
..-,
used in this eomposfiional maierial balance procedure.
The conditions of the reservoir are specified at a time
t - he time r. may refer to the original resetwoir or any
t~~e in the life of the reservoir for which the conditions
are known, for example, from previous compositional
material balance calculations. The calculational procedure
is iterated for successive time increments until the desired
interval of reservoir behavior has, been examined.
RIMER~OIRINFORMATIONREQUIRED
Various reservoir information must be speci~ed and
used in a computer program. When the problem is to
match or duplicate the field history, the unknown information must be specitied using successive, presumably
better, guesses. For com~uter runs to predict reservoir
behavior, all t@ iriformatlon must be known.
First, the ,following reservoir data applicable to the
initial time t. must be specified: (1) the compositions of
the hydrocarbons in the oil arid gas zones expressed as
the mole fractions of C, through C,., HS, N,, and CO,
with the molecular weight and specific gravity of the C;+
fractions; (2) the reservoir temperature and pressurrx and
(3) the reservoir volume, porosity and water saturation of
thp gas and oil zone.
Second, values or functions for the following must be
available: (1) the gsq-oil relative permeability ratio expressed as a function of maturation and any other variable
desired; (2) a water drive function expressing the natural
water influx as i function of pressure and/or time
common examples of this function are those of Schilthuis
and van Everdingen and Hursts; and (3) the residual
reservoir liquid saturation behind the invading water
influx.
PROINJCTIONINFORhM1IONREQUIRED
The complete surfa~.processing
scheme including the
separators and gas processing facilities must be specified.
Operating temperatures arid pressures of the separators
may be constant or vary wfth time. Individual component
recovery efficiencies must he known for any gas processing considered.
The procedure must have schedules of the -followin~
production data availabhx
~
1. a. For separate production from both zones, the rate
of oil production from each zone;
~. For commingled producti~n, the ra~ of oil production and the ratio of gas to oil-zone withdrawals expressed on a molal br volume (at reservoir
conditions) basis;
2, The rate of water production and injection;
3. The fractions or rates of any stream developed in
surface processing which is injected into each zone;
and
4. The rate and composition (expressed in mole fractions as, before) of gas from external sources which
is injected into each zone.
These schedules may be specified externally to the
actual computer program or developed within the program
when the oil p~~~duction schedule is based on PI decline.
INITIALIZATION
Before the time-incremented iterative procedure is
started, a flash calculation at the reservok temperature
and pressure at the time t. is performed for the oil and
the gas Zonesl Compositions and amounts of all phases
in the reservoir are determined. Setting the general time t
equal to t. completes the initialization.
,
>!
ITERATIVE CALCULATIONALPROCEDURE
The steps of this procedure are completed as follows:
1. For the first time step, the reservoir, compositions,
---
PROPERTY
t.;
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METHODS
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OF
PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
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OF FIELD APPLICATION
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1MATCH OF RSSERVOIRPRESSUREHISTORY.
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all reservoir withdmwafs were from the oil zone. Some
natural bottom-water influx was evident from increasing
WOR histories. Approximately eight years of operating
data from discovery were available. Water and gas were
injected into the gas zone during the last four years. The
production, injection, GOR and preswire histories are
shows on Figs, 1 and ~,
. .
with the same relative ~rmcability ratio function as during deaaturation. A special relative permeability ratio
function which included the rate of change of saturation
with time as a parameter was devised to match the GOR
history.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of gas injection into the. retrograde gas cap. Calculations show the initial liquid drop
out was arrested and revaporization
started with gas
injection.
The calculated hydrocarbon volume history on Fig, 5
demonstrates how the expanding gas and invading water
compressed the oil zorui consistent with the maintenance.
of liquid saturation in the oil zone shown on Fig. 3.
Consideration must be given to the reliability of the
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5
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IN THE GAS
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LIQUID
ZONE.
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OIL
ZONE
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OF
RESERVOMIGOR HISTORY.
OF THE RESERVOIR,
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12SA.
JOURNAL
OF
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TECHNOLOGY
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WORK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors grateful~y acknowledge John N. Dew,
Bruce G. Bray and William E, Brigham for their frequent
advice and encouragement.
NOMENCLATURE
a, b, c,~d,e, m = constants in Eqs. A-1 and A-2
K, = vaporization factor from NG,AA eorrelation
K, = adjusted vaporization factor, Eq. 3
P = reservoir pressure, psia
pa = dew point pressure, psia
p, = bubble point pressure, psia
,,.
p. = convergence pressure, psia
T = temperature, R
1968
..
.,
gm phase
x, = mole fraction of component
liquid phase
TASLE
f in the
C. M.
APPENDIX
EQUATIONS
The general form of the equation for nitrogen and carbon dioxide is
c
d
.
lnK[=(l-~
.r
co.
s42409
-0,9045;907
p ) a-t.~+c
X 101
lrrpi-d~
X 10t
x lIY
x IV
x 10~
-0.64474069 x 10
0.70201%;3
4.15272910
-0.1889674
0.17192956
*np+e2?_#
.
(A- 1)
)
p(
lnK, =(1 )
, p,
a+ -$-l-c
lnp
lttpi-d~i-~
(A-2)
,,
Temperature
Bribble point at reservoir
= 25 to 5,540 psig
temperature
= to 7,000 psig
Pressure
Experimental liquid density = 0.4999 to 0.903 gmjcc
Comparison of calculated and experimental results gave
the following
= 1.74
,
Per ceut standard deviation
= 1.32
Per cent average absolute
., deviation
= +0.25
Per cent bias
== -5.59 to +5.31
Per cent maximum errors
The frequency dktribution of the individual deviations
was very close to the normal probability distribution. NO
signitlc.ant trends of the deviation with the mole ffaction
of C, and C,+ or the average molecular weight existed.
*
JOl!liNAI,
1!3n
N.
a
0.63972127;8 101
0.13992204 x 101
-0,768861 I2
-0.1821$052 X IW
4.11124462 X 107
H2S
m
REFERENCES
A-I-CONSTANTS
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