A physical property than changes with

temperature in a predictable way

Thermometric Property

Liquid (previously mercury, now alcohol)

expands up the gauge as temperature rises
Liquid in glass thermometer
Narrowing at the proximal end allows one to
remove the thermometer at any time
Based on Charles' Law: T proportionate
P in the tubing uncoiling or collapsing of
the Bourdon tube reflects on a gauge to
which it is connected

Heat

Temperature

Bourdon Thermometer

The amount of thermal energy a body contains

Average kinetic energy of the atoms/

molecules of a body

Capable of measuring high temperatures

accurately
Conduction
Platinum wire's resistance changes linearly
with temperature

Transfer of heat due to direct contact

between high Ek atoms/molecules of the
source and low Ek atoms/molecules of an
adjoining body

Platinum Resistor
Conduction causes high Ek molecules in the
air/liquid surrounding the source rising of
low density warm molecules and sinking of
high density cool molecules which surround
the body and maintain the temperature
gradient and rate of heat transfer

Cheap but not very sensitive

Passive Convection
Temperature-sensitive resistor
Metal oxide semiconductor's resistance with
temperature
Negative Thermal Conductivity (NTC)

Convection
Transfer of Heat

Motion of the surrounding air/liquid due to a fan

causes rate of cooling by constantly replacing
warmed surrounding molecules with cooler molecules

Active Convection

Measuring Temperature

Resistance is measured by a Wheatstone

Bridge Circuit

Thermistors

Disadvantages: Relationship is non-linear

compensated for by algorithms

Radiation

Electronic

Advantages: Cheap, small, accurate

Evaporation

Seebeck Effect: 2 dissimilar metals joined

together produce a voltage which fluctuates
linearly with T

Electromagnetic energy emitted due to kinetic

energy and motion of the atoms

Perspiration causes liquid formation on the

skin which then evaporates. Evaporation
requires Latent Energy which the molecules
acquire from the skin, resulting in cooling

A Black body absorbs all the electromagnetic

radiation it is exposed to
Thermocoupling

Previously used T1 and T2 as calibration, now

T1 is just calibrated to room air

It is the best absorber and best emitter

Small SHC so sensitive to small temperature

changes and very accurate

e - emissivity which is 1 for Black Bodies and

< 1 for non-Black Bodies

Thermopile converts the electromagnetic

radiation emitted by the TM to a temperature
reading

Temperature and Heat

Black Body Radiation

- S-B Constant

Emits energy according to the equation:

P = e..A.T (Stefan-Boltzmann Equation)

A - Surface Area of the BB

IR Tympanic Thermometer

TM temperature should be similar to

hypothalamus

T - Temperature

Must have a direct line of vision to TM or

artifact is produced by the ear canal walls

Temperature of Electromagnetic radiation 1/

The change in the internal energy of a system

is the difference between the energy added
and the work done
U = Q W

As very hot bodies pass through of the visible

spectrum, different colors can be seen.
First Law
Piloerection
BMR

Heat cannot flow from a body with low

temperature to a body with high temperature
without work being done

Conservation of Heat

Shivering
heat production by inefficiency of muscle
contraction

A measure of the disorder in a system

Behaviour change incl voluntary muscle
contraction

The most likely state of the system is that with

the highest entropy

Entropy
Vasodilation - loss is then by electromagnetic
radiation (limited by reflective blankets)

Second Law
Increases with time
Regulation of Body Temperature
Elimination of Heat

S = Change in Entropy

Q = Change in energy

S = Q/T

Laws of Thermodynamics

Perspiration - evaporation causes cooling but

may be limited when humidity

Behavior change

T = Temperature

Respiration 10%
Absolute 0 (0K) in unattainable

Third Law

Evaporation 20%
Routes of Heat Loss

A process which does not require additional

energy but uses the internal energy already
existing in the system such that the change in
the system's internal energy (U) is 0

Convection 30%
Adiabatic Processes
Radiation 40%

A gas moving from high pressure to low

pressure results in a change in temperature,
mostly cooling

e.g. Gas being used from a cylinder

Differs from Gay-Lussac Law which refers to a

closed system at constant Volume

Joule-Thomson Effect