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STRESS
Content
Introduction
Equilibrium of Deformable Body
Normal Stress In Axially Loaded Bar
Shear Stress
Allowable Stress
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
Introduction
External Loads produce Internal Loads
Internal Loads cause a body to deform
Internal Loads cause stress
How much does body deform?
How much stress?
Is it Safe at this stress?
How big should it be so stress is low enough?
FR is resultant of
w(s) = area under
curve, acts at
centroid
Acting on
narrow area
Developed when one body exerts a force on another body without direct physical
contact between the bodies
All the surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact between bodies are
called reactions.
If the support prevents translation in a given direction, then a force must be developed on the
member in a that direction. Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must be
exerted on the member
External loads can be Reaction Loads or Applied Loads!
o
o
Must solve for all unknown external loads (reaction loads) so that internal loads can be solved
for!
1.
a balance of forces, to prevent the body from translating or having accelerated motion
along a straight or curved path,
2.
Vectors:
F=0
M=0
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
Mo = 0
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Perpendicular to the
plane containing the
forces
Draw a FBD of member ABC, which is supported by a smooth collar at A, roller at B, and
link CD.
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Introduction
Answer: FBD
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able to determine the resultant force and moment acting within the body.
o
To hold the body together when the body is subjected to external loads
Internal loads acting on a specific region within the body ----> use the method of sections
imaginary section/cut through the region where the internal loadings are to be
determined
equation of equilibrium to relate the external force.
4 different types of resultant loadings;
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Normal force, N acts perpendicular to the area, developed whenever the external
loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.
Shear force, V lies in the plane of the area, developed when the external loads tend
to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another.
Torsional moment or torque, T developed when the external loads tend to twist
one segment of the body with respect to the other.
Bending moment, M caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body about
an axis lying within the plane of the area.
CHAPTER 1 STRESS/STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LGB 21103/SYY
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V
Start with internal system of
forces as shown below to get
proper signs for V, N and M.
2.
3.
4.
Calculate stress!!
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16
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Stresses
Stress: describes the intensity of the internal force on a specific plane (area) passing through a
point.
A = Cross-sectional area
lim
A 0
Fz
A
Shear Stress( ): the intensity of force, or force per unit area, acting tangent to A
zx
lim
A
Fx
A
zy
lim
A
Fy
A
Stresses
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Stresses
Shear stress acts tangential to the surface of the material and not perpendicular
perpendicular
tangential
Average Shear Stress : distributed over each sectioned area that develops this shear force is
defined by
avg
V
A
2.
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Stresses
o
Direct shear arises in the design of bolts, pins, rivets, keys, welds and glued joints.
Stresses
Worked Example 3:
Calculate the force needed to punch a hole 30mm diameter in a sheet of metal 3mm thick
given that the ultimate shear stress is 60MPa.
Worked Example 4:
A pin is used to attach a clevis to a rope. The force in the rope will be a maximum of 60kN. The
maximum shear stress allowed in the pin is 40Mpa. Calculate the diameter of a suitable pin.
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Allowable Stress
o
The design of a structural member or mechanical element must restrict the stress in the
material to a level that will be safe.
To ensure safety, it is necessary to choose an allowable stress that restricts the applied load to
one that is less than the load the member can fully support.
Method of specifying the allowable load for the design or analysis of a member is to use a
number called factor of safety (F.S).
F fail
F .S .
Fallow
If the load applied to the number is linearly related to the stress developed within the
member, as in the case of using = P/A and avg V / A , then factor of safety as
F .S .
fail
allow
or
F .S .
fail
allow
The factor of safety is chosen to be greater than 1 in order to avoid the potential for failure.
Specific values depend on the types of materials to be used and the intended purpose of the
structure or machine.
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Allowable Stress
Reasons for properly design a structural member to a level that will safe:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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The load for which the member is designed may be different from actual loadings placed
on it.
The intended measurements of a structure or machine may not be exact, due to errors in
fabrication or in the assembly of its component parts.
Unknown vibrations, impact, or accidental loadings can occur that may not be accounted
for in the design.
Atmospheric condition, decay, or weathering tend to cause materials to deteriorate during
service.
Some materials, such as wood, concrete, or fiber-reinforced composites, can show high
variability in mechanical properties.
Allowable Stress
Worked Example 5:
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P
allow
V
allow
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2. Determine the resultant internal loadings on the cross section through point C. Assume the
reactions at the supports A and B are vertical.
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4. The block is subjected to a compressive force of 2 kN. Determine the average normal and
average shear stress developed in the wood fibers that are oriented along section aa at 30
with the axis of the block.
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