KHAWAJA NIZAMUDDIN

Hajji Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, (July 19, 1894 - October 22, 1964) was the
second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of
Pakistan as well He was born in Dacca, Bengal (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) into the family
of the Nawabs of Dhaka. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar
School in England, then Aligarh Muslim University, and later Trinity
Hall, Cambridge until the mid-1930s. He was knighted in 1934.After returning to British
India, he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. Nazimuddin was initially the
Education Minister, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province
prior to independence. Sir Khawaja also became the head of the Muslim
League in Eastern IndiaUpon the formation of Pakistan, he became an important part of
the early government. After the early death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Sir Khawaja
succeeded him as the Governor-General of Pakistan. At this point in time, the position
was largely ceremonial, and executive power rested with the Prime Minister. The first
Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951, and Sir Khawaja
stepped in to replace him.
AYUB KHAN
Muhammad Ayub Khan (May 14, 1907 April 19, 1974) was the first military ruler of Pakistan,
serving as the second President of Pakistan (19581969). He became the Pakistan Army's first
native Commander in Chief in 1951, and was the youngest full general and self-appointed Field
Marshal in Pakistan's military history. As a result of his having control of the Pakistan

Army, Ayub deposed Mirza on October 27 in a bloodless coup, sending Generals

Wajid Burki, Azam, and Sheikh in the middle of the night to pack Mirza off to exile in
England. This was actually welcomed in Pakistan, since the nation had experienced a
very unstable political climate since independence.In 1960, he held an indirect
referendum of his term in power. Functioning as a kind of electoral college, close to
80,000 recently elected village councilmen were allowed to vote yes or no to the
question: "Have you confidence in the President, Field Marshal Mohammed Ayub
Khan?" Winning 95.6% of the vote, he used the confirmation as impetus to formalise his
new system.
FATIMAH JINNAH
Fatima Jinnah (July 30, 1893 July 8, 1967) was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the
founder of Pakistan and an active political figure in the movement for independence from
the British Raj. She is commonly known in Pakistan as Khatun-e Pakistan (Lady of Pakistan")
and Mader-e Millat ("Mother of the Nation.") She was born in Karachi, (in the part of British
India that later became Pakistan). She was an instrumental figure in the Pakistan movement and
the primary organizer of the All India Muslim Women Students Federation. After the formation
of Pakistan and the death of her brother, she remained an active member of the nation's politics.
She continued to work for the welfare of the Pakistani people until she died in Karachi on July 8,
196

PROXY WAR
A proxy war is a conflict between two states or non-state actors where neither entity directly
engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition
hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial
holdings of the other. This frequently involves both countries fighting their opponent's allies, or
assisting their allies in fighting their opponent.
Proxy wars have been especially common since the close of World War II and the rise of the Cold
War, and were a defining aspect of global conflict during the latter half of the 20th century. Much of
this was motivated by fears that direct conflict between the United States and Soviet Union would
result in nuclear holocaust, rendering proxy wars a safer way of exercising hostilities.[1] There were
also more immediate reasons for the emergence of proxy war on the global stage. During its later
years, the USSR often found it less expensive to arm or otherwise prop up NATO-antagonistic
parties in lieu of direct engagement.[2] In addition, the proliferation of televised media and its impact
on public perception made the U.S. public especially susceptible to war-weariness and skeptical of
risking American life abroad.[3] This led to the practice of arming insurgent forces, such as the
funneling of supplies to the Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War.[4]

GORBACHEV

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in the

southern Russian province of Stravropol Krai. Born to peasant
farmers, he became active in the Communist Party and studied law
at the Moscow State University. While at university he met and
married Raisa Titarenko. The couple had one daughter, Irina.
Early political life
Gorbachev returned to Stavropol after university and worked as a
regional Communist Party official. Gorbachev studied for a second
degree in agriculture and began to rise through the ranks of the
provincial Communist Party.
Climbing the ranks
Having made a name for himself as a regional moderniser and
reformer, in 1978 he was summoned to Moscow and appointed to

the agricultural central committee. Under the guidance of senior

Communist Party officials Gorbachev was rapidly promoted to the
Soviet Unions executive committee, the Politburo.
Becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Union
By the 1980s the Soviet economy was in drastic need of reform. In
1985, after three elderly leaders died in quick succession,
Gorbachev, a protg of former Soviet leader Yuri Andropov, was
appointed General Secretary and head of the Soviet Union. At 54 he
was one of the youngest leaders and was seen as the new broom
that could clean up the decrepit Soviet system.
Glasnost and Perestroika
Gorbachev hinged his efforts to revitalise the Soviet Union on two
plans: glasnost (meaning openness) and perestroika (meaning
restructuring). By relaxing bureaucracy and censorship Gorbachev
hoped to transform the Stalinist Soviet regime into a more modern
social democracy. While glasnost was widely celebrated, his
attempts to restructure the Soviet economy largely floundered.

Government of India Act 1935

The Government of India Act 1935 was the last constitution of British India. It lasted until 1947,
when British India was split into Pakistan and India.The act

Gave Indian provinces more independence

It allowed the establishment of an All India Federation. Princely states were also invited.

For the first time direct elections were introduced. Women were also allowed to vote.

Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa was separated from Bihar, and Burma was
separated from India. The number of provinces were increased to eleven by giving NWFP the
status of fully-fledged province and creating two new provinces, Orissa and Sindh.

The System of Diarchy was dropped at the provincial level but introduced in the central
government level

Two Houses of Parliament at central government level were introduced with Council of State
being the Upper House and Assembly being the Lower House.

monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a group, usually a family called the dynasty,
embodies the country's national identity and one of its members, called the monarch, exercises a
role of sovereignty. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned
republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy), to completely autocratic
(absolute monarchy). Traditionally and in most cases, the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until
death or abdication, but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected.[1] Each of
these has variations: in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are, whereas
many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental
capacity, and other factors. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants
whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. Finally, there have been cases where the term of a
monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion
being repulsed, for instance. Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining
monarchy.

Satanism being a religion, is however not concerned with politics, and advocates doing what
you want. Modern satanism also does not call for anarchy or civil disobedience as one would
think. I am however not a supporter, or an expert.
Freemasonry is similarly ambivalent to the topic of politics, and just like Religion, talking
about Politics is a taboo subject in Masonic Circles, as it divides men rather than unite them.
The Illuminati was however more ambitious, as the intent was quoted as the "reformation of
the world". This posed a threat to the status-quo and the Bavarian Monarchy, under
pressure from the Church, did what was needed to see the group utterly decimated.

aristocracy (Greek aristokrata, from aristos "excellent," and

kratos "power") is a form of governmentthat places power in the hands of a small,
privileged ruling class.[1] The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best".[2]
At the time of the word's origins in Ancient Greece, the Greeks conceived it as rule by the best
qualified citizensand often contrasted it favourably with monarchy, rule by an individual. In later
times, aristocracy was usually seen as rule by a privileged group, the aristocratic class, and was
contrasted with democracy.[1]

"Sharization" or "Islamisation"
"Sharization" or "Islamisation" (Urdu: ) was the "primary" policy,[1] or
"centerpiece"[2] of the government of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, the ruler of Pakistan from
1977 until his death in 1988. Zia has also been called "the person most responsible for turning
Pakistan into a global center for political Islam".[3]
Pakistan had been carved out of British India as a separate Muslim-majority state. Zia-ul-Haq
committed himself to enforcing his interpretation of Nizam-e-Mustafa ("Rule of the
prophet" Muhammad), i.e. to establish an Islamic state and enforce sharia law.[4]
Zia established separate Shariat judicial courts[5] and court benches[6][7] to judge legal cases using
Islamic doctrine.[8] New criminal offenses (of adultery, fornication, and types of blasphemy), and new
punishments (of whipping, amputation, and stoning to death), were added to Pakistani
law. Interest payments for bank accounts were replaced by "profit and loss"
payments. Zakat charitable donations became a 2.5% annual tax. School textbooks and libraries
were overhauled to remove un-Islamic material.[9] Offices, schools, and factories were required to
offer praying space.[10] Zia bolstered the influence of the ulama (Islamic clergy) and the Islamic
parties,[8] conservative scholars became fixtures on television. [10] 10,000s of activists from the Jamaate-Islami party were appointed to government posts to ensure the continuation of his agenda after his
passing.[4][8][11][12] Conservative ulama (Islamic scholars) were added to the Council of Islamic Ideology.
[6]

The "History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet

Union"
The "History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union" reflects a period of change for both Russia
and the world. Though the terms "Soviet Russia" and "Soviet Union" are synonymous in everyday
vocabulary, when referring to the foundations of the Soviet Union, "Soviet Russia" refers to the few
years after the October Revolution of 1917, but before the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922. The
original ideology of the state was primarily based on the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. In
its essence, Marx's theory stated that economic and political systems went through an inevitable
evolution in form, by which the current capitalist system would be replaced by a Socialist
state before achieving international cooperation and peace in a "Workers' Paradise," creating a
system directed by, what Marx called, "Pure Communism."

The constitution of Pakistan 1973

The constitution of Pakistan 1973 was enforced on 14th Aug 1973. It consists of 280 articles and 7
schedules with Objective Resolution forming the preamble of the constitution beside 20 amendments
which have been made since then. It is regarded as the landmark accomplishment of Bhuttos era as it
was a unanimous act of the parliament with complete consensus of all the political parties. However,
many twists and turns have been witnessed ever since its enforcement but still it is the supreme law of
land and the sacrosanct instrument which reigns supreme in governance of the state.
The constitution 1956 and 1962 failed to provide the aspired political stability to the country. Both proved
short lived and were replaced with the martial laws in the country. But the subsequent years after
imposition of martial law were highly tumultuous costing Pakistan its eastern wing. The leftover country
was first governed by a unique proposition of civilian Chief Martial administrator till the interim constitution
was adopted by the national assembly. The assembly constituted a committee headed by Hafiz_ud_Din
Pirzada to formulate the permanent constitution for Pakistan. The committee did its work in shortest
possible time and the national assembly adopted the constitution on 10 th April unanimously.
The constitution declared Pakistan an Islamic republic laying down condition for head of state and head of
the government to be Muslims. However, 8th amendment has made the Objective Resolution a
substantial part of the constitution by incorporating it as article 2A according to which all laws made in
Pakistan should be in accordance with the injunctions of Quran and Sunnah. Its Islamic character is
further reinforced by accepting the sovereignty of Almighty Allah, Islam to be the state religion and by
promising the Muslims to enable them to order their lives in accordance with the fundamental principles of
Islam. It also provides a long list of fundamental rights as well directive principles of state policy. Besides,
the constitution envisages a federation of Pakistan and affords a parliamentary form of government
leaving president with only ceremonious functions. The federal legislature is bicameral i.e. senate the
upper house and national assembly the lower house. Moreover, the constitution provides an independent
judiciary, provincial autonomy to the federating units, a council of common interests, a council of Islamic
ideology etc.

Constitution of 1962
Posted by: HistoryPak

After the military coup of 1958, Ayub Khan waited for some time with the intention of paving public opinion
in his favour. A legislative commission was established under the leadership of Justice Shahaab-ud-din.
The commission forwarded a report on 6th May 1961. Justice Manzoor Qadir designed and drafted the
entire constitution. Ayub Khan with the help of a presidential ordinance enacted the new constitution on
8th June 1962. It had the following salient features:1.
It was in written form and had the information about the state institutions and their mutual
relations.
2.

The constitution was not passed by the consent of the elected representatives of the people. It
was the creation or brain child of a single person.

3.

The constitution was president friendly; making amendments was easy only if supported and
endorsed by the president or it was a very lengthy and difficult job. For making any amendment, the
2/3rd majority of the assembly had to pass the bill and then had to send it to the president. If president
did not take up any objection for thirty days, the amendment was considered valid. However, the

president might disapprove or send back the resolution with certain alterations. In that case, it was
needed to gain the consent of 3/4th majority of assembly. The president had to give consent in ten days
or had to propagate it for the opinion of Basic Democrats. In that case, the opinion of the B.DS was
considered final.
4.
Apparently, it was a federal system of government with East Pakistan and West Pakistan as its
units. The constitution contained the list of only federal authorities, the rest were given to the federating
units. The center had the authority to intervene in the provincial matters if considered necessary.
5.

Unlike previous constitutions, the Indian Act 1935 and constitution of 1956, it was presidential in
its nature with all the executive powers resting with the president. He was the constitution head of
government and state.

6.

It was a unicameral system of government with only one house. The members of the National
Assembly were elected by the basic democrats.

7.

The judiciary was kept independent to the extent of theory. All the judges of the High courts had
to be selected and appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice. But president was not
bound to the opinion or wishes of the Chief Justice.

8.

The constitution guaranteed the basic human rights for all the citizens of Pakistan without any
discrimination of cast, creed and color.
The constitution of 1962 was a one man show. It was designed for a single man. Apparently it gave many
rights and securities to the people but actually it deprived the people from all kinds of political rights and
their representation in the legislation.

Constitution of 1956
Posted by: HistoryPak

After assuming charge as Prime Minister, Chaudhary Muhammad Ali and his team worked hard to
formulate a constitution. The committee, which was assigned the task to frame the Constitution,
presented the draft Bill in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on January 9, 1956. The bill was opposed
by the Bengali autonomists. Bhashai, the leader of Awami League in East Pakistan, even used the threat
of secession to press for autonomy and his party staged a walkout from the Assembly on February 29,
when the Assembly adopted the Constitution. Later on, Awami League boycotted the official ceremonies
celebrating the inauguration of the Constitution. However, in spite of their opposition, the Constitution was
adopted and was enforced on March 23, 1956. With this Pakistans status as a dominion ended and the
country was declared an Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Constituent Assembly became interim National
Assembly and Governor-General Iskander Mirza sworn in as the first President of Pakistan.
The Constitution of 1956 consisted of 234 articles, divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules. Following were
the chief characteristics of the Constitution:
1.

Pakistan was declared as an Islamic Republic and it was made mandatory that only a Muslim
could become the President of the country. President would set up an Organization for Islamic
Research. Good relations with the Muslim countries became the main objective of the Foreign Policy.
Objectives Resolution and Quaids declaration that Pakistan would be a democratic state based on
Islamic principles of social justice were made the preamble of the Constitution. Steps were to be taken
to enable the Muslims individually and collectively to order their lives in accordance with the teaching of
Quran and Sunnah and to implement Islamic moral standards. The sectarian interpretations among the
Muslims were to get due regard. Measures were to be taken to properly organize zakat, waqfs, and

mosques. However, one clause relating to the elimination of riba, which was the part of the draft was
eventually dropped.
2.

The constitution provided for the federal form of government with three lists of subjects: federal,
provincial and concurrent. The federal list consisted of 33 items, provincial of 94 items and concurrent
list of 19 items. The federal legislation was to get precedence over provincial legislation regarding
concurrent list. In case of a conflict between federal and provincial governments, or between the
provincial governments, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was to act as a mediator. Federal
government exercised wider control in provincial matters in case of emergency.

3.

Though the constitution provided for the Parliamentary form of Government, yet it declared that
the executive authority of the Federation would be in the president.

4.

Any Muslim citizen of Pakistan, who was at least forty years old, could be elected as the
President of Pakistan for the term of five years. No one was entitled to hold this office for more than two
tenures. 3/4th members of the Assembly could impeach the president.
5.
President could appoint from amongst the MNAs a Prime Minister who had to take the vote of
confidence from the house in two months. The Prime Minister had to inform the president about all the
decisions of the cabinet.
6.

Ministers could be taken from outside the National Assembly but they were to get themselves
elected within six months.

7.

President had the power to summon, prorogue, and dissolve the Assembly on the advice of the
cabinet. No bill imposing taxes or involving expenditure could be moved without his consent. He had
partial veto power. He could give or withhold his assent to a bill passed by the Assembly.

8.

Prime Minister and his cabinet were to aid and advise the president. The president was required
to follow the advice of the cabinet except where he was empowered to act in his own discretion.

9.

The Constitution entitled for a Unicameral Legislature. The National Assembly was to consist of
300 members. Age limit of a candidate for a seat in National Assembly was 25 years.

10.

Principle of parity was accommodated in the Constitution. West Pakistan was treated as one unit
and seats were divided equally between the two wings of the country. National Assembly was to meet at
least twice a year. Minimum of one session should be held at Dhaka.

11.

Members of the Assembly were to be elected on the basis of Direct Elections conducted on the
basis of Adult Franchise. However, for the first ten years five additional seats were reserved for women
from each wing. Every citizen, who was more than 21 years in age was considered as an adult.

12.

The provincial structure was similar to that of the center. There were 300 members in both
provincial assemblies. Ten additional seats were reserved for women. Punjab was given 40% seats in
the West Pakistan Assembly.

13.

It was a Written Constitution.

14.

It was a Flexible Constitution and two third members of the Assembly could bring amendment in
the constitution.

15.

Fundamental Rights were made justiciable. However, the President had power to suspend the
fundamental rights in case of emergency.

16.

Elaborate provisions were made for the higher judiciary to ensure its independence.

17.

Urdu and Bengali were declared as the state languages. However, for the first twenty years
English was to continue as an official language. After ten years, the president was to appoint a
commission to make recommendations for the replacement of English.

The constitution was never practically implemented as no elections were held. It was eventually
abrogated on October 7, 1958 when Martial Law was enforced.