Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Notes
Table of
MODULE A
Contents
2-8
9 18
19 - 20
21
MODULE B
25
26 - 28
29 - 32
23 24
Copyright 2011
Produced by Institute for Medical Simulation & Education, SGH
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
MODULE A
2 CPR+AED Programme
Cardio-Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR)
MODULE
REMEMBER:
CPR can save lives.
Do it well. Do it right.
And the victim gets a chance at life.
CPR+AED Programme 3
Early
Recognition
and Access
Early
CPR
Early
Defibrillation
Early
Advanced Care
MODULE
Right
pulmonary artery
Rib
Heart
Superior
vena cava
Left
pulmonary artery
Left
pulmonary
veins
Sternum
Xiphoid
process
Inferior
vena cava
CPR+AED Programme 5
Left Circumflex
Artery
Left Coronary
Artery
Left Anterior
Descending
Artery
MODULE
Symptoms may occur suddenly and not be typical, so that some victims may not
realise that they are having a heart attack. They may also think that the problem is
due to indigestion.
If you meet anyone
with these symptoms,
arrange for immediate
transportation to the
nearest emergency
medical facility by dialling
995 for an emergency
ambulance.
Heart Attack
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
Drowning
Stroke
Drug Overdose
Suffocation
Smoke Inhalation
Electrocution
Severe Allergic Reactions
Severe Trauma, e.g. Automobile Accident
Many of these deaths can be prevented if the victims get prompt help if someone
trained in CPR provides proper life-saving first-aid until other medical expertise take
over.
8 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
CPR+AED Programme 9
Avoid violent shaking of the victim as this might result in injury. Also, avoid
unnecessary movements of the neck in the event of injury to the head and neck.
If the victim does not respond, he / she is likely to be unconscious. Unconsciousness
may be due to:
An airway that is obstructed (blocked) by food, secretions or a tongue that has
fallen backwards.
Breathing that has stopped.
A heart that has stopped beating, usually because of a heart attack.
10 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
STEP 3 : Shout For Help & Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
If the victim does not respond, call loudly for help and immediately dial 995 for an
emergency ambulance.
The rescuer should activate the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) as soon as he has
determined that an adult victim is unconscious and requires emergency care.
If there is another person around, ask him / her to do the calling. When calling the
EMS, state:
Location of victim.
The telephone number you are calling from.
What happened (e.g. that someone is having a heart attack / is unconscious).
Number of victims.
Hang up only after instructed to do so by the dispatcher.
In addition, there is an increasing number of AEDs (automated external defibrillators)
that are currently being deployed in public areas. These can also be life saving. Thus
call for an AED. Say loudly Help! Call Ambulance 995, Get AED.
CPR+AED Programme 11
Airway
blocked
12 CPR+AED Programme
Tongue
falls back
MODULE
Place one hand on the victims forehead and apply firm backward pressure with
your palm to tilt the head back.
Place the fingers of your other hand under the bony part of the lower jaw to lift the
jaw forward.
Caution
Do not press deeply
into the soft tissues
under the chin because
this might obstruct the
airway.
Perform a gentle chin
lift if head or neck
injury is suspected.
CPR+AED Programme 13
* For laypersons, it is not necessary to check for pulse. If victim has no breathing,
start chest compressions.
14 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
Xiphi Sternum
Place your index finger next to the
middle finger.
CPR+AED Programme 15
Use your body weight to compress the victims chest by at least 5cm.
Count your compressions:
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 10 and
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 15
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 20
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 25
1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 30.
MODULE
DOs
DONTs
CPR+AED Programme 17
D
S
A
C
UNRESPONSIVE?
Tap shoulder firmly
Ask loudly
CHECK DANGER
OPEN AIRWAY
Head tilt, chin lift
NOT BREATHING NORMALLY? No
Look, Listen, Feel
Up to10 sec
No
30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
Centre of chest / lower half of sternum
Depth at least 5 cm
Rate at least 100 per min
Allow complete chest recoil
No
OPEN AIRWAY
Head tilt, chin lift
2 BREATHS
1 sec per breath, tidal volume
400-600 ml till chest just rises
CONTINUE UNTIL PATIENT WAKES UP
AED ARRIVES AND ANALYSING
HEART RHYTHM EMERGENCY TEAM
TAKES OVER CPR
HEALTHCARE
PROVIDERS
Check pulse after
5 cycles of
30 compressions :
2 ventilations. If No
pulse or unsure of
presence of pulse,
resume CPR
18 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
CPR+AED Programme 19
20 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
ACTION
D : Danger
Look out for unsafe environment, e.g. Electrical current, Fire, Possible
Explosion, Construction works, or Poisonous gas
Ensure that the scene is safe for you to help
R : Response
Establish unresponsiveness
Call, tap or gently shake the victim
Call out loudly: Hello! Hello! Are you OK?
S : Shout for Help If no response, Call for ambulance 995 & AED
A : Airway
B : Breathing
Check for normal breathing : Look, Listen, & Feel (up to 10 seconds)
Look for the rise and fall of the chest
Listen for air escaping during exhalation
Feel for the flow of air from the victims mouth and nose moving past
your cheeks
C : Circulation
CPR Cycle
Reassessment
Assess the victim for pulse and breathing after every 5 cycles of 30:2
(for healthcare providers only)
If pulse is absent (if unsure of pulse and victim has No breathing,
assume cardiac arrest), continue 30:2
For laypersons, continue performing CPR until help arrives or victim
starts moving
Recovery
Position
CPR+AED Programme 21
MODULE B
22 CPR+AED Programme
AUTOMATED
EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATION
(AED)
MODULE
If this rhythm is not managed promptly, it will lead to the following rhythm :
CPR+AED Programme 23
This graph shows that the chance of survival of a victim who suffers a cardiac
arrest due to VF is dependent on the speed in which the Chain of Survival is
implemented.
Prior to cardiac arrest, the victim is in normal sinus rhythm. At the time of
cardiac arrest, the rhythm deteriorates to VF. The graph shows the relationship
between the time treatment is given and the survival chance of the victim.
1. The first bar shows that if no CPR is given and defibrillation attempts are delayed,
approximately 2% survive.
2. The second bar shows that if early CPR and delayed defibrillation is given, the
survival chance increases to 8%. CPR buys valuable time.
3. The third bar shows 20% survival if early CPR and early defibrillation are delivered.
4. The fourth bar shows 30 40% chance of survival when the full Chain of Survival
is implemented.
24 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
4. Ensure the electrodes are firmly attached by pressing gently with fingers over the
centre to ensure good contact and around the edges for good adhesion. Good
contact increases shock efficiency. If contact is insufficient for the defibrillator to
operate, the Check Electrodes message will also be heard.
Note : For victim with implanted pacemaker or ICDs
Do not defibrilate directly over the implanted device
The defibrillator pads should be applied at least 4 finger breaths away from the device
26 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
CPR+AED Programme 27
Successful Defibrillation
At any time after a shock :
1. If the pulse and breathing are present, maintain an open airway by placing victim
in the recovery position. Do not disconnect the AED but continue to monitor the
victim every 5 minutes until handed over to medical personnel.
Unsuccessful Defibrillation
1. It is important to note that defibrillation may not be successful in all situations,
especially if the victim has arrested for some time.
2. Check pulse and breathing if No shock is advised. If absent, continue CPR for
one minute before subsequent analysis by the AED or until the arrival of the
ambulance.
28 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
MEDICAL PROTOCOL
VERIFY CARDIAC ARREST
Check Response (No)
V
Call 995 /AED
V
Check Breathing (No)
V
Check Pulse
(Only for
Healthcare Providers)
V
Start CPR (30:2) until
AED is attached
V
Prepare Chest
V
Operate AED
V
SHOCK ADVISED
No
Analyse
Yes
Check pulse /
Breathing
Absent
Present
Analyse
Press to Shock
Resume CPR 30:2
for 1 minute
30 CPR+AED Programme
MODULE
Maintaining a professional attitude at all times. The rescuers must not use
derogatory terms, swearing, or language that may be adversely misconstrued.
Giving a complete summary of the resuscitation effort to the receiving
emergency service, providing comprehensive victim care and ensuring the
professional standing of the rescuer.
If a doctor or trained paramedical personnel (such as Ambulance Officers) is
present, give a brief summary of what has happened and what has been done.
Then continue to assist them, if necessary.
4.3 DOCUMENTATION
It is the responsibility of the AED Operator to document all incidents and information
related to the use of the AED.
The following information should be documented :
Name of victim, AED operator and bystander who helped in the CPR.
Mark the time of collapse and the time AED was put on.
Mark the number of shocks and the times of each shock.
Time of ambulance arrival and when the victim is transported back to the
ambulance by the crew.
CPR+AED Programme 31
Notes
32 CPR+AED Programme