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Define
Pile cap
Deep foundation of n pile(s),
Connection between column(s)/wall(s) to pile(s): loads transferring from
column(s)/wall(s) to pile(s),
Distance between axes of piles shall be between 2.5 to 3.0
Distance from edge of pile to edge of cap shall be minimum 15cm or maximum 1.5
(ACI code)
Design Methods:
Bending Method (BM): applicable for cap standing on any number of piles
Or Strut and tie method (STM): applicable for cap standing on 5 piles maximum.
Design Steps:
1. Columns design forces: (N, Mx, My)
2. Define reaction of each pile by considering cap as rigid if caps height is
bigger than 40% of distance between axe of piles (H >= 0.4 a Ref: Fascicule
62 V. C.2.3.4) where a is distance between axe of piles. As a cap is rigid,
reaction of pile (i) is determined by:
Design Steps:
4. Bending Method (BM):
a.
b.
c.
d.
EC2
a. Beam Shear Check (cl. 6.2.2)
Critical Section is located as below:
av = as shown in figure and 0.5d<=av<=d
For 4 piles: av = a/2 - a/2 0.3
a: distance between axes of piles
a : column dimension
EC2
a. Beam Shear Check (cl. 6.2.2)
EC2
b. Punching Shear Check (cl.6.4.4)
Critical Section is located as below:
If distance between axes of pile is smaller or
equal to 3, there is no need to check
punching shear.
EC2
b. Punching Shear Check (cl.6.4.4)
Punching column:
N <= VRdmax
VRdmax = 0.4*0.6*(1-fck/250)*fcd*u0*d
u0 = 2*(a+b): perimeter of column.
EC2
c. Bending Rebar Design
Med = (Ri x Li): moment at cols face
= Med / (b*d2*fcd)
= 1.25*[ 1-(1-2*)0.5 ]
z = d*min(0.95, 1-0.4) >= 0.95d
As = Med / (z*fyd)
As: total in cross section of critical
section (bw x H).
Note: bw is bottom of bending section.
B=+2*Edge, Edge>=15cm
H>=0.75*B
Bending moment is defined as:
Med = Ned * etolerant + max (Mx,My)
etotalrant = 0.075m
pile must be checked to be able to resist moment Mx or My => (interaction P+M check)
= Med / (b*d2*fcd)
= 1.25*[ 1-(1-2*)0.5 ]
z = d*min(0.95, 1-0.4)
As = Med / (z*fyd)
Please read STM for horizontal tie bar design
tan=d/(a/2-a/4)
a : distance between axe of piles
a : dimension of column
1<= tan < 1.4 or 45 <= <= 55
tan=d3/(a-0.52a)
tan=d2/(a-a/2).
Shear Check?
No shear check if is from 45 to 55 degrees
Check shear if smaller than 45,
but >=21.8 degrees
B=+2*Edge, Edge>=15cm
H>=0.75*B
There is no calculation of bottom and top bar for STM method
But there is calculation of side bar Ah
Ah is side rebar to resist splitting force Fs defined in cl.9.8.4(2).
Fs = 0.25*(1-c/h)*Ned
h = min (b, H)
Ah = Fs / fyd
6. Minimum rebars_ACI
Ref ACI318-14M
6. Minimum rebars_EC2
Pile:
D=sqrt(4*NEd/(*f*cd)) =sqrt
(4x1.1925/(x12)) = 0.356m
Take D=0.4m
v = 4.NEd / (.D2.f*cd )
v = 4x1.1925/(x0.42x12) = 0.791
can receive.
Rebar in pile: 0.5% according to EN 1536
As = 0.5/100xAc = 0.5/100xx0.42/4
As = 6.28cm2 => we take 6T12=6.79cm2
Do an interaction calculation using
interaction curve. To get As=6.79cm2, the
eccentricity must be ec = 46.5mm. We can
see the ec < ea = 0.075mm for 0.5% rebars
and D=0.4m!!!
To be able to receive e=0.10m for example,
pile need to be rebar 2.23% (28.03cm2 =
9T20)!!!! Then we can consider the two
solution stated in previous slice whether to
reinforce column or add strap beam(s) for
remining eccentricity e=erealec or ereal total
Pu : 175t
Mu: 35t.m
Col: axb=0.6x0.4m
Pile: =0.5m
a=3=1.5m
Edge=15cm
Cover=5cm
Fck/fyk=25/500
ANSWR:
tan = d/(a/2-a/4)
Take tan = 1 (=45o)
d = 1*(1.5/2-0.6/4) = 0.6
Check tie:
Ri,min = Pu /n Mu / a = 175/2 - 35/1.5
= 87.5t 23.33t = 64.2t
Ri,max = Pu /n + Mu / a = 175/2+35/1.5
= 87.5t + 23.33t = 110.8t
N=n*Ri,max = 2*110.8=221.6t
Pu : 500t
Mu: 0t.m
Col: axb=0.6x0.6m
Pile: =0.6m
a=3=1.8m
Edge=15cm
Cover=5cm
Fck/fyk=30/500
ANSWR:
tan = d*sqrt(3)/(a-0.52a)
Take tan = 1 (=45o)
d = (1.8-0.52*0.6)/sqrt(3)=0.86
Take d=1m, H=1.10m
= 166.7t
Med = (Ri,max * Li) : section bw x H
=166.7x(2/3.a.sin60 0.3.a)
=166.7x(2/3x1.8x3/2-0.3x0.6)
= 143.2t.m
As = Med / (z*fyd)
= 143.2/(0.9*1.00*4.35)
bw
Practice 1
Design cap on 1 piles
Pu : 210t
Mu: 0t.m
Col: axb=0.35x0.35m
Pile: =0.6m
Edge=15cm
Cover=5cm
Fck/fyk=30/390
Answers:
Dim: 0.9x0.9x0.7
Asx=Asy=7.94cm2 (5T16 T&B)
Ah=11.46cm2 (link 4T14=12.32cm2)
Practice 2
Design cap on 2 piles
Pu : 300t
Mu: 40t.m
Col: axb=0.55x0.55m
Pile: =0.6m
a=3
Edge=15cm
Cover=5cm
Fck/fyk=25/500
Answers:
Dim: 2.7x0.9x1.2
Asx=31.20cm2 (8T25=39cm2)
Asw=26.74cm2 (Link T16@200=26.81cm2)
Conclusion
Pile cap can be designed using BM and STM method
BM (any n) ; STM (n<=5)
Cap can be considered as rigid if its height is bigger than 40% of distance
between axes of piles
As cap is rigid, reaction of each pile can be calculated by formula:
Ri = N / n Mx*|yi| / yi2 My*|xi| / xi2
The fictitious axial force N is determined by N = n * Ri,max at ULS
This axial force N is now used as columns axial load for cap design.
Minimum rebars are usually bigger than design rebar and
As,mini (ACI) > 2*As,mini (EC2)
References
ACI318-14M
BS EN1992-1-1:2004
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1e, 2008, Vol. 3
Henry Thonier tome 7
How to design reinforced concrete to Eurocode 2
Professional Standard of France
dt0060-excentre_pieux, henry thonier
Thanks!
More info: https://goo.gl/djVdNF
The author:
PHAN Sophea, CIVIL ENIGNEER, ITC
Mail: phansophea@gmail.com
Tel: 016 218 127 / 089 787 727