LESSON 1 Understanding reflection of light

2) Periscope / Periskop

Reflection on a plane mirror / Pantulan pada cermin satah

Laws of reflection / Hukum Pantulan

The first law / Hukum Pertama:
The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the
same plane.
Sinar tuju, sinar pantulan dan normal semua terletak pada
satah yang sama.
The second law / Hukum Kedua:
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan.

Example
1
Diagram shows a student looking at a plane mirror.

The image observed by the student is

Characteristics of an Image Formed by a Plane Mirror

Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh cermin satah

The diagram shows a patient sitting in a testing room in

front of a chart.

What is the distance of image of the chart from the

patient?
A 3 m B 4 m C 7 m D10 m E 14 m
3
Application /Kegunaan
1) Anti-parallax mirror in voltmeter & ammeter
Cermin anti-paralaks pada voltmeter & ammeter

The figure shows a light ray being incident to the surface

of plane mirror MN. The mirror is then rotated anti-clock
wise through an angle 10o.

What is the new angle of reflection of the light ray?

A 300
B 150
C 100
D 50

Reflection of light on a curved mirror

Pantulan pada cermin melengkung
Concave mirror / Cermin cekung

B) convex mirror / cermin cembung:

1)A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if it came
from F.
Sinar selari dengan paksi utama dipantulkan seolah-olah ia
datang dari F

2)A ray towards F is reflected parallel to the principal axis.

Sinar yang menuju F dipantulkan selari dengan paksi utama.

Convex mirror / Cermin cembung

3) A ray towards C is reflected back along its own path.

Sinar melalui C dan dipantulkan balik ke mengikut lintasan
asal

Ray Diagram for / Rajah sinar untuk

A) Concave mirror / Cermin cekung
1) A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected to pass
through F.
Sinar yang selari dengan paksi utama dipantulkan dan
melalui F

2) A ray through F is reflected parallel to the principal axis.

Sinar yang melalui F dipantulkan dan mejadi selari dengan
paksi utama.

3) A ray through C is reflected back along its own path.

Sinar melalui C dan dipantulkan balik ke mengikut lintasan
asal

Characteristics of Image formed by a Concave Mirror

i
u < f ( Object distance small than f )

ii

u = f ( Object distance equal to f )

iii

f < u < c ( Object O is between F and C).

iv

u = c ( Object ,O is at C)

u > C ( Object, O is beyond C )

v) u = ( Object at infinity)

Image formed by a Convex Mirror

Uses of
Concave mirror
(1) A shaving mirror or a make-up mirror used
a wide-aperture concave mirror with a large radius
of curvature.
(2) A torchlight or a headlight of motor vehicles used
concave parabolic mirror to produce a beam of
parallel light rays.
Convex mirror
(1) Convex mirror are mounted at a sharp corner of a
road so that the drivers are able to see oncoming
cars on the blind side of the corner.
(2) Convex mirror hung on the corner of ceilings in
supermarkets serve to provide a wide field of view
activities happening in the shopping area.

LESSON 2 Understanding refraction of light

Pembiasan Cahaya
What is meant by Refraction
Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan pembiasan
-bending of light ray
perubahahan dalam arah perambatan cahaya
-due to changes in speed of light
disebabkan perubahahan dalam kelajuan cahaya
-when light propagate through medium of different density
bila cahaya merambat melalui medium yang berbeza
ketumpatan
-speed of light decreases when density of medium increase
kelajuan cahaya berkurang bila ketumpatan medium
bertambah
-speed of light increases when density of medium decreases
kelajuan cahaya bertambah bila ketumpatan medium
berkurang
Propagation of light ray through medium of different
densities
Perambatan cahaya melalui medium berbeza ketumpatan

1.When a ray of light travels from less dense medium to

denser medium, the ray is bent towards the normal.
Bila cahaya merambat melalui medium kurang tumpat ke
medium yang lebih tumpat, cahaya dibengkokkan

mendekati normal

2. When a ray of light travels from denser medium to less

dense medium, the ray is bent away from normal.
Bila cahaya merambat melalui medium tumpat ke
medium kurang tumpat, cahaya dibengkokkan menjauhi
normal
3. When a ray of light crosses the boundry between two
different mediums at a right angle or the incident ray in
line to normal, the ray is not bent but the speed of light is
different. The angles of incidence and refraction are
zero.
Bila cahaya melalui sempadan dua medium yang
berbeza ketumpatan pada sudut tegak atau sinar tuju
segaris dengan normal, cahaya tidak dibengkokkan
tetapi kelajuan cahaya berubah. Sudut tuju dan sudut
pembiasan adalah sifar.

The law of refraction / Hukum Pembiasan

The first law :The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence
( Snells Law)
to the sine of the angle of refraction is
constant.

Nisbah antara sin sudut tuju kepada sin

sudut pembiasan adalah malar
The second law :The incident ray, normal and the refracted ray
all lie in the same plane.
Sinar tuju, normal dan sinar pembiasan
semua terletak pada satah yang sama
Refractive index (n) / Indeks Pembiasan
n = sin i where n = Refractive index / Indeks
pembiasan
sin r
i = incidence angle / sudut tuju
r = refracted angle / sudut pembiasan
*A material with a higher refractive index has a higher density,
can bend the light ray more.
Bahan dengan indeks pembiasan yang besar mempunyai
ketumpatan yang besar dan boleh lebih membengkokkan
cahaya.
Example 4
Diagram shows a ray of light passing from air to the block X.
Rajah menunjukkan cahaya merambat dari udara ke bongkah
X.

Calculate the refractive index of the block X.

Hitung indeks pembiasan bongkah X.
Example 5
The diagram shows a ray of light passing from a glass block to
air. [ Refractive index of glass = 1.54 ]
Rajah menunjukkan cahaya merambat dari bongkah kaca ke
udara. [Indeks pembiasan kaca = 1.54]

The speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 ms-1 and the speed of

light in glass is 2 x 108 ms-1. Determine the refractive index of
glass.
Kelajuan cahaya di vakum adalah 3 x 108 ms-1 dan kelajuan
cahaya di kaca adalah 2 x 108 ms-1. Hitung indeks pembiasan
kaca.

n = Real depth
Apparenth depth
= dalam nyata
dalam ketara

- Light propagate from medium of high density to low density

Cahaya merambat dari medium tumpat ke medium kurang
tumpat
- Light bend away from normal
Cahaya dibengkokkan menjauhi normal.
- Eye view light ray in a staright line
Mata melihat cahaya dalam garis lurus
- Image appear to be shallower and virtual
Imej kelihatan lebih cetek dan adalah maya.
Example 7
The figure shows a man observing the base of a swimming
pool. The base of the pool appear to be shallower.The real
depth of the swimming pool is 2.0 m. [Refractive index of water
= 1.33]
Rajah menunjukkan seorang lelaki sedang memerhatikan
dasar kolam renang. Dasar kolam kelihatan lebih cetek.
Kedalaman sebenar kolam adalah 2.0m [ Indeks pembiasan =
1.33]

Determine the value of .

Hitung nilai .
The refrective index can be also defined as,
Indeks pembiasan juga boleh di takrifkan sebagai
n = speed of light in vacuum /air = c
speed of light in medium
v
= kelajuan cahaya di vakum / udara
kelajuan cahaya di medium
Example 6

(a)What is the apperent depth of the swimming pool?

Apakah kedalaman ketara ketara kolam renang?
(b)In figure above, draw a ray diagram from point Z to show
how the point Z appears shallower.
Pada rajah diatas, lukis rajah sinar untuk menunjukkan
bagaimana titik Z kelihatan lebih cetek.

n = sin i
sin r
= sin 90
sin c
= 1
sin c

LESSON 3: TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Pantulan dalam penuh
The total reflection happens when the angle of incidence of
light ray propagating from medium of higher density to another
medium of lower density exceeds a specific critical angle.
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku bila sudut tuju bagi sinar tuju
cahaya yang merambat dari medium yang lebih tumpat ke
medium yang kurang tumpat melebihi sudut genting tertentu.

Example 1
Figure shows a light ray AO travelling from medium X to the
air.[The refractive index of medium X = 2.0 ]
Rajah menunjukkan sinar cahaya AO merambat dari medium
X ke udara. [Indeks pembiasan medium X = 2.0]

Ray diagram to show how the Total Internal Reflection

happen
Rajah sinar untuk menunjukkan bagaimana pantulan dalam
penuh berlaku.
Draw the ray light after it passes through the point O when
Lukis sinar cahaya selepas ia melalui titik O bila
(a) = 25o
(b) = 30o
(c) = 35o

(a)
(b)
(c)
(a) Angle of incidence 1 is small, light ray is refracted
Sudut tuju 1 kecil, cahaya dibiaskan
(b)Angle of incidence equal to critical angle, c. Angle of
refraction is 90 and the refracted ray travels along the
water-air boundary.
Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut genting. Sudut pembiasan
ialah 90 dan sinar yang terbias merambat mengikut
sempadan air-udara.
(c)Angle of incidence greater than critical angle, 2> c. No
refraction occurs. All the light is reflected within the water.
Total internal reflection occurs.
Sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting, 2> c. Tiada pembiasan
berlaku. Semua sinar cahaya dipantulkan kedalam air.
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku.
The conditions for the occurrence of total internal
reflection.
Syarat- syarat untuk pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
(1) The light ray must be travel from an denser medium to
less dense medium.
Cahaya merambat dari medium lebih tumpat ke medium
kurang tumpat.
(2) The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical
angle.
Sudut tuju melebihi sudut genting.
The Critical Angle / sudut genting, c
The angle of incidence when angle of refraction of 90o
Sudut tuju bila sudut pembiasan ialah 90o

Example 2
The diagram shows a light ray entering in a glass prism.
[Refractive index of glass = 1.51]
Rajah menunjukkan sinar cahaya merambat melalui prisma
kaca. [indeks pembiasan kaca = 1.51]

(a) Determine the critical angle of the glass.

Hitung sudut genting kaca.
(b) Draw the ray light after it passes through a point P until
the direction of the ray of light unchanged.
Lukis sinar cahaya selepas ia melalui titik P sampai arah
sinar cahaya tidak berubah.
Prism periscope / Periskop prisma

Sinar cahaya mengalami pantulan dalam penuh sebanyak dua

kali dalam setiap prisma. Kedua-dua prisma itu akan
menyongsangkan imej ( atas ke bawah dan kiri ke kanan).
Tetapi kedua-dua kanta akan menyongsangkan imej dan
prisma akan menyebabkan imej kelihatan seperti objek asal.
Imej akhir adalah tegak, tidak songsang sisi dan dibesarkan.
Mirages / Logamaya
The periscope is built using two rightangled prisms made of
glass.
Periskop dibina mengunakan dua prism kaca bersudut tegak.
The critical angle of the prism is 42o.
Sudut genting kaca ialah 42o
The angle of incidence is 45o is greater than the critical angle.
Sudut tuju ialah 45o iaitu lebih besar dari sudut genting.
Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku.
Total internal reflection occurs
The characteristics of the images are
Ciri-ciri imej adalah
(i)Virtual
(ii) Upright (iii) Same size as the object.
Maya
Tegak
Sama saiz dengan objek
Advantages of the prism periscope compared to mirror
periscope,
Kelebihan menggunakan prisma berbanding cermin dalam
periskop
(i) The image is brighter
Imej adalah lebih cerah
(ii) No multiple images is formed (very clear)
Tiada imej yang bertindih (sangat jelas)
Binocular / Teropong

A ray light experiences two total internal reflections at each

prism. The two prisms are to invert the image (upside down
and right-to-left.) But the lenses in the binoculars also invert
the image and so the prisms put it back the right way again.So
the final image in binoculars is upright, not laterally inverted
and magnified.

In the time when the weather is hot, the incidence ray from the
sun passes through a dense air layer to a less dense air layer.
Finally, the ray of passes through the air layer close to the road
surface at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
Total internal reflection occurs at this layer. The observer sees
the image of the sky on the surface of the road as a pool of
water.
Pada hari yang panas, sinar cahaya dari matahari akan
merambat dari lapisan udara yang berketumpatan tinggi ke
lapisan udara berketumpatan rendah. Akhirnya, cahaya akan
melalui lapisan udara berdekatan dengan jalan pada sudut
tuju melebihi sudut genting. Pemerhati akan melihat imej maya
langit pada jalan sebagai takungan air.
Fibre optics
The external wall of a fibre optic is less dense than the internal
wall. When light rays travel from a denser internal wall to a less
dense external walls at an angle that exceeds the critical
angle, total internal reflection occurs.
The advantages of the fibre optics:
(i) Cheap
(ii) easily handled
(iii) More information can be transmitted
Dinding dalam gentian optik adalah lebih tumpat berbanding
dinding luar. Bila cahaya merambat dari dinding dalamyang
lebih tumpat ke dinding luar yang kurang tumpat pada sudut
tuju lebih besar dari sudut genting, pantulan dalam penuh
berlaku.

CONVEX AND CONCAVE LENS

Kanta cembung dank anta cekung

Ray Diagram for convex / Rajah sinar untuk kanta cembung

Convex lens / Kanta cembung

Concave lens / Kanta cekung

Power of lenses / Kuasa kanta (P)
power of a lens =
1
.
Focal length (m)
kuasa kanta =
1
1
panjang fokus (m)

Ray Diagram Concave lens / Rajah sinar kanta cekung

*The unit of power of a lens is Dioptre (D) or m-1

*Unit untuk kuasa kanta ialah Dioptre(D) atau m-1
*Convex lens : the power is taken to be positive
*Kanta cembung: kuasa kanta adalah positif
Concave lens : the power is taken to be negative
*Kanta cekung: kuasa kanta adalah positif
Example 1 / Contoh 1
A convex lens of focal length 40 cm. Determine the power of
the lens.
Sebuah kanta cembung mempunyai panjang focus 40cm.
Hitung kuasa kanta tersebut.
Example2 / Contoh 2
A lens with a power - 5D.
Sebuah kanta mempunyai kuasa -5D.
(a)Calculate the focal length of the lens.
Hitung panjang focus kanta tersebut
(b)What is the type of the lens?
Apakah jenis kanta tersebut?
Characteristics of images formed by convex and by using ray diagrams / Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh kanta cembung
(a) u < f (jarak objek kurang dari panjang fokus)
(b) u = f (jarak objek sama dengan panjang fokus)

(c)f < u < 2f(jarak objek antara panjang fokus dan dua kali panjang fokus)

(e) u > 2f(jarak objek lebih dari dua kali panjang fokus)

(d)u = 2f(jarak objek sama denga dua kali panjang fokus)

(f) u (objek berada di infiniti)

Characteristics of image for Concave lens / Ciri-ciri imej yang dibentuk oleh kanta cekung

Equation of lens / Persamaan kanta

1 =1+ 1
f u v

m = image height = image distance

object height
object distance
f = focal length u = object distance

v = image distance

panjang fokus
jarak objek
jarak imej
m = linear magnification / pembesaran linear
Example 3
An object of height 2 cm is placed at 30 cm from a
convex lens of focal length 20.0 cm. Calculate
Sebuah objek yang mempunyai ketinggian 2cm diletakkan
pada jarak 30 cm dari kanta cembung yang mempunyai
panjang fokus 20cm. Hitung
(a) the image distance / jarak imej
(b) the magnification / pembesaran imej
(c) the image height / ketinggian imej
(d) the characteristics of the image / ciri-ciri imej
A) SIMPLE MICROSCOPE / MAGNIFYING GLASS
Mikroskop Ringkas / Kanta Pembesar
-uses convex lens
menggunakan kanta cembung
-object placed at distance smaller than focal length
objek diletak pada jarak kurang dari panjang fokus
-image produce is virtual, upright and magnified.
Imej yang terhasil adalah maya, tegak dan diperbesarkan

Pada Rajah 3.2 lukis rajah sinar untuk menunjukkan bagaimana

imej yang dibentuk oleh alatan optic pada Rajah 3.1. Tandakan
dengan jelas imej yang terbentuk

(d) If the object distance is 5cm and the focal length is 10cm,
calculate the image distance.
Jika jarak objek adalah 5cm dan panjang fokus kanta adalah
10cm, hitung jarak imej
[2 marks]

Example 1 / Contoh 1
Diagram 3.1 shows the image of newspaper seen through an
optical device.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan imej suratkhabar yang dilihat melalui
suatu alatan optik

Diagram 3.1 / Rajah 3.1

(a) Name the optical device used
Namakan alatan optik yang digunakan
[1 mark]
(b)State two characteristics of the image formed.
Nyatakan dua ciri imej yang terbentuk
.[2 marks]
(c)On Diagram 3.2 sketch a ray diagram to show how the image was
formed by the optical device in Diagram 3.1. Mark clearly the
image that was formed.

B) ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE / Teleskop Astronomi

Objective lens / Kanta objek

Eyepiece / Kanta mata

Parallel light ray

from object
Sinar selari dari
objek

C) Compound Microscope / Mikroskop Majmuk

Objective lens /Kanta objek

Astronomical Telescope / Teleskop Astronomi

-focal length of objective lens > focal length of eyepiece lens
panjang fokus kanta objek > panjang fokus kanta mata
-magnification = focal length of objective lens = fo
focal length of eyepiece
fe

Eyepiece /Kanta mata

Compound Microscope / Mikroskop Majmuk

-focal length of objective lens < focal length of objective lens
panjang fokus kanta objek < panjang fokus kanta mata
-object is placed between fo and 2fo so that image produce is real,
inverted, diminish.

pembesaran = panjang fokus kanta objek

panjang fokus kanta mata
-objective lens bigger diameter to collect more light ray (clearer image)
Kanta objek mempunyai diameter yang besar untuk mengumpul lebih
banyak cahaya (imej lebih jelas)

QUESTION
1. (a) A man looks at his reflection in a vertical mirror.
This is shown from the side in Fig. 12.1.

Fig. 12.1
(i) On Fig. 12.1, accurately mark with a clear dot labeled B
where the image of the tip A of the mans beard will be. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 12.1, accurately draw a ray from tip A of the mans
beard that reflects from the mirror and goes into his eye
that enables the man to view the image of tip A.
[3]
(iii) The man can see the image, but it cannot be formed on a
screen. What name is given to this type of image?
.........................................................................................[1]
(iv) Write down the equation that links the angles of incidence
and reflection that the ray makes with the mirror.
...................................................................................[1]
(b) A girl looks into a bathroom mirror to brush her hair. Fig.
12.2 shows what she sees in the mirror.

Objek diletak diantara fo dan 2fo supaya imej yang terbentuk adalah
nyata, songsang dan dikecilkan
-eyepiece is placed so that the distance of the first image from the
eyepiece is less than fe so that final image virtual, inverted and
magnified.
Kedudukan kanta mata dilaraskan supaya jarak imej pertama dari
kanta mata adalah kurang dari fe, supaya imej terakhir yang terbentuk
adalah maya, songsang dan dibesarkan

Mark clearly on Fig. 12.2 where this will appear on the

reflection.
[1]
(c) Fig. 7.2 shows another example of reflection. The drawing
is incomplete.

The horizontal card with the letter P on it is being reflected in

the vertical mirror. On Fig. 7.2, draw the reflection of the letter
P.
[2]
2. Diagram 13.1 shows the image of a patients teeth seen in
a mirror used by a dentist.

DIAGRAM 13.1
(a) Name the type of the mirror used by the dentist.
.....[ 1 mark ]
(b) State the light phenomenon that causes the image of the
teeth.
...[ 1 mark ]
(c) State two characteristics of the image formed.
.......[ 2 marks ]

Fig. 12.2
(i) In which hand is she holding the brush? Tick one box.
left hand
right hand
[1]
(ii) She has a spot on her skin just below her left eye.

(d) In the diagram below, the arrow represents the teeth as

the object of the mirror. Complete the ray diagram by
drawing the required rays to locate the position of the
image.
[3 marks]

Figure (a)
(a) (i) Name the light phenomenon involved.
....
3. Diagram 14.1 shows a mirror at the corner of a shop.

(ii) Explain how the leg appear to be shorter.

..
...
..

Mirror

(iii)In Figure(b) , draw a ray diagram from point P to the

eye to show how the legs appear shorter.

DIAGRAM 14.1
(a) Name the type of mirror shown in Diagram 14.1.
.....[1 mark]
(b) Name one characteristic of the image formed by the
mirror.
...... [1 mark]
(c) Sketch a ray diagram to show how the image is formed.

Figure (b)
(b) The depth of water is 0.4 m. Calculate the distance of
the image of the foot at point P from the surface of the
water. [Refractive index of water = 1.33]
5.Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light, from the top of an object PQ,
passing through two glass prisms.

[3 marks]
(d) What is the advantage of using this type of mirror in the
shop?
......[1 mark]

4.

Figure (a) shows a mother observing the legs of her son

in the pool. His legs appear to be shorter because of a
light phenomenon.

Fig 6.1
(a) Complete the path through the two prisms of the ray shown
leaving Q.
[1]
(b) A person looking into the lower prism, at the position
indicated by the eye symbol, sees an image of PQ.
State two characteristics of this image.
.........................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why there is no change in direction of the ray from
P at points A, C, D and F.

.......................................................................................[1]
(d) (i)Name the physics concept involved when the light strike
the prism at point B and E.
[1]
(ii)State two conditions for the physics phenomenon in d(i)
to occur.
.
.[2]
(e) The speed of light as it travels from P to A is 3 108 m/s
and the refractive index of the prism glass is 1.5. Calculate
the speed of light in the prism.

[2]
6.The ray diagram in Fig. 6.1 shows one ray from the top of an
object placed to the left of a converging lens.

Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, use your ruler to draw another ray from the top
of the object until it crosses the ray printed on the diagram.
[2]
(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw the image of the object.
[1]
(c) Which of the following descriptions fit the image formed by
the lens? Tick 3 boxes.
Diminish

Virtual

Upright

Inverted

Real

(d) The object is moved to a position further from the lens.

What differences are seen in the image, compared with the
previous image?
......................................................................................... [2]