Linear Motion

Distance is the total length/path travelled by an object.

Distance is a scalar quantity .
The unit of distance is metre (m)

s=

u + v t ..(2)
2

s = ut + at2
Displacement is shortest distance between two location in a
particular direction.
Displacement is a vector quantity
The unit of dispacement is metre (m)

..(3)

v2 = u2 + 2as
..(4)
Example 1
A car accelerates from rest to 25 m s-1 in 4 s. Find the acceleration
of the car.

EXAMPLE 1
A boy walks finish the following path PQ.
Example 2
A car accelerates from rest at 3 ms-2 along a straight road. How far
has the car travelled after 4s?

Find
(a) total distance traveled
(b) displacement
Speed is the rate of change of distance.
Speed = distance travelled
time taken
Velocity is the rate of change of displacement.
Velocity = displacement
time taken
EXAMPLE 2

Example 3
A car is travelling at 20 ms-1 along a straight road. The driver puts
the brakes on for 5 s. It this causes a deceleration of 3 m s-2, what
is the cars final velocity?

Example 4
A car moving with constant velocity of 40 ms-1. The driver saw and
obstacle in front and he immediately stepped on the brake pedal
and managed to stop the car in 8 s. What is the total distance
travelled?

Ticker Timer
Time for one tick = 0.02s
a) Determine the average velocity

Figure above shows runner runs 500 m towards east in 2

minutes and 1200m towards north in 4 minutes.
Calculate his
(a) Total distance
(b) Total displacement
(c) average speed
(d) average velocity
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Acceleration = change in velocity
time taken
Acceleration = final velocity initial velocity
time taken
a = v - u
t
Equation of linear motion
v = u + at
.(1)

b) Determine the acceleration

c) Determine the acceleration

d)Determine the acceleration

DISPLACEMENT TIME GRAPH

Displacement/m

Gradient = Velocity

Time/s
s/m
Type of motion:
e) Describe the type of motion for each of the following

t/s

i)

s/m

Type of motion :
t/s

s/m

Gradient = acceleration

Type of motion:
Area under the graph = displacement
t/s

ii)

s/m
Type of motion:
t/s
s/m

Type of motion:

iii)

t/s
EXAMPLE 1
The following figure shows displacement time graph of an object.

iv)

v)

Based on the graph

(a)state the section of the graph showing
(i) object moving away from origin
(ii) moving back to origin
Gradient = Acceleration
(b) state how long the object is at rest
Area under the graph = Displacement
(c) calculate the velocity at
(i) AB
(ii) BC
(iii) CD
(d) Calculate
(i) total distance

(ii)total displacement.

v/ms-1

(e) Calculate
(i) the average speed

Type of motion:

(ii)average velocity
t/s
v/ms-1

(f) Sketch a velocity against time graph.

v/ms-1

Type of motion:
t/s

10

30

35

v/ms-1

t/s

EXAMPLE 2
Figure below shows a displacement-time graph of a lift moving
from the 4th floor to the 7th and goes down again to the 1st floor.

t/s
EXAMPLE 1
The following is the velocity-time graph of a car moving to the right
and turning to the left.
v/ms-1
20

(a) Calculate the velocity over

(i) JK
(ii) LM

(iii) MN

Type of motion:

A 0

C
D
5 7 8

-10
(b) Calculate the
(i) total distance

(ii) total displacement of the lift.

(c) Calculate:
(i) average speed

(ii) average velocity

(d) Sketch a velocity-time graph for the lift from J to N.

F
10

t/s

Based on the graph,

(a)State the section of the graph showing
(i) acceleration
(ii) deceleration
(b) How long the car was moving with constant velocity?
(c) State the point on the graph showing the car start to change
direction.
(d) Calculate the acceleration over
(i) AB
(ii) BC
(iii)CD

(iv) EF

VELOCITY TIME GRAPH

Gradient = Acceleration

(d)Calculate
(i)the total displacement.

(ii)the total distance

(e)Calculate
(i) average velocity

(ii)average speed

Area under the graph = diaplacement

v/ms

-1

Type of motion:
t/s

v/ms-1

Type of motion :
t/s

(f) Sketch an acceleration against time graph.

a/ms-2
0

10

t/s

EXAMPLE 2
Diagram 8.1 shows a car driven by a kidnapper has overtook a
police car at 2.00 p.m. The police car then followed the
kidnappers car. Diagram 8.2 shows a velocity against time graph
for both cars.

Elastic collision
In elastic collision, after two objects moving with their respective
velocities do collide, those two objects will separate and move with
different velocities.

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum = The total momentum
before collision
after collision
m1u1 + m2u2
m1v1 + m2v2
=
EXAMPLE 1

(a) Based on graph in Diagram 8 state the motion of the

(i) kidnappers car

Based on the figure above, what is the value of v?

[1 mark]
(ii) the police car
[1 mark]

EXAMPLE 2

(b) (i) What is the net force acting on the police car after 2.01p.m?
[1 mark].
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in 3(b)(i).

Two objects P and Q of masses 0.8 kg and 0.6 kg respectively

moving towards each other. After collision object P bounces back
with a velocity of 1.6 ms-1. What is the velocity and the direction of
motion of object Q after collision?

[1 mark]
(c) Sketch a displacement against time graph of the police car.
Inelastic collision
In inelastic collision, after two objects moving with their respective
velocities do collide, they stick together and move with a common
velocity.

MOMENTUM
momentum = mass x velocity
p =mv
(unit = kgms-1)
The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum
The Principle of conservation of momentum states that
The total momentum of a system is always fixed if there is no
external force acting on the system or the total momentum before
collision will be equal to the total momentum after the collision

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum =
The total momentum
before collision
after collision
m1u1 + m2u2
(m1 + m2) V
=

EXAMPLE 1
Two trolleys of masses 2 kg and 3 kg respectively moving towards
each other. Both of the trolleys are moving at same velocity of 2
ms-1. After collision they stick together with a common velocity.
What is the common velocity of the trolleys?

EXPLOSION

EXAMPLE 2
A man of mass 60 kg runs with velocity 6ms-1 and suddenly jumps
to a stationary trolley of mass 30 kg. After collision the man and
the trolley move together with a common velocity. What is the
velocity of the man and the trolley?

Based on The Principle Of Conservation Of Momentum,

The total momentum =
The total momentum
before explosion
after explosion
m1U1 + m2U2 = m1V1 + m2V2
0 = m1V1 + m2V2
m1V1 = - m2V2
EXAMPLE 1
A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg. If the mass of the
bullet is 10 g and it reaches a velocity of 300 m/s after shooting,
what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?

EXAMPLE 3
Diagram 13.1 shows a lorry of mass 1200 kg moving at the speed
of 30 m/s collides with a car of mass 1000 kg which is travelling in
the opposite direction at 20 m/s. After the collision, the two
vehicles move together.

Diagram 13.1
(a) State the type of collision involved in this accident.

EXAMPLE 2
Figure below shows a man standing on a stationary boat. He then
jumps out of the boat onto the jetty. The boat moves away from
the jetty as he jumps.

...........................................................................
(b) Calculate the velocity, v of both vehicles immediately after
collision.
(c) The driver of the car is thrown forward during the collision.
State the physics concept involved.
.............................................................................
(d) The speed limit and the load limit of a truck is shown in
Diagram below.

(a) State the physics principle that is involved in the

movement of the boat as the man jumps onto the jetty.

(b) Explain why the boat moves away from the jetty when
the man jumps.
..
..

Explain why the speed limit and the load limit must be
imposed on the truck.
...................................................................................
........(2m)

(c) The mass of the man is 50 kg and he jumps at a

velocity of 2 m s-1 . The mass of the boat is 20 kg.
Calculate the velocity of the boat as the man jumps.

(d) Name one application of the physics principle stated in

(a) in an exploration of outer space.
..

Diagram 5.1
FORCE
Push/pull on an object
Balanced Force
i) When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they cancel
each other out. The net force is zero.
ii) Effect : the object at is at rest [ velocity = 0] or moves at
constant velocity [ a = 0]
Example 1

(a) Based on the situation in Diagram 5.1 and situation in

Diagram 5.2,
(i) state similarities about the magnitudes and directions of the
forces F1 and F2 , F3 and F4
magnitudes : ..
directions : ................

The cup stays at rest. The net force acting on it is zero. Weight,
W = Normal Reaction, R
The plane moves with constant velocity and height
The net force acting on it is zero. Weight, W = Lift, U Thrust, F =
drag, G
Unbalance Force
i) When the forces acting on an object are not balanced, there
must be a net force acting on it.
ii) The net force is known as the unbalanced force or the resultant
force.
iii) Net force = force applied resistant force
iv) Effect : Can cause to accelerate, decelerate or change its
direction

[2 marks]

(ii) What is the net force in both situations?

...[1 mark]
(iii)Based on the answers in 5(a)(i) and 5(a)(ii), name the physics
concept involved.
..[1 mark]
(b) (i) Another aircraft has F3 greater than F4 . Describe the motion
of this aircraft.
..[1 mark]
(ii) Explain the answer in 5(b)(i).

F = ma (N or kg m s-2)

...

QUESTION

......[2 marks]

1.Two forces act horizontally to a block of wood of mass 4 kg as

shown in figure above. What is the acceleration and the direction
of motion of the block.
2.An object of mass 2 kg is pulled on the floor by a force of 5 N
and having a constant velocity.
(a) What is the frictional force between the object and the floor.
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the object if the object is pulled
by a 17 N force?
3.Diagram 5.1 shows two boys pushing a large box. After some
time, the box still remains stationary. Diagram 5.2 shows a jet
moving forward with a uniform velocity at a constant height.

4. Figure shows a cyclist is riding along a road at a constant

velocity. The total of downward force acting on the bicycle and
the cyclist is 650 N. The normal reaction of the front tyre is 300
N and forward thrust is 200 N.

(a) Calculate the normal reaction, P acting on the rear tyre.

[1 mark]
(b) Give one reason why the total resistance, Q should be 200
N at that moment?
...[1 mark]
(c) What will happen when the forward thrust is increased?

....[1 mark]
(d) Why the cyclist thrown forward when the bicycle runs over a
stone?
.. ....[1 mark]
(e) Explain why the cyclist can gets serious injuries if he falls onto
the road which the surface is very hard.

Impulse is defined as the change of momentum

= final momentum initial momentum= mv - mu
From F = mv mu
t
Ft = mv mu = change of momentum = Impulse
The product of the force and the time is called the impulse.
Unit : kgms-1 or Ns

....
......[2 marks]
5. Diagram 4.1 shows a 50kg box is pushed by a man with a force
of 300N. The box moved with constant velocity.

Example 1
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house. His
velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1.
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.

(b) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if he bends

upon landing and takes 0.5 s to stop?

Diagram 4.1
(a) What is the meaning of force?
....[1 mark]

(c) What is the impulsive force on the residents legs if he does not
bend and stops in 0.05 s?

(b) (i)What is the frictional force acting on the box?

.....[1 mark]
(ii)Sketch a displacement against time graph motion of the
box in Diagram 4.2

(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing?

displacement(m)
time(s)
(c)The pushing force of the box is increased to 350N. Calculate
(i) the resultant force acting on the box.

Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of contact of
his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse delivered to the
ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is the velocity of the
ball?

[2 marks]
(ii) the acceleration of the box
[2 marks]
IMPULSIVE FORCE AND IMPULSE
The large force that acts over a short period of time during
collisions is known as impulsive force. From the relationship
between force, mass and acceleration: F = ma = m (v u)
t
From the expression F = Change of momentum
t
Impulsive force is inversely proportional to time of contact /impact
Impulsive force is directly proportional to force
Longer period of time - Impulsive force decrease
Shorter period of time - Impulsive force increase

Example 3
In a tennis match, a player hits an on-coming ball with mass of 0.2
kg and velocity of 20 ms-1. The ball rebounds with a velocity of 40
m s-1. The time taken in the collision between the ball and the
tennis racket is 0.01 s.

(a) What is the impulse experienced by the ball?

(b) What is the impulsive force exerted on the tennis ball?

4. Diagram 5.1 shows a car that had collided into a tree. Diagram
5.2 shows another car that had collided into a pile of sand.
Both cars have the same mass of 1000 kg and were driven at
the same speed of 25 ms-1.

(a) What is meant by impulse?

..........................................................[1 mark]
(a) What is meant by speed?
[ 1 mark ]
(b) Using the diagram 5.1 and diagram 5.2,
(i) compare the damage of the two cars
..............[ 1 mark ]
(ii) compare the change of momentum between the two
cars
........[ 1 mark ]
(c) State the relationship between the time of impact with the
damage of the car
.......[ 1 mark ]
(d) (i) If the time of impact of the collisions of the car in Diagram
5.1 is 0.2 s, calculate the rate of change of momentum of
the car.

(b) With reference to Diagram 14.1 and Diagram 14.2;

(i) Compare the force on the eggs that strike surface A and
Surface B.
...........................................................
(ii) Compare the time of impact of the eggs on Surface A and
Surface B.
..................................................................
(iii) Compare the change in momentum of the eggs in both
situations.
................................................................
(iv) State the relationship between the force produced in a
collision and the time of impact.
............................................................
(v) Suggest a suitable material for Surface A.
....................................................................

[ 2 marks ]
(ii) State the physics concept which affects the collision of the
car.

(c) Diagram 14.3 shows a pile hammer used in driving a pile into
the ground at a construction site.

.......[ 1 mark ]
(iii) State the relationship between the time of impact with the
answer from (d) (ii)
...[ 1 mark ]
5.Diagram 14.1 and Diagram 14.2 show two eggs released from
the same height and drop on to Surface A and Surface B
respectively.

Explain how a large force is produced by the pile hammer in

driving the pile into the ground.
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................[2 marks]
6. Diagram 16 shows an egg being dropped onto a wooden block.
The egg cracks after an impact. The velocity of the egg just
before the impact is 5 ms-1

(a) Name the force involved during the impact.

Diagram above shows two steel spheres dropped at the same

time from the same height.

................................................................................

(i) The distance between two successive images of the sphere

increases showing that the two spheres are falling with
increasing velocity; falling with an acceleration.

(b) Give one reason why the egg cracked after the impact.
.................................................................................

(ii) The two spheres are at the same level at all times. Thus, a
heavy object and a light object fall with the same gravitational
acceleration. Gravitational acceleration is independent of
mass.

(c) The mass of the egg is 0.05 kg. Calculate the momentum just
before the impact.
(d) Give one suggestion how you would avoid the egg from
cracking when dropped from the same height.
...............................................................................
GRAVITY
Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth by
gravitational force / gravitational pull.

(a

Example 1
An object that experience free fall takes 2.0 s to reach the ground.
What is
(a) its speed when it strikes the ground
(b) the height where the object is dropped

Example 2
An object is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20ms-1. If
the object experience free fall, calculate
(a) maximum height reached
(b) time to reach the maximum height
(c) time to reach the ground again
At vacuum state:
There is no air resistance.
The coin and the feather experience free fall.
Only gravitational force acted on the objects.
Both will fall at the same acceleration known as acceleration due
to gravity, g. (0n earth g = 10ms-2)
Both object will reach the ground at the same time.
At normal state (when there is air resistance):
Both coin and feather will fall because of gravitational force.
Air resistance depends on surface area of a fallen object.
The feather that has large area will have more air resistance.
The coin will reach the ground first.

3. Figure below is a stroboscopic photograph shows two steel

balls in a state of free-fall. Both balls are dropped
simultaneously from the same height.

(a) Observe the photograph and state two similarities between the
position of the balls.
__________________________________________________
______________________________________________[2 m]
(b) Name one physical quantity which causes the balls to fall.
______________________________________________[1 m]
(c) Based on the positions of the free-falling balls, there is a
physical quantity that is constant.
(i) Name the quantity.

.....................................................................................[2]
(c) A vacuum pump is connected to A and the air in the tube is
removed. The coin and paper fall differently in a vacuum from
the way they fall in air. State two of these differences.
1.......................................................................................
2. ................................................................................ [2]
5. Diagram 6 shows a boy throwing a ball upwards at a velocity of
10m s-1 where the air resistance can be ignored.

____________________________________________[1 m]
(ii) What is the value of the quantity and its unit?
Diagram 6

____________________________________________[1 m]
(iii) State how the mass of a ball affect the valued of the physical
quantity stated in (c)(i).

(a) State the type of motion when the ball

(i) Move up:
.

__________________________________________[1 m]
(d) A ball is thrown vertically upwards at a certain velocity.
(i) What happens to the motion of the ball as it moves
upwards?
___________________________________________[1 m]
(ii) Give one reasons for your answer.
___________________________________________[1 m]
4.Fig. 2.1 shows apparatus that demonstrates how a coin and a
piece of paper fall from rest.

(ii)

Fall down:
..[2 marks]

(b) State the force that causes the motion as stated in your answer
at (a)
.....[1 mark]
(c) State the value of the velocity when the ball reached the
maximum height.
........[1 mark]
(d) Using the equation: v2 = u2 + 2 as, calculate the maximum
height reach by the ball.

Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.2
At the positions shown in Fig. 2.1, the coin and paper are falling
through air in the tube. The forces on them are shown in Fig. 2.2.
The length of an arrow indicates the size of each force.
(a) State the initial value of the acceleration of the coin as it falls.
................................................................................. [1]
(b) Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that
(i) the paper falls with constant speed,
.........................................................................................
(ii) the coin accelerates.

[2 marks]
(e) What happened to the value of maximum height reached
calculated in (c) if there is air resistance.
.....[1 mark]
(f) Sketch a velocity, v against time, t graph to describe the motion
of the ball.
v/ms-1
t/s
[2 marks]
RESULTANT FORCE

- a single force that represents the combined effect of two of

more forces in magnitude and direction.
Example
1. Calculate the resultant force for the diagrams below. Which
direction does the object move?
(a)
(b)

Two forces acting at an angle to each other

The resultant of two forces, which act on an object in two different
directions, can be determined by the triangle method and the
parallelogram method

STEP 1 : Using ruler and protractor, draw the two forces 5N

and 12N from a point.
60

(c)

Resultant Forces in a Lift

(i)Stationary Lift (Also moves upwards or
downwards with uniform velocity

STEP 2: Complete the parallelogram

60

120

STEP 3: Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram. The diagonal

represent the resultant force, F in magnitude and
direction.

F = R mg = 0
R = mg
The reading on the weighing scale = the weight of the girl
(ii) The lift moves upwards with an acceleration of a ms-2

Resultant force
QUESTIONS
1.By using the scale given find the resultant force for the following
diagrams.
(a)
(b)

1cm : 2N

1cm: 1N

Resultant Force, F is upwards

R > mg
F = ma
F = R mg = ma
R = mg + ma
The reading on the weighing scale machine is larger
(iii) The lift moves down with an acceleration of a ms-2

Resultant Force, F is downwards

mg > R
F = ma
F = mg R = ma
R = mg ma
The reading on the weighing scale machine is smaller
Example
5. A boy of mass 50 kg inside is inside a lift. Calculate the weight
experienced by the boy @ the reading on the weighing scale if
the lift:
(a) is stationary
(b) moves upwards with constant velocity of 1.5 ms-1
(c) accelerates upwards with an acceleration of 2 ms-2
(d) accelerates downwards with an acceleration of 2 ms-2

(a) Indicate and label

(i) The force F
(ii) The horizontal force Fx
(iii) The vertical force Fy
(b) Calculate
(i) The horizontal force Fx
(ii) The vertical force Fy
(c) What is the function of each component?
(d) If the lawnmower weighs 300 N, what is the total downward
force on the ground?
(e) If the lawnmower is pulled rather than pushed, what is the total
downward force on the ground?

RESOLUTION OF FORCES:
A force F can be resolved into components which are
perpendicular to each other:
(a) horizontal component , FX
(b) vertical component, Fy

(f) Based on your answer in (d) and (e) which method is suitable to
cut the grass and give a reason.
.....
.

Fy = sin
Fx = cos
F
F
Fy = F sin Fx = F cos
Questions
1. Find the horizontal component and the vertical component of
the force.
(a)
(b)
Fy
Fy
50N
120N
50
30
Fx
Fx

(c) Fx

(d)

Fx

70
250N

45
Fy

350 N

Fy

2. A man pushes a lawnmower with a force of 100 N.

3. Figure(a) and Figure(b) show two ways in which a gardener

moves a wheelbarrow on a muddy road.

Figure(a)
Figure(b)
(a) On Figure(a) and Figure(b) ,indicate and label:
(i) the direction of force F exerted by the gardener on
the handle of each wheelbarrow to make it move.
(ii) the direction of the vertical component Fy , of the
force in (a)(i).
(b) (i) Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), which of the
ways is more suitable on the muddy road?
.( 1mark)

(ii) Explain the reason for your answer in (b)(i).

......
.....(2 marks)
RESOLUTION OF FORCES ON INCLINE PLANE
A block of wood of m kg which is placed on an inclined plane
which makes an angle with the horizontal. The block of wood is
acted upon by several forces:

a) the weight component which is parallel to the inclined plane, mg

sin
b) the weight component which is perpendicular to the inclined
plane, mg cos
c) the normal reaction force, N
d) the frictional force, f
QUESTIONS
1) Diagram below shows a bag of cement of mass 35 kg on a
ramp with 15 slope to horizontal. Frictional force exerted
between the bag and the ramp is 90.6 N.

(a) What is meant by frictional force

...[1 mark]
(b) Calculate the resultant force parallel to the ramp.
[2 marks]
(c) Based on your answer in 4 (b), state what
happens to the motion of the bag of cement.
Give a reason for your answers.

..........[2 marks]
2. Diagram 11.1 shows a boy of mass 40 kg sliding in two identical
flumes, one after another. Diagram 11.1(a) shows the boy
sliding down the flume, which is inclined at 30 to the
horizontal. Diagram 11.1(b) shows the boy stationary in the
flume when the flume is inclined at 17.5 to the horizontal. The
frictional force acting on the boy in both flumes is 120 N.

(a) What is the meaning of frictional force?

[1m]
(b) Based on diagram 11.1(a), calculate:
(i) The component of the weight parallel to the slope of the
flume, Wc.
[2 m]
(ii) The resultant force acting on the boy.
[1m]
(iii) The acceleration of the boy.
[2 marks]
(c) Using the concept of force, explain why the boy slides down
the flume when the angle of inclination is 30 and remains
stationary when the angle of inclination is 17.5.
[4 marks]
(d) Diagram 11.2 shows four lawnmowers, J, K, L and M with
different specifications. You are required to determine the
most suitable lawnmower to cut grass effectively.
Study the specifications of the four lawnmowers based on
following aspect:
(i) Method of moving the lawnmower.
(ii) Mass of the lawnmower.
(iii) Size of the cutter blade.
(iv) The angle between the handle and the horizontal line.
Explain the suitability of aspect and the determine the
most suitable lawn mover. Give a reason for your
choice.
[10 marks]

Maximum tension of string =

1 000 N
Density of pole
=
900 kg m3
Flexibility of pole
=
High
Maximum tension of string =
2 000 N
Density of pole
=
1 500 kg m3
Flexibility of pole
=
Low
You are required to determine the most suitable characteristics of
flag pole that can withstand strong wind. Study the specifications
of all the four flag poles from the following aspects:
-the density of the pole
-the maximum tension of the string
-the flexibility of the pole
-the height of string tied to the pole
[10 marks]
FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
Net force/Resultant force is zero
Object is stationary or move with constant velocity
QUESTIONS
1 Diagram 2.1 shows an airplane maintaining a steady and level
flight under the influence of four forces. Diagram 2.2 shows a
load hanging from the middle of the string. T1 and T2 are
tensions of the string and W is the weight of the load. The
dotted line shows the resolved component of the tensions T1
and T2 .

Diagram 2.1
(e)Diagram below shows four flag poles P, Q, R and S with
different specifications mounted on the ground
Maximum tension of string
1 000 N
Density of pole
1 500 kg m3
Flexibility of pole
Low
Maximum tension of string
2 000 N
Density of pole
900 kg m3
Flexibility of pole
High

=
=
=

Diagram 2.2

a) What is meant by weight?

.............................................................[ 1 mark ]
(b) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2,
(i) compare the forces acting on the airplane vertically
..

horizontally :

...[2 marks]

(ii) compare the forces acting on the load.

Vertically
...
horizontally

[2 marks]
(c) Compare the type of motion of the airplane and the object

4) Diagram shows picture frame of mass 2kg hung using different

angle. The maximum tension can be applied to the string
before it snap is 14N.

..............................................................[ 1 mark ]
(e) Name the phenomenon shown in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram
5.2.
.................................................[ 1 mark ]
2) Diagram below shows acting on an object are in equilibrium.
Calculate the value of force R and F using triangle of forces in
equilibrium.
(a)
5N

Diagram 5.1(a)

Diagram 5.1(b)

(a) What is meant by equilibrium state?

..........................................................................[1 mark ]
(b) What is the weight of the picture frame

F
30

..........................................................................[1 mark ]

(c) Draw triangle of forces in equilibrium for both diagram.

(b)
Tension (R)
60

[2 marks ]
(c) Using 1cm = 2N draw triangle of forces in equilibrium for both
diagram.

Weight (20N)
3) Diagram 4.1 shows a pendulum bob of mass 0.6 kg is hung on
the ceiling

a). In the diagram 4.1, mark the direction and label the forces
acting on the thread and the pendulum bob with label P and
Q.
[2 marks]
b). The thread is pulled sideway by a force F , so that the thread
makes an angle of 30 with the vertical line as shown in
diagram 4.2
(i) In the space below, draw the triangle of forces to show
the three forces P, Q and F are in equilibrium.

T1 = _____cm = ______N
T2 =_____cm = ______N
[4 marks ]
(d) Based on your answer in (c) which is the best method to hang
the picture. Give your reason
............................................................[2 marks ]
(e) If the string in Diagram 8.1 is cut, the mirror will fall down in 0.6
s. Calculate the velocity just before hitting the ground.

(ii) Calculate the force F

[2 marks]
[2 marks]

[2 marks ]
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Work done is the product of an applied force and the displacement

of an object in the direction of the applied force.
W = Fs
( W = work, F = force & s = displacement)
The SI unit of work is the joule, J
Calculation of Work

iv) Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in the

object because of its height above the earths surface.
v) Gravitational potential energy = mgh
Example 6
An object of mass 5 kg is placed at a height of 10m Calculate the
gravitational potential energy.

W=Fxs
vi) Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in the object
when it is compressed or extended.
vii) Elastic potential energy = F x
W = (F cos ) s
Example 1
A boy pushing his bicycle with a force of 25 N through a distance
of 3 m.

Example 7
When an object of weight 100N is hung to a spring with original
length 15cm the total length becomes 23 cm. Calculate the elastic
potential energy.

viii) The principle of conservation of energy states that energy

can be changed from one form to another form, but it cannot
be created or destroyed.
The total of energy in a system is constant.
Calculate the work done by the boy.
Example 2
A girl is lifting up a 3 kg flower pot steadily to a height of 0.4 m.

Example 8:
A ball is released at point A from a height 0.8 m using a smooth
inclined plane. What is the velocity of the ball at point B?

What is the work done by the girl?

Example 3
A man is pulling a crate of fish along the floor with a force of 40 N
through a distance of 6 m.

Example 9:
A 2kg ball is released at point A from a height 0.8 m using a an
inclined plane. If work done against friction is 10J, what is the
velocity of the ball at point B?

What is the work done in pulling the crate?

ENERGY
i) Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work.
ii) Kinetic Energy is the energy of an object due to its motion
iii) Kinetic energy = mv 2
Example 5
A ball of mass 0.5 kg moves with velocity of 4 ms-1. Calculate the
kinetic energy

Example 10:
A ball is moving along a smooth horizontal surface at a velocity of
6 ms-1. The ball then moves up a smooth inclined plane. The
height of the inclined plane is 1.5 m. What is its velocity at point B?

..
(b) Calculate the work done
(i) by the worker to pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m.
(ii) on the load to raise to a height of 0.5 m.

11 Figure below shows a high jump athlete of mass 60 kg jumping

over the bar of height 5.0 m. I,J, K, L, M, N, O, P and Q show
the different stages of the jump made by the athlete. The
height of the athlete from the level of the bar is 0.2 m.

(c) (i) Compare the work done in (b)(i) and (ii).

(ii) state why there is a difference between the work done

in (b)(i) and (b)(ii).
.
13. Diagram 6.1and Diagram 6.2 show a student throwing an iron
ball in a shot put event using different throwing techniques.
The angle of projection and the force used by the student in
both techniques are the same.

(a) Why is the athlete required to accelerate to a certain

velocity at the stage of J to K before he begins to jump?
.
(b) Explain why the pole has to be bend at L.
..
(c) Calculate gravitational potential energy of the athlete.

(d) What is the acceleration of the athlete at stage P?

(e) Why is a rubber mattress placed in the area where the

athlete lands?
.
12 Diagram below shows a worker lifting a load of mass 20 kg
using a pulley system. The worker applies a force of 220 N to
pull the rope down a distance of 0.5 m. The load is raised to a
height of 0.5 m.

(a) Observe Diagram 6.1 and Diagram 6.2.

(i) Compare the distance of the hand movement to throw
the iron ball.
..
(ii) Based on the answer in (a)(i), compare the work done by
the student between the two throwing techniques
....
(iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 20 N and the
distance of hand movement is 0.5 m, calculate the work
done by the student.

(a) What is meant by work?

(b) (i) Based on the answer in (a)(i), state the relationship

between the energy gained by the iron ball and the
distance of projection.

..
(ii) State the principle involved.

(c) Based on the answers in (b),

(i) State the relationship between the gravitational potential
energy and the kinetic energy of the boy.

.
...[1 mark]
(c) (i) Using Diagram 6.1, what happens to the falling time if an
iron ball of a bigger mass is used?

(ii) State the physics concept involved.

.
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in (c)(i).

...[1 mark]
(d) (i) Based on Diagram 5.1(a), what happens to the velocity of
the boy when he skates from Z to Q?

.
..[1 mark]
14 Diagram 5.1(a) shows a boy skating down a ramp from position
X. Diagram 5.1(b) shows the velocity-time graph of the boy
from X to Z.

(ii) Give one reason for the answer in (d)(i).

.[1 mark]
15 Figure 1 shows a boy extending the rubber of a catapult.

Diagram 5.2(a) shows the same boy skating down from

position Y by using another ramp. Diagram 5.2(b) shows the
velocity-time graph of the boy from Y to Z.

Figure 1
(a) State the type of energy stored in the elastic rubber.

(b) Explain the change of energy when the stone is released from
the elastic rubber of the catapult.

(c) What happens to the maximum displacement if a smaller stone

of similar mass is used?

Both ramps are of the same slope and surface.

(a) Name the physical quantity represented by the gradient of
the velocity-time graph.

...
(d) If the elastic rubber is extended 20 cm by a force of 8 N,
(i) what is the stored potential energy in the elastic rubber?

.[1 mark]
(b) Observe Diagram 5.1(a) and Diagram 5.2(a).
(i) Compare the gravitational potential energy of the boy at
X and Y.
.[1 mark]

(ii) If the mass of the stone is 20 g, what is the velocity of the

stone.

16.

(ii) Compare the velocity of the boy at Z in these two

situations.
..[1 mark]
(iii) Compare the kinetic energy of the boy at Z in these two
situations.
......[1 mark]

Diagram above shows a metal ball with a mass of 2kg

compressing a spring. The orignal length of the spring is 15 cm.
The force used to compress the spring is 100 N.
(a) State the energy changes when the ball is release.

(b) Calculate the velocity of the ball imediately when the spring is
release.

(c) If the value of compression is the same state the changes in

the velocity of the ball if
(i) a ball with bigger mass is used.
(ii) a stiffer spring is used

.
Elastic limit is the maximum force that can be applied before the
spring loses its elasticity

ELASTICITY
(i) A property of matter that enables an object to return to its
original size and shape when the force that was acting on it is
removed.

(ii)No external force is applied. Molecules are at their equilibrium

separation. Intermolecular force is equal zero.

(iii)Compressing a solid causes its molecules to be displaced

closer to each other. Repulsive intermolecular force acts to
push the molecules back to their original positions.

The gradient of the graph represent = force constant of the spring,

k
Factors effecting elasticity
Factor
Change in factor
How does it affects
the elasticity
Length
Shorter spring
Less elastic(hard)
Longer spring
More elastic(soft)
Diameter of
Smaller diameter
More elastic
spring wire
Big diameter
Less elastic
Diameter
Smaller diameter
Less elastic
spring
Big diameter
More elastic
Type of
Alloy
Less elastic
material
Metal
More elastic
Arrangement
Parallel
Less elastic
Series
More elastic
Series

(iv)Stretching a solid causes its molecules to be displaced away

from each other. Attractive intermolecular force acts to pull
back the molecules to their original positions.
Hookes law state the extension of a spring is directly proportional
to the applied force provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
F = kx
F= force on the spring x = extension
k = force constant of the spring (stiffness of spring)

The same load is applied to each spring.

Tension in each spring = W
Extension of each spring = x
Total extension = 2x
If n springs are used: The total extension = nx
Spring constant = k
2
Parallel

3 Diagram shows a spring of length 20 cm is compressed to a

length of 10 cm when a load of 12 kg is put on top of it. When
the load M is put on top of it, the spring compressed to a length
of 15 cm. What is the value of M?

The load is shared equally among the springs.

Tension in each spring = W
2
Extension of each spring = x
2
If n springs are used: The total extension = n
X
Spring constant = 2k

A 4 kg B 6 kg

C 8 kg D 9 kg

4 Four arrangements A, B, C and D are made of identical

springs. Each spring extends by 4 cm when a 200 g load is
hung at its end. Which arrangement produces the largest
extension?
A

Example 1
Spring A extends by 2 cm when it hung with a 10 g weight. Spring
B extends by 4 cm when it hung with a 10g weight. Find the total
stretch in each of the spring systems shown in the following figure.

400
g

400
g
400
g

400
g

5 Figure (a) shows a spring P extends by 5 cm when it hung with a

0.5 kg weight. Figure (b) shows four springs P are arranged in
a system and it hung with a 1.0 kg load. What is the total
extension of the spring system?

Questions
1 A spring of 10 cm length extends by 6 cm when a load of 30 N is
attached to it. When two identical springs are used to carry a 20
N loads, as shown in Diagram below, what is the length of the
spring system?

A 2 cm

B 4 cm

C 6 cm

D 12 cm E 15 cm

A5.0 cm B 10.0 cm C15.0 cm D 20.0 cm E 25.0 cm

6 Diagram 1 shows spring P is compressed to a distance x ,
when a load of mass, m is placed onto it. Another identical
spring is then arranged parallel to spring P and a load of mass
2m is placed onto the spring system as shown in Diagram
below

2 Diagram shows a system of three identical springs. The original

length of each spring is 10 cm. It is stretched to 13 cm when it
is loaded with mass of 50 g.

What is the total length of spring, X cm ?

A 26 cm
B 29 cm
C 32 cm

Diagarm (b)
What is the compression of the spring system in Diagram b?
A. x B. x C. 2x D. 4x
D 39 cm

7. Figure 2 shows the arrangement of an apparatus in an

experiment to determine the relationship between the
extension e of a spring T with weight W. The relationship of e
with W is shown in the graph in Figure 2.1

Diagram 5.1

Figure 2.1
(a)(i) A law state that extension of spring directly proportional to
force applied if the elastic limit is not exceeded. Name the
law.
..
(ii) What is meant by elastic limit.
....

(a) Complete the following sentence using letters, A, B, C or

D, from the diagram. The extension of the spring is the
distance between the positions labelled .......and .....on the
metre rule.
[1 mark]
(b) What form of energy is stored in the stretched spring?
.............................................................................[1 mark]
(c) The results from the investigation are plotted on the graph
as shown on Diagram 5.2.

(iii) Mark with a cross (x) the elastic limit of the spring on the
graph.
(b) Based on the graph in figure 14.1, determine the force
constant of a spring, k.

(d) The spring stores energy when it is extended. Calculate the

energy stored in the spring when it is extended by 4 cm.

(e) Another spring, identical to spring T, is added to the

arrangement in Figure 2.1. This new arrangement is shown in
Figure 2.2. The experiment is then repeated.

Figure 2.2
Sketch the graph of x against F for this experiment in Figure
2.1.
8 A student investigated how the extension of a spring depends
on the force applied to the spring. Diagram 5.1 shows the
spring before and after a force had been applied.

Diagram 5.2
(i)The graph shows that the student has made an error
throughout the investigation. What error has the student
made?
....[1 mark]
(ii)Give the reason for your answer.
..........................................................................[1 mark]

(d) The student has loaded the spring beyond its elastic limit.
Mark on Diagram 5.2 the elastic limit of the spring. Label
the point P. Give the reason for choosing your point P.
...[2 marks]
(e) The student uses a different spring as a spring balance.
When the student hangs a stone from this spring, its
extension is 72 mm. The spring does exceed its elastic
limit. Calculate the force exerted by the stone on the spring
if the spring constant of the spring is 25Nm-1.

[2 marks]