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For other uses, see Cylinder (disambiguation).

A right circular cylinder with radius r and height h.


In its simplest form, a cylinder (from Greek ?????d???
kulindros, "roller, tumbl
er"[1]) is the surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given str
aight line called the axis of the cylinder. It is one of the most basic curvilin
ear geometric shapes.
Contents [hide]
1
Common use
1.1
Volume
1.2
Surface area
1.3
Cylindric sections
2
Other types of cylinders
2.1
Right circular hollow cylinder
3
About an arbitrary axis
4
Projective geometry
5
Related polyhedra
6
See also
7
References
8
External links
Common use[edit]
Commonly the word cylinder is understood to refer to a finite section of a right
circular cylinder having a finite height with circular ends perpendicular to th
e axis as shown in the figure. If the ends are open, it is called an open cylind
er. If the ends are closed by flat surfaces it is called a solid cylinder. The f
ormulae for the surface area and the volume of such a cylinder have been known s
ince deep antiquity.
Volume[edit]
If the cylinder has a radius r and length (height) h, then its volume is given b
y
V = pr2h
Having a right circular cylinder with a height h units and a base of radius r un
its with the coordinate axes chosen so that the origin is at the center of one b
ase and the height is measured along the positive x-axis. A plane section at a d
istance of x units from the origin has an area of A(x) square units where
{\displaystyle A(x)=\pi r^{2}} A(x)=\pi r^2
or
{\displaystyle A(y)=\pi r^{2}} A(y)=\pi r^2
An element of volume, is a right cylinder of base area Awi square units and a th
ickness of ?ix units. Thus if V cubic units is the volume of the right circular
cylinder, by Riemann sums,
{\displaystyle {\text{Volume of cylinder}}=\lim _{||\Delta \to 0||}\sum _{i=1}^{
n}A(w_{i})\Delta _{i}x} {\displaystyle {\text{Volume of cylinder}}=\lim _{||\Del
ta \to 0||}\sum _{i=1}^{n}A(w_{i})\Delta _{i}x}
{\displaystyle =\int _{0}^{h}A(y)\,dy} =\int_{0}^{h} A(y) \, dy
{\displaystyle =\int _{0}^{h}\pi r^{2}\,dy} =\int_{0}^{h} \pi r^2 \, dy
{\displaystyle =\pi \,r^{2}\,h\,} =\pi\,r^2\,h\,
Using cylindrical coordinates, the volume can be calculated by integration over
{\displaystyle =\int _{0}^{h}\int _{0}^{2\pi }\int _{0}^{r}s\,\,ds\,d\phi \,dz}
=\int_{0}^{h} \int_{0}^{2\pi} \int_{0}^{r} s \,\, ds \, d\phi \, dz
{\displaystyle =\pi \,r^{2}\,h\,} =\pi\,r^2\,h\,
Surface area[edit]
Still using a radius r and length (height) h, the surface area of a cylinder is

made up of three parts:


the area of
the area of
the area of
The area of
rea, B. The

the top: pr2


the bottom: pr2
the side: 2prh
the top and bottom is always the same, and is also called the base a
area of the side is also known as the lateral area, L.

An open cylinder does not include either top or bottom elements, and therefore h
as surface area (lateral area)
L = 2prh.
The surface area of a closed cylinder is made up the sum of all three components
: top, bottom and side. Its surface area is
A = 2pr2 + 2prh = 2pr(r + h) = pd(r + h)=L+2B,
where d is the diameter.
For a given volume, the closed cylinder with the smallest surface area has h = 2
r. Equivalently, for a given surface area, the closed cylinder with the largest
volume has h = 2r, i.e. the cylinder fits snugly in a cube (height = diameter).[
2]
Cylindric sections[edit]
Cylindric section.
Tycho Brahe Planetarium building, Copenhagen, its roof being an example of a cyl
indric section
Cylindric sections are the intersections of cylinders with planes. For a right c
ircular cylinder, there are four possibilities. A plane tangent to the cylinder
meets the cylinder in a single straight line segment. Moved while parallel to it
self, the plane either does not intersect the cylinder or intersects it in two p
arallel line segments. All other planes intersect the cylinder in an ellipse or,
when they are perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, in a circle.[3]
Eccentricity e of the cylindric section and semi-major axis a of the cylindric s
ection depend on the radius of the cylinder r and the angle between the secant p
lane and cylinder axis a in the following way:
{\displaystyle e=\cos \alpha \,} e=\cos\alpha\,
{\displaystyle a={\frac {r}{\sin \alpha }}\,} a={\frac {r}{\sin \alpha }}\,
Other types of cylinders[edit]
In differential geometry, a cylinder is defined more broadly as any ruled surfac
e spanned by a one-parameter family of parallel lines. A cylinder whose cross se
ction is an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola is called an elliptic cylinder, para
bolic cylinder, or hyperbolic cylinder respectively.
An elliptic cylinder with the half-axes a and b for the surface ellipse and the
height h.
An elliptic cylinder is a quadric surface, with the following equation in Cartes
ian coordinates:
{\displaystyle \left({\frac {x}{a}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {y}{b}}\right)^{2}=1
} \left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^2+ \left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^2 = 1
This equation is for an elliptic cylinder, a generalization of the ordinary, cir
cular cylinder (a = b). Elliptic cylinders are also known as cylindroids, but th
at name is ambiguous, as it can also refer to the Plcker conoid. The volume of an
elliptic cylinder with height h is {\displaystyle V=\int _{0}^{h}A(x)dx=\int _{

0}^{h}\pi abdx=\pi ab\int _{0}^{h}dx=\pi abh} V=\int_0^h A(x) dx = \int_0^h \pi


ab dx = \pi ab \int_0^h dx = \pi abh. Even more general than the elliptic cylind
er is the generalized cylinder: the cross-section can be any curve.
The cylinder is a degenerate quadric because at least one of the coordinates (in
this case z) does not appear in the equation.
An oblique cylinder has the top and bottom surfaces displaced from one another.
There are other more unusual types of cylinders. These are the imaginary ellipti
c cylinders:
{\displaystyle \left({\frac {x}{a}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {y}{b}}\right)^{2}=1} \left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^2 = -1
the hyperbolic cylinder:
{\displaystyle \left({\frac {x}{a}}\right)^{2}-\left({\frac {y}{b}}\right)^{2}=1
} \left(\frac{x}{a}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{y}{b}\right)^2 = 1
and the parabolic cylinder:
{\displaystyle {x}^{2}+2a{y}=0\,} {x}^2+2a{y}=0 \,
Right circular hollow cylinder[edit]
Hollow cylinder(geometry)
A right circular hollow cylinder is a three-dimensional region bounded by two co
ncentric cylindrical sections and two parallel annular bases perpendicular to th
e cylinder's axis.
Let the height be h, internal radius r, and external radius R. The volume is giv
en by
{\displaystyle V=\pi (R^{2}-r^{2})h} {\displaystyle V=\pi (R^{2}-r^{2})h}.
The surface area is given by
{\displaystyle A=2\pi (R+r)h+2\pi (R^{2}-r^{2})} {\displaystyle A=2\pi (R+r)h+2\
pi (R^{2}-r^{2})}.
About an arbitrary axis[edit]
Consider an infinite cylinder whose axis lies along the vector
{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {v}}=(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\,} \overrightarro
w{v} = (\alpha, \beta, \gamma) \,
We make use of spherical coordinates:
{\displaystyle \rho ^{2}=\alpha ^{2}+\beta ^{2}+\gamma ^{2}\,} \rho^2=\alpha^2+\
beta^2+\gamma^2\,
{\displaystyle \theta =\arctan \left({\frac {\beta }{\alpha }}\right)} \theta=\a
rctan\left(\frac{\beta}{\alpha}\right)
{\displaystyle \phi =\arcsin \left({\frac {\gamma }{\rho }}\right)} \phi=\arcsin
\left(\frac{\gamma}{\rho}\right)
These variables can be used to define A and B, the orthogonal vectors that form
the basis for the cylinder:
{\displaystyle A=-x\sin(\theta )+y\cos(\theta )} {\displaystyle A=-x\sin(\theta
)+y\cos(\theta )}
{\displaystyle B=-x\cos(\theta )\sin(\phi )+y\sin(\theta )\cos(\phi )+z\cos(\phi
)} {\displaystyle B=-x\cos(\theta )\sin(\phi )+y\sin(\theta )\cos(\phi )+z\cos(
\phi )}
With these defined, we may use the familiar formula for a cylinder:

{\displaystyle A^{2}+B^{2}=R^{2}\,} A^2 + B^2 = R^2 \,


where R is the radius of the cylinder. These results are usually derived using r
otation matrices.
Projective geometry[edit]
In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity, w
hich corresponds visually to a cylinder in perspective appearing to be a cone to
wards the sky.
In projective geometry, a cylinder is simply a cone whose apex is at infinity.
This is useful in the definition of degenerate conics, which require considering
the cylindrical conics.
Related polyhedra[edit]
A cylinder can be seen as a polyhedral limiting case of an n-gonal prism where n
approaches infinity. It can also be seen as a dual of a bicone as an infinite-s
ided bipyramid.
Family of uniform prisms
Polyhedron
Triangular prism.png
Tetragonal prism.png
Pentagonal prism
.png
Hexagonal prism.png
Prism 7.png
Octagonal prism.png
Prism 9.
png
Decagonal prism.png
Hendecagonal prism.png Dodecagonal prism.png
Coxeter CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel nod
e 1.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 5.pn
gCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 6.pngCDel node.pngCD
el 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 7.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel nod
e 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 8.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel nod
e 1.pngCDel 9.pngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png CDel node 1.pngCDel 10.p
ngCDel node.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 11.pngCDel n
ode.pngCDel 2.pngCDel node 1.png
CDel node 1.pngCDel 12.pngCDel node.pngC
Del 2.pngCDel node 1.png
Tiling Spherical triangular prism.png Spherical square prism.png
Spherica
l pentagonal prism.png Spherical hexagonal prism.png Spherical heptagonal pri
sm.png Spherical octagonal prism.png
Spherical decagonal prism.png
Config. 3.4.4 4.4.4 5.4.4 6.4.4 7.4.4 8.4.4 9.4.4 10.4.4 11.4.4
12.4.4
See also[edit]
Cylindrical coordinate system
Rotation of axes
Steinmetz solid, the intersection of two or three perpendicular cylinders
Translation of axes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ?????d???, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon
, on Perseus
Jump up ^ Lax, Peter D.; Terrell, Maria Shea (2013), Calculus With Applications,
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, p. 178, ISBN 9781461479468.
Jump up ^ "MathWorld: Cylindric section".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cylinder (geometry).
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article Cylind
er.
Look up cylinder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Surface area of a cylinder at MATHguide
Volume of a cylinder at MATHguide
Categories: QuadricsElementary shapes

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