SAP50 - Technicals Fundamentals

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SAP50 mySAP.com - Technical Fundamentals
Release: 4.6C
Material Number: 50040944
November 2000
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Trademarks:
Some software products marketed by SAP AG and its distributors contain proprietary software
components of other software vendors.
Microsoft, WINDOWS, NT, EXCEL, Word and SQL Server are registered trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation.
IBM, DB2, OS/2, DB2/6000, Parallel Sysplex, MVS/ESA, RS/6000, AIX, S/390,
AS/400, OS/390, and OS/400 are registered trademarks of IBM Corporation.
ORACLE is a registered trademark of ORACLE Corporation, California, USA.
INFORMIX-OnLine for SAP and Informix Dynamic ServerTM are registered trademarks of
Informix Software Incorporated.
UNIX, X/Open, OSF/1, and Motif are registered trademarks of The Open Group.
HTML, DHTML, XML, XHTML are trademarks or registered trademarks of W3C, World Wide
Web Consortium, Laboratory for Computer Science NE43-358, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139.
JAVA is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. , 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA
94303 USA.
JAVASCRIPT is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc., used under license for
technology invented and implemented by Netscape.
SAP, SAP Logo, mySAP.com, mySAP.com Marketplace, mySAP.com Workplace, mySAP.com
Business Scenarios, mySAP.com Application Hosting, WebFlow, R/2, R/3, RIVA, ABAP, SAP
Business Workflow, SAP EarlyWatch, SAP ArchiveLink, BAPI, SAPPHIRE, Management Cockpit,
SEM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other countries
all over the world. All other products mentioned are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies.
Design: SAP Communications Media
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mySAP.com Application
Fundamentals
Application Courses
Application Courses
Basis Courses
Basis Courses

3 days
mySAP.com
Technical Fundamentals
*
* Curriculum for subject areas
for which no Level 2 courses

are offered. The requirements for
each of these courses can be found
in the individual course descriptions.
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SAPs mySAP.com strategy offers SAP customers a tailored, highly-integrated, and open software
landscape.
Tailored: SAP offers many different mySAP.com components that cover the range of modern
business functions
Highly-integrated: Data from a mySAP.com environment is consistent beyond system borders and
and can be called using various standard interfaces.
Open: The interfaces used in the mySAP.com environment are either industry or technical
standards (such as RosettaNet or XML) or SAP standard interfaces like, for example, Business
Application Programming Interfaces (BAPIs). Using these interfaces, you can transfer data in
many different ways. See, for example, KWWSZZZURVHWWDQHWRUJ.
Only a small selection of the integrations possibilities are shown in the graphic above, but the basic
principal should be clear: Using the available interfaces, it is possible not only to link the
applications within your company, but also to communicate directly with business partners,
marketplaces, field sales representatives, and customers.
Another basic element is the mySAP.com Workplace, which offers every employee an individual
and easy-to-use view of all of the functions that are required for that employees job role. The current
browser front end can offer access to several different systems, without the end user ever having to
be aware that more than one system is being used. This is made possible by a 6LQJOH6LJQ2Q
mechanism.
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mySAP.com Technology (SAP Basis) forms the technical foundation for almost all of the current
mySAP.com components. The abbreviations used above represent the following components:
SEM: Strategic Enterprise Management
APO: Advanced Planner and Optimizer
BBP: Business to Business Procurement
IBU: Industry Business Unit
BW: Business Information Warehouse
CRM: Customer Relationship Management
HR: Human Resources
More detail is provided about many of the products mentioned above in the mySAP.com
Components unit, with the exception of SEM, which is not considered here because it is such a
specialized component. SAP Knowledge Warehouse (KW) is also not included in the illustration
above, due to its very unique structure. It is, however, also described in the mySAP.com
Components unit.
You can find more information about these products from the individual training courses for the
components (see the .QRZOHGJH 7UDLQLQJ section in the SAP Service Marketplace) and using their
names as aliases in the SAP Service Marketplace, such as http://service.sap.com/BW.
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Using mySAP.com technology (or SAP Basis), the applications can run on different platforms with
high performance and can be adapted to meet the individual user requirements.
SAP Basis
Provides the runtime environment for all mySAP.com components and ensures optimal
embedding of the application in the system environment. Other mySAP.com components, such as
Knowledge Management (KM), Business Warehouse (BW), Advanced Planner and Optimizer
(APO) and so on also use the SAP Basis technology. Each of these components has its own Basis
environment with its own database after installation.
Provides a stable architecture framework for system enhancements
Contains the tools for administering and further developing the whole system
Allows resources and system components to be distributed
Provides interfaces for decentral system parts and external products.
The SAP Basis System architecture is particularly suited for client / server configurations
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To guarantee portability of mySAP.com applications, the system software interfaces are combined
on an isolated level. Above this level, the functions of all SAP products are completely independent
of the hardware and software environment.
The runtime environment controls services such as scheduling or memory administration that could
partly be left to the surrounding operating system software, but which are executed within the Basis
System for reasons of portability and performance.
The user interface provides the application presentation options.
The communication interface defines the channels for exchanging information electronically, for
transferring external data, for example, or for program-to-program communication according to the
Remote Function Call (RFC) protocol and for the standard exchange of application data using
Application Link Enabling (ALE).
All application programs in SAP business applications are created in Advanced Business Application
Programming (ABAP), SAPs own, interprative language. The controlling components for the screen
sequence are DYNPROS (= dynamic programs). The interaction between the screen processor and
the ABAP interpreter forms the technological basis of the mySAP.com applications. Both
interpreters use the overall view of the SAPdata that is stored in the ABAP Dictionary.
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In SAP terminology, a service means a service provided by a software component (software-oriented

view). This component can consist of a process (compare work process) or a group of processes
(compare application server) and is then called a serverfor that service.
Software components that use this service are called clients. At the same time, clients can also be
servers for specific services.
A server often also means a computer (host) on which software components that provide specific
services are running (hardware-oriented view).
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The fundamental services in a business application system are presentation services, application
services and database services.
In the following, the SAP R/3 System is used as an example of business application software.
In a VLQJOHWLHUSAPR/3 System configuration, all processing tasks are performed by one host. This
is classic mainframe processing.
7ZRWLHUSAP R/3 System configurations are usually implemented using special presentation servers
that are responsible solely for formatting the graphical interface. Many R/3 System users use
Windows PCs, for example, as presentation servers.
An alternative two-tier configuration (not shown) is to install powerful desktop systems and to use
these for presentation and applications (two-tier client/server). These configurations are especially
suited to applications with high processor demands (for example simulations or for software
developers), but are not implemented in the R/3 environment, other than for test purposes, due to the
the additional administrative costs.
In a WKUHHWLHUconfiguration, each tier is on a separate host. Several different application servers can
operate at the same time, using data from the database server. To ensure that the load on individual
servers is as even as possible and to achieve optimal performance, you can use special application
servers for individual application areas such as sales and distribution or financial accounting (Logon
and Load Balancing).
In the mySAP.com environment, more complex client/server configurations of more than three tiers
are possible and implemented. Additional tiers could be: Internet Transaction Server (ITS), web
server, mySAP.com Workplace Server, and others.
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User System
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SAP R/3 Systems are FOLHQWV\VWHPV. The client concept enables the parallel operation, in one
system, of several enterprises that are independent of each other in business terms. The components
SAP Business Information Warehouse (BW) and SAP Knowledge Warehouse (KW) are exceptions
to this: in these cases only one client is used. During each user session you can only access the data
of the client selected during logon.
A FOLHQWis, in organizational terms, an independent unit in the system. Each client has its own data
environment and therefore its own master data and transaction data, assigned user master records and
charts of accounts, and specific Customizing parameters.
For a user to log on to the system, a master record must exist in the system for that user. To protect
access, a password is required for logon. The password is hidden as you type (you only see
asterisks).
SAP R/3 Systems are available in several languages. Use the /DQJXDJH input field to select the logon
language for each session.
Multiple logons are always logged in the system beginning with SAP R/3 4.6. This is for security as
well as licensing reasons. A warning message appears if the same user attempts to log on twice or
more. This message offers three options:
Continue with current logon and end any other logons of the same user in the system
Continue with current logon without ending any other logons in the system (logged in system)
Terminate current logon attempt

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You can place your own text on the initial screen in a number of ways. For more information, see the
SAP Note mentioned above. The GuiXT (covered at the end of this chapter) offers a further option.
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6$3(DV\$FFHVV is the standard entry screen displayed after logon. You navigate through the
system using a compact tree structure.
You can include an image on the right-hand side of the screen such as your company logo. This
image can only be entered systemwide, and is a cross-client setting. Assuming you have the
appropriate authorization, you can find a detailed description of the necessary settings by choosing
([WUDV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ,QIRUPDWLRQ. Note that this image is stored in the system and transported to
the SAP Frontend every time it is called by SAP Easy Access. Although this transfer is compressed,
the image for the initial screen should not be bigger than around 20 kB. You can prevent this image
being called either by using the setting /RZ6SHHG&RQQHFWLRQ in the SAPLogon program (see SAP
Note 161053), or by switching off the calling of the image under ([WUDV6HWWLQJV. See also 8VHU
6SHFLILF3HUVRQDOL]DWLRQ.
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Important Files
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A5ROHdescribes a set of logically linked transactions in the system. These represent the range of
functions users typically need for their work.
8VHUUROHV (previously activity groups) have to be set up using the Profile Generator so that SAP
R/3 System users can work with XVHUVSHFLILFor SRVLWLRQUHODWHGmenus.
The authorizations for the activities listed in the menus are also assigned to the users using user
roles. With Release 4.6, predefined user roles from all application areas are included in the standard
system.
Users who have been assigned a user role can choose between the user menu and the SAP standard
menu.
The above screen shows the role-based user menu for a user with the name "Enjoy". You can find
roles that are supplied in the standard SAP R/3 System by choosing 2WKHUPHQX on the 6$3(DV\
$FFHVV initial screen.
Every enduser can personalize the initial screen using )DYRULWHV. You can create your own )DYRULWHV
OLVW containing the transactions, reports, files, and Web addresses that you use most often.
You can add favorites either by choosing )DYRULWHV or by using the mouse to drag & drop items
into the )DYRULWHVdirectory.
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&RPPDQGILHOGYou can use the command field to go to applications directly by entering the
transaction code. You can find the transaction code either in the 6$3(DV\$FFHVVmenu tree (see the
page 8VHU6SHFLILF3HUVRQDOL]DWLRQ) or in the appropriate application by choosing 6\VWHP 6WDWXV.
6WDQGDUGWRROEDU The icons in the standard toolbar are available on all SAP R/3 screens. Any icons
that you cannot use on a particular screen are dimmed. If you leave the cursor on an icon for a
moment, a QuickInfo appears with the name (or function) of that icon. You will also see the
corresponding function key. The DSSOLFDWLRQWRROEDU shows you which functions are available in the
current application.
&KHFNER[HVCheckboxes allow you to select several options simultaneously within a group.
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5DGLREXWWRQVRadio buttons allow you to select one option only.
7DEV Tabs provide a clearer overview of several information screens.
6WDWXVEDU The status bar displays information on the current system status, for example, warnings
or error messages.
Other elements are:

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0HQXEDUThe menus shown here depend on which application you are working in. These menus
contain cascading menu options.
7LWOHEDUThe title bar displays your current position and activity in the system.
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You can select system functions in the following ways:

Use the mouse to choose: Menu options, Favorites, and SAP Easy Access options
Use the keyboard (ALT + the underlined letter of the relevant menu option)
Enter a WUDQVDFWLRQFRGHLQWKHFRPPDQGILHOG:
A transaction code is assigned to each function in SAP R/3 Systems. You can access the assigned
transaction code from any screen in the system. For example, to display customer master data,
enter /n and the appropriate transaction code (in this case /nfd03). You can find the transaction
code for the function you are working in under the 6WDWXVoption of the 6\VWHP menu. Other
possible entries:
- /n ends the current transaction.
- /i ends the current session.
- /osm04 creates a new session and goes to the transaction specified (SM04).
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You can also use the keyboard to go to the command field. Use the CTRL + TAB key combination
to move the cursor from one (input) field group to the next.
Use TAB to move between fields within a group.
By entering search_sap_menu in the command field, you can search for and display the menu
path for an SAP transaction. You can also search for text strings.
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A unique key is used to clearly identify the customer within the SAP
System.
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When creating a customer master record, the user either enters the
account number of the customer or has the system determine the
number when the record is saved, depending on the type of number
assignment used. The account group determines how numbers are
Restrictions
assigned.
Customer
Company Code
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Restrictions
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For help on fields, menus, functions, and messages, use ).
F1 help also provides technical information on the relevant field. This includes, for example, the
parameter ID, which you can use to assign values for your user to input fields , which have to refer
to these parameter IDs.
For information on what values you can enter, use ). You can also access F4 help for a selected
field using the button immediately to the right of that field.
If input fields are marked with a small icon with a checkmark, then you can only continue in that
application by entering a permitted value. You can mark many fields in an application as either
required entry fields or optional entry fields. You can also hide fields and preassign values using
transaction or screen variants or Customizing.
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Accounting
Personnel
Information Systems
Tools
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Create Session
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User profile
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Services
Application help
SAP Library
Glossary
Benutzer
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Release
Notes
Utilities
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Services for object
Object history
Own spool requests
Own jobs
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The 6\VWHP menu contains, among others, the following options:
Create/End Session: Allows you to create and end sessions. The maximum number of sessions can
be set to a number between 2 and 6 by the system administrator using the parameter
rdisp/max_alt_modes.
User profile: This is where you can enter user-specific settings. For example, you can use
Parameter IDs in 2ZQ'DWD, in order to set default values for specific user-dependent fields in the
system (for example the company code field).
List: Contains important list functions, such as searching for character strings, saving in PC files,
printing, and so on.
Status: Enables you to display important user and system data.
Log off: Ends the R/3 session with a confirmation prompt.
The +HOS menu contains, among others, the following options:

Context-sensitive $SSOLFDWLRQ+HOS
Access to the 6$3/LEUDU\ (see previous page)
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SAP R/3 Systems provide comprehensive online help. You can display the help from any screen in
the system. You can always request help using the +HOSmenu or using the relevant icon (the yellow
question mark).
You can access the SAP Library quickly and comfortably by using the SAP Service Marketplace.
There you can find the 6$3+HOS3RUWDOunder .QRZOHGJHDQG7UDLQLQJwhere you can not only
access Help in HTML format, but can also perform efficient full-text searches in the SAP Library. If
you have the SAP Library installed, you also have, of course, these opportunities within your
company.
You can access the Help Portal directly at KWWSKHOSVDSFRP
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SAP Menu
Office
Logistics
Accounting
Human Resources
Information Systems
Tools
Exrtas
System
Help
Administration Information
Ctrl+Shift+ F8
Assign user
Options ...
Display Documentation
Shift+ F6
Generate Graphic
Rolle anlegen
zuordnen
Dokumentation
Ctrl+Shift+Benutzer
F10
Technical Details
Create Shortcut ...
Shift+ F9
Settings
Activate GuiXT
Set Start Transaction
Shift+ F7
Default Size
Hardcopy
Quick Cut and Paste
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Settings
This is used to specify settings
Display favorites at end of list
Do not display menu, only display favorites
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The end user has many possibilities for personalizing the system. Some are described below:
You can alter the layout of your initial screen under ([WUDV 6HWWLQJV, for example by switching
off the image in the right-hand part of the window or by turning on the option to display the
technical names (transaction codes) in the SAP Easy Access Menu.
Among other things, you can activate a quick cut and paste in the 2SWLRQVPHQX Using 2SWLRQV
you can change the reaction speed of the QuickInfo that is displayed when you hold your mouse
cursor over an icon or a push button.
By following the path 6\VWHP8VHUSURILOH2ZQGDWD you can set personal standard values.
You can choose the tabs $GGUHVV'HIDXOWV and3DUDPHWHUV. As an example, the setting of
3DUDPHWHUVis explained here:
- Parameters: Here you can set defaults for frequently used input fields. In order to be able set a
default value for a field, it must have been assigned a Parameter ID.
3URFHGXUHIRUILQGLQJWKH3DUDPHWHU,'Go to the field for which you wish to set a default
value. Select the F1 help, and then choose 7HFKQLFDO,QIR. The system displays an information
window that contains the relevant parameter ID under the heading )LHOG'DWD (as long as the
field has been assigned a 3DUDPHWHU,').
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SAP R/3 Systems offer numerous options for settings and adjustments:
Define default values for input fields
Hide screen elements
Deactivate screen elements (dimmed)
You can do this by, for example, defining transaction variants.
SAP offers *XL;7, as of SAP R/3 Release 4.6. In addition to all of the above functions, you can
now:
Include graphics
Convert fields and add pushbuttons and text
Change input fields (or their F4 help results) into radio buttons
*XL;7scripts are stored on the Frontend. In accordance with local scripts (which can also be stored
centrally), the GUIXT scripts determine how data sent from the application server is displayed.
These scripts can be standard throughout a company, or they can be different for each Frontend.
127(The GuiXT will support the mySAP.com Workplace only as of the end of the year 2000.
This means that until then you should use HLWKHU the SAP GUI for the Windows Environment and the
GuiXT RU the mySAP.com Workplace with the SAP GUI for HTML (or the SAP GUI for Java or the
SAP GUI for Windows).
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The graphic above shows Release 2.11 of the mySAP.com Workplace.
You call the mySAP.com Workplace by entering the relevant URL (Internet address) in a Web
Browser. Usually this is done by clicking a link (instead of being entered manually).
The syntax for the URL of the Workplace is typically
SURWRFRO!://<ZHEVHUYHU>[:<SRUW>]/scripts/wgate/sapwp/!, for example:
https://workplace.wdf.sap-ag.de:1042/scripts/wgate/sapwp/!
The ! is an essential part of the call.

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The browser window of the mySAP.com Workplace consists of three areas:

When working with the mySAP.com Workplace, the roles containing the entries relevant to your
job appear in the /DXQFK3DG. You can also add your own entries (Favorites) to the LaunchPad.
When you log on to the mySAP.com Workplace, the list of MiniApps (for example: the
StockTicker, news, overview lists, or reports) that are assigned to your role appears in the
:RUN6SDFH on the right-hand side, as well as MiniApps that you have added yourself. If you start
a particular transaction in the LaunchPad (for example, the transaction for booking invoices), this
application is executed in the WorkSpace on the right-hand side.
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Session handling in the Workplace allows you to hold several applications at the same time in
channels. The individual channels are displayed as icons in the ,Q8VHfolder. By clicking on the
entries, you can switch between the different applications.
Using 'UDJ 5HODWH you can link objects from one application with another with a simple mouse
click and execute them from there.
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Optionen
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Change Role Sequence
Allow More Than One Application in the Area In Use

(Requires Restart of the Workplace)
Test
Close Applications Without Confirmation

Display Dialog for Drag&Relate
Standardsprache der Komponentensysteme

Language (for all Systems)
Logonlanguage
Client QW2/050
Logon language
OK
Cancel
SAP AG 1999
The ,Q8VHDUHD:
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You can manage multiple windows (:RUNSODFH9LHZV oin this folder in the LaunchPad. You can
switch from one Workspace View to another without affecting the applications that you are running.
To be able to operate multiple &KDQQHOVat the same time, you must change your personal settings for
the Workplace. Choose 3HUVRQDOL]H, and then the *HQHUDO tab. In the 2SWLRQV sections, check the
option $OORZ0RUH7KDQ2QH$SSOLFDWLRQLQWKH$UHD,Q8VH. After this is activated, multiple
parallel channels are available.
In the example above, only the 6WDUW3DJH( Home ) is shown in use, with an illustration of its
assigned MiniApps.
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Favorite Transactions
WWW Addresses
Time Magazine
International Herald Tribune
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Name
Online Documentation
New Web Address

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New Folder
Display in a separate browser window
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You can personalize the /DXQFK3DG using Favorites.
By choosing 3HUVRQDOL]H (or by choosing the 3HUVRQDOL]Hicon), you open a new window. You can
create and (re)name your own folders in the left-hand part of the tab page )DYRULWHVas well as
moving them and changing their grouping.
You can enter Web addresses (URLs) in the right-hand part. These are then available in the
)DYRULWHV folder in the LaunchPad. You should test your favorites by choosing the 7HVW button before
you add them to your favorites list. A favorite that requires a complete browser window is not
suitable for displaying in the :RUN6SDFHof the mySAP.com Workplace.
You can see the entries in your LaunchPad that were assigned to you by your system administrator
on the second tab page, $YDLODEOHLQ5ROHV. This contains, for example, transactions. If you use a
transaction frequently, you can define this as a favorite. To do so, click the relevant transaction and
choose $GG.
You can also add to and edit your favorites directly form the LauchPad. Using Drag&Drop, you can
add frequently used transactions to the )DYRULWHVfolder.
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p wq(u|& y)Asv 1/v uqw

List View
ZCALCULATOR
Attributes
Layout Preview
Available MiniApps
Web Address http://www.sap.com/MiniApps
Web Search
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Name
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Height
10
New MiniApp
Lines
Minimized
Test
Reuters News
Hide
OK
Cancel
SAP AG 1999
MiniApps are Web applications or documents that are simple and intuitive to operate. After you have
started the mySAP.com Workplace, they offer you a quick overview and access to the functions that
are most important to you on the initial screen.
You are assigned the MiniApps in the Workspace by your system administrator, but you can also add
your own MiniApps.
By choosing the menu option 3HUVRQDOL]H (or alternatively by choosing the 3HUVRQDOL]H icon), you
open a new window. You can add your own MiniApps on the right-hand side of the tab page 6WDUW
3DJHunder 1HZ0LQL$SSV Also enter the Web address (URL), a name for the MiniApp, and the
height in lines. Test MiniApps before adding them. You can easily rename and reassign them later.
You can change and adjust the format of MiniApps. On the tab page 0LQL$SSVyou can change the
order in which the MiniApps are displayed on the Workplace or choose your desired display format
(minimized or expanded).
Take note of the address http://www.sap.com/miniapps. This is the homepage of the MiniApp
community. Here, you can find current information about available MiniApps in SAP systems and
about Internet services that you can add to those available in your Workplace.
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Both the user and the enterprise profit from the advantages of the mySAP.com Workplace.
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At the conclusion of this exercise, you will be able to:
Log on to an SAP R/3 System
Find transaction codes
Access the SAP Library
Use F1 help to find field information
Use F4 help to search for possible field entries
As a new user of an SAP R/3 System, you begin to navigate the system
using the menu paths and transaction codes. You also begin to access the
various types of online help.
$OOPHQXSDWKVLQWKHH[HUFLVHVUHIHUWRWKH6$3VWDQGDUGPHQX
1-1
Logging on to the system

Select the appropriate system for this course. Use the client, user name, initial
password and logon language specified by the instructor. The first time you log on,
you will get a prompt in which you must enter your new password, which you
choose yourself, twice. Make a note of the following:
Client: _ _ _ User: _ _ _ _ _ _ Password: ____________ Language: _ _.
1-2
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What is the maximum number of sessions (windows in the SAP R/3 System) you
can have open simultaneously? __
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1-3
Identify the functions and find the transaction codes that correspond to the
following menu paths in the SAP standard menu.
1-3-1 7RROV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 0RQLWRU 6\VWHP0RQLWRULQJ 8VHU
2YHUYLHZ
Name of function: ___________________________________________
Transaction: _________________________________________________
1-3-2 $FFRXQWLQJ)LQDQFLDO$FFRXQWLQJ$FFRXQWV5HFHLYDEOH
0DVWHU5HFRUGV'LVSOD\
Enter &XVWRPHUand &RPSDQ\&RGH to go to the next

screen.
Name of function: _____________________________________

Transaction: ___________________________________________
1-4
Help
1-4-1 If you choose $SSOLFDWLRQKHOS in the 6$3(DV\$FFHVVinitial screen
(6\VWHP menu), which area of the SAP Library does it take you to?
_________________________________________________________
To answer the questions below, you will need to go to the 'LVSOD\

&XVWRPHU,QLWLDO6FUHHQ.
1-4-2 Use ) help on the &XVWRPHU field. What is this field used for?
Write a brief summary of the business-related information.
______________________________________________________
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1-4-3 Use the )help on the &RPSDQ\FRGH field. If you choose the $SSOLFDWLRQ
KHOSicon from the F1 help screen, which area of the SAP Library does it
take you to?
______________________________________________________
1-4-4 Which icon do you need to use on the F1 help screen to find the parameter
ID for the &RPSDQ\FRGH field?
Hint: See the notes on the slide 8VHU6SHFLILF3HUVRQDOL]DWLRQ
______________________________________________________
1-4-5 Use ) help on the &XVWRPHU field to find the customer number for %HFNHU
. To do this, use the 6HDUFKWHUP"Becker*" after calling the F4 help.
Note: ## corresponds to your assigned group number.
___________________________________________________
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Set a user parameter for a field
Set user defaults
Maintain your favorites
Select a start transaction of your choice
You begin to set various user-specific settings.
Exercises marked * are optional.

2-1
Setting user parameters.

2-1-1 Assign a parameter value for the &RPSDQ\FRGH field to your user profile.
Note: The instructor will tell you what parameter value to enter (for example
1000). For information about defaults, see the notes on the slide 8VHU
6SHFLILF3HUVRQDOL]DWLRQ.
Parameter ID: ___ ___ ___
Parameter value: ___ ___ ___ ___
2-2
Defining User-Specific Settings using System User profile Own Data

2-2-1 In your user profile, set your logon language to the value used for the
course.
2-2-2 In your user profile, set the decimal notation and date format of your choice.
SAP AG
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2-3
Defining your favorites

2-3-1 Insert at least one new folder under the )DYRULWHVfolder.
2-3-2 Add any two of your favorite transactions to the corresponding folders.
2-3-3 Add the Internet address http://www.sap.com with the text 6$3
+RPHSDJH.
2-4*
Setting a start transaction using the ([WUDV menu.

2-4-1 Enter a transaction of your choice as the initial transaction. You will then
need to log off and on again for the change to take effect.
Note: If desired, you can change the initial transaction back to the default
value simply by deleting the transaction code that you entered.
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1-2
1-3
Log on to the system specified by the instructor and change your initial password.
To open and close sessions, choose 6\VWHP&UHDWHVHVVLRQ(or use the
appropriate icon) or 6\VWHP(QGVHVVLRQ.
The maximum number of sessions you can have open simultaneously is six (6),
depending on your system settings.
To find the transaction code, choose 6\VWHP6WDWXV. These function names and
transaction codes correspond to the menu paths:
1-3-1 Transaction: SM04 for Function Name: 8VHUOLVW
1-3-2 Transaction: FD03 for Function Name: 'LVSOD\&XVWRPHU*HQHUDO'DWD
1-4
Help
1-4-1 The section of the unit *HWWLQJ6WDUWHGthat deals with using SAP Easy
Access is displayed.
1-4-2 Suggestion: The customer is a unique key (account number) used to clearly
identify the customer within the system.
1-4-3 FI Accounts Receivable and Accounts Payable
1-4-4 To find the 3DUDPHWHU,'BUK, choose 7HFKQLFDO,QIR

1-4-5 Customer ## (## corresponds to your assigned group number)
When you select )in the &XVWRPHUfield, the 5HVWULFW9DOXH5DQJH window

appears. You can explore the various tabs to see the different search criteria
available. Find a tab that includes the 6HDUFKWHUPfield and enter the
following:
)LHOG1DPH
9DOXH
6HDUFKWHUP
%HFNHU
Choose (QWHU. A window appears listing the customer account numbers that
match your search criteria. Select the line that corresponds to Becker ##,
then choose &RS\. This automatically copies the customer account number
into the &XVWRPHU field.
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2-1
Setting user parameters.

2-1-1 To assign a parameter value to a field you will need the parameter ID of the
field. First you need to select a transaction that contains this field. For
example, &RPSDQ\FRGH can be found in transaction )'. Next, place the
cursor on that field (click it with the mouse). To display the required info,
choose:
)7HFKQLFDO,QIR3DUDPHWHU,'
gives you the required information. For the &RPSDQ\FRGH field, the
parameter ID is %8..
Finally, enter the parameter ID and desired value in your user profile:
6\VWHP8VHUSURILOH2ZQGDWD
On the 3DUDPHWHU tab page you enter the parameter ID and value that you
want to be entered into the field. 6DYH your entries.
2-2
Setting user defaults.

2-2-1 To set the logon language, go to your user profile:
6\VWHP8VHUSURILOH2ZQGDWD
On the 'HIDXOWVtab page, enter the language of your choice in the /RJRQ
ODQJXDJH field.
2-2-2 To set the decimal notation and date format, remain on the 'HIDXOWV tab in
your user profile. Select the indicator adjacent to the notation and format
you desire. 6DYH your selections.
2-3
Defining favorites of your choice.

2-3-1 )DYRULWHV,QVHUWIROGHU
Type any name for the folder then select (QWHU. You can add as many
folders as you desire. Once created, folders can be dragged and dropped to
position them where you want.
2-3-2 To create favorites, select specific applications (transactions) that you need
as favorites for your daily work from the menu tree of the SAP standard
menu. Add them to your Favorites list by selecting them and choosing
)DYRULWHV$GG from the menu bar. Alternatively, use the mouse to drag &
drop favorites to a folder. You can also use the menu path )DYRULWHV
,QVHUWWUDQVDFWLRQ to add using a transaction code. Finally, you can move
existing favorites to different folders later by choosing )DYRULWHV0RYH
or using drag & drop.
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2-3-3 Create Internet addresses by choosing )DYRULWHV$GG:HEDGGUHVVRU

ILOH. When you select 6$3+RPHSDJH from your favorites, an Internet
browser will open and you will be connected to SAPs homepage.
2-4
Setting a start transaction.

2-4-1 ([WUDV6HWVWDUWWUDQVDFWLRQ
Enter a transaction of your choice then choose (QWHU. Notice the system
message on the status bar indicates that your selected transaction has been
set as the start transaction. The next time you log on, the system will go
directly to your start transaction.
Note: To change back to SAP Easy Access as the initial screen, follow the
menu path again, delete the transaction code and select (QWHU. The next time
you log on, SAP Easy Access will be the initial screen.
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This unit introduces the central processes of mySAP.com Basis Technology. This includes an
explanation of how a user request is sent to and processed by the application layer, and which
process types are involved in processing the request. Data entered by the user is sent through the user
interface (the SAP GUI) to the dispatcher, which coordinates further processing. The work processes
use the same source code as the dispatcher and whose substructures such as the Screen Interpreter
and the ABAP Interpreter are presented here. Another topic is data exchange with the database.
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The dispatcher is the central process of the application server. The dispatcher manages, in
association with the operating system, the resources for the applications written in ABAP. The main
tasks of the dispatcher include distributing transaction load to the work processes, connecting to the
presentation level, and organizing communication.
User input is received by the SAP presentation program SAPGUI, converted into its own format and
then sent to the dispatcher. The processing requests are then saved by the dispatcher in request
queues and processed according to a ILUVWLQILUVWRXW principle.
The dispatcher distributes the requests one after the other to available work processes. Data is
actually processed in the work process, although the user, who creates the request using the SAP
GUI, is not always assigned the same work process. There is no fixed assignment of work processes
to users.
Once the data has been processed, the processing result from the work process is sent via the
dispatcher back to the SAP GUI. The SAP GUI interprets the received data and generates the output
screen for the user with the help of the operating system on the front end computer.
During initialization of the mySAP.com component system, the dispatcher executes the following
actions among others: It reads the system profile parameters, starts work processes, and logs on to
the message server (this service will be explained later).
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The presentation interface 6$3*8,(GUI = *UDSKLFDO8VHU,QWHUIDFH)implements the platformspecific input and output functions of an SAP business application. The SAP GUI is primarily based
on the Windows Style Guide and is available for several platforms providing the same functions for
each. If you have learned to use the SAP GUI on one platform, with the exception of a few small
platform-specific GUI attributes, you can use the system on another platform exactly the same as
before.
The presentation software implements the graphical user interface using the functions provided by
the relevant presentation environment.
As of SAP R/3 Release 4.6B you have a choice between the classic SAP GUI and a number of
alternative access possibilities:
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The data flow between the presentation level and the application level when using the SAP GUI for
Windows consists not of prepared images, but of compact, logical information about control
elements and user entries (DIAG Protocol). The amount of data that must be transferred for each
screen change when using the SAP GUI for Windows is typically several kB. You can also connect
application servers over Wide Area Networks (WANs). For more information, see SAP Note
161053.
An Internet Transaction Server is used for the SAP GUI for HTML to turn the SAP GUI data flow
from the dispatcher into HTML, and conversely. In this case, an HTML data flow is exchanged
between the WGate of the ITS (see the &RPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG,QWHJUDWLRQV7HFKQRORJ\unit)and the
Frontend. The primary advantage of the SAP GUI for HTML is the low installation cost for the
Frontend; all you need is a browser.
SAP GUI for Java receives the Standard DIAG Protocol (from the dispatcher) and places this on the
Frontend in HTML or, if in use by Java Plug-Ins, in a graphical format, which can, for example, be
displayed in a browser. In this case the installation costs for the Frontend are equally minimal. For
more information, see SAP Note 146505.
For information about implementation of the SAP GUI on a Windows Terminal Client, see SAP
Note 138869.
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Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) are generally used to manage large sets of
data. An RDBMS saves data and relationships between data in the form of two-dimensional tables.
These are known for their logical simplicity. The data, tables, and table relationships are defined in
the database catalog (the data dictionary) of the database system.
Within the ABAP programming language, you can use 6$323(164/to access data in the
database regardless of your database management system. The mySAP.com database interface
converts Open SQL statements from ABAP statements into corresponding database statements. This
means that the application programs that are written in ABAP do not depend on the database used.
Furthermore, Native SQL commands can be used directly in ABAP.
When interpreting Open SQL statements, the SAP database interface checks the syntax of these
statements and ensures the optimal utilization of the local SAP buffers in the shared memory of the
application server. Data that is frequently required by the applications is stored in these buffers so
that the system does not have to access the database to read this data. In particular, all technical data,
such as ABAP programs, screens, and ABAP Dictionary information, as well as a number of
business administration parameters, usually remain unchanged in a running system and are therefore
ideally suited to buffering. The same is true of business application data, which is almost exclusively
accessed as read-only and can therefore be buffered.
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The operating system views the SAP runtime system as a group of parallel, cooperating processes.
On each application server these processes include the dispatcher as well as work processes; the
number of work processes depends on the available resources. Special work processes may be
installed for dialog processing, update, background processing and spooling.
In addition to these work process types (dialog processing (D), update (V: for the German
"Verbuchung"), lock management (E), background processing (B), spool (S), the runtime system
provides two additional services for internal and external communication (below are the restrictions
on the number of work processes):
The message server (MS or M) communicates between the distributed dispatchers within a
mySAP.com System and is therefore the prerequisite for scalability using several parallelprocessing application servers.
The gateway server (GW or G) allows communication between mySAP.com components such as
SAP R/3 and SAP R/2 and external application systems. There is only one gateway process for
each dispatcher process.
Dialog: Every dispatcher requires at least two dialog work processes
Spool: At least one for each mySAP.com System (more than one allowed for each dispatcher)
Update: At least one for each mySAP.com System (more than one allowed for each dispatcher)
Background processing: At least two for each mySAP.com System (more than one allowed for
each dispatcher)
Enqueue: Only one enqueue work process is needed for each system
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An instance is an administrative unit that combines mySAP.com system components providing one
or more services. The services offered by an instance are started or stopped together. You use a
common instance profile to set parameters for all of the components of an instance.
A central mySAP.com System consists of a single instance that provides all of the necessary
services.
Each instance has its own SAP buffer areas.
The example illustrates how a background processing server (a) and dialog server (b) are set up.
These instances, which provide specific services, generally run on separate servers, but can also run
on the same server, if needed.
The message server provides the application servers with a central message service for internal
communication (for example: trigger update, request and remove locks, or trigger background
requests).
The dispatchers for the individual application servers communicate through the message server that
is installed once in each mySAP.com System (it is configured in the system profile files).
Presentation servers can also log on to an application server through the message server. This means
that you can use the message server performance database for automatic load distribution (logon load
balancing).
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The following components on the application level are involved in processing a dialog request:
The dispatcher as central control process
Work process queues (administered by the dispatcher) for incoming requests.

One of the diaog work processes
Buffers in shared memory and also possibly the roll file
The WDVNKDQGOHUcoordinates activity within a dialog work process. It activates the screen processor
or the the ABAP processor (which control the screen flow logic and process ABAP statements,
respectively) and executes the roll-in and roll-out of the user context.
The memory management system differentiates between main memory areas that are available
exclusively to a work process, and memory areas that can be used by all work processes. The
memory space used exclusively by a work process stores session-specific data that must be kept
longer than the duration of a work step. This data is automatically made available to the process at
the start of a dialog step (rolled-in) and saved at the end of the dialog step (rolled-out). This data
characterizes users (user context), such as their authorizations, administration information and
additional data for the ABAP and dialog processor. It also contains data collected by the system in
the preceding dialog steps in the running transaction (see slide :RUN3URFHVV0XOWLSOH[LQJDQG6$3
7UDQVDFWLRQV).
There are also additional memory areas for all processes in the shared memory for the factory
calendar, screen, table, program, and other buffers.
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Dialog work processes should not be loaded down with long-running dialog steps, as these work
processes would then not be available to other users. The remaining dialog work processes would
have to handle many more users, thus considerably increasing response times.
This is the reason for the parameter rdisp/max_wprun_time (default setting: 300 seconds), which
sets the maximum time a dialog step is allowed to remain in a dialog work process. If this time is
exceeded by more than double, the dialog step is terminated and the started transaction terminates
with an error. This allows the administrator to ensure that users execute long-running actions only in
the background work processes, which are designed for these types of long-running actions.
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Background work processes are used for dialog-free execution of programs. They are used, for
example, for periodic tasks such as reorganization or the automatic transfer of data from an external
system to a mySAP.com component system.
Background processing is scheduled in the form of jobs. Each job consists of one or more steps
(ABAP reports, external programs or other operating system calls) that are processed sequentially.
You can also set priorities (from "C" to "A") so that certain jobs are prioritized.
Job processing is not generally triggered immediately (immediate start). Instead you specify a start
date and time when you schedule the job. It may also be necessary to start jobs periodically, for
example, system control jobs repeated on a fixed cycle. You can trigger a job start at the operating
system level using the SAPEVT program.
The background scheduleris responsible for automatically triggering the job at the specified time.
The background scheduler is an ABAP program that regularly looks in the scheduling table for jobs
to be executed and then ensures that they are executed (RDISP/BTCTIME, default 60 s).
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Spooling refers to the buffered transfer of data to output devices such as printers, fax devices and so
on. In distributed systems, networked administration is necessary for this output.
The spool mechanism in mySAP.com Systems can supply output requests to printers and external
spoolers both within a local network as well as over WANs. The spool mechanism works with the
local spool system on each server.
Spool requests are generated in dialog mode or during background processing and are then set in the
spool database with details about the output device and the print format. The data itself is stored in
the TEMporary Sequential(TemSe) object database.
When data is to be printed, an output request is generated for a spool request. This output request is
processed by a spool work process.
Once the spool work process has formatted the data for output, it returns the output request to the
operating system spool system.
The operating system spooler takes over the queue management and ensures that the required data is
passed on to the output device.
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The lock mechanisms present in the current relational database systems are not generally sufficient
to handle business data objects (such as sales orders) that may affect several tables in the database.
To coordinate several applications simultaneously accessing the same business object, the
mySAP.com System provides its own lock management, controlled by the enqueue work process.
In order for the system to execute lock requests, you must first define a lock object in the ABAP
Dictionary. The lock object contains tables whose entries are to be locked. You can also have
additional secondary tables using foreign key relationships (the name of a user-defined lock object
must begin with "EY" or "EZ").
You can specify the lock mode ("S": shared lock or "E": exclusive lock) for a lock object. An
exclusive lock (mode "E") can only be set if no other user has set a lock ("E" or "S") on the data
record. The same user can request additional "E" or "S" locks within a transaction.
If a lock object is activated, the system generates an ENQUEUE and a DEQUEUE function module.
These function modules have the names ENQUEUE_<object_name> and
DEQUEUE_<object_name>, and are used in ABAP coding to lock and unlock data.
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When a lock is requested, the system checks to determine whether the requested lock conflicts with
any entries in the lock table. If there are conflicts, the lock request is rejected. The application
program can then inform the user that the requested operation cannot currently be executed.
The locks (enqueues) are administered by the enqueue work process using the lock table. The lock
table is stored in the main memory of the server where the enqueue work process is running. In the
example shown above, the dialog work process and the enqueue work processes are not located on
the same application server, they communicate through the message server.
Locks set by an application program are either reset by the application program itself, or using a
special update program (second part of the SAP Logical Unit of Work). Locks, which are inherited
in this way by an update work process, are also written to a file at operating system level. In
transaction SM12, the locks held by the update program are colored blue, while the locks held in the
dialog work process are colored black.
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Business transactions are processing units with related functions; these transactions execute
consistent database changes meaningful for the business. Typical examples are credit and debit
postings, which only make sense together, or creating an order and reserving the material concerned.
Accordingly, an SAP transaction is implemented as a series of consistent, connected dialog steps. A

user dialog step is represented by a screen (or a dynpro, which is a dynamic program = mask and
flow logic).
SAP transactions are not necessarily executed within one single dialog work process. In fact, the
individual dialog steps of a transaction can be processed by various dialog work processes (work
process multiplexing, which only exists for dialog work processes). Using asynchronous update, the
dialog part of the transaction and the associated database update can also be run in different work
process types or even on different servers.
From the systems point of view, a dialog step begins with the processing of a piece of data entered
by the user (Process after Input (PAI) and the preparation and sending of the next screen template
(Process before Output (PBO); after this, the screen that has been filled out by the user is once again
accepted, and in turn the input data contained in the received screen is analyzed and processed.
System and user dialog steps are processed alternately. The two parts of the dialog step from the
systems point of view are called PBO and PAI.
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The transaction concept, in as far as it has been previously explained, corresponds to the term
/RJLFDO8QLWRI:RUN(LUW)
However, as today s database systems do not support cross-process transaction flow, we must
differentiate between the elementary processing steps (LUWs) in the SAP R/3 System and those in
the database system (SAP-LUW / DB-LUW). A DB-LUW is fully executed, or not at all. The DB LUW moves the database from one consistent state to the next. This means that the data is logical
and correct before as well as after the LUW; this applies to both DB - LUW and SAP - LUW.
The start of an SAP transaction is also the start of an SAP-LUW. SAP-LUWs are completed by a
"COMMIT WORK" statement in the ABAP coding or by the end of the corresponding asynchronous
update (second part of the SAP-LUW). As explained previously, each dialog step in an SAP - LUW
is processed by one work process, as is the case for the DB - LUW. Each database change is
executed in its own DB-LUW.
The asynchronous updating usually used in an SAP - LUW allows the system to temporarily collect
changes made by users and then, at the end of the dialog phase (in the second part of the SAP LUW), make the necessary changes to the database in a separate update work process To ensure data
consistency, the resulting database change (like every dialog step change) is executed in only one
DB - LUW.
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When the ABAP keyword CALL FUNCTION IN UPDATE TASK is processed during
asynchronous update the data changes are stored as log records in temporary tables VB*. These
system tables store data changes made by a user within an SAP transaction. The log record contains
the names of the update routines to be executed, and all the data required to make the changes to the
database.
The update itself is triggered by the ABAP statement COMMIT WORKspecified in the last dialog
step of an SAP transaction. The locks set by the application program using the enqueue work process
are passed to the update task. If the user cancels the SAP transaction during the dialog phase, or if
the transaction terminates for another reason, the changes to be made to the database are discarded.
In the second part of the SAP-LUW, the update work process reads the log records from the VB*
tables and updates the corresponding application tables in the database according to the changes
buffered in the VB* tables.
During the update, errorscannot be corrected interactively by the user. Instead, the system terminates
processing of the current update components. Users are automatically notified by express mail when
an update terminates. The system has to handle the incorrect update that terminated (see next slide).
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If a dialog work process terminates when writing data to VBLOG, VBLOG will contain incomplete
data that will not be updated. These entries can be automatically deleted the next time you start the
system. The application tables themselves remain unchanged.
An asynchronous update may terminate for a number of reasons. Report VBTST300 is an example.
If you execute this report using option "I" instead of the default "U", then an insert is transmitted to a
table. If this insert is then repeated in the same table, this triggers the exception condition "Duplicate
Key" in the coding because an entry already exists in the table under this key.
When an update terminates, the system sends an express mail to the user who triggered the update.
Any further steps to be taken must be carried out by the system administrator.
Transaction SM13 provides system administrators with analysis tools to handle terminated
updates. Once the error that caused the termination has been corrected (for example, hardware
damage repaired) the end user should repeat the update.
In the case of terminated V2 updates, you can update their log records later. You cannot do this for
V1 updates, however, as this may create inconsistent data.
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At the conclusion of these exercises, you will be able to:

Analyze the architecture of the SAP Basis System using various
transactions.
Execute programs in dialog and background sessions.
Print from R/3.
No scenario.
Optional exercises are marked with an asterisk (*).
1-1
System overview:
Answer the following questions using transactions SM50, SM51, and SM04.
1-1-1 Which instance are you working in?
1-1-2 What types of work processes are there in your application server?
1-1-3 How many dialog work processes does the system have?
1-1-4 Choose 5HIUHVK several times in the process overview. Are you always
assigned the same work process?
1-1-5 How many users are currently logged on to the system?
1-1-6 How many sessions do you have open?
1-2
Dialog processing: Executing Reports.

1-2-1 Run report RSM04000 in dialog mode.
Hint: Choose 6\VWHP6HUYLFHV5HSRUWLQJ (transaction SA38). Enter
program RSM04000. Choose ([HFXWH ).
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1-2-2 Run report RSPFPAR in dialog mode.

Hint: Choose 6\VWHP6HUYLFHV5HSRUWLQJ (transaction SA38). Enter
program RSPFPAR, this report displays the profile parameters of your
system. Choose ([HFXWH ). On the following selection screen, restrict the
selection to parameters rdisp* and then choose ([HFXWH again. What
information does the parameter UGLVSPD[BDOWBPRGHVprovide?
1-2-3 Create a variant of report RSPFPAR. To do this, choose *RWR9DULDQWV
) in transaction SA38. On the following selection screen, enter a name
for the variant (for example, TEST##, where ## is your group number) and
choose &UHDWH Restrict the view (as in 1-2-1) to the parameters rdisp*.
Choose $WWULEXWHV and enter a meaningful short description of the variant.
To save the variant, choose 6DYH.
1-2-4 Execute report RSPFPAR in transaction SA38 by choosing ([HFXWHZLWK

YDULDQW Choose the variant you created or a variant provided by the
instructor. What has changed?
Background processing: Scheduling jobs (Use &ODVV& for all of these exercises)
1-3
1-3-1 Execute report RSPFPAR in the background using the variant you created in
exercise 1-2-3 or a variant provided by the instructor. Enter a name such as
1_RSPFPAR##, where ## is your group number. Hint: Choose %DFNJURXQG
on the initial screen of transaction SA38. On the following screen, enter the
variant of report RSPFPAR and choose ([HFXWHLPPHGLDWHO\ What
happens?
1-3-2 Look at the details of your background job.
Hint: Choose 6\VWHP6HUYLFHV-REV-RERYHUYLHZ (transaction
SM37). On the selection screen, choose ([HFXWH (F8). Select your job and
look at the spool list the report created.
1-3-3 Plan a background job using a Job Wizard. Choose RSPFPAR again as the
report to be executed, but this time schedule the job to start one minutes in
the future. Take account of any difference between system time and
frontend time. To check the system time, choose 6\VWHP6WDWXV. Hint: To
define a background job, choose 6\VWHP6HUYLFHV-REV'HILQHMRE
(transaction SM36). Choose -RE:L]DUG and follow the Wizard s
instructions.
What does the job overview (transaction SM37) look like now?
1-4
Printing in R/3
1-4-1 Create a spool req uest by printing the output of transaction SM50, without
immediate output, on the printer /3 or on the printer that your instructor
suggests.
*1-4-2
Check the content of your spool request again. What format type is set for
your spool request in the request information?
1-4-3 From your spool request, create a printer request, which is sent to the
printer. Were you able to print? Print again, this time using the user list from
transaction SM04. This time, select 3ULQWLPPHGLDWHO\.
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1-5
Locks and updates in the system

1-5-1 Call transaction FD02 to change customer data. Enter the customer
CUSTOMER## (##: Group number) to edit this customer s data. Try to edit
the same customer in a second session. Check which tables locks have been
set for using the list of lock entries (transaction SM12).
1-5-2 Using the 8VHU/LVW(transaction SM04), end the session in which the
customer &86720(5 is being displayed. Have the lock entries been
reset?
*1-5-3
Start transaction SM13 to analyze asynchronous updates.

Are there terminated update records in the system?
How many update requests were created? How many V1 and V2 updates
were executed?
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1-1
System overview
1-1-1 Call transaction SM51 and determine the name of the instance (6HUYHU
QDPHV column)
1-1-2 From transaction SM51, list the types of work processes (7\column). You
can also use transaction SM50 to answer this question. Transaction SM50
provides detailed work process information.
1-1-3 Use transaction SM50 to determine the number of dialog work processes
(count the processes displayed). You can display all the work processes in
the entire system using transaction SM66 (choose 6HOHFW3URFHVV).
1-1-4 Choose the icon 5HIUHVK) in transaction SM50. Find your work process
by finding your user in the 8VHUV column.
1-1-5 Use transaction SM04 to display a user overview for one dispatcher. To
display all users in the entire system, use transaction AL08.
1-1-6 Use transaction SM04 to determine how many sessions you are using (6HVV
Column). Alternatively, enter R in the command field
1-2
Dialog processing: Executing Reports.

1-2-1 For procedure, see exercise description. The report shows the users that are
logged on to your application server.
1-2-2 For procedure, see exercise description. The report displays profile
parameters for your instance. Choose the parameter UGLVSPD[BDOWBPRGHV
by double clicking on it. To display a parameter description, choose F1 The
maximum number of additional sessions that a user is allowed to open is set
using this parameter. The parameter has the default value 6
1-2-3 For the procedure, see the exercise description. In the future, you can
execute this report with the values defined in your variant.
1-2-4 For the procedure, see the exercise description. When using a variant, the
selection screen is prefilled with the variant data. You do not need to make
any additional entries. The report results are the same as before.
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1-3
Background processing: Scheduling jobs

1-3-1 For the procedure, see the exercise description. A message appears in the
status bar indicating report RSPFPAR was started as a background job.
1-3-2 For the procedure, see the exercise description. Choose 6\VWHP6HUYLFHV
-REV-RERYHUYLHZ (transaction SM37). On the selection screen,
choose ([HFXWH (F8). Choose your job and then the 6SRRO icon. Your job has
created a spool list. Choose your spool list and then the JODVVHV icon (this
icon generally means 'LVSOD\ throughout the SAP R/3 System). The spool
list displays an overview of the profile parameter UGLVS .
1-3-3 For the procedure, see the exercise description. If you execute transaction
SM37 (job overview) within the specified five minutes, you will see your
job with status 5HOHDVHG.
1-4
Printing in R/3
1-4-1 Call transaction SM50. Print this list. To do so, choose the 3ULQWHUicon.
Enter LP01 or the printer name that your instructor gives you, as the output
device. Check that 3ULQWLPPHGLDWHO\ is not set. Choose the &RQWLQXH icon
and confirm the following dialog box. You have now successfully created a
spool request.
1-4-2 To display your spool request, or to print it, choose 6\VWHP2ZQVSRRO
UHTXHVWV(transaction SP02). To view the content of your spool request once
again, check the entry and choose the 'LVSOD\ icon. You can display the
administration information for the spool request by choosing the KDW icon
instead of the JODVVHV icon. (Do not forget to select your spool request, so
that it is clear to the system for which spool request you want to view the
administration information). The format is defined as ;BB in your
spool request. This means that output will be printed in a format of 65 lines
by 132 columns (ODQGVFDSHIRUPDW).
1-4-3 To print now, select your spool request and choose the ODUJHSULQWHUicon,
3ULQWGLUHFWO\. An output request (synonym for print request) is created.
Choose 5HIUHVKseveral times. If you have chosen the generic printer /3,
the request status will remain ZDLWLQJ.
To consolidate what you have learned, please print the user list from
transaction SM04 using the same procedure.
1-5
Locks and updates in the system

1-5-1 Call transaction FD02 to change customer data. Enter the customer
CUSTOMER## (##: Group number) to change this customer s data. The
customer &86720(5 is now exclusively locked for you at SAP R/3
System level. Open a second session, call transaction FD02 in it, and try to
change the same customer. The ,QIRUPDWLRQdialog box tells you that it is
not possible for a second session (not even for you yourself) to change this
customer at the same time.
Lock entries can be viewed in the transaction SM12. To do so, choose
&RQWLQXH. You will see a lock entry for your user for the customer table
KNA1.
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1-5-2 To delete your customer session, call transaction SM04. Select your user
and then choose 6HVVLRQV. Select the line &KDQJH&XVWRPHU$FFRXQWLQJ
and choose 'HOHWHVHVVLRQ If you now select your current lock entries using
transaction SM12, the lock on table KNA1 has disappeared.
If an action terminates in SAP R/3 systems (whether deliberately or not), the
locks held by it are reset.
1-5-3 Start transaction SM13 to analyze asynchronous updates. To search the
entire system for terminated update records, you must enter * in the fields
COLHQWand UVHU. Choose (QWHU
You can view update statistics by choosing *RWR6WDWLVWLFV in the entry
screen of transaction SM13. You can find information about how many
update requests have been created and how many V1 and V2 updates have
been executed under the heading 8SGDWH5HTXHVWV
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mySAP.com Systems contain different types of data.
Some data can only be accessed from one client, such as business application data (documents,
material masters, and so on), and most Customizing settings. Customizing is used to define a
customers organizational structures, such as distribution channels, company codes, and so on, and to
set customer-specific parameters for SAP transactions.
The client-specific data is closely related. At input, application data is checked against the
Customizing settings in the client. If inconsistencies are found, the input is rejected. This is why
application data usually makes sense only in its own Customizing environment.
In addition to the client-specific Customizing settings, there are other settings that are set once and
are active for all clients. These cross-client Customizing settings include printer settings, for
example.
The Repository is also client-independent. It contains all ABAP Dictionary objects (tables, data
elements, and domains) as well as all ABAP programs, menus, screens, and so on.
Because they are cross-client, Repository objects developed in one client are the same in all other
clients in the same system.
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In addition to the various data types in the SAP R/3 System, there are also different types of changes
and adaptations in the SAP R/3 System, and in other mySAP.com component systems.
As the SAP R/3 System is standard software, it must be adapted to the individual needs of each
company that uses it. This tailoring process is called Customizing, which includes the client-specific
and cross-client data shown in the slide. A small amount of Customizing may also be required after
an SAP R/3 System upgrade.
Customizing is not developed and tested in the same client in which it will be in production. This
means that several clients are required during an SAP R/3 implementation. Customizing is executed
and tested in one client. In a large installation, it may make sense to combine and test Customizing
subprojects in another client. Production occurs in its own client.
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In contrast to Customizing, the Repository does not necessarily need to be changed or enhanced for a
mySAP.com System implementation:
Customers can add their own developments to the Repository.
In addition, customers can add what are called customer enhancements, which are customer
objects added to existing objects in the SAP standard system. Customers add their enhancements
using Customer Exits.
Modifications change SAP objects, such as reports and table definitions. The Repository delivered
from SAP is not only enhanced, but changed as well. This is why the modifications may need to
be adjusted to a new Repository installed during the next SAP R/3 upgrade. This adjustment may
take some time.
As Repository objects are cross-client, it is not possible to use a development system as a production
environment. The danger of creating data inconsistencies would be too great.
Therefore, if changes are to be made to the Repository, we recommend two, even better, three
systems. The third SAP R/3 System can be used for testing and quality assurance.
All customer developments take place in the customer namespace. This means that all objects
created by customers have names within a certain namespace, for example beginning with Y or Z for
ABAP programs.
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To ensure system consistency, we recommend you set up a system landscape consisting of three
systems. These three systems include the "production" clients (for development, Customizing, and
production) and any other clients desired (training, sandbox client, and so on). The three
productive clients should be given the same name to make it easier to keep the Customizing
settings consistent.
A three-system landscape supports the following recommended process:

Development of customer-specific programs as well as required Customizing takes place in the
development system.
All Customizing settings as well as changes (developments, corrections, or modifications, if
required) to the Repository are transferred to the quality assurance system (or "test system") to be
checked there without affecting production.
All objects and settings imported into the test system can then be transferred into one or more
production systems.
A three-system landscape also allows testing of upgrades and helps to minimize downtime during
upgrades of the production system.
The systems within a system landscape must have unique three-character names, such as the
examples DEV, QAS and PRD used here. These abbreviations are used in this and other training
packages and throughout the international SAP environment, and represent:
Development
Quality Assurance
Production
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When a new development project starts, the person responsible for development creates a change
request, and assigns the project team members to it. The Transport Organizer assigns a project
number to the change request using the naming convention <sid>K9<nnnnn> (for example,
C11K900001). A change request should include objects between which there exists a logical
relationship, and which can only be meaningfully executed together. This means that change requests
allow the transport and management of complete and meaningful developments.
The Transport Organizer then creates a taskfor each team member. Whenever a team member
assigns a Repository object to the change request, it is entered in his or her task. At the end of the
project, the task contains all of the objects that the team member has worked on.
When they have finished with their part of the development project, each team member releases his
or her task. The task objects are then passed to the change request. Once all team members have
released their tasks, the project leader can release the change request. A change request combines all
Repository objects that were created or changed during a development project.
Customizing settings are logged in exactly the same fashion. Here, the Customizing Organizer is the
management tool. Both tools have the same basic code as of SAP R/3 Release 4.6C. This means that
the transactions SE09 and SE10 are identical in function as well as in operation.
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Repository objects are created and edited using the ABAP Workbench.
When editing Repository objects, you can either call the ABAP Workbench tool directly and then
choose the relevant Repository objects, or you can navigate forward from the Repository objects to
the tools.
The Repository Browser provides clear, consistent access to the Repository objects. Using the Object
Navigator, you can locate all Repository Objects (they are displayed in the Browser) and edit them
(using the appropriate tools in the work area). The following tools are referred to in the slide above:
The ABAP Editor (transaction SE38) for writing ABAP programs.
The ABAP Dictionary (transaction SE11) for defining and editing, for example, tables, data
elements, lock objects and so on.
The Screen Painter (transaction SE51) for creating interactive user interfaces.
The Function Builder (transaction SE37) for creating and managing function modules. Function
modules are pieces of encapsulated ABAP code with a defined input and output interface.
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The ABAP Dictionary is a central component of the ABAP Workbench. It contains the business and
technical definitions and descriptions of SAP data. The ABAP and Screen Interpreters continuously
accesses the dictionary information store.
The ABAP Dictionary contains tables, views, lock objects, and ) and ) help, among other objects.
Each database system also has its own dictionary. However, in the following slides, we are not
referring to these, but only to the ABAP Dictionary.
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A person or group can only cope with a limited level of complexity. This is why the relevant
business processes are abstracted from the real world. All unimportant information is discarded.
Models allow you to reduce the complexity of a system down to its essential components. While
creating the models, you determine what is important and relevant.
The SAP application models document the business processes and how they relate in SAP R/3
applications. The structures of business objects and their business processes are clearly described and
graphed according to how the relevant enterprise uses them. The models mirror clear structures and
describe who in an enterprise does what, when, how, and with which objects.
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The ABAP Dictionary is used to create and manage data definitions. It allows you to describe all
data and its relationships used in the system and store this data centrally without redundancies. The
activation mechanism ensures that any changes made here are instantly used by all affected system
components.
The ABAP Dictionary is an integrated, active dictionary, that is, it is fully integrated into the SAP
development environment. Every definition in the dictionary only needs to be created once and is
then available everywhere in the system. Any information created or changed in the active ABAP
Dictionary is automatically available, ensuring up-to-date runtime objects, data consistency, and data
security.
The way the ABAP Dictionary is integrated in the program flow is based on the interpretive
mySAP.com runtime environment. The ABAP processor does not use the original ABAP program. It
interprets a runtime object created from the program text prior to the first time the program was
executed. If the timestamp comparison recognizes a difference between the program and the ABAP
Dictionary, the runtime object is automatically regenerated before being executed.
All performance-critical information is stored in the runtime objects (programs, masks, and so on).
The system ensures that this information is always up-to-date at the time of execution.
The ABAP Dictionary also allows the administration of the database tables that are relevant for the
SAP R/3 System. That means that detailed, product-specific database knowledge is not necessary to
develop applications. The ABAP Dictionary deals with the conversion of the definitions at the
database level.
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Data modelsare created to formally map the data needed within the business processes in a global
functional context. The SAP data model represents the information objects that are relevant for the
company along with their relationships to each other from the business point of view, using a
Structured Entity Relationship Model (SERM). An entity type maps real world objects that have a
business significance and a corresponding object in the system.
Using the ABAP Workbench, data models can be displayed using text or graphics. The detail of a
data model displayed can be changed dynamically using the Data Modeler (transaction SD11). Users
can create their own individual detailed views of data models. These models are then mapped onto
the database using the ABAP Dictionary.
The above example shows:

SCARR: Contains the abbreviations of the airlines used in the model.
SPFLI: Contains the flight plans; which flight routes are there from where to where?
SFLIGHT: Contains information about individual flights on the recognized routes; flight numbers.
SBOOK: Contains all flight bookings, sorted by airline, route, flight number, and customer
number of the passenger.
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A table is a two-dimensional matrix. It has a name and attributes, such as the table type. Every SAP
table has a primary key consisting of a combination of columns that uniquely identify a table record.
This means a table cannot contain two records with the same primary key.
A field has a name and attributes. For example, it can be a primary key field. A field is dependent on
a table and is, therefore, not an independent object and can only be maintained within the table. A
table field is defined using domains and data elements.
A domain is used to define the technical attributes of a table field and contains technical attributes of
the table field, such as field length, field type, output attributes, and any value restrictions based on
default values.
A data element is the semantic definition of a table field and can contain a short description of the
table field, for example, displayed when the user chooses ). As of SAP R/3 Release 4.6, the
technical attributes of a field can be defined in the data element, without having to use a domain.
Tables, data elements, and domains are maintained centrally in the ABAP Dictionary. When a table
is activated, it is created in the database using the same name as in the ABAP Dictionary.
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The two-level domain concept allows you to define and maintain technical field attributes at domain
level. A domain can pass its field attributes to any number of fields, whereby only the domain, but
not the individual fields, must be explicitly changed when the defined field attributes are modified.
This also ensures that if domains are identical, field values can be compared without requiring
conversion.
The data element describes the semantic attributes of a field in the context of the table. These are
attributes that are only important at that location and not globally (like the technical attributes).
The example here shows the table SPFLI from the ABAP flight booking model. The table is a
central store of flights, such as Lufthansa flight XY from Frankfurt to New York. The table contains
the departure airport ($,53)520) and arrival airport ($,5372) fields. From a business viewpoint,
the departure airport and the arrival airport are two separate entities, which is why two data elements,
S_FROMAIRP and S_TOAIRP, are defined. As both columns contain names of airports, both data
elements are related to the same domain, S_AIRPID, which is defined as being of type CHAR and
length 3.
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Relationships between tables can be defined in the ABAP Dictionary. These relationships are called
foreign keys and must be explicitly defined at field level.
Foreign keys are primarily used to ensure data consistency. New data entered in a table is checked
against existing data to ensure that the data is consistent with existing data. The new data is created
in a foreign key table. The data is checked for data consistency against check tables.
There are several technical prerequisites that must be met before foreign key relationships between
tables can be created. These are described in detail in the course BC430 $%$3'LFWLRQDU\.
Example: In a dialog transaction, a new flight is created for the airline AB . Flights are stored in
table SPFLI, in which foreign key relationships for other tables in the flight model are stored. The
system uses the foreign key relationship to check whether the specified airline is already contained in
the central airline table SCARR. In our example, airline AB does not exist. This means no flights
can be defined for this airline. The system denies this entry on the input screen.
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Despite the close logical relationship between the SAP data model and the ABAP Dictionary, it may
be necessary to distribute entity types among several tables in the ABAP Dictionary, or to combine
several entity types in one table. To do this, views are defined in the ABAP Dictionary. These views
create the connection between the entity types in the data model and the tables in ABAP Dictionary.
A view is a logical view of one or more tables. Data for a view is not physically stored but is derived
from one or more tables when the view is accessed. If a table contains a large number of fields, but
you only want to read some of the fields, you can define a view to restrict the access to only those
table fields in which you are interested. Views allow quick access to specific data.
Views are defined in the ABAP Dictionary. You can use the relational operators JOIN,
PROJECTION, and SELECTION. JOIN defines the connection between the Basis tables used in the
view. PROJECTION specifies which Basis table columns to add to the view. SELECTION defines
which table entries to add to the view.
The ABAP Dictionary includes several view types distinguished by their task and output amount. As
of SAP R/3 Release 4.0, view data can also be buffered on the SAP application layer.
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Input help() help) is a standard system function. It allows the user to display a list of possible
values for a screen field. A value can be directly copied to an input field when the user selects it from
the list.
Fields with input help are indicated in the system with a combo box to the right of the field. This
combo box appears when the cursor is in the corresponding screen field. The help can be called
either by clicking this box or by choosing ).
If the number of possible entries in a field is very large, the user can restrict the number of values
displayed by defining restrictions. The input help provides additional information in the display for
fields where the input choices are not self-explanatory.
Input help can be programmed in ABAP or defined in the ABAP Dictionary. Input help defined in
the latter is known as search help as of SAP R/3 Release 4.0. A search help is defined in the ABAP
Dictionary and assigned to various types of table fields. Screen fields with these types of underlying
table field definitions automatically provide ) help.
As of SAP R/3 Release 4.6, customers can add their own search paths to an SAP search help, without
having to modify the system.
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The integreated development environment provides full access to the mySAP.com development
tools; these are the tools available to the SAP developers.
You can also view the source code and change it, if necessary.
Using the tools, you can also create your own programs and can fully integrate them in the system.
The ABAP programming language used in the SAP environment can only be executed within the
mySAP.com runtime environment.
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Advanced Business Application Programming (ABAP) is SAPs own programming language. All
business applications and a part of the mySAP.com Basis System are written in ABAP.
ABAP stores all metadata in the ABAP Dictionary, which supports business data types.
The database is accessed through ABAP usually using Open SQL, which means program
development is independent of the database system used in the system.
ABAP supports the simple and effective creation of graphical user interfaces. ABAP Objects can
also be used for object-oriented programming.
The separation of text elements such as list headers, texts for input fields, and so on, allows ABAP to
support multiple languages.
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SAP delivers the entire source code for the ABAP programs. Customers can look at the code and
even use it as a template for their own programs.
By double-clicking a field on the 6\VWHPVWDWXV screen, you can navigate directly to the ABAP
Workbench. The Workbench displays the source code for the relevant context (assuming you have
the proper authorization).
The most important development tools are:

The Object Navigator (transaction SE80)
The ABAP Editor (transaction SE38) for writing programs
The Screen Painter (transaction SE51) and the Menu Painter (transaction SE41) for creating
graphical user interfaces
The Function Builder (transaction SE37) for developing function modules
The Class Builder (transaction SE24) for object-oriented programming
Test and optimization tools
- Debugger
- Runtime analysis (transaction SE30)
- SQL trace (transaction ST05)
- Test Workbench: Computer Aided Test Tool (CATT) (transaction SCEM)
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You use the ABAP Editor (transaction SE38) to create and edit programs.
When you use the ABAP Editor, always keep in mind that ABAP programs are not stored as ASCII
files, but as entries in database tables. Therefore, we recommend that you only use the ABAP Editor
when writing ABAP programs, and not any other word processor.
The Editor provides a syntax check as well as the option of writing ABAP key words (commands) in
CAPITAL LETTERS.
Double-clicking a Repository object in the code takes you out of the Editor to another tool in the
development environment, such as the ABAP Dictionary, Screen Painter, or Menu Painter.
The ABAP Editor works in conjunction with the Modification Assistant, which logs customer
changes to SAP code and simplifies the adjustment required at an upgrade if any modifications were
made to the system. This is because the source comparison occurs at the level of program blocks,
such as subprograms or modules (PAI and PBO, for example). The Modification Assistant also
provides a clear overview of modifications that can be particularly helpful for large projects.
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While developers are working on objects in a change request, these objects are reserved exclusively
for those developers. These reservations/locks are created in addition to temporary object locks that
the enqueue work process creates when an object is edited.
When the developershave finished their work, they release their tasks. The objects and their locks
are passed from the task to the change request. The objects can still be changed by all project team
members, as the Transport Organizer automatically creates additional tasks as required.
When the project is complete, the person responsible for development releases the change request.
The locks on the objects in the change request are released.
Change requests may be transportable or local. The Transport Organizer classifies them
automatically depending on their development class. The following steps are performed only after
transportablechange requests are released:
As soon as the change request has been exported, a test import determines whether all of the
objects can be imported into the target system
The Repository objects are exported to a transport directory. The success of the export and the test
import is recorded in the change request transport log and checked by the developer.
The export and test import results are written to the transport log for the change request, which is
then checked by the developers.
Import into the target system is not usually automatic. It is triggered in the Transport Management
System (TMS). After the import, you can check the import logs.
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The ABAP Workbench is SAPs development environment for client/server enterprise business
solutions. It supports the entire software development cycle with tools for modeling, programming
using the ABAP language, defining data and table structures, and for designing graphical user
interfaces. It also contains comprehensive tools for testing, fine-tuning, and maintaining software, as
well as supporting large development teams.
In the concept phase of a project, you enter the results of your analyses into the SAP data model.
This enables you to turn your concepts into fields, tables, and so on. You can then develop your
program components in any sequence you choose they do not have to be combined into a single
application until you want to run it. The development cycle concludes with program tests and
transport into the production system.
In addition to the development tools, SAP also provides a library of predefined business and utility
software components, which you can easily incorporate into your own programs.
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Carry out simple tasks in the Workbench Organizer with transport

requests
Start the ABAP Dictionary, analyze table definitions, and create a

table
Use the ABAP Editor to write a short program
No scenario
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1-1
Transport requests in the Transport Organizer
1-1-1 Call the Transport Organizer. Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVVPHQX7RROV
$%$3:RUNEHQFK2YHUYLHZ7UDQVSRUW2UJDQL]HU(transaction SE09),
and display the requests including you. As you do not yet have a task in any
request, create a new transportable (or local) 7UDQVSRUW5HTXHVW(depending
on the TMS setup), for which you are the only user entered. For which
target system has the Transport Request been created? (Local requests have
no target system).
1-2
Table definitions and table contents:
1-2-1 Display the first five entries in table .1$, in which all customers are
stored.
Hint: Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVVPHQX7RROV$%$3:RUNEHQFK
2YHUYLHZ'DWD%URZVHU (transaction SE16). Enter table KNA1. Choose
the 7DEOHFRQWHQWVicon ). On the selection screen, restrict the PD[LPXP
QXPEHURIKLWVto 5. Choose ([HFXWH ()).
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SAP AG
Find all customers whose names begin with %HFNHU. Is your customer
among them?
SAP50
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1-2-3 Find out which fields make up the primary key for table KNA1. Hint:
Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV$%$3:RUNEHQFK
'HYHORSPHQW$%$3'LFWLRQDU\(transaction SE11).
To display table KNA1, choose 'DWDEDVHWDEOH, enter the table name,
and choose 'LVSOD\ What are the field names for train station and
express train station? To which data elements and domains are these
fields related? (To find this information, double-click on the field
names).
In which data elements is the domain BANH used?
Hint: Double-click on the domain names and execute a :KHUHXVHGOLVW
from the following screen.
1-3
Creating a new table
1-3-1 Create a table called =0<&86720(56 (## is your group number) in the
dictionary.
'HYHORSPHQW'LFWLRQDU\(transaction SE11). To create your table, choose
DDWDEDVHWDEOH, then enter your table name and choose &UHDWH. Enter a short
description, choose GHOLYHU\FODVV$ and select 7DEOH0DLQWHQDQFH$OORZHG.
Save these attributes. On the selection screen, choose either /RFDO2EMHFW or
the development class that your instructor provides. If your table is not
saved as a /RFDO2EMHFWyou must now enter the transport request that you
created in exercise 1-1-1 to transport the object (choose the 2ZQUHTXHVWV
icon). Choose (QWHU.
Now go to the ILHOGV tab. Define the key fields MANDT and KUNNR with
the data elements 0$1'7and .8115, respectively. Also define the field
),567&217$&7 with the data element '$780. Now save the complete
table definition.
Choose 7HFKQLFDOVHWWLQJV. Choose the data type 86(5and the VL]H
FDWHJRU\. The table should not be buffered. Save your THFKQLFDOVHWWLQJV
and choose the JUHHQDUURZ ) to return to your table definition. Choose
the FDQGOHVicon $FWLYDWH
Congratulations! You have successfully created your first table in an SAP
R/3 System.
1-3-2 You can now enter some data in your table by choosing 8WLOLWLHV7DEOH
(QWULHV&UHDWH(QWULHV
1-3-3 Display the contents of your new table using the same procedure as in
exercise 1-2.
SAP AG
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1-4
ABAP programming:
1-4-1 Write an ABAP program that displays a line of text.
'HYHORSPHQW$%$3(GLWRU(transaction SE38). Enter
ZCUSTOMEREVALUATION_## as the name of your program (## is your
group number). Choose &UHDWH. Enter a meaningful title for your program
and set the following attributes:
Type:
Executable program
Status:
Test program
Application:
Basis
Then choose 6DYH. On the following screen, choose either /RFDOREMHFW or

enter the development class the instructor provided. If your program is not
saved as a /RFDOREMHFW, you must now enter the transport request that you
created in exercise 1-1-1 (choose the 2ZQUHTXHVWVicon). Choose (QWHU In
the ABAP Editor, enter a 5HWXUQ after REPORT
ZCUSTOMEREVALUATION_## and type, for example:
Write:/List of non-existent customers..
on the new line.
Choose 6DYH, $FWLYDWH, and then 7HVW (F8). The program should run without
any errors.
1-5
Releasing Transport Requests
1-5-1 Call the 7UDQVSRUW2UJDQL]HU and display the request you created in the first
exercise. Check which objects are contained in the request.
1-5-2 Now release your task. To do this, select the task and choose 5HOHDVH
GLUHFWO\. On the following screen, you can create documentation abut your
development and its release. After you have released your task, release the
entire request. To do this, select the request, and choose 5HOHDVHGLUHFWO\
again. This activates the export, the first step of a transport.
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Transport requests in the Transport Organizer
1-1-1 Start the 7UDQVSRUW2UJDQL]HU (transaction SE09). You are already entered
as a user. Choose the 'LVSOD\ icon. There should be no change requests
involving you. To create a new request, choose the VKHHWRISDSHUicon (this
icon generally represents &UHDWH QHZREMHFWVin SAP R/3 Systems). Choose
7UDQVSRUWUHTXHVW and then (QWHU. Enter a meaningful description. You are
already entered as the owner and only user of this transport request. An SAP
R/3 System is already entered as the destination, in accordance with your
transport landscape. Choose the 6DYH icon.
1-2
Table definitions and table contents

1-2-1 For procedure, see exercise description.
1-2-2 Stay in transaction SE16. If the field 1DPH is not displayed on the
selection screen for .1$, choose 6HWWLQJV&KRRVH)LHOGVIRU6HOHFWLRQ
and check 1DPHin the .1$field overview. Choose (QWHU.
On the selection screen, enter Becker* in the 1DPH field. Choose the
([HFXWHicon (F8). You see all customers that begin with %HFNHU.
The wildcards * and + can be used on selection screens for table data. Data
selection is case sensitive.
1-2-3 Start transaction SE11 and display the field names for table .1$ by
following the procedure described in the exercise text. The primary key for
table .1$ consists of the 0$1'7, and .8115 fields, which you can tell
by the checks in the .H\column.
For the train stations, you must scroll down. The field names are %$+16
(train station) and %$+1( (express train station).
By double-clicking the field names, you display the information that the
field %$+16 is related to the data element %$+16 and the domain %$1+.
The field %$+1( is related to the data element %$+1( and the same
domain %$1+. The domain is used for both field definitions despite
different data elements (different business content).
SAP AG
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Double-click the domain name %$1+. A technical description of the

railway station fields will appear (data type CHAR, length 25). Choose the
:KHUHXVHGOLVWicon (this icon, with WKUHHDUURZVSRLQWLQJWRWKHULJKW
generally stands for a search for dependent objects in SAP R/3 Systems). A
dialog box appears, asking if you want to view the uses of the domain
%$1+ in data elements. Choose (QWHUThe system finds two data elements
%$+16 and %$+1( that are related to this domain. These are the two data
elements that describe in business terms the fields WUDLQVWDWLRQand H[SUHVV
WUDLQVWDWLRQ
1-3
Creating a new table

1-3-3 Start transaction SE16 and follow the procedure as described in exercise 12-1 (but this time, use your table =0<&86720(56).
1-4
ABAP Programming
1-5
Releasing transport requests
1-5-1 Start the 7UDQVSRUW2UJDQL]HU(transaction SE09). You are already entered

as a user. Choose the 'LVSOD\ icon. If your instructor has provided a
development class in which you have saved your table and your program,
you will see the following the following arranged in a hierarchy:
Your request
Your task
The objects (table and program) that you created
By double-clicking the objects, you can go directly from the request view to
the appropriate maintenance transaction (transaction SE11 for tables or
transaction SE38 for programs).
1-5-2 For the procedure, see the exercise description.
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mySAP.com Systems ensure portability by using industry-standard interfaces that support the
interaction of applications, data, and user interfaces. In this way, mySAP.com can interact with
various applications, operating systems, databases, and networks.
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mySAP.com is an RSHQV\VWHP. It supports a variety of network communication protocols.

Information can be exchanged between component systems and non-SAP applications.
SAP supports the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and System Network
Architecture: Logical Unit 6.2 (SNA LU6.2) protocols. Communication within mySAP.com uses the
standard protocol TCP/IP. LU6.2 was developed by IBM and is used to communicate with
mainframe-based SAP R/2 Systems.
SAP R/3 application programming supports the following communication interfaces: common
programming interface communication (CPI-C), remote function call (RFC), and object linking and
embedding (OLE) automation. Other interfaces are based on these technologies, for example
communication using Business Application Programming Interfaces (BAPIs), Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) or according to an Application Link Enabling (ALE) distribution model.
For more information about communication, see the online documentation. You can also order a free
Interface Adviser Knowledge CD from SAP that uses many practical examples to explain
communication in mySAP.com Systems. See also the SAP Service Marketplace, which contains
additional information, such as under the alias /LQWDGYLVHU
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Remote Function Call (RFC) is a communications interface based on CPI-C, but with more functions
and easier for application programmers to use. You can use SAP R/3 and SAP R/2 Systems as well
as external applications as RFC communication partners. For more information, see SAP Notes
13903 and 116051.
RFC is the protocol for calling special subroutines (function modules) over the network. Function
modules are comparable with C functions or PASCAL procedures. They have a defined interface
through which data, tables and return codes can be exchanged. Function modules are managed in the
SAP R/3 System in their own function library, called the Function Builder (transaction SE37).
The Function Builder provides application programmers with a useful environment for
programming, documenting and testing function modules that can be called locally as well as
remotely.
You maintain the parameters for RFC connections using transaction SM59. The SAP R/3 System is
also delivered with an RFC-SDK (Software Development Kit) that uses extensive C libraries to
allow external programs to be connected to the SAP R/3 System.
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The only difference between a remote call of a function module to another server and a local call is a
special parameter (destination) that specifies the target server on which the program is to be
executed.
There are three types of RFC calls:

6\QFKURQRXV5)&FDOO: The calling program stops until the function module has been processed
on the target server and any results have been returned to the caller. Only then does the calling
program continue processing.
$V\QFKURQRXV5)&FDOO: The calling program runs parallel to and independently of function
module processing in the target system. Programmers are responsible for the processing of the
results. In addition, the target system must also be available at the time of the RFC call.
7UDQVDFWLRQDO5)&FDOO: Several function modules can be grouped into one transaction. They are
processed only once in the target system, within an LUW, and in the sequence in which they were
called. In the case of an error, a message is sent to the calling system that you can analyze using
transaction SM58. For transactional RFC, the target system does not have to be available at the
time of the RFC call. In addition, you can configure the frequency and intervals of individual
queries.
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%XVLQHVVREMHFWVform the basis for communicating on high (user-friendly) network layers. For
example, they enable the SAP R/3 System to support the Internet and desktop programs to be
connected. The goal of SAPs object-oriented strategy is to integrate objects at a business level rather
than on a purely technical level. You can create and manage business objects using transaction
SWO1.
Business objects:
Form the basis of well-defined communication between client / server systems.
Are business-oriented: there are objects such as customer, order or employee.
Provide business functions (methods). For a customer object, for example, there are
Create customer and View customer methods. These names support clear and therefore
error-free programming.
Are managed centrally in the SAP R/3 System in the Business Object Repository(BOR).
Business Application Programming Interfaces (%$3,V) are functional interfaces. They use the
business methods from the business objects. BAPIs may be addresses within or outside the SAP R/3
System. You can create and manage BAPIs using the transaction BAPI.
For specifications and more information about BAPIs, see the alias EDSL in the SAP Service
Marketplace.
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The web server and component system is connected through SAPs ,QWHUQHW7UDQVDFWLRQ6HUYHU
(ITS). The ITS is used for the following tasks:
Data exchange (for example using protocol conversion);
Logging on in a component system;
Forwarding of data to component systems, conversion of output into HTML;
Status administration.
The ITS consists of two components:

:JDWH: The interface to the Web server. The WGate and the Web server must be running on the
same hardware. As well as the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), SAP supports the secure
interfaces ISAPI (Microsoft) and NSAPI (Netscape).
If you are using Microsofts IIS Web servers, you can find the WGate as a DLL file in the 6FULSWV
folder.
$JDWH: Exchanges data with the component systems. It can be run on the same hardware as the
WGate (single host) or on its own server (dual host). Several files that are stored on the AGate
configure the ITS. Among these are:
- Service files: Specify the component system and logon data (client, user, and password)
- HTML Business Templates: HTML with additional commands, placeholders for display fields
- CSS files: Describe the optical and functional layout of the generated HTML pages
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ALE is the exchange of messages controlled from a business point of view

By synchronous and asynchronous communication
Using BAPI interfaces and IDoc Data containers
With consistent data storage
- The applications do not use a central database

- They are supplied by regional, closed databases with their own data basis
Between loosely linked R/3 applications.
n
An ALE business process is an integrated, cross-system business process. ALE business processes
run between:
Several SAP R/3 Systems
For example, Logistics, Finances and HR on separate systems
R/3 and non-SAP R/3 systems
For example, in SAP R/3, external warehouse control system
R/3 and Web/Desktop systems
Possible linkages of ALE business processes:

Loose linkage (asynchronous, message-based)
Tight linkage (synchronous)

A combination of both
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Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)describes the electronic exchange of structured business data
between applications.
EDI architecture consists of:

EDI-enabled applications; they allow business transactions to be processed automatically
The IDoc interface; this was designed as an open interface and consists of the intermediate
documents (IDocs) and the corresponding function modules, which create the interface to the
application.
The EDI subsystem; this converts the intermediate documents into EDI messages and back. SAP
does not supply this element of the EDI architecture.
The main component of the IDoc interface is the IDoc type. An IDoc is an SAP standard that
specifies the structure and format of the data to be transferred electronically. It was developed to
support the EDIFACT and ANSI X12 standards. IDocs are identified uniquely using a control
record. The application data records form the core. The status records log the status of an IDoc as it
is passed from the application to the trading partner and back.
XML will most likely be used more and more for transferring business information between
enterprises.
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The SAP Business Connector (SAP BC) is a software component that uses the Internet as a
communication platform. Communication between SAP applications and external systems (SAP
applications or non-SAP applications) can take place quickly and easily using Extensible Markup
Language (XML). The Business Connector is part of SAP s mySAP.com initiative.
In an SAP R/3 System, IDocs are sent to the Business Connector using a RFC (or a BAPI) and are
converted to XML format there. This data is then sent over the Internet in XML format using Hyper
Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or HTTP with SSL - Secure Socket Layer- encryption (HTTPS) to
your partner s system .
Before the data exchange, the business partners agree on an XML template that they will use. The
syntax and the format of the data to be exchanged is defined here. This template is created by the
partners and exchanged by mail.
SAP offers the SAP Interface Repository, which makes it easier to exchange XML templates. A
company publishes an XML template on the Interface Repository hosted by SAP. A business partner
can then access the template there and download the definition. The two companies can then
exchange XML messages. Business partners can, of course, agree on an XML template in other
ways. SAP s Interface Repository will offer, for example, a subscription function, which would
inform all participating companies if an XML template was changed by a template creator. For more
information, see http://ifr.sap.com.
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When you transfer data from one SAP R/3 System to another, or from an external system to an SAP
R/3 System, you must ensure the integrity of the data that is transferred. This means the external data
must be subjected to the same checks and controls as data that was entered manually online.
As the online checks in transactions are very comprehensive and are partly used across applications,
it is very difficult to program them yourself.
The best and easiest way is to use the online checks in SAP transactions, which also includes using
SAP transactions for data transfer.
The methods used to transfer external data are known as "batch input methods.
For many areas, SAP provides standardized external data transfer methods. These methods use EDWFK
LQSXWFDOOWUDQVDFWLRQandGLUHFWLQSXW programming methods. The SAPstandard direct input
methods are controlled using the Data Transfer Workbench (transaction SXDA)If no SAP standard
transfer method is available, you can program transfers using batch input or call transaction. For
more information, see the next slide.
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With EDWFKLQSXW, transfer data is buffered as a Batch Data Communication (BDC) table in a queue
file (batch input session). In the next step, the system processes this session, that is, the data is
transferred to the application transaction within the batch input environment and therefore entered in
the database.
SAP R/3 Systems enable you to record a transaction in dialog mode. You can use this recording to
generate a batch input session and a transfer program.
Alternatively to batch input, you can also call the transaction directly (&DOO7UDQVDFWLRQ) after a data
record is taken from the sequential file and placed in the BDC table. The read and write process for
the queue file does not apply here.
The batch input and call transaction methods access application transactions within the component
system. The data is therefore subjected to the same consistency checks before it is transferred as data
in the dialog mode.
'LUHFWLQSXWprograms execute the consistency checks and update the data in the database, without
having to access the application transactions. Direct input methods are used in a few SAP standard
transfer methods such as transferring bills of material and documents). These processes are only
programmed by SAP developers.
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Object linking and embedding (OLE) is an object-oriented method for program-to-program

communication. You can connect RIILFHDSSOLFDWLRQV that support OLE2 automation (for example,
Word and Excel) to mySAP.com components systems. In this way, users can use some SAP R/3
functions within their usual desktop environment.
The office programs OLE functions are specified in the type information. This information contains
a description of the methods, attributes and parameters. Type information can be languageindependent.
When using OLE, the component system can play two separate roles:
If the component system is acting as an 2/(FOLHQW, then the user calls the desktop program from
the ABAP application. OLE commands are transferred from the ABAP code as remote function
calls (RFCs) through the SAP GUI to the PC. The SAP GUI maps RFC calls to OLE commands
for the PC application.
If the component system is acting as an 2/(VHUYHU, functions from that component system can
be called from the desktop application. In the component system, function calls and BAPIs are
triggered by business objects. After the data is processed successfully, the business object sends
the data back to the desktop program.
There are now pushbuttons in many standard transactions, which can be used to download data to a
Frontend program using OLE.
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Execute RFC communication using RFC-enabled function modules
Use the Business Object Browser to look at the BAPIs in the system
The SAP R/3 System needs to communicate with external systems. Use
the RFC interface to do this.
The Business Object Repository (BOR) is a central store for all business
objects and their methods. Some of these methods are BAPIs.
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Communication using RFC:

1-1-1 Use the )XQFWLRQ%XLOGHUto display the definition of function module
5)&B5($'B7$%/(. What does this function module do?
Hint: Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV$%$3:RUNEHQFK

'HYHORSPHQW)XQFWLRQ%XLOGHU(transaction SE37). To view the function
module, enter the name of the function module and choose 'LVSOD\.
1-1-2 Ensure that the function module is RFC-enabled. (Hint: The solution is not
in the name of the function module.)
1-1-3 Execute the function module locally, that is, without entering an RFC
destination. Read the data from table .1$. Enter KNA1 under
48(5<B7$%/(. Restrict the maximum number of hits to five (using the
ROWCOUNT field). Only the fields MANDT, KUNNR, and BAHNS
should be selected. Choose ([HFXWH)
1-1-4 Execute the function module on the table =0<&86720(56Bthat you

created in the last exercise.
1-1-5 Can you also read data from a neighboring group s table using this function
module?
1-1-6 Execute the function module on a remote SAP R/3 System, entering the
RFC destination provided by the instructor. Read the table .1$on the
remote system, using the same selection criteria as in exercise 1-1-3. What
happens when you try to read the table =0<&86720(56Bon the remote
system?
SAP AG
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Business Object Repository (BOR):
1-2-1 Search for &XVWRPHUin the %25(transaction SWO2).

1-2-2 Which methods does this business object include? Which of the methods are
BAPIs?
*1-2-3
1-3
Test the &XVWRPHU*HW'HWDLOBAPI. Instantiate the business object with

customer 1000 and enter company code 1000. Which train station (7UDLQ
6WDW) is listed in the general customer information
(&86720(5*(1(5$/'(7$,/)?
Data transfer using OLE.

1-3-1 Call the user list (transaction SM04). Transfer the data to an Excel
spreadsheet by choosing 6SUHDGVKHHW. Choose 7DEOH as the processing
mode.
(If you are familiar with Excel, you can calculate the most frequently used
logon client.)
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Communication using RFC:

1-1-1 Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVVPHQX 7RROV$%$3:RUNEHQFK
'HYHORSPHQW)XQFWLRQ%XLOGHU(transaction SE37). Enter function
module RFC_READ_TABLE and choose 'LVSOD\. The function module
program code appears. To go to the function module documentation, choose
*RWR)XQFWLRQPRGXOHGRFXPHQWDWLRQ. You can read tables in your own
or remote SAP Systems (using RFC) using this function module.
1-1-2 The name of the function module indicates it supports RFC. However, there
are many function modules that support RFC that are named differently (for
example, %$3,B ). The critical point is that the developer selected 5HPRWH
HQDEOHGPRGXOHfor 3URFHVVLQJW\SHon the $WWULEXWHVtab page.
1-1-3 To execute the function module, choose 7HVW([HFXWH).To read the data
from the table, enter its name in the field 48(5<B7$%/(.
Enter 5 in the field 52:&2817.
Double-click the field ),(/'6. You can now select the table fields that you
want to see. Enter MANDT under ),(/'1$0(. Then choose 1HZOLQH.
Enter KUNNR in the new field, and then repeat the process and enter
BAHNS Choose the JUHHQDUURZ) to return to the test entry screen.
Choose ([HFXWH)
You can see how many table lines you have read under '$7$. Click on the
icon next to the number of entries. The system displays the lines that you
selected from table .1$without formatting.
1-1-4 Start the function module 5)&B5($'B7$%/(again in the test environment

in transaction SE37 and select your own table =0<&86720(56B.
Follow the instructions for exercise 1-1-3, but without setting a maximum
number of hits or specific table fields.
1-1-5 Same procedure as in exercise 1-1-4. However, this time specify the table
=0<&86720(56B.
1-1-6 This follows the same process as exercise 1-1-3. The only difference is that
this time you enter the RFC destination that your instructor gives you under
5)&WDUJHWV\VWHP. Note that RFC destinations are case-sensitive. You have
selected the data in table KNA1 on the remote system. If you try to read the
table ZMYCUSTOMERS_## to using an RFC connection, the error
message 7DEOHQRWDYDLODEOH will be displayed. This is because the table
ZMYCUSTOMERS_## does not exist in the remote system.
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Business Object Repository (BOR):

1-2-1 Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVVPHQX 7RROV$%$3:RUNEHQFK2YHUYLHZ
%XVLQHVV2EMHFW%URZVHU(transaction SWO2). You can perform a
manual search of the displayed component hierarchy, or you can use the
search function (Choose %LQRFXODUV icon or (GLW)LQG). For details about
the business object &XVWRPHUdouble-click this line.
1-2-2 BAPIs are indicated using green dots in the method list for the business
object. Hint: To navigate directly to the ABAP code behind the BAPI, click
the JUHHQGRW.
*1-2-3 In the detail display of the business object &XVWRPHU, choose 7HVW([HFXWH
). A test environment is generated for you in the same way as in
exercise 1-1.
If you want to use the data for an existing customer, click first of all on the
6KHHWRISDSHUicon, ,QVWDQFH, then enter the (existing) customer 1000.
Execute the method *(7'(7$,/by choosing the JUHHQFKHFNicon. Enter
the company code 1000 under &203$1<&2'(and choose the JUHHQ
FKHFNicon, ([HFXWH)
The system displays the detail data for customer . Click on the VWDPS
icon. You will see the train station %HUOLQ7LHUJDUWHQamong others, under
75$,1B67$7.
1-3
Data transfer using 2/(.

Excel is started on your Frontend by 2/(, and the display data from
transaction SM04 is transferred. The calculation of the most frequently used
logon client is left up to your imagination.
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The mySAP.com :RUNSODFH is the user interface and entry point for activity-related content.
Access to the Workplace and all of the applications accessed through it is possible by logging on
only once (6LQJOH6LJQ2Q).
The user can individually configure the Workplace. The Workplace is also delivered in a number of
different industry- and role- specific versions according to the requirements of the customer. By
adding frequently used links and transactions, the Workplace can be adjusted to the needs of the
individual users. The 'UDJ 5HODWHfunction is implemented throughout.
The Workplace allows access to a range of mySAP.com and external components. These are called
over the Internet or an internal network (intranet) using Single Sign-On.
All component systems are accessed from the Workplace screen. SAP R/3 Systems are Internet- and
intranet-enabled as of SAP R/3 Release 3.1. Important mySAP.com components are Knowledge
Warehouse (KW), Business Information Warehouse (BW), Customer Relationship Management
(CRM), Advanced Planner & Optimizer (APO), Strategic Enterprise Management (SEM), Corporate
Finance Management (CFM), and Business-to-Business Procurement (BBP).
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The Workplace architecture consists of three layers.

To be able to access the Workplace, the user requires a Web browser on his or her 'HVNWRS
The browsers communications partner is a Web server. This is part of the 0LGGOHZDUH of the
Workplace. Another important part is the Internet Transaction Server (ITS), which connects the
Web server and backend systems. One of the instances of the ITS is the PortalBuilder. This is
assigned to a particular backend system, the Workplace Server. If the Drag&Relate function is
activated at installation, this is performed by Drag&Relate Servlets and SAP DCOM.
A range of %DFNHQG6\VWHPV can be linked to the Workplace. One of the most important is the
Workplace Server, which handles the Role specifications and, if implemented, the central user
administration. The other systems (R/3, APO, BW, KW, BBP, CRM, and so on) are described as
component systems.
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To make common tasks and organizational processes easier, SAP offers the Employee Self-Service
(ESS). Using this solution, administration costs can be reduced; individual employees deal with
many of the administrative matters themselves at their work centers.
Using ESS, employees can, for example, request vacation, order office materials, change their own
address and bank details, and so on.
Access is browser-based using an intranet. The employee logs on to ESS, and, for example, requests
vacation. The request goes to the supervisors Inbox using a Workflow. If the request is approved,
the employee receives notification and the vacation is entered in the associated HR system.
With SAP R/3 Release 4.6C, ESS is integrated into the Workplace. Using the delivered role
Employee Self-Service, the ESS functions can be accessed from the Workplace.
ESS offers many advantages to both companies and employees. A reduction of administrative effort
and the associated costs, quick access to your own administrative matters, simple processing of
requests, orders, and so on.
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6$3%XVLQHVVWR%XVLQHVV3URFXUHPHQW (SAP BBP) is an e-Commerce component for business

purchases. It creates a seamless connection between purchasers of production-independent goods and
services and suppliers, and can be directly linked to the SAP ERP System. SAP Business-toBusiness Procurement supports all procurement processes, from the requirement coverage request,
through the goods receipt to the invoice payment.
SAP BBP offers:

Involvement of employees in procurement using user-friendly Self Service functions
Higher productivity and quicker purchasing management using new business scenarios
Access to product information through the integration of almost any online catalog
Simple, direct links to e-Commerce Marketplaces
Quick communication with suppliers
Flexible implementation scenarios
Support for several backend systems
Efficient processing of invoices and payments
Secure data transfer
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The employee only requires a :HEEURZVHUthat communicates with a :HEVHUYHU.
The employee chooses the products to be ordered from an electronic catalog. As well as having
access to the (empty) catalog provided by SAP, you can include H[WHUQDOFDWDORJV\VWHPVas long
as they fulfill the specifications for the Business-to-Business Procurement Open Catalog (BBP-OCI)
Interface.
The ,QWHUQHW7UDQVDFWLRQ6HUYHU (ITS) connects the Web server and the (OHFWURQLF&RPPHUFH
(EC) system. The management of the shopping basket, the authorization process, and later also the
receipt confirmation all run in the EC system.
SAP BBP 2.0 supports various scenarios for connecting to %DFNHQG6\VWHPV:
FODVVLF: All materials management runs in one or more external systems (SAP R/3, SAP R/2 or
non-SAP ERP Software).
OLQNHG: The requirement coverage request for non-production-related goods and services are
processed directly by the EC system and the orders and all follow-on documents are created. You
continue to order production-related materials and services using the materials management in
your ERP system.
VWDQGDORQH: You have no materials management in your ERP system and use the materials
management functions in SAP BBP for all non-production-related procurement.
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The order is sent to the vendor in XML format using the %XVLQHVV&RQQHFWRU.
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The 6$3%XVLQHVV,QIRUPDWLRQ:DUHKRXVH%: is the mySAP.com business component with

which data can be extracted from operational business applications (Online Transaction Processing
Systems (OLTP) and analyzed. As well as OLTP Systems such as R/3 and SAP BBP, external data
sources such as databases or online services can be connected.
SAP Business Information Warehouse supports Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) and is
especially suited to processing large volumes of operational and historical data.
SAP BW contains all the necessary metadata for fast-moving business processes. These include
InfoSources, InfoObjects, InfoCubes and Standard reports, transfer structures for all supported
releases, and communications structures and update rules for each InfoCube. These elements are part
of a ready-to-go strategy that supports automatic data transfer and immediate analysis after
installation of the system and designation of the source system.
SAP BW requests the application data at regular intervals from the assigned source systems (pull
mechanism). For this purpose, the backend systems include extractors that collect data and deliver it
to the SAP Business Information Warehouse.
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The %XVLQHVV([SORUHU (BEx) is used to analyze and evaluate BW information, while the
$GPLQLVWUDWRU:RUNEHQFK is used to maintain the SAP BW Systems. Information about the
InfoCubes that helps the end user find the appropriate InfoCubes for his or her needs is stored in the
,QIR$UHD.
The 2/$33URFHVVRU (Online Analytical Processor) processes queries about the ,QIR&XEHV.
InfoCubes are the central data store in BW (for more information, see the next slide). The InfoCubes
are accessed using the 'DWD0DQDJHU. This could be simple access, access to InfoCubes that are
linked to each other (Multicubes), or to Remote InfoCubes which are data structures comparable to
InfoCubes. They do not contain any data themselves, but allow direct access to the backend system.
The 6WDJLQJ(QJLQH assists with data retrieval. It takes the data delivered by the H[WUDFWRUV and
creates InfoSources from it, which are transferred to the 2SHUDWLRQDO'DWD6WRUH 2'6 or directly
to the InfoCubes.
The data is stored temporarily in the 2'6, before it is processed into InfoCubes. It is possible to load
the BW in two steps using the ODS. In this way, consistency checks can be executed at the ODS
level, before the data is processed into InfoCubes.
Information that the BW itself requires is stored in the 0HWDGDWD5HSRVLWRU\(comparable to the

ABAP Dictionary in SAP R/3). The 0HWDGDWD0DQDJHU is used to access the Metadata Repository.
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,QIR&XEHV are the central data objects of the SAP Business Warehouse. The cubes are
multidimensional data cubes that contain specially prepared data from the component system
connected to the BW System. BW bases reports, queries and analyses on them.
From a technical point of view, InfoCubes are collections of relational tables arranged according to a
star schema: large fact tables, surrounded by several dimensions tables (equivalent to the sides of the
data cube). You can access the fact tables through the dimensions tables using simple foreign key
relationships.
4XHULHV provide various views of the company data. The queries are based on InfoCubes, from
which they filter data that they then compress and process and to the desired quantity (which can be
displayed in table or in graphical form). The queries are processed by the OLAP processor.
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With the SAP Knowledge Warehouse (KW), SAP provides a way of collecting, managing, and
retrieving information in a structured fashion. Integration with mySAP.com and the possibility of
connecting to document management systems is ensured.
The SAP Knowledge Warehouse provides you with the documentation and training materials
produced by SAP; you can supplement these with your own content and with company-specific
documents and information. Help texts and so on can also be integrated. The entire editing process is
browser-based.
Tools for developing and managing information are provided. Info structures, models, and templates
are already contained in KW. Distribution of information can also implemented using KW.
KW is connected to the Business Workflow. If info objects are created or changed, the appropriate
workflow is triggered.
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The SAP Knowledge Warehouse architecture is implemented using an SAP R/3 System and one or
more file servers (content and cache servers).
The SAP R/3 System stores all of the control information, such as the authorizations of the accessing
user, object attributes, and document contexts. The mapping of logical and physical info objects is
also stored in the central SAP R/3 System.
The KWs contents are available on the FRQWHQWVHUYHU. The contents are stored in the KW
Repository as info objects. The content server is a file server and contains the changeable files in
authoring format (.ppt or .doc files) and in display format (.html or .gif). Every object is available
once in authoring format, but is distributed in display format.
On the FDFKHVHUYHUVto allow quick access,the objects are only available in display format.
Different content (such as languages, individual courses, and so on) can be distributed using different
servers.
Users can access the desired contents using a EURZVHU. When a user clicks a link, the SAP R/3
System creates the link to the requested physical object, and the respective info object is retrieved
from the content server by the cache server with which the user is connected.
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The $GYDQFHG3ODQQHUDQG2SWLPL]HU$32 provides a complete solution for the supply chain.
Every task in the process, from planning to optimization and checks, can be performed using APO.
APO is a dedicated solution with its own release cycle. Every component can be implemented as
an stand-alone system.
*OREDO$YDLODEOH7R3URPLVH*OREDO$73 Coordinates supply and demand worldwide, and
allows authoritative delivery confirmations to customers through the use of real-time checks and
sophisticated simulated processes.
3URGXFWLRQ3ODQQLQJDQG'HWDLOHG6FKHGXOLQJ Optimizes the use of resources and creates
production plans that help to make production cycles shorter and to react to changes in demand
quickly.
6XSSO\1HWZRUN3ODQQLQJ Coordinates procurement, production, and transport processes with
demand and allows clearing and optimization of your entire supply chain.
'HPDQG3ODQQLQJ Identifies and analyzes demand patterns and fluctuations and creates exact,
dynamic demand predictions.
6XSSO\&KDLQ&RFNSLW Models, monitors, and controls your supply chain using a speciallydesigned graphic interface. The Supply Chain Cockpit provides the user with a detailed view of all
activities and applications.
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APO is based on the standard mySAP.com technology (SAP Basis). The APO System can process
not only data from SAP R/3 Systems, but any other ERP systems can be connected to the APO using
ALE and BAPIs.
The chosen APO components (for example, global availability check, demand planning, and so on)
are installed on the APO server. When a user accesses a component, the APO server accesses the
data in the liveCache. The liveCache is a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that is
completely held in the main memory, providing noticeably faster access to data, even in complex
networks.
The data traffic between the backend system and the APO Server is reduced using the liveCache.
The liveCache database is synchronized with changed master data and new transaction data in the
ERP system behind it.
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6$3&XVWRPHU5HODWLRQVKLS0DQDJHPHQW&50 provides solutions that allow companies to

effectively manage their customer relationships throughout their life cycle. CRM assists the company
in understanding and anticipating the demands of its customers and its potential customers. SAP
CRM can be broadly divided into four main business scenarios:
0RELOH6DOHV6FHQDULR: Allows field staff complete access to all of the information necessary for
their work. The data is stored in a database on the laptop and is regularly reconciled with the CRM
System.
&RQWDFW&HQWHU6FHQDULR: Forms one of the key components of SAP CRM, along with the
Customer Interaction Center (CIC). CIC allows the processing of incoming and outgoing
telephone calls using the SAPphone Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) interface , the
processing of incoming and outgoing e-mails, and activity management (recording in the Contact
Center all contacts that are made). The CIC can be used for Service (Service Interaction Center
SIC), in Distribution, or in Marketing (Telesales or Telemarketing).
,QWHUQHW6DOHV6FHQDULR: Makes electronic business activities possible using the World Wide
Web: between companies (B2B and B2R; for more information, see SAP BBP below) and
between companies and end customers (B2C).
%XVLQHVVWR%XVLQHVV3URFXUHPHQW (SAP BBP): Is the SAP solution for business activities
between companies using the World Wide Web (for more information, see the previous slides on
SAP BBP).
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The CRM/BBP architecture can be described according to the four scenarios outlined above:
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Mobile Sales Scenario ((PSOR\HH Desktop Layer):

The Frontend (for example, on a laptop) and the Backend communicate using the 6$3'&20
&RQQHFWRU; a 0LFURVRIW7UDQVDFWLRQ6HUYHU076 can optionally be used as a buffer. Using thirdparty software (%DFN:HE), an Infocenter, that provides additional information (for example,
marketing brochures) can be connected.
Internet Sales Scenario (3ULYDWH&XVWRPHU Desktop Layer):

The Frontend (browser) and the Backend communicate using a Web server and ITS. As well as the
ITS, the ,QWHUQHW6DOHV0LGGOHZDUH also contains the Internet Pricing and Configurator (IPC),
another important component. The IPC provides price and product information without needing to
contact the Backend each time. SAP BW and SAP APO are optional components.
Contact Center Scenario (3ULYDWH&XVWRPHU Desktop Layer):

The architecture corresponds principally to that of Internet Sales Scenario; SAP APO is a required
Backend component for Telesales. In contrast, SAP BW and the Telephony Server are optional.
Business-to-Business Procurement ((PSOR\HH and %X\HU Desktop Layers):

The Frontend (browser) and Backend communicate using a Web server and ITS. As well as the ITS,
the %%30LGGOHZDUH contains internal catalogs and the SAP Business Connector for sending XML
messages (see above).
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The mySAP.com Marketplace is divided into four main areas:

In the &RPPXQLWLHV area, companies can create a YLUWXDOLQGXVWU\FRPPXQLW\. Members of
these communities exchange information in discussion forums. Cross-site cooperation is also
encouraged by the Communities.
Constantly updated content is also available on the Marketplace. Included in this is information
about industry conferences, industry news, and information about trends. The user can additionally
display, for example, current market prices for a stock portfolio that he or she has selected.
The &RPPHUFH area has its own industry directory. Companies that have entered the Marketplace
offer their products and services. Using integrated exchange of business documents, One-Step
Business is possible. You can subscribe to various Online Services at the mySAP.com Homepage.
,QWHUQHWEDVHG&ROODERUDWLRQ between companies is also made easier using the mySAP.com
Marketplace.
The Marketplace makes 2QH6WHS%XVLQHVVpossible Goods and services can be bought and sold in
a single operation. Two processing systems in the background of each Marketplace ensure correct
financial transactions.
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mySAP.com System technology integrates security mechanisms on several levels:
Presentation: TheSAP GUI software uses check sums to check for integrity each time the GUI
frontend is started. This also recognizes any computer viruses.
Network / Communication:A firewall and the SAProuter protect the internal network. You can
also use additional security mechanisms by integrating external security products such as
SECUDE or Kerberos.
Application:The authorization concept prevents unauthorized access to data and transactions.

Users must authenticate themselves using their user ID and password. The lock mechanism within
the system also prevents users from making changes to the same data simultaneously.
Internet: mySAP.com supports current Internet security standards, such as HTTPS.
Database:Only database administrators can access data in the database from outside the system.
The database manufacturers security mechanism is active here.
Passwords:Preconfigured users exist in clients 000 and 001 after the system has been installed.
These default users, DDIC and SAP*, have comprehensive authorizations. You should, therefore,
change their initial passwords as soon as possible.
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For more information about security, see the SAP Notes, the installation guide, the online
documentation, and the security guide.
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The SAP authorization conceptrecognizes a large number of different authorizations. These are all
managed centrally in the user master record for every user.
Authorizations are not directly assigned to users, but stored in work center descriptions (profiles).
These profiles are generated using the Profile Generator, which administers the profiles as roles.
Roles have additional attributes compared to profiles, such as validity period.
Users can be assigned one or more roles and are then assigned the authorizations associated with
those roles.
SAP R/3 Release 4.6 contains a large number of pre-defined roles. You can use these as is or copy
and tailor them to your specific needs.
Since SAP R/3 Release 4.5, SAP R/3 Systems have also included the Central User Administration
(CUA). Using this, it is possible to centrally administer users and their authorizations beyond system
borders. This means that once CUA is installed, users and their role assignments are only maintained
in one system, and these settings are transferred to other systems using ALE. Roles and profiles
continue to be administered on the relevant component systems.
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The system provides system administrators with a number of powerful tools to perform their daily
tasks. You can find the following functions in some of the transactions listed above:
Display server, user, work process, and background job overviews
Manage locks and updates
Lock transaction codes
Create system messages
Monitor system and cross-system components (see related information)
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Using the Computing Center Management System (CCMS) you can monitor, control and configure
an SAP R/3 System. You can use the tools to analyze system load and determine the resource
consumption of various system components, among other tasks.
CCMS provides you with a number of graphical monitors and administration functions:
Starting and stopping the system
System monitoring and analysis
Automatic reporting of system alerts

Dynamic user distribution
System configuration: Editing system profiles (not authorization profiles)
Processing and controlling background jobs, scheduling database backups
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Transaction RZ20 provides a system monitoring structure allowing centralized monitoring of many
system parameters and includes links to other analysis tools.
Open interfaces allow the incorporation of other system monitoring tools (including non-SAP tools).
Several systems can be monitored, provided an RFC connection with the other system is possible
and configured.
You can create your own system monitor views. These can be used to provide specific people with
only those alerts they are interested in.
All threshold values can be easily changed. The average dialog response time in the last 15 minutes
is an example of a typical monitoring attribute.
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SAP Service Marketplace (http://service.sap.com)
Users can consult SAPs extensive database of notes if they have any questions, or if any problems
occur, before they create a problem message.
In the SAP Service Marketplace you can find current messages, documentation, tools (QuickSizer)
and much more. You can also use the discussion forums to offer and search for information. Our
goal is to make the vast store of customer knowledge available to a wide audience. For more
information, see the .QRZOHGJHDQG7UDLQLQJ section of the SAP Service Marketplace.
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GoingLive and EarlyWatch:
Remote consulting:
Additional services: Remote upgrade, remote archiving, conversion, migration, euro services, and
other services.
The GoingLive check occurs shortly before an SAP R/3 System is used in production. This test
checks that the system meets the requirements set. An EarlyWatch session recognizes performance
bottlenecks in an SAP R/3 System before they become a problem, and proposes suitable solutions.
During a remote consulting session, an SAP consultant accesses your SAP R/3 System at a time
you specify and attempts to analyze and solve problems in your system from their workstation.
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The SAP Service Marketplace is only accessible for customers with a valid user ID.
In the SAP Service Marketplace, you can, among other things:
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Write system problem messages to SAP
Search the SAP Notes database for help
Read SAP HotNews, which contains information about Support Packages or new SAP Service
Marketplace functions
Request developer keys for developers and for SAP standard objects
Use Support Packages to install corrections in your SAP R/3 System
Find up-to-date SAP training information from the online training catalog, available in the 0DOO
section of the SAP Service Marketplace.
Allow an SAP employee to dial in to your system for fast problem solving (through a service
connection).
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Call two important system transactions and describe their functions
Use the SAP Notes database
Describe system monitoring
No scenario
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1-1
User administration
1-1-1 Call 8VHUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ. Enter your own user and lock it without logging
out of the current session. Try to log on again. Unlock your user in the
session that is still running and try to log on again.
Now change the password for your user back to init. Do you now have to
enter a new password when you log on? Can you use your old password
again?
HINT: Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV$GPLQVWUDWLRQ8VHU
PDLQWHQDQFH8VHUV(transaction SU01).
1-2
System Log
1-2-1 Have there been any logon attempts today using locked users in the client in
which you are working ?
Hint: To see this information , choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV
$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ0RQLWRU6\VWHPORJ(transaction SM21).
*1-3
System monitoring:
*1-3-1 Determine the average dialog response time in the last 24 hours.
Hint: 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV&&06&RQWURO0RQLWRU
$OHUWPRQLWRU(transaction RZ20). Choose 6$3&&060RQLWRU7HPSODWHV
and thendouble-click'LDORJ2YHUYLHZ
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SAP Service Markteplace, SAP Notes Databases (The instructor will provide a SAP
Service Markteplace user; usually the same user you use for the course feedback.):
1-4-1 Find Note 124743. What is the subject of the Note?
Procedure: Start Microsoft Internet Explorer. Use the link created for course
feedback. In the address bar, enter the address KWWSVHUYLFHVDSFRPClick
the 6$31RWHV link on the SAP Service Marketplace homepage, or enter the
alias QRWHVafter http://....sap..../
1-4-2 Find notes about the application area XX-SER-SWREL. In the 6HDUFKWH[W
field, enter 64 bit as an additional search term.
What is the number of the Note with the title Released Operating Systems
SAP Kernel 4.6x SAP DB?
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1-1-1 Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ8VHU
0DLQWHQDQFH8VHUV(transaction SU01). Enter your own user and choose
8VHU/RFN8QORFN, and then /RFN in the following window. You are now
no longer able to log on. Now unlock your user in the session that is still
open by choosing 8VHU/RFN8QORFN, and then 8QORFN in the following
window. You are now able to log on again.
Choose 8VHU&KDQJHSDVVZRUG and enter the new password init.
When you log on again, you must now choose a new password. This new
password must not be the same as any of your five previous passwords.
1-2
System log
1-2-1 Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ6\VWHPORJ
(transaction SM21). Restrict the time to be considered to today, with the
start time 00:00:00. Restrict the users to SAP50-*, and choose 6\VWHP
ORJ5HUHDGV\VWHPORJ). Check if there were logon attempts by
locked users.
1-3
System monitoring
1-3-1 Choose 6$3(DV\$FFHVV0HQX7RROV&&06&RQWURO0RQLWRULQJ
$OHUWPRQLWRU. Choose 6$3&&060RQLWRU7HPSODWHV and then 'LDORJ
2YHUYLHZ. Select your own instance under 'LDORJ5HVSRQVH7LPH and
choose 'LVSOD\'HWDLOV. You will now see the response times for the last 30
minutes, and for the last 24 hours.
1-4
SAP Service Marketplace and SAP Notes

1-4-1 For procedure, see exercise description. The note describes how to connect
to the SAP Service Marketplace in the Internet.
1-4-2 Note number 156551.
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On the slide above, you can enter the following processes and names (some are already there):
The names of the three client / server layers
The name of the servers where SAP R/3 is running (in this case: idwf)
The name of the database (in this case T70)
Distribute the following as described by the instructor:

The SAPGUI processes
The dispatcher processes
The work processes D, V, E, B, S (including the proper number of each)
The gateway service and the message server
A specific, named RDBMS (for example, the type of database your company uses)
An operating system on all servers shown
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ABAP
Advanced Business Application Programming: SAPs programming

language.
ABAP Dictionary
Central storage area for all system data and data structures in the
SAP R/3 System.
ABAP Editor
You can develop and maintain ABAP programs using the ABAP
editor.
ABAP Interpreter
Evaluates the statements of ABAP programs during runtime.
Administrator Workbench
Tool for controlling, monitoring and maintaining all of the

processes connected with data retrieval and processing in the
Business Information Warehouse.
AGate
Application Gateway: Main processing component of the Internet

Transaction Server (ITS). It connects the ITS with a component
system.
ALE
Application Link Enabling: Makes possible the distribution of

business processes and functions to multiple, loosely connected
SAP systems.
ALE Distribution Model
Describes the ALE data flow between logical systems. In the

distribution model, the relationships between logical systems,
message types, BAPIs and filters are defined.
APO
Advanced Planner & Optimizer: Software solution for dynamic

Supply Chain Management; the active processing of the entire
Supply Chain, from suppliers through to customers.
Application Server
Server (from the software point of view) that provides a range of

services for the operation of a SAP R/3 System. The terms instance
(see also its entry) and application server are generally used
synonymously in the SAP environment.
Application Toolbar
The application toolbar contains pushbuttons that provide the user

with quick access to application-specific functions. It is placed on
the graphical user interface underneath the title bar.
ASAP
AcceleratedSAP: Continuous, phase-oriented SAP implementation

solution for efficient installation and continual optimization of SAP
Solutions.
ASAP Roadmap
Map representation of the five phases of AcceleratedSAP that are

necessary for SAP R/3 installation.
Asynchronous Update
Update during which dialog processing and actual update of the

database occur separately, in order to maintain the consistency of
the data.
Authorization
Permission to execute a particular action in the SAP R/3 System.
Backend System
Dedicated data processing system with its own database (for

example, mySAP.com component systems).
SAP AG
SAP50
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Background Process
Process with which data can be processed in the background (not

interactively), while other processes can be executed in parallel on
the users screen.
BAPI
Business Application Programming Interface: Functional interfaces

that use the business methods of the business objects.
Batch Input
Process that allows large amounts of data to be transferred to a SAP

R/3 System without user interaction. (First transfer of legacy data as
well as periodic imports of external data). Consistency checks are
performed with the help of standard programs that are also used in
dialog.
Batch Process
Background process (see %DFNJURXQG3URFHVV).
Batch Scheduler
The Batch Scheduler runs periodically and searches for jobs, that
are to be executed with a certain start time .
BBP
Business-to-Business Procurement: Business process in ECommerce that allows employees to purchase goods and services
direct from the providers.
BDC Table
Table that determines the structure of the data to be imported using

batch input.
BOR
Business Object Repository: Directory of all Business object types.
Browser
see :HE%URZVHU
Buffer
Area in the main memory of an instance in which data that is

frequently required by applications is temporarily stored.
Business Connector
Software component for exchanging XML messages between

different systems.
Business Framework
The SAP Business Framework allows customers and partners to

connect their own components to SAP systems.
Business Object
Abstract technical representation within a program of a real

business object.
BW
SAP Business Information Warehouse: Allows the evaluation of

data from operating SAP applications as well as non-SAP
applications.
Cache Server
Temporary storage area for Knowledge Warehouse information.
Call Transaction
Process that allows large amounts of data to be transferred to SAP

systems. The data is processed faster by Call transaction than by
batch input, as call transaction does not automatically support
interactive correction or protocol functions.
CATT
Business processes can both be combined into repeatable test

procedures and automated using a Computer Aided Test Tool
(CATT).
CCMS
Computer Center Management System: Tool for monitoring,

controlling and configuring the SAP R/3 System.
SAP AG
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Central Instance
Instance (see also ,QVWDQFH), which contains the Message Server.

Typically, however, the central instance also provides all of the
other necessary processes for the operation of SAP systems.
CFM
Corporate Finance Management: SAP initiative that provides a

comprehensive package for managing financial resources and
analyzing and optimizing business processes in the financial area of
an organization.
Change Request
(also known as a Transport Request) Information carrier in the

Transport Organizer for creating, managing, and transporting
changes to Repository Objects and Customizing settings.
Channel
Preselected transaction or web site that is displayed automatically or

on demand with updated information.
ChannelBar
Strip at the left edge of the mySAP.com Workplace browser

window that displays the status of the available Channels.
Check Table
Is used to ensure the consistency of the data in a table. The fields of

the table to be checked are compared with the check table during
data input (Foreign Key Relationship).
Class Builder
Tool for creating and maintaining global ABAP classes and

interfaces.
Client (Software View)
Software component that engages the service of a server (softwaretechnical view).

In commercial, organizational and technical terms, a self-contained
unit in a SAP R/3 System.
Client (Technical View)
Combo Box
Button for calling the F4 help.
Command Field
Element of the standard toolbar used for entering commands, such

as transaction codes.
COMMIT WORK
ABAP command for the termination of a business transaction.
Communications Interface
Interface, using which data is exchanged between programs

according to defined protocols.
Component System
Generic term for the mySAP.com systems included in the

Workplace.
Content Server
Physical view of storage media. The SAP Knowledge Provider can

use various physical storage media. These are described as Content
Servers.
CPI-C
Common Programming Interface-Communication: CPI-C is a

communication protocol, that is, a set of rules for communication
between programs.
CRM
Customer Relationship Management: Generic term for the targeted

shaping of customer relationships with the aim of creating a longterm connection with the customer.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-5
CSS
Cascading Style Sheet: Extension that allows the flexible layout of

HTML pages and means that frequently used format values and
fonts need only be defined once.
CUA
Central User Administration: A system group consists of multiple

SAP systems with multiple clients. It is often the case that the same
users are created and the same roles assigned in every client. The
Central User Administration allows this task to be performed in a
central system and the data to be transferred to the systems in the
system group.
Customizing
Configurations that must be set during the system installation, in

order, for example, to adapt the organization-neutral delivered
functions to the specific business demands of an organization.
Customizing Organizer
From Release 4.6C, identical to the Transport Organizer.
Data Element
ABAP Dictionary object. Describes the business meaning of a table

field and provides key words, titles, a documentation text, and a
domain.
Database Interface
Component of a work process that connects it to the database. It

converts Open SQL to SQL that the database understands and
allows communication with the database.
Debugger
ABAP Workbench tool, with which errors in ABAP programs can

be discovered and corrected.
Developer Key
This is required to be able to execute your own developments in

SAP systems. (also known as SSCR Key)
Development Class
Group of development objects that belong together logically.
DIAG
Dynamic Information and Action Gateway: Protocol for

communication between the SAP GUI and the application server
(also known as SAP GUI Protocol).
Dialog Process
Dictionary
(see :RUN3URFHVV)
See $%$3'LFWLRQDU\.
Direct Input
Alternative to the Batch Input procedure. Using Direct Input, the

consistency checks are performed by function modules created by
SAP. Generally faster than Batch Input.
Dispatcher
Central process of an instance. The dispatcher is responsible for

starting work processes and the distribution of the transaction load
to the work processes.
Domain
Object that describes the technical attributes of an object, such as

the data type and the length of a field.
Drag&Drop
Using Drag&Drop, you can select objects with the mouse pointer
from one area (source) and drop them in another (target).
SAP AG
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Drag&Relate
Browser-based navigation tool that makes it possible to link data

from one application with another application. Using this method,
SAP applications and applications in the Web can be linked.
Drag&Relate Servlet
Processes information requests, that are transmitted to the

mySAP.com Workplace system landscape from a source system
through Drag&Relate actions .
Dynpro
DYNamic PROgram: A dynpro consists of a screen and the

underlying flow logic.
EarlyWatch
Service during which SAP specialists check the system for

resources and system bottlenecks, uncover potential problem
situations, and offer suggestions for optimization.
EDI
Electronic Data Interchange: Cross-company, electronic data

exchange between business partners nationally and internationally
that can use different hardware, software and communications
services.
Enqueue Process
(see ZRUNSURFHVV)
Enqueue Table
Table in which a list of current locks is held.
Entity
Abstract object that is used in data models (SERM) and is generally

as a table or a view.
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP systems provide company-wide

resource planning using targeted Workflow Management. ERP
encompasses Back Office Systems such as production, finance,
human resources, distribution, and materials management systems.
ESS
Employee Self Service: Allows the active participation of

employees in business processes of human resources management.
They can display, create or maintain certain data, regardless of time
and place, using simple to operate web browsers.
F1 Help
Short help text for the field in which the cursor is currently
positioned (F1 Key).
F4 Help
Input Help: List of possible input values for a screen field (F4 Key).
Favorites
Folder in the Easy Access Menu for transactions or Web addresses

that a user frequently uses. The contents of the Favorites can be
managed by the end user and their contents decided individually or
by group.
Firewall
Protects a local network against unauthorized access from outside.
Foreign Key
Is used to check the consistency of the data. Relationships between

tables are defined using foreign keys. (Foreign Key Tables and
Check Tables).
SAP AG
SAP50
9-7
Foreign Key Relationship
Relationship between two tables. In a foreign key, fields of one

table (the foreign key table) are assigned as the primary key fields
of another table (the check table). Foreign keys are used, among
other things, to check screen input.
Foreign Key Table
Table that is checked against the Check Table using the Foreign
Key Relationship.
Forward Navigation
Starting the ABAP Editor by positioning the cursor on a program

name in the ABAP Workbench and then double clicking.
Frame
A WWW page can consist of multiple HTML pages that are

separated by visible or invisible frames.
Frontend
Computer at a work station.
Function Builder
Tool for creating and maintaining function modules.
Function Module
Program module written in ABAP, that is developed in the Function

Builder.
Gateway
Interface that translates one protocol into another.
GoingLive Service
Service during the transition from the preproductive environment to

productive operation. As part of this, a long-term support structure
(Help Desk) for users is put in place and the system use and
technical environment are optimized.
GuiXT
Tool for adjusting the SAP standard interface, using which, for
example, the addition of new screen elements (such as check boxes,
pushbuttons, graphics, and documentation) or the conversion and
relocation of fields is possible.
HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language. Contains formatting instructions

(which a web browser can interpret), and links to other documents
or objects.
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: Protocol used between Web Server

and Web Client.
HTTPS
HTTP with SSL. Data packets that are transferred over an HTTPS
connection, are encoded using Secure Socket Layer (SSL).
IDoc Interface
Intermediate Document Interface: Definition of formats (IDocTypes) and methods (port descriptions) for electronic data exchange
between SAP systems.
IIS Web Server
Internet Information Server.
InfoCube
Central object, on which reports and analyses in the Business

Information Warehouse are based. An InfoCube describes a selfcontained dataset (from the Reporting point of view) for example,
a business area.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-8
InfoObject
Information entity in the SAP Knowledge Warehouse. This can be

documents, presentations, videos, brochures, flow diagrams,
schematic illustrations, table calculations or audio files.
Instance
Administrative entity, in which components of SAP systems that

offer one or more services are combined (in general, the dispatcher
and work processes). Within an instance, the services provided are
started and stopped together. (see also central instance)
Interface Repository
Storage for interface definitions - for example, for data exchange

using XML. (see also http://ifr.sap.com)
ISAPI
Internet Server Application Programming Interface: Microsoftsoftware interface for application programs used for creating Web
applications.
ITS
Internet Transaction Server: Interface between the component

systems and the Internet. The ITS allows Internet and intranet users
to communicate directly with SAP systems by starting business
transactions, function modules, and reports as Internet applications.
It consists of two main components the WGate and the AGate.
Job
Closed chain of programs that are processed one after another in

batch mode using certain control commands.
Join
Group of several tables. To use this, each set of two tables in the
join need to have the same column.
KW
Knowledge Warehouse: Integrated environment for creating,

translating, presenting, distributing, and managing Multimedia
content. The Knowledge Warehouse provides comprehensive tools
and functions to support operational knowledge management and
transfer.
LAN
A Local Area Network (LAN) stretches over only a small physical

region for example, within a company site. In contrast, Wide Area
Networks (WAN) can stretch over large distances.
LaunchPad
Role-specific activity list in the Workplace, that contains links to

SAP components and the Web.
Live Cache
Tool in APO for processing large quantities of data in the main

memory that makes possible the shared use of data by several
applications.
Lock
If a user changes a data record with a transaction, a second user

cannot access the same data record to make changes at the same
time. This record is locked for the duration of the processing
(ENQUEUE) and is only released, or unlocked,
afterwards(DEQUEUE).
SAP AG
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Lock Object
Tables that are to be locked with a lock request are entered, with
their key fields, in a lock object. In the simplest case, a lock object
consists of exactly one table, and the lock argument of the table is
the primary key of this table.
Logon Load Balancing
Dynamic distribution of the users on the available instances at the

time of logon.
LU6.2
Logical Unit Type 6.2: Software protocol that defines the

communication between IBM mainframes and other systems.
LUW
Logical Unit of Work: An SAP LUW is a logically inseparable

sequence of dialog steps, whose changes must be executed within a
single database LUW. A database LUW is an indivisible sequence
of database operations. It is either executed completely or not at all
by the database system.
Master Record
Data that remains unchanged for a longer period of time. They

contain information that is required again and again in the same
way.
Menu Painter
Tool for creating and configuring the graphical interface (menus) of

an ABAP program.
Message Server
Standalone program that holds a list of instances in the system. The

Message-Server specifies the instance on which the user logs on and
organizes communication between the instances.
Metadata
ABAP-Dictionary: Data that describe other data. Metadata is data

definitions, that are usually stored in a data dictionary.
BW: Metadata is data about data. They describe origin, history and
other aspects of the data. Using metadata, the information that is
stored in the Business Information Warehouse can be more
effectively used for reporting and analysis.
Middleware
Communications software on a server, that replicates, synchronizes,

monitors and distributes data between the center (network) and
applications outside the network or other systems such as the
Business Warehouse or SAP R/3.
MiniApp
Simple and intuitive to use Web application or document. As an

initial screen, MiniApps provide the user (after the mySAP.com
Workplace has been started) a quick overview and access to the
information that is most important for him/her. The WorkSpace of
the Workplace can contain several MiniApps.
Modification
Customer-specific change to SAP Repository objects.
Modification Assistant
Logs changes to Repository objects; provides a detailed overview of

modifications and reduces the required effort when upgrading.
SAP AG
SAP50
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mySAP.com
Comprehensive SAP solution concept for optimal integration of all

relevant business processes using the Internet. mySAP.com
provides a seamless, continuous integration between SAP solutions
and external systems covering all business processes and in this way
delivers a complete business environment for electronic commerce.
Native SQL
Database-specific SQL dialect. Native SQL allows the execution of

(almost) all statements that are provided by the database and its
SQL programming interfaces for the direct execution of an SQL
program text. A Native SQL statement largely avoids the SAP R/3
database interface: No table logs are made, and no synchronization
with the buffer on the application server takes place.
NSAPI
Netscape Server Application Programming Interface: Netscape

software interface for application programs for the creation of Web
applications.
Object Navigator
Navigation tool for managing development objects.
OLE
Object Linking and Embedding: Makes it possible to link objects

from one application with another application.
OLTP System
Online Transaction Processing System: ERP system that processes

transactions. The APO system generally works in connection with
an OLTP system. The OLTP system provides the APO system with
the necessary planning-relevant data. The APO system delivers the
planning results back to the OLTP system. In the OLTP system, the
planning is completed, the production and planning are triggered,
confirmed, and so on.
One-Step Business
Interlocking of business processes between business partners, for

example, using a Marketplace.
Online Correction Support
OCS encompasses various tools with which Support Packages

(Patches) can easily be collected from SAP, and imported into the
system.
Open SQL
Statements, that come partly from ANSI SQL, and are partly SAPs
own. They allow ABAP programs consistent access to data,
independent of the installed database system.
PAI
Process After Input: Processing block in the screen flow logic.

Calls PAI modules in the ABAP program and determines which
processes occur after a user action on the screen.
Parameter Id
A default value can be entered in field using a Parameter-Id (for

example, from the maintenance of your own user defaults).
PBO
Process Before Output, Processing block in the screen flow logic.

Calls PBO modules in the ABAP program and determines which
processes occur before a screen is sent.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-11
Platform
Combination of database system, operating system, and hardware.
Plug-In
Additional program that extends the functionality of a software

system.
Portability
Transportability of applications between different platforms.
Portal
Pages that serve as an entry for Internet users, immediately deliver

the information relevant to them and create a platform for visiting
other Web sites.
Portal Builder
Service of the ITS that is responsible for the creation of the HTML
page. As part of this, it performs the role-dependent administration
of the LaunchPad and the MiniApps. When creating the Workplace
on the Frontend, the Portal Builder communicates directly with the
Workplace Server.
Presentation Interface
see SAP GUI
Primary Key
Key to explicitly identify lines of a table.
Primary Key Field
Field of a table, the content of which is defined as the part of the

primary key.
Profile (Authorization)
Combines authorizations. Authorization profiles for a user are

contained in the user master record.
Profile Generator
The profile generator automatically creates authorization profiles on

the basis of the activities (transactions) contained in a role.
Query
In BW: Combination of a selection of criteria and key figures

(InfoObjects) for analysis of the data for an InfoCube or an ODS
Object. A query always relates only to one InfoCube or to one ODS
Objekt, while as many queries as desired may be defined for one
InfoCube/ODS Object.
RDBMS
Relational Database Management System: Set of processes that

process data in the appropriate database using SQL resources. The
data and relationships between pieces of data are held in the form
of two-dimensional tables.
Report
Executable program that consists of three pre-defined steps: data

input, data processing, data output.
Repository
Central storage area for all ABAP Workbench development objects.
Request Queue
Queue in which incoming requests for the dispatcher (in general,

from the Frontend) are placed. There is a queue for each dispatcher,
and for each work process type offered there.
RFC
Remote Function Call: SAP interface protocol based on CPI-C.

Using this, predefined functions can be called and executed on a
remote system - or within the same system.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-12
Role
In the context of mySAP.com, roles describe a collection of

activities that are necessary for a business scenario. The Workplace
provides a role-based view of all functions that the user requires for
his or her business scenario.
Roll Area
The roll area is a fixed memory area that belongs to a work process.
The user context is held in the roll area.
Roll File
The roll file physically extends the storage area of the roll buffer
(Roll file stored on hard disk).
Runtime Environment
Set of all data and programs, that are available during runtime.
Runtime System
see 5XQWLPH(QYLURQPHQW
SAP Application Model
Model of the business connections and processes in the SAP R/3

applications.
SAP Basis
All of the processes that mediate between the application layer

(ABAP Programs) and the operating system and database layer.
SAP DCOM
Distributed Component Object Model: Standardized basis for the

creation and integration of distributed software components.
External client applications can use DCOM as an infrastructure for
communication with SAP servers, in order to access mySAP.com
components.
SAP Easy Access
Navigation menu that provides a user-specific entry screen for the

SAP R/3 System.
SAP GUI
The SAP Graphical User Interface is the graphical user interface of

the SAP R/3 System. It makes access to the application, and data
input and output, possible.
SAP GUI for HTML
GUI that runs in a Web Browser, and dynamically generates

HTML pages on the basis of SAP screens. Is actually part of ITS.
SAP GUI for JAVA
Platform-independent GUI, which requires a Java environment on

your workplace PC.
SAP GUI for Windows
GUI for 32bit Windows workplaces.
SAP Help Portal
Access to the SAP Libraries for different releases.
SAP Library
Comprehensive information collection for SAP, which covers the

whole SAP System. You can access the SAP library from the SAP
R/3 System by choosing 6$3/LEUDU\ or $SSOLFDWLRQKHOSfrom the
+HOSmenu.
SAP Service Marketplace
SAPs worldwide information and communications network.
SAP Transaction
See 7UDQVDFWLRQ.
SAPNet
Predecessor of the SAP Service Marketplace.
Screen Painter
Tool for creating screens. In Screen Painter, the graphical

configuration of screens and the underlying logic are determined.
Screen Processor
Processes the flow logic (PBO, PAI) of the dynpro during runtime.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-13
SEM
Strategic Enterprise Management: Group of tools and processes

with which management and executives can introduce value-adding
oriented management processes.
Server
Software Component that provides a service (software-oriented

view).
Session
Window, in which an application function can be processed. The

user can open several sessions at once.
Session Handling
The Session Handling in the mySAP.com Workplace allows several

sessions to be held at the same time. The user works with several
browser windows that are all directly represented in the
mySAP.com Workplace (as Frames).
Shared Memory
Main memory area that is accessible for all work processes in an

instance.
Single Sign-On
Mechanism which means that the user no longer has to enter a

password for each system that he or she logs on to. The user
identifies him- or herself only once and can thereafter log on to all
systems that are part of the Single Sign-On environment.
Spooling
Technique that makes it possible to start multiple print requests at

the same time and to continue working in the foreground. The
incoming requests are temporarily stored, prepared for printing, and
sent to the printer sequentially.
SQL
Structured Query Language: SQL is a largely standardized language

used to access data in relational databases.
Standard Toolbar
The standard toolbar is below the menu bar and contains

pushbuttons that provide the user with access to frequently used
functions such as 6DYH%DFN([LWand &DQFHOas well as to
navigation and help functions.
Status Bar
Element of the graphical user interface that is located at the bottom

edge of a primary window and which displays messages produced
by the SAP R/3 System and other information about the system
status.
System Landscape
The system landscape defines the systems and clients required for
the installation and administration process, and their meaning, and
the transport routes between the systems.
System Profile
Contains system profile parameters that configure the system or an

instance. There are three system profile types: start, default, and
instance profile.
System Profile Parameter
Is a variable that can be defined depending on the system

environment. For smooth functioning of the software, a global
setting must be made in the system according to requirements.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-14
Tab
Graphical control element that resembles a card index tab.
Task Handler
Controls the work process and manages its resources.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol: Softwareprotocol that defines the communication between computers.
TemSe
Abbreviation for temporary sequential objects: data storage area, in

which, for example, data from spool and background processing are
temporarily stored.
TMS
Transport Management System: All tools in the SAP R/3 System

for organization, execution and monitoring of transports between
SAP R/3 Systems.
Transaction
Logically self-contained operation in SAP systems. From the users

point of view, a transaction represents one entity (for example,
changing the address of a customer).
Transaction Code
Series of alphanumeric characters that represent a transaction in the

SAP R/3 System.
Transaction Data
Transaction-based data that is transient and that is assigned to

certain master records.
Transport Organizer
Tool for administering central and decentral ABAP Workbench

development projects and Customizing projects.
Update Process
(see Work Process)
URL
Uniform Resource Locator: Address of an Internet offering

(Example: http://www.mysap.com).
User Context
Data that is specifically assigned to one user. The user context

contains, among other things, a user-specific area with user and
authorization data.
User Interface
All of the control elements and control functions of a piece of

software. The interface determines how the user communicates with
the software.
User Master Record / User

Master Data
Collection of the important information for a user in SAP systems.

Using the User Master Record, the user is assigned a user menu and
the appropriate authorizations for the activities contained in the user
menu.
User Menu
User-specific initial screen for SAP systems (see also 6$3(DV\

$FFHVV).
Variant
Preassignment of the input fields of the selection screen of reports.
VBx Tables
Update tables containing the data to be changed until it is written to

the database in a database LUW.
View
Virtual table that holds no data, but is rather an application-oriented

view of one or more ABAP Dictionary table(s).
WAN
See LAN.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-15
WBO
Workbench Organizer: Tool for managing development projects in

the ABAP Workbench.
Web Browser
Simple to use navigation program with a graphical user interface. It

interprets and displays HTML Documents from the Internet.
Web Server
Server that manages connections to the Internet.
WGate
WebGateway: Component of the Internet Transaction Server (ITS)

that connects the ITS with the Web Server. It receives requests from
the Web Browser via the Web Server and passes them to the AGate.
Work Process
Process that deals with the requests to the SAP R/3 System. The
following work process types exist: dialog (for the execution of
dialog programs), update (for database updates), background (for
the execution of background jobs), enqueue (for the execution of
lock operations ) and spool (for print formatting).
Workbench
Integrated development environment in the SAP R/3 System.
Workflow
Computer-supported processing of strongly structured, linked office

work processes with a repetitive nature.
Workplace
Role-based and personalized Web Browser Portal to SAP systems,

non-SAP systems, and Internet services.
Workplace Server
Central Server, on which information about the Workplace user

roles are stored.
WorkSpace
Right-hand area of the mySAP.com Workplace browser window, in

which MiniApps, transactions and Web pages are displayed.
XML
Extensible Markup Language. Standard language for defining

individual markup languages that should tag structured information.
XML, like HTML, is a link-oriented language for Web content.
SAP AG
SAP50
9-16
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8QLW
6\VWHP 6WDWXV
System status
User Profile Defaults / parameters
6\VWHP 8VHUSURILOH 2ZQGDWD (SU3)
6\VWHP 6HUYLFHV
System Services
5HSRUWLQJ (SA38)
-Reporting
2XWSXWFRQWUROOHU (SP01)
-Spool Requests
-Background Processing
-REV (SM36 / SM37)
8QLW
Instance Overview
7RROV $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 0RQLWRU 6\VWHP PRQLWRULQJ

6HUYHUV (SM51)
For more transaction codes, see unit 6.
8QLW
ABAP Dictionary
Data Browser
ABAP Workbench
ABAP Editor
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Function Builder
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(SE37)
Object Navigator
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Repository Information System

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Business Objects

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SAP50
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Instances
Users
Locks
Asynchronous Update
System Log
User Administration
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SAP50
9-18

SAP50 - Technicals Fundamentals

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SAP50 - Technicals Fundamentals

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6$3P\6$3FRP7HFKQLFDO)XQGDPHQWDOV

SAP50 mySAP.com - Technical Fundamentals

Material Number: 50040944

for which no Level 2 courses

The training materials are QRWWHDFK\RXUVHOISURJUDPV TheyFRPSOHPHQWWKHFRXUVHLQVWUXFWRU

The user interface provides the application presentation options.

In SAP terminology, a service means a service provided by a software component (software-oriented

If you have problems logging on,

Terminate current logon attempt

T70 (1) (400)

H C)8 2 FJI :&8 K , GL3M '

T70 (1) (400)

&KHFNER[HVCheckboxes allow you to select several options simultaneously within a group.

5DGLREXWWRQVRadio buttons allow you to select one option only.

7DEV Tabs provide a clearer overview of several information screens.

Other elements are:

You can select system functions in the following ways:

Edit Goto Extras Environment System

Company Name City

For help on fields, menus, functions, and messages, use ).

The 6\VWHP menu contains, among others, the following options:

The +HOS menu contains, among others, the following options:

Access to the 6$3/LEUDU\ (see previous page)

Release 4.6C, March 2000

You can access the Help Portal directly at KWWSKHOSVDSFRP

mySAP.com-Marktplatz Aktualisieren Anpassen

Asv q wqx%uqwqsv r uqp

:RUN6SDFH 0LQL$SSV7UDQVDFWLRQV :HE3DJHV

The graphic above shows Release 2.11 of the mySAP.com Workplace.

The ! is an essential part of the call.

The browser window of the mySAP.com Workplace consists of three areas:

Asv q wqx%uqwqqsv r uqp

Change Role Sequence

Allow More Than One Application in the Area In Use

Close Applications Without Confirmation

Standardsprache der Komponentensysteme

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Asv % wx(u(wqsv r uqp

Web Address http://help.sap.com

New Web Address

Display in a separate browser window

You can personalize the /DXQFK3DG using Favorites.

Asv q wqx%uqwqqsv r uqp

 p wq(u|& y)Asv 1/v uqw

Web Address http://www.sap.com/MiniApps

Log on to an SAP R/3 System

Find transaction codes

Access the SAP Library

Use F1 help to find field information

Use F4 help to search for possible field entries

Logging on to the system

Enter &XVWRPHUand &RPSDQ\&RGH to go to the next

Name of function: _____________________________________

To answer the questions below, you will need to go to the 'LVSOD\

Set a user parameter for a field

Set user defaults

Maintain your favorites

Select a start transaction of your choice

You begin to set various user-specific settings.

Exercises marked * are optional.

Setting user parameters.

Defining User-Specific Settings using System User profile Own Data

Defining your favorites

Setting a start transaction using the ([WUDV menu.

6$3P\6$3FRP7HFKQLFDO)XQGDPHQWDOV

The training materials are QRWWHDFK\RXUVHOISURJUDPV TheyFRPSOHPHQWWKHFRXUVHLQVWUXFWRU

H C)8 2 FJI :&8 K , GL3M '

&KHFNER[HVCheckboxes allow you to select several options simultaneously within a group.

5DGLREXWWRQVRadio buttons allow you to select one option only.

7DEV Tabs provide a clearer overview of several information screens.

For help on fields, menus, functions, and messages, use ).

You can access the Help Portal directly at KWWSKHOSVDSFRP

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p wq(u|& y)Asv 1/v uqw

Enter &XVWRPHUand &RPSDQ\&RGH to go to the next

1-3-2 Transaction: FD03 for Function Name: 'LVSOD\&XVWRPHU*HQHUDO'DWD

1-4-4 To find the 3DUDPHWHU,'BUK, choose 7HFKQLFDO,QIR

When you select )in the &XVWRPHUfield, the 5HVWULFW9DOXH5DQJH window

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1-1-4 Execute the function module on the table =0<&86720(56Bthat you