Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology

ISSN: 0022-3131 (Print) 1881-1248 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnst20

Some Practical Aspects of Balancing an UltraCentrifuge Rotor

M. Zubair KHAN , M. SULEMAN , M. ASHRAF & A. Q. KHAN
To cite this article: M. Zubair KHAN , M. SULEMAN , M. ASHRAF & A. Q. KHAN (1987) Some
Practical Aspects of Balancing an Ultra-Centrifuge Rotor, Journal of Nuclear Science and
Technology, 24:11, 951-959, DOI: 10.1080/18811248.1987.9733526
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1987.9733526

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Date: 08 December 2016, At: 09:37

Journal of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, 24 [ 11], pp. 951 - 959(November 1987).

951

TECHNICAL REPORT

Some Practical Aspects of Balancing

an Ultra-Centrifuge Rotor
M. Zubair KHAN, M. SULEMAN, M. ASHRAF and A. Q. KHAN

Dr. A. Q. Khan Research Laboratories, Kahuta*

Received March 2, 1987
Revised June 8, 1987

In this paper the method of balancing centrifuge rotors for initial three modes based
on practical experience is presented though, depending on the size of the centrifuge, more
than one flexural modes have to be encountered. The object is to provide useful and
practical information, as technical information on balancing of centrifuge rotors is
hardly available because most of the work is shrouded in the clouds of the so-called
secrecy.
The rotor is balanced in three stages. Firstly, individual components and sub-assemblies are balanced in traditionally low speed rigid rotor balancing machines. Secondly,
the complete rotor is balanced by using modal balancing. Thirdly, the rotor is run in
a high speed testing facility and rotor balance quality is checked at the operating speed.
During the second and the third stages the rotor is run in its own bearings under vacuum
and the data is acquired with the aid of a computer.
KEYWORDS: balancing, critical speed, flexural modes, flexible rotor balancing, influence
coefficient method, modal balancing, N plane balancing, N+2 plane balancing, rigid rotor balancing, rotors, ultracentrifuges, unbalance

I. INTRODUCTION
To obtain enriched uranium, there are, at
present, two commercially viable methods, ultracentrifuge and gaseous diffusion process. The
ultra-centrifuge method is more advanced, and
has specific attraction because it consumes
comparatively less electric power. The ultracentrifuges are high speed machines and their
safe operational speed and the economy of the
process are closely related to each other.
The high rotational speed demands a high
balance quality of the rotating parts, specially
the centrifuge rotor which has to pass through
multiple critical speeds while going up to or
coming down from the operational speed.
It is a well known fact that rotor whose
operating speed is well below its first critical
speed does not exhibit any significant bending
and may, therefore, be treated as rigid. In such
a rotor, unbalance (a discard between the in-

ertia axis and the axis of rotation) does not

change significantly up to the operational speed
which means that the change in unbalance
remains within permissible limits. Thus, it is
balanced at one speed only.
If the operating speed is higher than the first
critical frequency or is in the vicinity of the first
flexural critical speed, the rotor begins to bend
at this speed. This class of rotor is known as a
flexible rotor. Contrary to the rigid rotor,
the state of unbalance in a flexible rotor does
not remain constant at such flexural critical
speeds. Ultra-centrifuge rotor comes under the
class of flexible rotors.
The ultra-centrifuge system is illustrated
schematically in Fig. 1. The rotor is supported
on a pivot-type bearing at lower end and the
upper end is supported by a magnetic bearing.
The gas tube assembly is located at the centre
of the rotor. The casing keeps the surroundings

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* P.O.Box No. 502, Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN.

952

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z.

Khan eta/.)

J. Nucl. Sci. Techno/.,

vertical balancing machine.

In Stage 2, the modal balancing of complete
rotor is carried out. The modal balancing technique is one of the earliest approaches to flexible
rotor balancing. As defined by ISO 54061980(E), the modal balancing is a procedure for
balancing of flexible rotors in which balancing
corrections are made to reduce the amplitude of
vibration in the separate significant principal
flexural modes to within specified limits. A
different set of weights is sequentially applied to
correct the unbalance for each mode shape. The
balancing weights are selected in such a way as to
leave the lower mode balancing unaffected.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of ultra-centrifuge

of the rotor under vacuum. The power to rotate
the rotor at very high speed is provided by an
electric motor driven by a medium frequency
inverter. The ultra-centrifuge rotor is a flexible
rotor and, depending upon the size of the rotor,
it has to pass through a number of critical speeds
while going to or coming down from the operational speed.
There are two main techniques for balancing
a flexible rotor, viz., influence coefficient<!)
and modal(2). Furthermore, modal technique
has two different approaches, i.e. (N) plane
modal balancing method and (N + 2) plane
modal balancing method. All of these techniques are widely accepted in industry, although
there are many modifications of these two main
methods( 3) (4).

ll. BALANCING PROCEDURE

The balancing procedure adopted in the present work consists of three stages. In Stage 1,
the individual components (sub-assemblies, discs,
end caps etc.) are treated as rigid. The balancing
corrections of sub-assemblies are carried out on a
low speed hard bearing balancing machine while
the disc-type components are corrected on a

The (N) plane modal method of balancing

flexible rotors<s) (6 ) is used for balancing of a
flexible rotor having (N) flexual modes in (N)
correction planes.
The other modal method of balancing flexible
rotors(s) (6 ) is known as the (N + 2) plane balancing in which 'N' is the number of flexural modes
to be corrected. The later two planes are used
for balancing the rotor in rigid mode. For example, a rotor having its operational speed above
the first bending critical will be balanced first
in two planes as a rigid rotor. Then it should be
balanced in three planes, out of which the centre
plane is for flexural bending and the remaining
two planes are for keeping the rigid mode balancing unaffected.
Generally, (N) plane method is used for balancing of centrifuge rotors, but there are some
cases where the (N + 2) plane balancing method
is used.
In Stage 3, rotors obtained from Stage 2
(i.e. after modal balancing) are run up to their
operating speed in a high speed balance testing
facility. Dynamic response of the rotors is
monitored at different speeds (i.e. suspension
criticals, flexural criticals, other systems' resonances) during acceleration and deceleration.
Rotors having excessive deflections at higher
speeds are usually trim balanced for these speeds.
1. Stage 1: Low Speed Balancing on Hard
Bearing Horizontal
Balancing Machine
The centrifuge rotor consists of some disctype components and elastically connected subassemblies, which are themselves rigid. The com-

- 88-

VoL 24, No. 11 (Nov. 1987)

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z.

ponents are manufactured and assembled according to strict tolerances. Even then, the distribution of unbalance along the axis of rotor is
likely to be random. The distribution may be
significantly influenced by the presence of
local unbalance arising from tolerances and
fits of components and variations in wall thickness of the rotor tube. This can also come from
un-straightness of complete rotor, and also from
non-perpendicularity of the end discs.
In order to avoid the occurrance of large
internal bending moments in a centrifuge rotor,
the individual components are balanced. These
are then assembled keeping in view that at
the assembling plane the unbalance weights
are nullified. After assembly, the balancing
process is repeated for each individual sub-assembly.
The sub-assemblies are balanced in two
planes on hard bearing force measuring balancing machine. In order to take unbalance measurements, the sub-assembly is rotated on a balancing machine bearings to a pre-selected speed.
The magnitude and angular position of the unbalance is indicated on vectormeters. The correction is carried out by addition or removal
of masses at each plane. Another test run is
conducted to check the residual unbalance.
For disc-shaped components, the use of
one correction plane is sufficient. The unbalance

Khan et al.)

953

is checked on vertical balancing machine and

the correction is done by removal of mass from
the specified location.
The stage-wise correction on a low speed
balancing machine has proved very effective in
minimizing the initial unbalance of the complete rotor. Moreover, it results in reducing
the high speed balancing time.
2. Stage 2: Computer-aided Modal
Balancing
In order to reduce the forced vibrations of
a rotor associated with unbalance, and a slight
lack of straightness (Before commencing modal
balancing, the rotor is straightened to a desired
value using a special straightening fixture. Detail
description of this apparatus and process is out
of scope of this paper.) after assembly, the modal
balancing is carried out in its own bearings.
3. Description of Measuring System
The computer-aided data acquiring system is
illustrated schematically in Fig. 2. In order to
measure the relative displacements along the
axis of a rotor, non-contact eddy current sensors
are mounted in the casing at selected locations.
The sensor is connected to the multi-channel
measuring system through an oscillator. The
vibration amplitude, measured zero to peak in
microns by each channel, is displayed on a vibration measuring unit. Transparent glass window
in the casing is provided for the photo pick-up

12

11

.J

1.

VAC. PORT

2. CASNO
3.

s.

EDDY CURRENT PROBES

g. OSCILLATORS

TOP DAMPER

10 DISPLACEMENT MEASURING UNIT

4. MOI.!:CIAAR PUMP

11 INTERFACE

5. ROTOR

12. COMPUTER

6.

ELECTRIC 't.()TOR

13. PRINTER

7.

BOTTOM

14. M. F. INVERTER

DAMPER

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of computer-aided data acquision and balancing system

- 89-

954

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z.

to measure the phase angle of displacement

and the rotor speed. The rotor speed is displayed
on a digital meter.
The computer is interfaced with the vibration
measuring unit. An on-line programme is used
for data acquisition and for some balancing
calculations.
The data acquired by all the channels for
each rotor, before and after its balancing, is
stored. The stored data can be printed and displayed for visual observation in the form of a
bode diagram which is the amplitude and phase
angle as a function of the rotor speed.
4. Selection of Measuring Planes
The number and selection of measuring and
balancing planes depend on the number and
shape of the rotor bending modes which in
turn depend on the rotor-bearing dynamic
characteristics (the selection of the measuring
planes requires basic understanding of dynamic
response characteristics of centrifuge rotorbearing system). The system is quite complex,
as the top bearing differs from the bottom
bearing in characteristics. The top part of the
rotor whirls, while the pivot part stays with
almost negligible movement. For the purpose
of location of the measuring planes, modal
analysis was conducted to determine the mode
shapes of a rotor. A typical rotor was specifically
prepared for the purpose of a balancing example
for this paper. The mode shapes determined by
modal analysis are similar to those shown in
Fig. 3(a)~(c). These are two rigid modes, i.e.
translatory and conical rigid modes and one first
flexural mode, which are the three initial modes
before the operational speed. The position of
the measuring planes vertically along the axis

(a) Translatory
rigid mode

(b)

Conical rigid
mode

(c) Flexural Vmode

Fig. 3 Rigid and flexural modes

of typical centrifuge rotor

Khan eta!.)

J. Nucl. Sci. Techno/.,

of the rotor is very important, as it should be

at the place where maximum deflection of the
rotor occurs, i.e. at the anti-nodes.
For a typical rotor mentioned above, the
locations of the measuring planes are illustrated
in Fig. 4 (a). Planes I and 5 are for measuring
the displacements at rigid mode. Plane 3 is
used to measure the displacement at the centre
of the rotor for the first flexural mode.
...-h

_1

_ _2

_ _3

_3

-~

lf,J

~b

-5

(a) Measuring planes

(b) Correction planes
Fig. 4 Measuring and correction planes
of typical centrifuge rotor
In addition to these three planes, Planes 2
and 4 are provided to check, if desired, the
deformation of the rotor up to the operational
speed after balancing.
5. Location of Correction Planes
The correction planes provided for rigid and
flexural modes are illustrated in Fig. 4(b ).
Planes 1 and 5 are used for rigid mode correction. The correction weight for the first flexural
mode is added at Plane 3. These planes are
examples of a typical centrifuge rotor mentioned
above.
6. Balancing by (N) and (N + 2) Method
The data acquisition and balancing system is
illustrated in Fig. 2. The vibration measuring
unit indicates the deflection and phase of rotor
in all the measu;ing planes. If the deflection of
the rotor, when approaching in the vicinity of
the critical speed, exceeds the pre-set limit, the
rotor is immediately brought down and, after
addition of some trial correction weights, is
accelerated again up to the vicinity of the critical
speed. The deflections are again checked and

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Vol 24, No. 11 (Nov. 1987)

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z. Khan eta/.)

the data is acquired and stored. The rotor is

brought down and correction weights are calculated and added to achieve the desired residual unbalance.
The (N) plane balancing procedure is sequentially described below. The data acquisition
and balancing system work automatically. An
on-line computer programme is used to acquire
the data:
(1) The rotor under vacuum is rotated slowly
and continuously until a change in phase
angle and increase in vibration amplitude
is observed on the vibration measuring unit.
The speed at which these changes are indicated is much lower than the first flexural
critical speed of the rotor, and the phase
relationship between the three measured
vibration signals identifies it as the first
translatory rigid mode. If the rotor crosses
this mode without excessive deflections
then it is allowed to accelerate further and a
stage approaches where, again, increase in
deflection and change in phase angle occurs.
Here the phase angle relationship between
the three measured vibration signals identifies the appearance of second rigid mode,
i.e. conical rigid mode. Again at this stage
if the rotor passes without excessive deflections it is accelerated further until the first
flexural mode begins to appear.
Figure 3 shows the mode shapes approximately similar to the rigid and flexural
modes. In translatory rigid mode the phase
angles for all vibration signals are almost
the same whereas for conical rigid mode
the phase difference between top and
bottom signals is about I80. And for the
first flexural mode the central vibration
signal is I80 out of phase as compared with
top and bottom signals.
(2) If the rotor crosses both the rigid modes
with little amplitudes and exhibits much
higher deflections in the vicinity of first
flexural critical speed, then it is brought
down to rest. With the help of bode diagram,
exact angular location and amplitude of
vibration signals at this speed are obtained.
(3) An empirical relationship between deflection read-out and correction weight is estab- 91 -

955

lished by fixing a trial weight in the correction plane and determining the rotor-bearing system response. On the basis of this
response the exact amount and phase of
the correction weight is determined.
( 4) The correction weight for first flexural
mode is added in central correction plane 3.
A test run with this V-mode correction
weight is made at exactly the same speed
as the previous run, during which the initial
deflection amplitude was measured, for
determining the expected improvement in
rotor response at V-mode. Also the effects
of the correction weight on rigid modes
are checked. Usually, rigid modes are affected very little whereas for obtaining a
better balance quality at flexural speed subsequent runs are carried out.
This above mentioned procedure, i.e. (N)
plane method of balancing flexible rotors
is a useful method and our experience
shows that it is valid for almost 80% of the
rotors. It gives quite satisfactory results.
Rest of the 20% rotors exhibit large deflections either at translatory rigid mode or at
conical rigid mode. Usually, translatory
rigid mode is more violent than the conical
rigid mode. The (N + 2) plane balancing technique is adopted for balancing these rotors
and is sequentially described below.
(5) The rotor is accelerated under vacuum
until significant deflections due to translatory rigid mode begin to appear but before
the deflections are too big to strike the
surrounding casing the rotor is quickly
decelerated to a lower speed. At this speed
the rotor truely runs as a rigid rotor without
being influenced from any suspension
criticals. The amount of deflection and
phase angle is obtained from the measuring
points I and 5 at this speed. Then the rotor
is brought to rest and correction weights
are applied in the correction planes I and
5 according to the measured vibration signals
from the top and the bottom points.
(6) With these correction weights, the rotor is
accelerated to exactly the same speed of
previous run, and improvements in deflections at top and bottom are checked. Any

956

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z. Khan eta!.)

discrepencies in deflection amplitudes and

phase angles from the expected values are
corrected in the subsequent runs. After
achieving the desired rigid balancing, where
the deflections at top and bottom should be
3 to 4 times the deflections of a balanced
rotor at the operating speed, the rotor is
accelerated till it passes safely with the
desired vibration amplitudes through both
the translatory and the conical rigid modes.
Then it is accelerated further until it exhibits excessive deflections due to first
flexural mode (V-mode). Balancing for this
mode is carried out exactly in the same
way as stated in paragraphs '2' to '4',
with the exception that the same weight

in halves is applied in rigid planes 1 and

5 but directly opposite (i.e. 180 out of
phase) to the central weight. After applying
this weight set (comprising of 3 weights)
for V-mode in correction planes 1, 3 and
5, the rotor is accelerated to exactly the
same speed of the previous run. Improvements in the rotor response at flexural
speed and any changes at suspension resonances are monitored. Sometimes subsequent runs are needed to acquire the
desired balance quality.
7. Stage 3: Over-speed Testing
The rotor balanced from stage 2 is tested in
a high speed testing facility. The rotor is run
up to a higher speed limit than the operating
1000

1000

E
~
a.

J. Nucl. Sci. Techno!.,

800

600

{\,

200

1/1

...__

--

1610

I-'
3220

ol"' ~

80 so

""'

I?-

-<J:200

r-( )

6"0

Speed (rpm)

r--

4830

~ 40oi

f.

lm

'\60ol .,

(I)
I

l\

400

80

1610

~ '::,_/

r"<

"\.....

+
Speed(rpm) _ ___
3220

4830

(II)

61J.O

805

1:~:Mti~ Is Ettr I~~~ lII ~,ljrll

1610

3220

4830

i440

8050

1610

Speed (rpm) _ ___..._

3220

4830

6440

Speed (rpm) _ _. -

(a) Top measuring plane (1)

(b) Central measuring plane (3)

1000

BOO
600

_//

lur

a.
E 200

-<l:

If!)

/_ l..,
\

n\..-"---

.......

.r
i'.._ 1---(11)

1/f
1610

3220

4830

+6440

805

Speed (rpm) _ ____

t~tlllBtJ I
0

1610

3220

4830

6440

8050

Speed (rpm) _ ___

(c) Bottom measuring plane (5)

Fig.

S(a)~(c)

Rotor response at top (1), central (3) and bottom (5), measuring plane
in vicinity of first flexural critical speed <+ ), (I) before and (II) after
modal balancing
-92-

8050

Vol. 24, No. II (Nov. !987 J

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z.

speed. The testing facility has almost the same

instrumentation as described in stage 2 balancing facility.
The rotor is accelerated up to I 0% above its
operating speed and its deflections at different
speeds (suspension criticals, flexural critical,
other system's resonances, operating speed)
are monitored during acceleration. The rotor
is run for 10 min at the overspeed limit and
its response is monitored. Then the same monitoring procedure is adopted during deceleration.
Normally, the results show that 95% rotors
exhibit deflections at different specified speeds
within tolerance limits. The rotors which give
some excessive deflections at operating speed
are trim balanced at the same speed and are
again tested in the over-speed testing facility.

Khan

ffi.

eta/.)

957

EXAMPLE OF BALANCING

The deflections of a newly assembled typical

centrifuge rotor in the vicinity of first flexural
speed are shown in Fig. S(a)(I) to S(c)(I). The
rotor was run under vacuum in its own bearings,
i.e. in the centrifuge bearings. These figures
represent the response of the centrifuge rotor
at its top, centre and bottom positions respectively. This is the dynamic state of this centrifuge
rotor before modal balancing. Moreover, these
bode diagrams indicate that the first (top) and
the last (bottom) measuring locations display
translatory and conical rigid modes respectively
in a clear manner. The flexural V-mode is more
pronounced at the 3rd (centre) measuring
location.
The rotor response shown in these figures
000

V"

14500

43500

29000

58000

725 00

~
<l:

p
Seed
(r pm : - -

800

6nr

I
21Y" liLA
0

,._!--14500

29000

Speed (rpm)

43500

58000

725 00

f~llll ~ Ihl~ ~:~~~ 1111111~

14500

2i000

43500

58000

72500

Speed (rpm.) _ _. -

ll..

(a) Top measuring plane (1)

14500

29000

43500

Speed (rpm) _ _. -

(b) Central measuring plane (3)

000

~,

ci.

<(

600

wo I.
200
0

11

14500

29000

Speed (rpm)

43500

58000

725 00

58000

725 00

3ti 0

OJ'
14500

2~ JUO
Speed
(rpm) _usoo
__.__

(c) Bottom measuring plane (5)

Fig.

6(a)~(c)

Rotor response at top (1), central (3) and bottom (5),

measuring plane near operating speed ((N) method)
- 93-

58000

72500

958

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z. Khan et al.)

indicates that the rotor passed through both

the rigid modes at 400 and 3,000 rpm with
lower vibration amplitudes, but exhibited much
higher deflections in the vicinity of flexural
V-mode at 5,800 rpm. Therefore, using directly
the (N) plane method, a modal correction
weight for this V-flexure was applied at the
central correction plane 3. The procedure for
determining the magnitude and angular location
of the correction weight is outlined in Sec. 11-6.
Two runs were carried out for determining the
suitable correction weight. After applying this
correction weight, the rotor was run again at
the same speed of the initial run, and ensuring
sufficient improvement in rotor response at
this speed, the rotor was accelerated till it
crossed the V-flexural mode. Figures S(a)~(c)
show the rotor response at this stage, i.e. after

(N) modal balancing.

The dynamic state of this centrifuge rotor
before and after modal balancing is compared
in Table 1.
Table 1 Rotor response at different modes
before and after (N) modal balancing

~
E

Translatory rigid I. 35
mode
Conical rigid mode 0.55
Flexural V -moue 2. 006

<l:

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43500

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29000

Sp~:~:d

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58000

0.50

2nt

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---+

,I

/\I

v~

_l

Speed (rpm)

14500

0.30

7250

~:~~ 1111111 H
0

"""E1:

1.240

The table shows an excellent improvement

at V-flexure and a reasonable decrease in vibration amplitudes at the rigid modes.
Figures 6 (a)~ (c) display the dynamic re10 00

400

Zero to peak
displacement
after modal
balancing(MM)

--------

::
200

Zero to peak
displacement
before modal
balancing(MM)

Modes

1000

J. Nucl Sci. Techno!.,

14500

29J~

Spud (rpm)

270

58000

72500

180

"'0
VI

..c

I"

43500

58000

17500

90

a..

72500

14500

20000
~ (fpmj

__._

(b) Central measuring plane (3)

1000
lltr
(,

400

_!

200

bf "\1

<l:
0

~.

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r
29000

43500

58000

7250

Speed (rpm)

360
270
180
90
0

vv
14500

29000

43500

Speed (rpm)----.

58000

72500

(c) Bottom measuring plane (5)

Fig. 7(a) ~(c)

43500

I
J1\.

(a) Top measuring plane (1)

I
I

Ul

(rpm) _ __._

c:i.

Rotor response at top (1 ), central (3) and bottom (5), measuring plane
at operating speed (N + 2 method)
-94-

Vol. 24, No. 11 (Nov. 1987)

TECHNICAL REPORT (M.Z. Khan eta/.)

sponse of the same centrifuge rotor at the same

locations (i.e. top, centre and bottom) when
tested in the high speed balance testing facility.
The dynamic response of a centrifuge rotor at
its top end is of an extremely crucial nature,
as the gap between the rotor wall and the surrounding casing at this end is very limited.
Figure 6 also shows that the deflections at the
centre and the bottom locations are also low.
A rotor balanced by using (N + 2) plane
method, as described in Sec. Il6, was tested in
a high speed balance testing facility. Figures 7(a)
~ (c) show the dynamic response of this rotor
at the top, the centre and the bottom locations.
These figures also depict that a rotor balanced
with this method also carries almost the same
balance quality as with the (N) plane method.

IV. SUMMARY
(I) The individual balancing of components
has proved effective in minimizing the
initial unbalance of a complete rotor.
About 20 to 30% of the rotors require
no correction at the first critical speed.
The time to balance the rotor in a high speed
balancing facility is reduced.
(2) The modal balancing technique for balancing a centrifuge rotor in its own bearings
is quite practicable and useful. It also requires less number of balancing runs as
compared with the influence coefficient
method.

959

(3) The (N) and (N + 2) plane methods of

balancing the flexible rotors are equally
effective in producing better balance quality
of centrifuge rotors. But (N) plane method
is more simple, less time consuming and
less susceptible to errors by the operator.
(3) The (N + 2) method gives better reproducibility at high speed conditions and is a
little more favourable in a wide range of
bearing characteristics.

-REFERENCES( 1) TESSARZIK, J. M., BADGLEY, R. H., ANDERSON, W. J.: Flexible rotor balancing by the exact
point speed influence co-efficient method, Trans.
ASME, J. Eng. Ind., 94, 148-158 (1972).
( 2) BISHOP, R. E. D., GLAD WELL, G. M. L.: The
vibration and balancing of an unbalanced flexible
rotor, J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 1 [ 1], (1959).
( 3) DARLOW, M. S., SMALLEY, A. 1., PARKINSON,
A. G.: A unified approach to flexible rotor balancing outline and experimental verification, Paper
No. c-340/80, IME-1980, Proc. 2nd Int. Con[.
on Vibrations in Rotating Machinery, p. 43 7444 (1980).
(4) ZORZI, S. E., Von PRAGENAU, G. L.: Modern
rotor balancing emerging technologies, Mech
Eng., 25- 32 (Dec., 1985).
( 5) KELLENBERGER, W.: Should a flexible rotor be
balanced in (N) or (N + 2) plane, J. Eng. Ind.,
Trans. ASME, 94, Paper No. 71-Viv-55, p. 548560 (1972).
(6) BISHOP, R. E. D., PARKINSON, A. G.: On the
use of balancing machines for flexible rotors, ibid.,
94, 561-575 (1972).
( 7) idem: On the isolation of modes in the balancing
of flexible shaft, Pro c. In st. Mech. Engineer,
177(16], 407-423 (1963).

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